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  • Evolution
  • Springer  (38)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Springer Nature
  • 1995-1999  (38)
  • 1998  (38)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (38)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Springer Nature
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
Years
  • 1995-1999  (38)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory receptors in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 183 (1998), S. 635-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Olfactory receptors ; Multigene families ; Pseudogenes ; Vertebrate species ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In species representing different levels of vertebrate evolution, olfactory receptor genes have been identified by molecular cloning techniques. Comparing the deduced amino-acid sequences revealed that the olfactory receptor gene family of Rana esculenta resembles that of Xenopus laevis, indicating that amphibians in general may comprise two classes of olfactory receptors. Whereas teleost fish, including the goldfish Carassius auratus, possess only class I receptors, the `living fossil' Latimeria chalumnae is endowed with both receptor classes; interestingly, most of the class II genes turned out to be pseudogenes. Exploring receptor genes in aquatic mammals led to the discovery of a large array of only class II receptor genes in the dolphin Stenella Coeruleoalba; however, all of these genes were found to be non-functional pseudogenes. These results support the notion that class I receptors may be specialized for detecting water-soluble odorants and class II receptors for recognizing volatile odorants. Comparing the structural features of both receptor classes from various species revealed that they differ mainly in their extracellular loop 3, which may contribute to ligand specificity. Comparing the number and diversity of olfactory receptor genes in different species provides insight into the origin and the evolution of this unique gene family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050287
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution on a Smooth Landscape: The Role of Bias (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 90 (1998), S. 191-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Evolution ; birth/death processes ; mean-field ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of mutational bias in evolution on a smooth landscape is investigated. We consider both a finite-length genome where the bias increases linearly with the fitness, and an infinite genome with a fixed bias. We present simulations of finite populations in a waiting time model, showing both the nonequilibrium dynamics and the equilibrium fitness distributions that are reached. We compute the equilibrium analytically in several cases, using approximate direct solution of the master equations and truncated hierarchies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023203818384
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Of mites and zen: expression studies in a chelicerate arthropod confirm zen is a divergent Hox gene (1998)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 208 (1998), S. 591-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Arthropod ; Hox ; Evolution ; Development ; Chelicerate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have cloned, from an oribatid mite, a gene homologous to the zerknült (zen) genes of insects and the Hox 3 genes of vertebrates. Hox genes specify cell fates in specific regions of the body in all metazoans studied and are expressed in antero-posteriorly restricted regions of the embryo. This is true of the vertebrate Hox 3 but not of the zen genes, the insect homologs, and it has been proposed that the zen genes have lost their Hox-like function in the ancestor of the insects. We studied expression of a mite Hox 3/zen homolog and found that it is expressed in a discrete antero-posterior region of the body with an anterior boundary coinciding with that of the chelicerate homolog of the Drosophila Hox gene, proboscipedia, and propose that its loss of Hox function in insects is due to functional redundancy due to this overlap with another Hox gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050219
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The PBC domain contains a MEINOX domain: Coevolution of Hox and TALE homeobox genes? (1998)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 208 (1998), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words TALE homeobox gene ; MEINOX domain ; Hox cluster ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A recent survey of TALE superclass homeobox genes revealed a new domain upstream of the homeodomain that is conserved between the plant KNOX genes and the animal MEIS genes. At the same time, another paper identified the Drosophila gene homothorax (hth) as a homologue of the vertebrate MEIS genes, which prompted a reexamination of the sequences of the MEIS, KNOX (collectively named MEINOX) and PBC domains. Similarity of the complete MEINOX domain was found within the PBC domain. This suggests that the PBC class genes were also derived from the ancient MEINOX genes. Recently, it has been shown that the MEIS genes can interact with the Abd-B genes, whilst previous results have shown that the PBC genes interact with anterior Hox genes. This leads to the hypothesis that the duplication of an ancestral MEINOX gene into the PBC and MEIS genes happened at a point in time when the first two Hox cluster genes, an anterior one and a posterior one, emerged, and that subsequently these gene classes coevolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050161
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An amphioxus snail gene: Expression in paraxial mesoderm and neural plate suggests a conserved role in patterning the chordate embryo (1998)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 208 (1998), S. 569-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Amphioxus ; Snail ; Neural crest ; Evolution ; Chordate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Homologs of the Drosophila snail gene have been characterized in several vertebrates. In addition to being expressed in mesoderm during gastrulation, vertebrate snail genes are also expressed in presumptive neural crest and/or its derivatives. Given that neural crest is unique to vertebrates and is considered to be of fundamental importance in their evolution, we have cloned and characterized the expression of a snail gene from amphioxus, a cephalochordate widely accepted as the sister group of the vertebrates. We show that, at the amino acid sequence level, the amphioxus snail gene is a clear phylogenetic outgroup to all the characterized vertebrate snail genes. During embryogenesis snail expression initially becomes restricted to the paraxial or presomitic mesoderm of amphioxus. Later, snail is expressed at high levels in the lateral neural plate, where it persists during neurulation. Our results indicate that an ancestral function of snail genes in the lineage leading to vertebrates is to define the paraxial mesoderm. Furthermore, our results indicate that a cell population homologous to the vertebrate neural crest may be present in amphioxus, thus providing an important link in the evolution of this key vertebrate tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050216
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the zebrafish tbx16 gene and evolution of the vertebrate T-box family (1998)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 208 (1998), S. 94-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words T-box ; Evolution ; Zebrafish ; Paraxial mesoderm ; Tail bud
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We report on a new zebrafish T-box-containing gene, tbx16. It encodes a message that is first detected throughout the blastoderm soon after the initiation of zygotic gene expression. Following gastrulation, expression becomes restricted to paraxial mesoderm and later primarily to the developing tail bud. To gain an evolutionary prospective on the potential function of this gene, we have analyzed its phylogenetic relationships to known T-box genes from other species. Zebrafish tbx16 is likely orthologous to the chicken Tbx6L and Xenopus Xombi/Antipodean/Brat/VegT genes. Our analysis also shows that zebrafish tbx6 and mouse Tbx6 genes are paralogous to zebrafish tbx16. We present evidence which argues, that despite the same name and similar expression, zebrafish tbx6 and mouse Tbx6 genes are not orthologous to each other but instead represent relatively distant paralogs. The expression patterns of all genes are discussed in the light of their evolutionary relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050158
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Association of developmental regulatory genes with the development of different molar tooth shapes in two species of rodents (1998)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 208 (1998), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Tooth morphogenesis ; Evolution ; Mouse ; Microtus rossiaemeridionalis ; Enamel knot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  While the evolutionary history of mammalian tooth shapes is well documented in the fossil record, the developmental basis of their tooth shape evolution is unknown. We investigated the expression patterns of eight developmental regulatory genes in two species of rodents with different molar morphologies (mouse, Mus musculus and sibling vole, Microtus rossiaemeridionalis). The genes Bmp-2, Bmp-4, Fgf-4 and Shh encode signal molecules, Lef-1, Msx-1 and Msx-2, are transcription factors and p21 CIP1/WAF1 participates in the regulation of cell cycle. These genes are all known to be associated with developmental regulation in mouse molars. In this paper we show that the antisense mRNA probes made from mouse cDNA cross-hybridized with vole tissue. The comparisons of gene expression patterns and morphologies suggest that similar molecular cascades are used in the early budding of tooth germs, in the initiation of tooth crown base formation, and in the initiation of each cusp’s development. Furthermore, the co-localization of several genes indicate that epithelial signalling centres function at the three stages of morphogenesis. The earliest signalling centre in the early budding epithelium has not been reported before, but the latter signalling centres, the primary and the secondary enamel knots, have been studied in mouse. The appearance of species-specific tooth shapes was manifested by the regulatory molecules expressed in the secondary enamel knots at the areas of future cusp tips, whilst the mesenchymal gene expression patterns had a buccal bias without similar species-specific associations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050206
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A toxin homology domain in an astacin-like metalloproteinase of the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea with a dual role in digestion and development (1998)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 208 (1998), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Astacin ; Metalloproteinase ; Toxin ; Cnidaria ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Metalloproteinases of the astacin family such as tolloid play major roles in animal morphogenesis. Cnidarians are thought to be evolutionary simple organisms and, therefore, a metalloproteinase from the marine hydrozoan Podocoryne carnea was analysed to evaluate the role of this conserved gene familiy at the base of animal evolution. Surprisingly, the proteinase domain of Podocornyne PMP1 is more similar to human meprin than to HMP1 from another hydrozoan, the freshwater polyp Hydra vulgaris. However, PMP1 and HMP1 both contain a small C-terminal domain with six cysteines that distinguishes them from other astacin-like molecules. Similar domains have been described only recently from sea anemone toxins specific for potassium channels. This toxin homology (Tox1) domain is clearly distinct from epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains or other cysteine-rich modules and terminates with the characteristic pattern CXXXCXXC with three out of six cysteines in the last eight residues of the protein. PMP1 is transiently expressed at various sites of morphogenetic activity during medusa bud development. In the adult medusa, however, expression is concentrated to the manubrium, the feeding organ, where the PMP1 gene is highly induced upon feeding. These disparate expression patterns suggest a dual role of PMP1 comparable to tolloid in development and, like astacin in the crayfish, also for food digestion. The Tox1 domain of PMP1 could serve as a toxin to keep the pray paralysed after ingestion, but as a sequence module such Tox1 domains with six cysteines are neither restricted to cnidarians nor to toxins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050180
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    β 2 -microglobulin in neotropical primates (Platyrrhini) (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words β2-microglobulin ; Primates ; Evolution ; Diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Nucleotide sequences for the three exons of the β2-microglobulin (β2m) gene (B2m) were determined for 135 animals representing 37 species and all 16 genera of neotropical primates (Platyrrhini). Twenty-eight different nucleotide sequences, encoding for 26 different proteins, were obtained. In comparison with those of other primate species, the β2-microglobulins of the Platyrrhini form a distinct clade. Individual genera of neotropical primates have distinctive B2m sequences, but within a genera species can have either the same or different B2m sequences. B2m polymorphism was found within three of the species sampled: Callicebus personatus, Saguinus midas, and Aotus azarae. Of these only the polymorphism in A. azarae has an effect upon the mature, functional β2m protein: residue 4 being either alanine or threonine. The A. azarae B2m allele encoding alanine at position 4 is shared with another species of Aotus (A. infulatus). In pairwise comparison the mature β2m proteins of neotropical primates differ by 1–9 amino acid substitutions which can occur at 18 positions within the sequence. The substitutions are distributed throughout the primary structure but are more commonly found in loops rather than β strands of the tertiary structure. Of 17 residues of β2m which hydrogen-bond with the class I heavy chain in human MHC class I molecules, 13 are conserved in the neotropical primates. The overall pattern of sequence variation in the B2m genes of the Platyrrhini is consistent with an evolution by successive selectively neutral events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050413
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinct patterns of IgH structure and organization in a divergent lineage of chrondrichthyan fishes (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 47 (1998), S. 234-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words MHC class I ; Chimpanzee ; Inter-species allele ; Intron ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) genes in representative chondrichthyan fishes (sharks and skates) consist of independently functioning clusters, containing separate variable (V H ), diversity (D H ), and joining (J H ) region elements and constant (C H ) region exons. IgH loci have been characterized in Hydrolagus colliei (spotted ratfish), a modern representative of a major independent chondrichthyan lineage. Three distinct families of IgH gene clusters were identified. The most numerous genes consist of unjoined V H -D 1 -D 2 -J H segments that correspond to the most abundant Hydrolagus spleen (cDNA) transcripts which apparently arise from a diversified gene family. In the second cluster type, V H , D H , and J H segments are germline-joined, whereas the C H exons exhibit typical organization. This gene type is found in only a few copies per haploid genome and both transmembrane and secretory transcripts have been identified. A third cluster type has been identified that consists of unjoined V H elements but lacks a typical C H 1 exon, which is substituted with a second C H 2-like exon. Transcripts from this third cluster type also appear to derive from a diversified gene family. Genomic D regions of the two unjoined clone types exhibit structural differences that are consistent with incorporation of recombination machinery-mediated events. Genomic library screening indicates that 90% of V H + clones are truncated, nearly identical pseudogenes (lacking J H and C H ). These studies demonstrate an early phylogenetic origin for the cluster type of gene organization and document extensive organizational diversification within an apparent single class of IgH genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050353
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