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  • United States  (127)
  • Phosphorylation  (64)
  • kinetics
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (184)
  • Springer  (62)
  • 1995-1999  (246)
  • 1998  (246)
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Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (184)
  • Springer  (62)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (35)
Years
  • 1995-1999  (246)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structure of trans-[Co(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 69-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Co(III) complex ; crystal structure ; kinetics ; steric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a = 7.9209(5), b = 9.818(1), c = 16.867(2) Å, and Z = 4. The structure was solved employing 1864 independent x-ray reflections with I〉2σ(I) by Patterson and difference Fourier techniques and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 0.036. The trans-[CO(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 molecule is on a crystallographic mirror plane. The cobalt ion is in an elongated octahedral coordination with four equatorial ammonia ligands [average Co–N distance equal to 1.966(2) Å], an axial methylamine [Co–N=1.965(3)Å], and an axial chlorine ion [Co–Cl=2.2771(9)Å]. Kinetic steric effects of the complex are interpreted in terms of structural results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021786804676
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction Between Copper Nitrate Hydrate and Methoxydimethyloctylsilane in Methanol (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 1123-1138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sol–gel processing ; hydrolysis ; condensation ; kinetics ; methoxydimethyloctylsilane ; copper nitrate hydrate ; phase diagram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction rate was determined for copper nitrate hydrate with methoxydimethyloctylsilane (MDOS) in methanol. The rate constants of hydrolysis and condensation were established by quantitative measurement of the product and Karl Fischer water determination. The reaction with the hydrated copper salt resulted in the phase separation of an insoluble product from the reaction mixture. The structure of the product was determined, by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to be a dimer of the MDOS. The results showed the alcohol, producing condensation reaction was negligible in the formation of the dimer. contrary to the case for the well-known reaction by trialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022662017881
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction Kinetics for the Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Tetraphenyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane Using a Fast Initiator System (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 8 (1998), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Organosiloxane ; kinetics ; poly(phenylmethylsiloxane) ; catalyst ; anionic ; ring-opening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the rate of polymerization for an anionic mechanism is dependent on the ability of the bulk material or solvent system to disassociate the ion pair at the propagating chain end. In the anionic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic organosiloxanes in particular, the larger and softer the counter ion, the more rapidly the reaction proceeds. A recently developed phosphazene initiator system provides a large, soft counter ion relative to other traditional initiators used for the polymerization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). This novel initiator system was used in this investigation for the ring-opening polymerization of tetraphenyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (P4) and the reaction kinetics under bulk and solution conditions were investigated. The new initiator system showed a dramatic increase in the rate of polymerization over the conventional potassium hydroxide-catalyzed system. Furthermore, this initiator was sufficiently reactive to be useful for the ring-opening polymerization of P4 at 293 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022487906770
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High resolution NMR techniques in catalysis (1998)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 5 (1998), S. 133-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: NMR ; catalysis ; high pressure ; dynamic equilibria ; magnetization transfer ; sapphire tube ; gas phase ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract High resolution NMR techniques are applicable to a variety of aspects of catalysis. Methods for studying homogeneously-catalyzed systems under high gas pressure are described along with approaches for obtaining mechanistic and dynamic information. Many of the same techniques may be applied to heterogeneous catalysis by following the reaction chemistry by gas phase NMR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019133515789
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selectivity from a kinetic point of view: nonlinear behavior of logarithmic product ratios as a function of the reciprocal temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Topics in catalysis 5 (1998), S. 159-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: nonlinear temperature behavior ; Eyring plot ; modified Eyring plot ; selectivity ; selection process ; enantioselectivity ; selection level ; isoinversion principle ; isoinversion temperature ; inversion temperature ; kinetics ; catalysis ; asymmetric hydrogenation ; dihydroxylation ; cocyclization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the temperature on selectivity is described under special consideration of nonlinearities in the corresponding modified Eyring plots. Reasons for the experimentally well-known behavior are discussed. Furthermore, the conditions for nonlinear temperature behavior are quantified and a concept is described which allows the determination of the temperature dependence of a single reaction pathway in a selection process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019185532627
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent effects in the kinetics of the enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate (1998)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 55 (1998), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: enantioselectivity ; hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate ; Pt/alumina catalyst ; solvent effects ; kinetics ; solvent polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of solvent on the kinetics of enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate by Pt/Al2O3/dihydrocinchonidine is reported. In a non‐polar solvent, toluene, the reaction is approximately zero order in substrate at constant hydrogen pressure, while under the same conditions and at the same substrate concentration, in the polar solvents ethanol and propylene carbonate the reaction shows a first‐order substrate concentration dependence. Fits to a Michaelis–Menten rate expression show that these differences are the expression of the relative magnitudes of the adsorption term in the rate expression, which in turn reflects the influence of the solvent on the adsorption–desorption processes which take place at the catalyst surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019078727850
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation kinetics and potential availability of specifically-sorbed phosphate in soils (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Desorption ; kinetics ; microbial transformation ; phosphate ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The improvement of P management in agriculture and environment requires a good understanding of residual effect of applied P in soils. The specific adsorption of P on variable charge minerals has been considered as the major mechanism that leads to a very low utilization of P fertilizer by crops within a growing season in Chinese red soils. Soil incubation and isotope tracing analysis were carried out to examine the transformation kinetics and potential availability of added specifically sorbed 32P in two pH contrasting light textured soils. The 32P recovered by 0.5 M NaHCO3 extraction and microbial biomass-P measurement from the added specifically sorbed 32P in the soils was well described by a first-order reaction and a Langmuir-type kinetic model, with correlation coefficients (R) being, on average, 0.938 and 0.959, respectively. The half-life (t1/2, from the first-order model) of the four tested mineral-P complexes ranged from 29 to 47 d in the acid sandy soil and 33 to 105 d in the neutral silty soil. Goethite-P was the most stable among the four tested mineral-P complexes. The potential availability of the mineral complex P (q m , in percent of total 32P added) obtained from the Langmuir equation ranged from 43.7 to 90.9% for the four mineral-P complexes, and decreased in the order: Al oxide-P (90.9%) 〉 montmorillonite-P (86.2%) 〉 kaolinite-P (77.5%) 〉 goethite-P (60.2%) in the acid sandy soil, whereas the order was Al oxide-P (89.3%) 〉 kaolinite-P (86.2%) 〉 montmorillonite-P (82.6%) 〉 goethite-P (43.7%) in the neutral silty soil. Based on the release rate and potential availability, kaolinite-P and Al oxide-P could be important sources for residual effect of applied P in variable-charge soils. The goethite-P has the lowest release rate and potential availability among the mineral-P complexes, implying that iron oxides may be the most important variable-charge mineral responsible for P fixation in the Chinese red soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009749619865
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An acidic modification of the cytoplasmic domain contributes to the charge heterogeneity of the MHC class I antigens (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 47 (1998), S. 381-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words H2 ; Histocompatibility ; 2-D PAGE ; Glycan ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Polypeptide phosphorylation and sialylation of the glycan moieties contribute to the charge heterogeneity of the class I major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins. The present study demonstrates that a unique acidic modification unrelated to phosphorylation or glycosylation also affects the charge heterogeneity of the H2-Kk heavy chain of BW5147 lymphoma cells. In vitro cultivation of BW5147 cells results in changes in charge heterogeneity of the H2-Kk heavy chains due to the unique acidic modification. Sequential papain digestion of the 45 000 M r H2-Kk glycoprotein yields a 42 500 M r glycopolypeptide initially, followed by production of a 39 000 M r glycopolypeptide. Results from experiments designed to localize and characterize the novel acidic modification suggest that the modification resides in the segment of the H2-Kk polypeptide located between the two papain cleavage sites. This portion of the polypeptide consists of the transmembrane region and part of the cytoplasmic domain of the H2-Kk heavy chain. At steady state, 25% of the total cell surface H2-Kk possesses this modification. In addition, the modification is mutually exclusive with the phosphorylation of the H2-Kk heavy chain at Ser-333. The possible biological significance of the novel modification of class I antigens is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050373
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The β7 integrin gene (Itgb-7) promoter is responsive to TGF-β1: defining control regions (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 184-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words β7 integrin gene ; Promoter elements ; TGFβ1 ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The β7 integrins LPAM-1 (α4β7) and M290 (αEβ7) mediate the homing of lymphocytes to gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and the proposed retention of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), respectively. Here we show that the gut mucosal cytokine TGF- β1 increases the expression of β7 and αE subunit mRNA transcripts and the cell-surface expression of M290 on T cells, and that it decreases the level of α4 integrin transcripts. Induced β7 integrin gene expression was inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, implicating a role for tyrosine phosphorylation. An analysis of the β7 integrin gene promoter revealed three DNAse I hypersensitivity sites, two of which mapped to the 5′ and 3′ ends of a promoter fragment (nucleotides +690 to +63) that directed both the basal and the TGF-β1-induced expression of a heterologous reporter gene. Deletion analysis identified two TGF-β1 response regions encompassing nucleotides –509 to –398 (TGFBRR1), and –122 to +32 (TGFBRR2). TGFBRR1 interacted with at least five protein complexes, whose binding could be induced with TGF-β1 stimulation and could be antagonized by TGFBRR2 which harbored both similar and distinctive cis-elements. TGFBRR2 interacted specifically with at least two major nuclear protein complexes, whose binding was phosphorylation dependent. These data provide new insights into the mechanism by which TGF-β may switch LPAM-1+ve migrating T cells to express M290, facilitating their retention in the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050422
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification of a nitrate reductase kinase from Spinacea oleracea leaves, and its identification as a calmodulin-domain protein kinase (1998)
    Springer
    Planta 206 (1998), S. 435-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Calmodulin-domain protein kinase ; Nitrate reductase ; Phosphorylation ; 14-3-3 proteins ; Spinacea (nitrate reductase)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) nitrate reductase (NR) is inactivated by phosphorylation on serine-543, followed by binding of the phosphorylated enzyme to 14-3-3 proteins. We purified one of several chromatographically distinct NRserine-543 kinases from spinach leaf extracts, and established by Edman sequencing of 80 amino acid residues that it is a calcium-dependent (calmodulin-domain) protein kinase (CDPK), with peptide sequences very similar to Arabidopsis CDPK6 (accession no. U20623; also known as CPK3). The spinach CDPK was recognized by antibodies raised against Arabidopsis CDPK. Nitrate reductase was phosphorylated at serine-543 by bacterially expressed His-tagged CDPK6, and the phosphorylated NR was inhibited by 14-3-3 proteins. However, the bacterially expressed CDPK6 had a specific activity approx. 200-fold lower than that of the purified spinach enzyme. The physiological control of NR by CDPK is discussed, and the regulatory properties of the purified CDPK are considered with reference to current models for reversible intramolecular binding of the calmodulin-like domain to the autoinhibitory junction of CDPKs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050419
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoxidative Decomposition of Some Polysulfones under Dynamic Conditions of Heating (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 569-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: bromomethylated polysulfone ; carboxylated polysulfone ; kinetics ; polysulfone ; thermoxidative decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kinetic aspects of the first step of thermoxidative decomposition, under dynamic conditions of heating, of some polysulfones have been studied. The dependence of the kinetic parameters on the heating rate and conversion degree has been established. The compensation effect and conversion function have also been discussed. Polysulfone decomposes by the breaking of the main chain, a process involving very high activation energy. Chemically modified polysulfones show the first step of thermoxidative decomposition at relatively low temperatures. This step corresponds to the elimination of functional side - groups for the bromomethylated polysulfone while in the case of the carboxylated polysolfone, the loss of the carboxyl group is probably accompanied by a crosslinking reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010175707790
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Decomposition of BaC2O4·0.5H2O Studied by Stepwise Isothermal Analysis and Non-Isothermal Thermogravimetry (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 397-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: barium oxalate ; kinetics ; non-isothermal thermogravimetry ; stepwise isothermal analysis ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal decomposition of BaC2O4·0.5H2O in air was studied by a combination of stepwise isothermal analysis (SIA) and non-isothermal thermogravimetry. The results from both techniques show that the crystal water is released in one step and that anhydrous barium oxalate is decomposed in one step, while BaCO3 decomposes in three steps to BaO, forming two intermediate compounds with the formulas of BaCO3·(BaO)2 and (BaCO3)0.5·(BaO)2.5. Reaction mechanism analyses using the data from SIA measurements show that the controlling mechanism for all the five decomposition steps in isothermal conditions is a two-dimensional phase-boundary controlled process. Kinetic parameters are obtained for the five decomposition steps from the non-isothermal thermogravimetric data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010124905090
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Obtaining Kinetic Parameters by Modulated Thermogravimetry (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 695-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; decomposition ; kinetics ; modulated temperature ; thermogravimetry ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new technique, called modulated thermogravimetry, is introduced as a tool for obtaining continuous kinetic information for decomposition and volatilization reactions. The approach makes use of an oscillatory temperature program to obtain kinetic parameters during a mass loss. MTGA™ may be used under quasi-isothermal conditions to observe a single mass loss or may be combined with linear heating rate or Hi-Res™ controlled rate thermogravimetry to scan from one mass loss region to another. Results obtained are in agreement with those obtained by other kinetic methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010171315715
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic Studies on the Thermal Dissociation of β-Cyclodextrin·Ethyl Benzoate Inclusion Complexes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 947-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: β-cyclodextrin ; ethyl benzoate ; inclusion complex ; kinetics ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of β-cyclodextrin·ethyl benzoate·6H2O(β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5·6H2O) was investigated by TG and DSC. The mass loss takes place in three stages: the dehydration occurs at 50-120°C; the dissociation of β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5occurs at 200-260°C; the decomposition of β-CD begins at 280°C. The kinetics of the dissociation of β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5in a dry nitrogen flow was studied by means of thermogravimetry both at constant temperature and linearly increasing temperature. The results show that the dissociation of β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5is dominated by a three-dimensional diffusion process (D3). The activation energy E is 116.19 kJ mol-1and the pre-exponential factor A 6.5358·109min-1. Cyclodextrin is able to form inclusion complexes with a great variety of guest molecules, and the studies focus on the energy of binding between cyclodextrin and the guest molecule. In this paper, the β-cyclodextrin·ethyl benzoate inclusion complex was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy, and the results show that the stable energy of inclusion complexes of β-CD with weakly polar guest molecules consists mainly of van der Waals interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010129028436
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Positronium Conversion Reactions for Testing the Electron Delocalization in 3d Complexes Caused by Ligands (1998)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 9 (1998), S. 389-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Positronium chemistry ; kinetics ; spin exchange reactions ; paramagnetic 3d complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rate constants of ortho- into para-positronium conversion reactions promoted by paramagnetic 3d complexes were found to be linearly correlated with the delocalization, β of unpaired metal electrons caused by ligands. It is shown here that βs, usually obtained by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, may also be deduced from the correlations mentioned above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022459813247
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic On-line Evaluation of Chemical Reactions (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: calorimetry ; kinetics ; on-line ; optimization ; software
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A computer program was developed for kinetic evaluations of calorimetric experiments to predict the further reaction run under adiabatic conditions. Kinetic modeling is based on elementary reaction steps whose rate laws form a set of differential equations. For the continuous parameter optimization time-temperature data and their derivatives are used. A special calorimeter of the ACTRON series with safety equipment was applied to investigate the kinetics of chemical reactions and to test kinetic on-line evaluations. In the paper, examples for the reaction of n-propanol with o-chlornitrobenzene and for the alcoholysis of phenyl isocyanate are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010130727481
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  • 17
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    The cis-trans Isomerization of Azobenzene in the Molten State: A useful test reaction for the kinetic evaluation of DSC measurements (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: azobenzene ; DSC ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Contrary to the situation in the field of temperature, heat and heat flow rate calibration, so far no generally accepted and easily practicable chemical reaction exists with regard to a kinetic evaluation. A possible reaction would be the well-known first-order cis-trans isomerization of subcooled liquid azobenzene. Surprisingly, the evaluation of measurements performed with a power compensated calorimeter yields activation parameters, which are dependent on the heating rate. The desmearing of the curves does not produce any improvements. However, constant activation parameters are obtained, if a small self-heating of the sample during the exothermic reaction is taken into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010178610642
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  • 18
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    Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Lanthanum Complexes of 1,2-(Diimino-4'-Antipyrinyl)ethane (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: complexes of lanthanum ; entropy of activation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of perchlorate, nitrate and iodide complexes of lanthanum with the Schiff base 1,2-(diimino-4'-antipyrinyl)ethane (abbreviated as GA) have been studied by TG and DTG techniques. The kinetic parameters like the activation energy, the pre-exponential factor and the entropy of activation were calculated for the major decomposition stages (Stages I and II) using Coats-Redfern equation. The rate controlling process obey ‘Mampel model’ with random nucleation with one nucleus on each particle. The kinetic parameters indicate that the ligands are loosely bound to metal ion and the activated complex formed in the decomposition reaction is more ordered than the reactants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010182514633
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  • 19
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    Considerations on the Thermal Behaviour and Oxidation Resistance of Cast Iron (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 425-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; nodular cast iron ; TG-DTG-DTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal analysis was used to characterize the thermal behaviour and oxidation resistance of some nodular cast irons. Samples of nodular cast iron in various stages of elaboration, with different chemical compositions, were studied. The samples were heated in air, in the temperature range 291-1273 K, and the thermal (TG, DTG and DTA) curves were recorded. A group of samples with low silicon content exhibit similar behaviour: a continuous increase in mass and an exothermic effect up to 1123 K. The thermal effects correspond to iron oxide (Fe3O4, FeO, Fe2O3) formation. At high temperatures (T〉1123 K), there is a decrease in mass and an endothermic effect. A decrease in the superficial carbon content by combustion (‘decarburization’ effect) occurs in the range of high temperatures. The two effects of oxidation and decarburization depend on the structural changes which occur in cast iron at high temperatures. The decarburization process was modelled and the kinetic parameters were determined (reaction order n=0.76; activation energy E=141 kJ mol-1; pre-exponential factor A=2·102s-1). The oxidation process was studied by non-isothermal methods with regard to two mechanisms: two-dimensional transport for low temperatures, and three-dimensional transport through a sphere for high temperatures. The activation energies were calculated: 68 kJ mol-1 for low temperatures and 122 kJ mol-1 for high temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010122328746
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism and Kinetics of Thermal Dissociation of Inclusion Complex of Benzaldehyde with β-Cyclodextrin (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 825-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: benzaldehyde ; β-cyclodextrin ; inclusion complex ; kinetics ; mechanism ; thermal dissociation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The inclusion complex of benzaldehyde (BA) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was prepared and was studied by thermal analysis and X-ray diffractometry. The composition of the complex was identified by TG and elemental analysis as β-CD·BA·9H2O. TG and DSC studies showed that the thermal dissociation of β-CD·BA·9H2O took place in three stages: dehydration in the range 70-120°C; dissociation of β-CD·BA in the range 235-270°C; and decomposition of β-CD above 280°C. The kinetics of dissociation of β-CD·BA in flowing dry nitrogen was studied by means of TG both at constant temperature and at linearly increasing temperature. The results showed that the dissociation of β-CD·BA was dominated by a one-dimensional random nucleation and subsequent growth process (A2). The activation energy E was 124. 8 kJ mol-1, and the pre-exponential factor A 5.04·1011 min-1.
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    The Non-Parametric Kinetics A New Method for the Kinetic Study of Thermoanalytical Data (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 933-943 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; non-parametric kinetics method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The application of the new method non-parametric kinetics for kinetic analysis is discussed. It is shown that this method is able to obtain all the kinetic information needed to reproduce accurately the experimental data. To validate this method a set of numerical simulations of the most commonly used kinetic models has been performed and analysed with the method.
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    Oxidation of Saturated Fatty Acids Esters DSC investigations (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 211-217 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; fatty acids esters ; kinetics ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxidation of saturated fatty acids ethyl esters: laurate, myristate, palmitate and stearate was investigated by means of DSC techniques under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The activation energies of isothermal oxidation were similar to each other (112–123 kJ mol−1) and no influence of carbon length on the rate of oxidative decomposition was observed. Results obtained from non-isothermal experiments were similar only for the first stage of oxidation.
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    ASTM Kinetics of Oil Shales (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 567-575 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: combustion ; differential scanning calorimeter ; kinetics ; oil shale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal analysis is increasingly being used to obtain kinetic data relating to sample decomposition. In this research differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to determine the combustion kinetics of three (Çan, Himmetoglu and Mengen) oil shale samples by ASTM and Roger & Morris methods. On DSC curves two reaction regions were observed on oil shale sample studied except Çan oil shale. In DSC experiments higher heating rates resulted in higher reaction temperatures and higher heat of reactions. Distinguishing peaks shifted to higher temperatures with an increase in heating rate. Three different kinetic models (ASTM I-II and Rogers & Morris) were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the oil shale samples studied. Activation energies were in the range of 131.8-185.3 kJ mol-1 for ASTM methods and 18.5-48.8 kJ mol-1 for Rogers & Morris method.
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    Thermal Analysis and Kinetic Study of Decomposition processes of Some Commercial Pesticides I. Triazine derivatives (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 937-956 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: enthalpy ; GC—MS measurements ; kinetics ; simultaneous TG—DSC ; thermal stability ; 1,3,5 triazine derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal behaviour of some commercial pesticides was studied by means of simultaneous TG-DSC measurements. Kinetic parameters relating to liquid—gas-phase transition processes were determined via a dynamic TG technique. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to make measurements on the gaseous products. The liquid—gas-phase transition processes of these compounds seem to be influenced by the substituent groups rather than by the side-chains. A chlorine substituent destabilizes some compounds, bringing closer together the temperatures of melting and liquid—gas-phase transition processes.
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    Kinetics and Mechanism of Dehydration of Heteropolyacids (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 235-239 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: decomposition ; dehydration ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and mechanism of the dehydration and decomposition of heteropolyacids of molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium (H3+xYx+M12O40·mH2O; Y=Si, P; M=Mo, W) were studied. The data obtained on the dehydration kinetic parameters correlate with the expected structures, of these crystal hydrates, the IR data and X-ray phase analysis.
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    Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Molybdenum Sulphide (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 263-267 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; molybdenum sulphide ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the results attained in the determination of the mechanism of oxidation of molybdenum sulphide under non-isothermal conditions in an air atmosphere. The mechanism of the process was determined by simultaneous DTA-TG-DTG, and the kinetic parameters of the reactions involved were obtained according to the methods of Kissinger and Ozawa.
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    Kinetics and Mechanism of the Thermal Decomposition of M(NO3)2·nH2O (M=Cu, Co, Ni) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 617-623 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; nitrates ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of simultaneous DTA-TG-DTG and DSC studies on the thermal decomposition of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O and Ni(NO3)2·6H2O in an air atmosphere. The mechanism and enthalpies of the investigated processes were determined, as well as the kinetic parameters of the processes run under non-isothermal conditions by means of Kissinger's method. The dependence of the activation energy on the ionic radius of the cations building up the crystal lattices of the investigated compounds was also studied.
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    Pyrolysis Analysis and Kinetics of Crude Oils (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 781-788 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crude oil ; differential scanning calorimetry ; kinetics ; pyrolysis ; thermal analysis ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This research presents the results of an experimental study on the determination of pyrolysis behaviour and kinetics of six crude oils by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). Crude oil pyrolysis indicated two main temperature ranges where loss of mass was observed. The first region between ambient to 400°C was distillation. The second region between 400 and 600°C was visbreaking and thermal cracking. Arrhenius-type kinetic model is used to determine the kinetic parameters of crude oils studied. It was observed that as crude oils gets heavier (°API decreases) cracking activation energy increases. Activation energy of cracking also show a general trend with asphaltene content.
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    A Theoretical Approach to the Description of the Thermal Dissociation of N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium Halides (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 189-195 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: decomposition ; kinetics ; N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium halides ; theory ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MNDO/d and PM3 quantum chemistry methods were used to examine reaction pathways and predict thermodynamic and kinetic barriers for the thermal dissociation of isolated conglomerates of N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium cations (TMA+) and halide anions (X = Cl−, Br− and I−). Theoretically obtained changes in enthalpy and entropy for the above-mentioned process were subsequently supplemented with theoretically determined crystal lattice energies, that enabled prediction of relevant characteristics for the dissociation of crystalline phases. Data thus obtained compare only qualitatively with those available in literature and resulting predominantly from thermoanalytical investigations, although values of theoretical characteristics generally follow the same trends as experimental ones.
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    Kinetics and Mechanism of the Natural Mineral Marmatite Oxidation Process (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 35-40 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; marmatite ; oxidation process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Results obtained by the comparative investigations of the natural mineral marmatite (Zn,Fe)S (Stari Trg, Yugoslavia) oxidation process are presented in this paper. Determination of the oxidation process mechanism was done by thermal analysis methods: DTA-TG-DTG and DSC, while Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray and electronic microanalysis were used for phase composition determination of the products formed during the oxidation process. Kinetics of the process was defined for two temperature intervals 862–973 and 1023–1173 K, under isothermal conditions.
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    Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Reactions on the Basis of Non-Isothermal Measurements A critical review (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 399-406 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; kinetics ; non-isothermal measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed analysis is presented of the applicability of several dependences commonly used for the determination of activation energies from non-isothermal measurements. Reactions proceeding according to different kinetic equations are simulated and the validity of the activation energy values obtained is discussed. The general conclusion is drawn that none of the examined dependences should be used to determine the activation energy. For a rough estimation of activation energy, the Kissinger equation can be applied according to Ockham's razor.
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    Tetrachlorosilane Consumption in Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (1998)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 18 (1998), S. 509-533 
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    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: RF SiCl4 discharge ; mass spectrometry ; kinetics ; decomposition ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Time-resolved mass spectrometry was used for analysis of the plasma reactions in radio frequency (RF) SiCl 4 and SiCl 4 −O 2 discharges as functions of starting partial pressure and electrical power. Molecular concentrations of the reactants and products from SiCl 4 alone and with O 2 were obtained from the mass spectra and used for plotting the kinetic curves. The SiCl 4 and O 2 consumption rates were calculated from the kinetic curves and compared with results of theoretical simulation of the reaction. Direct electron impact decomposition was found to be the main pathway for pure SiCl 4 conversion. On the contrary, the consumption of SiCl 4 in the SiCl 4 +O 2 mixtures was largely chemical. The experimental macrokinetics are in agreement with a model in which oxidation is caused by the atomic oxygen.
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    Study of the Influence of Alkaline Ions (Li, Na and K) on the Structure of the Silicate Entities in Silico Alkaline Sol and on the Formation of the Silico-Calco-Alkaline Gel (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 353-358 
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    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: silicate ; alkaline ; gelation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The study of silico-calco-alkaline gel is essential to warn against the degradation of concrete due to the alkali-silica reaction. In the laboratory, those gels are simulated by the destabilization of a silico-alkaline sol by calcium ions. Their speed of formation depends on the alkali species. The influence of alkaline ions (Li, Na and K) on the structure of silicate entities in sol and on the gel formation has been studied. The state of polymerization of the silico-alkaline sol was determined by NMR and depends on the alkali species and the molar ratio (Rm = [SiO2]/[A2O] with A = Li, Na or K). It appears that lithium enhances the polymerization. By scattering techniques (SAXS and ELS), the evolution of size and number of scattering particles during gelation can be determined from scattering curves with Guinier approximation. The mechanism of gelation appears as a hierarchic structure composed of several discrete sizes.
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    Kinetics of Solid State Reactions With Fractal Reagent (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 6 (1998), S. 305-309 
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    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: Fractals ; solid state reaction ; kinetics ; nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In the present research we theoretically studied the kinetics of nucleation-limited solid state reactions as influenced by the fractal properties of solid reagent. We consider the model of equal-sized primary particles assembled in fractal cluster. The geometry of such an object is assumed to be described solely by its fractal dimension D and by upper (R max) and lower (R min) cutoffs of fractality further identified with the overall size of the object and the size of the primary particle correspondingly. Depending on the ratio between R max, R min and the radius of the critical nucleus R nucl the following cases are considered: (1) R max ∼ R nucl. In this case the reaction kinetics is described by the equation: α = 1 − B{ln(k′ τ + 1)}D/(D−3), where B, k′ are constants. Numerical solution of this equation gives rise to n-order reaction kinetics with n & 1. (2) R min ≪ R nucl ≪ R max. In this case under certain conditions there can exist non-trivial critical density ρcrit ≠ 0, 1 that favors the formation of the critical nuclei of the new phase. The asymptotic kinetic equation for large times corresponds to n-order reaction with n = (D + 3)/(D + 1). (3) R min ≪ R nucl ∼ R max′. In this case the reaction follows the first-order kinetics with D-dependent rate constant.
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    The Kinetics of Pore Shape Evolution in Alumina (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 6 (1998), S. 161-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: Alumina ; surface ; kinetics ; diffusion ; SALK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of shape evolution of a completely faceted crystal/internal void by surface diffusion was modeled. Arrays of micron-sized cavities were generated in sapphire substrates with known surface orientations using microlithography and ion beam etching and converted to internal intragranular pores of nonequilibrium shape by diffusion bonding of the etched substrate to an identical-orientation unetched sapphire substrate. Pore shape evolution rates during high-temperature anneals were monitored and found to be highly sensitive to the orientation of the substrate surface. The observed evolution rates were compared with the predictions of the kinetic model using diffusivity values for alumina that span the range from the highest to the lowest diffusion constants reported in the literature. The comparison suggests that surface-attachment-limited kinetics (SALK) play a major role in surface mass transport on stable low-index planes of alumina.
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    Evidence for O-dealkylation of 7-pentoxyresorufin by cytochrome P450 2B1/2B2 isoenzymes in brain (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 189 (1998), S. 201-205 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: brain ; P450 ; PB ; PROD ; induction ; inhibition ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract O-dealkylation of 7-pentoxyresorufin (PR) was studied in rat brain to characterise the functional activity specific for cytochrome P450 2B1/2B2 isoenzymes in brain microsomes. Brain microsomes catalyzed the O-dealkylation of PR in the presence of NADPH. Pretreatment with phenobarbital (PB; 80 mg/kg body wt, i.p.× 5 days) resulted in 3-4 fold induction of pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) activity while 3-methylcholanthrene (MC; 30 mg/kg body wt, i.p. × 5 days) did not produce any significant increase in enzyme activity. Kinetic studies revealed that the rate of velocity (Vmax) for the O-dealkylation of PR was significantly increased to 2.9 times higher in brain microsomes isolated from PB pretreated rats. In vitro studies using metyrapone, an inhibitor of P450 2B1/2B2 catalyzed reactions and antibody for hepatic PB inducible P450s (P450 2B1/2B2) significantly inhibited the activity of PROD in cerebral microsomes prepared from PB pretreated animals. These studies suggest that PB inducible isoenzymes of P450, i.e. P450 2B1/2B2 specifically catalyze the O-dealkylation of PR in brain microsomes.
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    Kinetic Studies on the Initial Crystallization Process of Lysozyme in the Presence of D2O and H2O (1998)
    Springer
    The protein journal 17 (1998), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Lysozyme ; turbidity ; kinetics ; nucleation ; relaxation time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the initial stages of the crystallization of egg-white lysozyme, monomeric lysozyme aggregates rapidly and forms a nucleus in the presence of high salt concentrations. The formation process of the aggregates was examined to make clear the difference between the situations in heavy water and in water at the same sodium ion concentration. The aggregation in both cases was observed at unsaturated and/or saturated lysozyme concentrations. The turbidity at 350 nm of lysozyme increased remarkably within 60 min under each experimental condition and showed no appreciable changes over 60 min. The increase of turbidity in H2O was much slower than in D2O at the same salt concentration (3%). Lysozyme showed a critical concentration for nucleus formation whose value in H2O was lower than in D2O at 3% salt concentration. There are two different aggregation models, depending on the concentration of lysozyme. However, similar results were not obtained at 3% sodium ions in H2O. The initial aggregation rate was also dependent on the concentrations of both lysozyme and NaCI. Therefore, the effect of lysozyme concentration on the aggregation process in H2O may be smaller than in D2O.
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    ALASKA: A Mathematica package for two-state kinetic analysis of protein folding reactions (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 11 (1998), S. 355-360 
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    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: dynamic NMR ; kinetics ; line shape simulation ; protein folding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A Mathematica package (ALASKA) has been developed to simplify the measurement of protein folding kinetics by analysis of 1H NMR lineshape analysis. This package reads NMR data in ASCII format and can simulate an aromatic 1 NMR spectrum with or without lineshape broadening from chemical exchange. We describe the analysis of a urea denaturation series of a fast-folding protein, the G46A/G48A variant of monomeric λ repressor.
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    Monoclonal antibodies SMI 311 and SMI 312 as tools to investigate the maturation of nerve cells and axonal patterns in human fetal brain (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 433-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neurofilaments ; Phosphorylation ; Differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain storage ; Fixation ; Microwave ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Neurofilaments, which are exclusively found in nerve cells, are one of the earliest recognizable features of the maturing nervous system. The differential distribution of neurofilament proteins in varying degrees of phosphorylation within a neuron provides the possibility of selectively demonstrating either somata and dendrites or axons. Non-phosphorylated neurofilaments typical of somata and dendrites can be visualized with the aid of monoclonal antibody SMI 311, whereas antibody SMI 312 is directed against highly phosphorylated axonal epitopes of neurofilaments. The maturation of neuronal types, the development of area-specific axonal networks, and the gradients of maturation can thus be demonstrated. Optimal immunostaining with SMI 311 and SMI 312 is achieved when specimens are fixed in a mixture of paraformaldehyde and picric acid for up to 3 days and sections are incubated free-floating. Neurons, with their dendritic domains immunostained by SMI 311 in a Golgi-like manner, can be completely visualized in relatively thick sections. The limitations of Golgi-preparations, such as glia-labeling, artifacts, and the staining of only a small non-representative percentage of existing neurons, are not apparent in SMI preparations, which additionally provide the possibility of selectively staining axonal networks. The results achieved in normal fetal brain provide the basis for studies of developmental disturbances.
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    Alien plant species composition and associations with anthropogenic disturbance in North American forests (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 139 (1998), S. 49-62 
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    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Alien species ; Anthropogenic disturbance ; Biological invasions ; Forests ; Ground vegetation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A probability-based sampling scheme was used to survey plant species composition in forests of 16 states in seven geopolitical regions of the United States (California, Colorado, Minnesota, and parts of the Pacific Northwest, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast) in 1994. The proportion of alien species relative to the total species number and to canopy cover in the ground stratum (0–0.6 m height) was evaluated in 279 plots. Visually evident anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., artificial regeneration, logging, prescribed burning, and grazing by livestock), if any, were recorded on each plot. In each of the seven regions we quantified (1) the percentage of the number of species and total cover comprised of alien species, (2) the difference in these percentages for disturbed and undisturbed plots, and (3) the origin or native range for the alien species. The percentage of alien species ranged from approximately 4.5% (Colorado) to approximately 13.2% (California). The percentage of alien species cover ranged from approximately 1.5% in Colorado to 25% in California. In five regions, species introduced from temperate Eurasia comprised the largest proportion of alien species and cover. In the Southeast, species introduced from far eastern and subtropical Asia dominated the alien flora. In the Mid-Atlantic, the majority of alien species was Eurasian and the majority of alien species cover consisted of far eastern and subtropical Asian species. The proportion of plots in which at least one alien species was recorded was significantly higher in disturbed than undisturbed plots in the Southeast and marginally significantly higher ($p=0.053$) in the Northeast. These results are consistent with other published studies that indicate that anthropogenic disturbance affects the structure and composition of both the ground stratum and upper canopy of forest habitats. In other regions, however, no significant differences were found.
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    Kinetics of formation of GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol by microsomes from the retina of the embryonic chick (1998)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 15 (1998), S. 11-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: dolichol pathway ; GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol ; GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol ; kinetics ; retina ; GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol, N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol ; GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol, N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol ; TX-100, triton X-100 ; Tes, 2-{[tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methyl]-amino}-ethanesulfonic acid.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Little quantitative information is available concerning individual reactions of the dolichol pathway. We have investigated the kinetics of the GlcNAc-transferase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol using chemically synthesized GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol as the substrate. Using microsomal preparations from the retina of the embryonic chick as enzyme source, optimal incubation conditions of pH, metal ion and detergent concentrations were established, after which apparent kinetic constants (Km and Vmax) were determined under initial rate conditions for GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol and UDP-GlcNAc. These studies provide the first quantitative description of the kinetics of this reaction.
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    Stimulation as well as inhibition by antibiotics of the formation of GlcNAc-lipids of the dolichol pathway (1998)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 15 (1998), S. 405-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: dolichol pathway ; GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol ; GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol ; antibiotics ; inhibition ; stimulation ; retina ; showdomycin ; diumycin ; amphomycin ; bacitracin ; microsomes ; embryonic chick ; kinetics ; Dionex ; GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol, N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol ; GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol, N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol ; TX-100, triton X-100 ; Tes, 2-{[tris-(hydroxy-methyl)-methyl]-amino}-ethanesulfonic acid ; chitobiose, GlcNAc-GlcNAc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antiobiotics, diumycin, amphomycin, bacitracin, and showdomycin have been shown previously to block the synthesis of GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol and GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol. In view of inconsistencies in the literature concerning the sites of inhibition, we have reinvestigated the influence of these drugs on the formation of these early intermediates of the dolichol pathway. Unexpectedly, when the individual products of the reactions were examined, instead of inhibition, showdomycin and bacitracin were found to stimulate the formation of GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol, and diumycin stimulated at low concentrations. Three derivatives of showdomycin were examined with similar results, showing stimulations of GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol formation of up to two-fold over controls. Amphomycin specifically inhibited GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol formation, an effect that was reversed by a high concentration of dolichyl phosphate. In contrast, with the exception of amphomycin, each compound directly inhibited the formation of GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol. Using chemically synthesized GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol as substrate, the kinetics of inhibition of GlcNAc-GlcNAc-P-P-dolichol formation by showdomycin, bacitracin and diumycin was examined. The apparent Ki values calculated from these studies indicated that showdomycin was the most active inhibitor. These findings provide a new understanding of the action of these compounds on the GlcNAc-transferases of the dolichol pathway. © 1998 Rapid Science Ltd
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    Folate Transport by Prawn Hepatopancreas Brush-Border Membrane Vesicles (1998)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 18 (1998), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Folate transport ; prawn ; hepatopancreas ; brush-border membrane vesicles ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The transport system of folic acid (Pte-Glu) by brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from prawn (Penaeus japonicm) hepatopancreas, was studied by measuring the uptake of Pte-Glu. This uptake was found to have two components, intravesicular transport and membrane binding. Membrane binding was not affected by the presence of a transmembrane pH-gradient at a short incubation period. However, a transmembrane pH-gradient increased membrane binding at 60 min. The transport of Pte-Glu appeared to be carrier-mediated, was stimulated by an inwardly proton gradient (pH 5.5 outside, 7.4 inside) and was unaffected by a sodium-gradient. The relationship between pH gradient-driven Pte-Glu uptake and medium Pte-Glu concentration followed saturating Michaelis–Menten kinetics. Eadie–Hofstee representation of the pH gradient-driven Pte-Glu uptake indicated a single transport system with a Km of 0.37 μM and Vmax of 1.06 pmol/mg protein/15 s. These findings indicate that BBMV isolated from prawn hepatopancreas possesses a Pte-Glu transport system similar to that described in mammalian intestine.
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    The photosystem II subunit CP29 can be phosphorylated in both C3 and C4 plants as suggested by sequence analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 11-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chlorophyll a/b protein ; CP29 ; Phosphorylation ; Photosystem II ; cold stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The CP29 subunit of Photosystem II is reversibly phosphorylated in Zea mays upon exposure to high light in the cold (Bergantino et al., J Biol Chem 270 (1995) 8474–8481). This phenomenon was previously proposed to be restricted to C4 plants. We present the complete sequence of the CP29 protein, deduced from a maize Lhcb4 cDNA clone, and its comparison with the previously known Lhcb4 sequences of two C3 plants: Hordeum vulgare and Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite the relatively low degree of homology in their amino-terminal region, i.e. the part of the molecule which is phosphorylated in maize, the three polypeptides conserve consensus sequences for the site of phosphorylation. We proved by immunoblotting and 33P-labelling that the same post-translational modification occurs in barley. Being thus common to C3 and C4 plant species, the phosphorylation of this minor antenna complex of Photosystem II appears now as a widespread phenomenon, possibly part of the phosphorylation cascade which signals the redox status of the plastoquinone to the nuclear transcription apparatus. Arabidopsis plants do not show phosphorylation of CP29 in the same conditions, but other low-molecular-weight phosphoproteins, whose role need to be elucidated, become evident.
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    Low temperature-stimulated phosphorylation regulates the binding of nuclear factors to the promoter of Wcs120, a cold-specific gene in wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 257 (1998), S. 157-166 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Cold ; Phosphorylation ; Promoter ; Transcription ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Wcs120 gene encodes a highly abundant protein which appears to play an important role during cold acclimation of wheat. To understand the regulatory mechanism controlling its expression at low temperature, the promoter region has been characterized. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using short promoter fragments revealed the presence in nuclear extracts from non-acclimated (NA) plants of multiple DNA-binding proteins which interact with several elements. In contrast, no DNA-binding activity was observed in the nuclear extracts from cold-acclimated (CA) plants. In vitro dephosphorylation of these CA nuclear extracts with alkaline phosphatase restored the binding activity. Moreover, okadaic acid (a potent phosphatase inhibitor) markedly stimulated the in vivo accumulation of the WCS120 family of proteins. This suggests that protein phosphatases PP1 and/or PP2A negatively regulate the expression of the Wcs120 gene. In addition, both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent kinase activities were found to be significantly higher in the CA nuclear extracts. Western analysis using antibodies directed against protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms showed that a PKCγ homolog (84 kDa) is selectively translocated into the nucleus in response to low temperature. Taken together, our results suggest that, in vivo, the expression of the Wcs120 gene may be regulated by nuclear factors whose binding activity is modulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism.
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    Time-resolved electron transfer at the donor side of Rhodopseudomonas viridis photosynthetic reaction centers in whole cells (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 55 (1998), S. 317-323 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: bound cytochrome ; electron transfer ; kinetics ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis ; thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the electron transfer reactions from the tetraheme cytochrome of Rhodopseudomonas viridis to the oxidized primary donor in whole cells with a new high sensitivity spectrophotometer. In this apparatus the monochromatic detecting flashes are provided by a YAG pumped Optical Parametric Oscillator, allowing a 10 ns time resolution. When four hemes are reduced the observed electron transfer reaction sequence is the following: first the low-potential c552 heme (the number refers to the maximum absorption wavelength in the alpha-band region) is oxidized with a half time of 130 ns, in agreement with previous reports of measurements performed with purified reaction centers. Then, the electron hole is transferred to the low potential c554 heme with a half time of 2.6 µs. When only the two high potential hemes are reduced the observed electron transfer sequence is the following: oxidation of the high potential c559 heme in the hundreds of ns time range (410 ns), reduction of this heme by the high potential c556 heme in the µs time range (2.7 µs). This confirms the first steps of electron transfer observed in isolated reaction centers. However, in the microsecond time domain, the overall amount of oxidized hemes increases suggesting that, in vivo, the equilibrium constant between the P+/P and the c559ox/c559red couples is significantly lower than expected from the difference in their midpoint potentials.
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    Kinetics of the Reconstituted Tricarboxylate Carrier from Eel Liver Mitochondria (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 30 (1998), S. 555-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Tricarboxylate carrier ; mitochondria ; transport ; liposomes ; kinetics ; reconstitution ; eel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The tricarboxylate carrier from eel liver mitochondria was purified by chromatography on hydroxyapatite and Matrix Gel Blue B and reconstituted into liposomes by removal of the detergent with Amberlite. Optimal transport activity was obtained by using a phospholipid concentration of 11.5 mg/ml, a Triton X-114/phospholipid ratio of 0.9, and ten passages through the same Amberlite column. The activity of the carrier was influenced by the phospholipid composition of the liposomes, being increased by cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine and decreased by phosphatidylinositol. The reconstituted tricarboxylate carrier catalyzed a first-order reaction of citrate/citrate or citrate/malate exchange. The maximum transport rate of external [14C]citrate was 9.0 mmol/min per g of tricarboxylate carrier protein at 25°C and this value was virtually independent of the type of substrate present in the external or internal space of the liposomes. The half-saturation constant (K m) was 62 μM for citrate and 541 μM for malate. The activation energy of the citrate/citrate exchange reaction was 74 kJ/mol from 5 to 19°C and 31 kJ/mol from 19 to 35°C. The rate of the exchange had an external pH optimum of 8.
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    Structure function relationship of vanadate bound to a single site in chloroplast CF1-ATPase as determined by X-ray absorption (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 57 (1998), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ATP synthase ; EXAFS ; k-edge ; kinetics ; MgADP ; transition state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of vanadate, a phosphate analogue which was suggested to function in the presence of tightly bound ADP and divalent cations as a transition state inhibitor of CF1-ATPase, was investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Analysis of the vanadium K-edge was used for determination of the structure of vanadate bound to a single site in CF1-ATPase containing a single tightly bound ADP. There was a decrease in the intensity of the 1s-3d pre-edge transition and a change in the shape of two other shoulders at the edge region upon binding of vanadate to CF1 in the presence of Mg2+ ions. The changes are due to alteration in the structure of vanadium from tetrahedral to a five-coordinated trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Comparison of the pre-edge peak intensity of ADP-vanadate complex, and model compound resolved by crystallography support the proposed structure of CF1-bound vanadate. 51V NMR measurements were used to verify the pentacoordinated structure of ADP-vanadate complex used as a model in the X-ray absorption studies. The inhibition of a single and multiple site activity by vanadate and by MgADP was measured. Vanadate inhibition of CF1-ATPase activity decreased more than 90 fold in the presence of MgADP. A differential specificity of the inhibition in single and multiple mode of activity was observed. It is suggested that ADP-vanadate binds to the active sites of the enzyme as a pentacoordinated vanadium having approximate trigonal bipyramidal geometry. This structure is analogous to the proposed transition state of the phosphate during the synthesis and the hydrolysis of ATP by CF1.
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    Peroxy Radical Kinetics Resulting from the OH-Initiated Oxidation of 1,3-Butadiene, 2,3-Dimethyl-1,3-Butadiene and Isoprene (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 29 (1998), S. 267-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: peroxy radicals ; kinetics ; conjugateddienes ; biogenic VOC ; degradation mechanisms ; tropospheric ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The laser flash photolysis/UV absorption spectrometry technique has been used to investigate the kinetics of the peroxy radical permutation reactions (i.e. self and cross reactions) arising from the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), and of the simpler, but related conjugated dienes, 1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene. The results of the two simpler systems are analysed to provide values of the rate coefficients for the 6 peroxy radical permutation reactions of the three types of isomeric peroxy radical produced in each system (T = 298 K, P = 760 Torr). The rate coefficients are all significantly larger than values estimated previously by extrapolation of structure-reactivity relationships based on the kinetics of a limited dataset of simpler radicals containing similar structural features. The results are discussed in terms of trends in self and cross reaction reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary peroxy radicals containing combinations of allyl, β-hydroxy and δ-hydroxy functionalities. Since the peroxy radicals formed in these systems are structurally very similar to those formed in the isoprene system, the kinetic parameters derived from the results of the simpler systems are used to assist the assignment of kinetic parameters to the 21 permutation reactions of the six types of isomeric peroxy radical generated in the isoprene system. Kinetic models describing the OH-initiated degradation of all three conjugated dienes to first generation products in the absence of NOx are recommended, which are also consistent with available end product studies. The model for isoprene is considered to be a further improvement on that suggested previously for its OH-initiated oxidation in the absence of NOx. The mechanism is further extended to include chemistry applicable to ‘NOx-present’ conditions, and calculated product yields are compared with those reported in the literature.
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    Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH and NO3 Radicals and O3 with the Monoterpene Reaction Products Pinonaldehyde, Caronaldehyde, and Sabinaketone (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 31 (1998), S. 281-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: hydroxyl radical ; nitrate radical ; ozone ; pinonaldehyde ; caronaldehyde ; sabinaketone ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Using a relative rate method, rate constants have been measured for the gas-phase reactions of OH and NO3 radicals with pinonaldehyde, caronaldehyde and sabinaketone at 296 ± 2 K. The OH radical reaction rate constants obtained are (in units of 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1): pinonaldehyde, 48 ± 8; caronaldehyde, 48 ± 8; and sabinaketone, 5.1 ± 1.4, and the NO3 radical reaction rate constants are (in units of 10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1): pinonaldehyde, 2.0 ± 0.9; caronaldehyde, 2.5 ± 1.1; and sabinaketone, 0.036 ± 0.023, where the error limits include the estimated overall uncertainties in the rate constants for the reference compounds. Upper limits to the O3 reaction rate constants were also obtained, of 〈2 × 10−20 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for pinonaldehyde and caronaldehyde, and 〈5 × 10−20 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for sabinaketone. These reaction rate constants are combined with estimated ambient tropospheric concentrations of OH radicals, NO3 radicals and O3 to calculate tropospheric lifetimes and dominant transformation process(es) of these and other monoterpene reaction products.
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    Energetic Approach to Kinetics of Mechanochemical Process (1998)
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 463-473 
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    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: energetic efficiency ; intensity of treatment ; kinetics ; mechanochemical process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kinetics of a mechanochemical process is proposed to describe quantitatively with a problem set-up scaled to energy instead of time. This makes possible the comparability of experimental data obtained in machines with different intensities of treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010130530563
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    Chromatophore heterogeneity explains phenomena seen in Rhodobacter sphaeroides previously attributed to supercomplexes (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 55 (1998), S. 357-362 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chromatophores ; electron transfer ; kinetics ; photosynthesis ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is generally considered that metabolic reactions are well described by homogeneous kinetic models in which the reaction phase is statistically uniform. In membranes, especially in photosynthetic systems where the protein complement is high, it has recently been recognized that effects of local heterogeneity might contribute additional factors that perturb the kinetic behavior, and require more extensive treatment. We show in this paper that statistical heterogeneity in vesicular systems can also contribute to quite marked discrepancies from the behavior expected from standard kinetic and thermodynamic models, for reactions involving free diffusion in the aqueous phase. We explain the kinetic and thermodynamic effects observed in studies of photosynthetic electron transfer in cells and chromatophores from Rhodobacter sphaeroides previously attributed to supercomplexes, in terms of a model based on heterogeneity in distribution of electron transfer components among the chromatophore population. We discuss examples of data inconsistent with the supercomplex model, but well explained by the heterogeneity model.
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    On the inhibition of camel retina acetylcholinesterase activity by cycloheximide in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 14 (1998), S. 167-174 
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    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: acetylcholinesterase ; cycloheximide ; inhibition ; kinetics ; retina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The kinetic parameters of inhibition of camel retinal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by cycloheximide (CH) were investigated. For the control system, the Michaelis–Menten constant (K m)for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide was found to be 0.076 mmol/L and the V max was 0.547 μmol/min per mg protein. In contrast, these parameters were decreased in the CH-treated systems. Dixon and Lineweaver–Burk plots, and their secondary replots, indicated that the inhibition was of the linear mixed type, which seems to be a combination of partial competitive and pure noncompetitive inhibition. The values of K′i(slope) and K I(intercept) were estimated to be 3.50 and 5.68 mmol/L, respectively. K i was greater than K′i, indicating that CH has a greater binding affinity for the peripheral site than the active site.
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    Evidence for a compensation effect during the temperature-programmed reduction of copper oxide in hydrogen (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 63 (1998), S. 209-217 
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    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Copper ; reduction ; kinetics ; compensation effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reduction of copper oxide derived from basic Cu-carbonate in hydrogen has been studied under temperature-programmed conditions (TPR) and the TPR patterns were analyzed by means of Arrhenius plots at constant conversion (Friedman plots). These plots indicate that the reduction process cannot be described on the basis of constant kinetic parameters and reveal the presence of isokinetic temperatures. These suggest the presence of a compensation effect requiring a modification of the rate equation.
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    Catalytic reaction accompanied by capillary condensation, 3. Influence on reaction kinetics and dynamics (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 65 (1998), S. 321-329 
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    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Catalytic reaction ; capillary condensation ; kinetics ; dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of capillary condensation of reagents on the catalytic reaction kinetics and dynamics was studied. The hydrogenation ofp-xylene over Pt/SiO2 was used as a model reaction. Two types of SiO2 were used (KCK-1 with large pores and KCM-5 with small pores). It was shown that capillary condensation could modify the kinetics and the transition regimes. The proposed mathematical model demonstrates good agreement with experimental results for both steady-state and dynamic regimes, including reaction rate—temperature hysteresis.
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    Carbon states and kinetics of carbon deposition from ethylene at Pt(110) surface (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 65 (1998), S. 381-388 
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    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Carbon ; kinetics ; surface state ; XPS ; photoelectron spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The nature of high temperature carbon states at Pt(110) has been studied by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The formation of diamond-like carbon (DLC) is reported for the first time. The kinetics and temperature-programmed reactions of DLC were numerically simulated.
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    On the kinetic coupling and mechanism of aromatic ring hydrogenation (1998)
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 63 (1998), S. 47-51 
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    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Aromatic ring hydrogenation ; kinetics ; kinetic coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic rings is discussed. The kinetic coupling concept is considered, which implies that a surface intermediate would be continuously “pumped down” from the equilibrium concentration level by the extremely fast subsequent step. It is demonstrated that due to thermodynamic constrains, the intermediate formation of cyclohexadiene is forbidden.
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    Quantitative description of the effect of solvent on kinetics of benzophenone oxide decay (1998)
    Springer
    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 65 (1998), S. 311-314 
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    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Carbonyl oxides ; kinetics ; flash photolysis ; correlation equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of solvent on rate constants of benzophenone oxide decay was investigated by flash photolysis. A quantitative description of this dependence in the terms of the Koppel-Palm equation suggests that all types of the solvation (non-specific electrostatic and polarizational, specific electrophilic and nucleophilic) strongly affect the reactivity of benzophenone oxide. Besides, strengthening of any effect leads to a decrease of the observed rate constant.
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    Possible Mechanisms of Intercalation (1998)
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    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 31 (1998), S. 275-286 
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    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: intercalation ; mechanism ; kinetics ; vanadyl phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recent knowledge of the kinetics and intercalation mechanisms are summarized and accompanied by examples of intercalation reactions of water and ethanol into anhydrous vanadyl phosphate and redox intercalation of alkali metal cations into vanadyl phosphate dihydrate. Three possible mechanisms of intercalation are presented which are based on: (i) a concept of exfoliation of layers; (ii) the formation of stages and randomly stacked layers; (iii) co-existence of intercalated and non-intercalated parts of crystals of the host separated by an advancing phase boundary. The corresponding kinetic curves are ascribed to mechanisms (ii) and (iii).
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    The Effect of Crown Ethers on the Oxidation of Triethylamine by Ferricyanide Ion in Aqueous Solutions at Different pH Values (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 31 (1998), S. 17-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: crown ether ; triethylamine ; ferricyanide ion ; kinetics ; retardation ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of benzo-15-crown-5,15-crown-5 and 12-crown-4 on the oxidation of triethylamine by aqueous ferricyanide ion has been studied at pH 4, 7 and 11. The crown ethers retard the normal oxidation process at all pH values, the effect depending on the crown ether concentration. The three crown ethers show the same retardation effect at pH 4 and 7, while at pH 11 the retardation decreases in the order B15C5 〉 12C4 〉 15C5.
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    Grain Boundary Migration in Solid State Discontinuous Reactions (1998)
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    Interface science 6 (1998), S. 113-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: discontinuous reactions ; discontinuous precipitation ; discontinuous coarsening ; discontinuous dissolution ; grain boundary ; migration ; diffusion ; kinetics ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Discontinuous reactions are a special class of solid state moving boundary reactions characterized by a discontinuous change in orientation and composition across the migrating reaction front that provides a short circuit path of solute transport. Grain boundary migration in discontinuous reactions is both of technological as well as fundamental interest. In this paper, the initiation/growth mechanism, product morphology, driving force, reaction kinetics, and effect of external parameters on the major discontinuous reactions, namely, discontinuous precipitation, coarsening, dissolution, and diffusion induced grain boundary migration have been discussed. In addition, a number of interesting features about boundary migration in discontinuous reactions has been analyzed. Finally, the scope and necessity of continued research attention in this area have been highlighted.
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    Electronic Resource
    The Compensation Effect in Thermally Activated Interface Processes (1998)
    Springer
    Interface science 6 (1998), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: grain boundaries ; kinetics ; thermal activation ; activation entropy ; activation enthalpy ; compensation effect ; interfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Extensive experimental evidence is provided for the occurrence of the compensation effect, i.e., the linear dependence of the activation energy on the logarithm of the preexponential factor in interface kinetics, primarily grain boundary migration. It is proposed to attribute the compensation effect to a first order phase transition from the ground state to the activated state during thermal activation. The model is in line with the thermodynamic principles of phase transitions as well as the fundamentals of irreversible thermodynamics. It is capable of accounting for important phenomenological relations of interface kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008649619917
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    New potential for human embryonic stem cells (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gearhart, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1061-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. gearhart@jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Line ; Cell Lineage ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Federal Government ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mice ; Research Support as Topic ; Risk Assessment ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Transplantation Immunology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Molecular basis of T cell inactivation by CTLA-4 (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-18
    Description: CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T cell function, was found to associate with the T cell receptor (TCR) complex zeta chain in primary T cells. The association of TCRzeta with CTLA-4, reconstituted in 293 transfectants, was enhanced by p56(lck)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Coexpression of the CTLA-4-associated tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2, resulted in dephosphorylation of TCRzeta bound to CTLA-4 and abolished the p56(lck)-inducible TCRzeta-CTLA-4 interaction. Thus, CTLA-4 inhibits TCR signal transduction by binding to TCRzeta and inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation after T cell activation. These findings have broad implications for the negative regulation of T cell function and T cell tolerance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, K M -- Chuang, E -- Griffin, M -- Khattri, R -- Hong, D K -- Zhang, W -- Straus, D -- Samelson, L E -- Thompson, C B -- Bluestone, J A -- P01 AI35294-6/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2263-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Animals ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, Differentiation/*metabolism ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; *Immunoconjugates ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Models, Immunological ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Transfection ; src Homology Domains
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Methylmercury risks (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- Farland, W H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):640-1; author reply 641.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9471723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fishes ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Methylmercury Compounds/*adverse effects ; *Nutrition Policy ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Outcomes research: measuring the end results of health care (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clancy, C M -- Eisenberg, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):245-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Outcomes and Effectiveness Research, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841388" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activities of Daily Living ; Health Status ; Humans ; *Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/trends ; Patient Satisfaction ; Quality of Life ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Protein kinase B kinases that mediate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent activation of protein kinase B (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: Protein kinase B (PKB) is activated in response to phosphoinositide 3-kinases and their lipid products phosphatidylinositol 3,4, 5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and PtdIns(3,4)P2 in the signaling pathways used by a wide variety of growth factors, antigens, and inflammatory stimuli. PKB is a direct target of these lipids, but this regulation is complex. The lipids can bind to the pleckstrin homologous domain of PKB, causing its translocation to the membrane, and also enable upstream, Thr308-directed kinases to phosphorylate and activate PKB. Four isoforms of these PKB kinases were purified from sheep brain. They bound PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and associated with lipid vesicles containing it. These kinases contain an NH2-terminal catalytic domain and a COOH-terminal pleckstrin homologous domain, and their heterologous expression augments receptor activation of PKB, which suggests they are the primary signal transducers that enable PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 or PtdIns- (3,4)P2 to activate PKB and hence to control signaling pathways regulating cell survival, glucose uptake, and glycogen metabolism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephens, L -- Anderson, K -- Stokoe, D -- Erdjument-Bromage, H -- Painter, G F -- Holmes, A B -- Gaffney, P R -- Reese, C B -- McCormick, F -- Tempst, P -- Coadwell, J -- Hawkins, P T -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):710-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Inositide Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9445477" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Liposomes/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sheep ; *Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    AIDS office head picked (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1181.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634393" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/history ; History, 20th Century ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/history/*organization & administration ; Research/history/*organization & administration ; United States
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    Ames tackles the riddle of life (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1840-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; *Exobiology/economics/organization & administration ; *Origin of Life ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space ; Administration/economics/organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Science catches Clinton's eye (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 6;279(5352):794-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9480546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies/*economics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; Tobacco Industry ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Direct phosphorylation of IkappaB by IKKalpha and IKKbeta: discrimination between free and NF-kappaB-bound substrate (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-28
    Description: A large protein complex mediates the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB), which results in the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). Two subunits of this complex, IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha) and IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta), are required for NF-kappaB activation. Purified recombinant IKKalpha and IKKbeta expressed in insect cells were used to demonstrate that each protein can directly phosphorylate IkappaB proteins. IKKalpha and IKKbeta were found to form both homodimers and heterodimers. Both IKKalpha and IKKbeta phosphorylated IkappaB bound to NF-kappaB more efficiently than they phosphorylated free IkappaB. This result explains how free IkappaB can accumulate in cells in which IKK is still active and thus can contribute to the termination of NF-kappaB activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zandi, E -- Chen, Y -- Karin, M -- AI 43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1360-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Dimerization ; Enzyme Activation ; HeLa Cells ; Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; Leucine Zippers ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Spodoptera ; Transcription Factor RelB ; *Transcription Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Tobacco: who pays whom? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gori, G B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1805-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conflict of Interest ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology ; *Tobacco Industry ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution/*adverse effects ; United States ; *United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Taiwan trolls for U.S. firms to help it create an industry (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agnew, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1190.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*economics ; *Commerce ; International Cooperation ; *Investments ; Taiwan ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    FDA scientists resist cuts in in-house research positions (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agnew, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):976-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9490483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Products ; Biotechnology ; Drug Approval ; Drug Industry ; *Research ; *Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    AIDS vaccine development (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agosto, M -- Allan, J -- Benson, C -- Berger, E A -- Blumenthal, R -- Burton, D -- Clements, J -- Coffin, J -- Connor, R -- Cullen, B -- Desrosiers, R -- Dimitrov, D -- Doms, R -- Emerman, M -- Feinberg, M -- Fultz, P -- Gerard, C -- Gonsalves, G -- Haase, A -- Haigwood, N -- Hirsch, V -- Ho, D -- Hoxie, J A -- Hu, S L -- Zingale, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):803, 804-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology ; HIV-1/immunology ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States
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    Arabidopsis NPH1: a flavoprotein with the properties of a photoreceptor for phototropism (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-11-30
    Description: The NPH1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a 120-kilodalton serine-threonine protein kinase hypothesized to function as a photoreceptor for phototropism. When expressed in insect cells, the NPH1 protein is phosphorylated in response to blue light irradiation. The biochemical and photochemical properties of the photosensitive protein reflect those of the native protein in microsomal membranes. Recombinant NPH1 noncovalently binds flavin mononucleotide, a likely chromophore for light-dependent autophosphorylation. The fluorescence excitation spectrum of the recombinant protein is similar to the action spectrum for phototropism, consistent with the conclusion that NPH1 is an autophosphorylating flavoprotein photoreceptor mediating phototropic responses in higher plants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christie, J M -- Reymond, P -- Powell, G K -- Bernasconi, P -- Raibekas, A A -- Liscum, E -- Briggs, W R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 27;282(5394):1698-701.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9831559" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*physiology ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cryptochromes ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Eye Proteins ; Flavin Mononucleotide/metabolism ; Flavoproteins/physiology ; Genes, Plant ; Light ; Mutation ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; *Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; *Phototropism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Spodoptera ; Transfection
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    A bonanza for plant genomics (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):652-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics ; Budgets ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Financing, Government ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genome, Plant ; International Cooperation ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Oryza/genetics ; *Physical Chromosome Mapping/economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics ; United States ; Zea mays/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Mercury in fish (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clarkson, T -- Cox, C -- Davidson, P W -- Myers, G J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):459, 461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9454336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Child ; *Fishes ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Iraq ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Methylmercury Compounds/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/analysis ; *Nutrition Policy ; Seychelles ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Bailout for drug research institute (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):372.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9575079" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes/economics/organization & administration ; *Drug Industry/economics ; Hungary ; *Pharmaceutical Preparations ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Lawsuit targets Yellowstone bug deal (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1624.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Northwestern United States ; Public Policy ; Technology Transfer ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Kinases and phosphatases--a marriage is consummated (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hafen, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 22;280(5367):1212-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. hafen@zool.unizh.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Down-Regulation ; Dual Specificity Phosphatase 6 ; Enzyme Activation ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    A call for more science in EPA regulations (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Madia, W J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 2;282(5386):45.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chlorine ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Government Agencies ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Water Supply
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    A record grant for college programs (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1779.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/*economics ; Biology/*education ; *Training Support ; United States ; Universities/*economics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 84
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    An independent perspective on the Human Genome Project (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koonin, S E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):36-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉California Institute of Technology, USA. koonin@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9441408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; Computational Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Databases, Factual/standards ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Government Agencies ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Quality Control ; Reference Standards ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*instrumentation/*methods/standards ; Software ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-11
    Description: Leptin is a hormone that regulates food intake, and its receptor (OB-Rb) is expressed primarily in the hypothalamus. Here, it is shown that OB-Rb is also expressed in human vasculature and in primary cultures of human endothelial cells. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that leptin has angiogenic activity. In vivo, leptin induced neovascularization in corneas from normal rats but not in corneas from fa/fa Zucker rats, which lack functional leptin receptors. These observations indicate that the vascular endothelium is a target for leptin and suggest a physiological mechanism whereby leptin-induced angiogenesis may facilitate increased energy expenditure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sierra-Honigmann, M R -- Nath, A K -- Murakami, C -- Garcia-Cardena, G -- Papapetropoulos, A -- Sessa, W C -- Madge, L A -- Schechner, J S -- Schwabb, M B -- Polverini, P J -- Flores-Riveros, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1683-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA. rocio_sierra-honigmann@qm.yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9733517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/analysis/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Corneal Neovascularization ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Endothelial Growth Factors/pharmacology ; Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry/cytology/*physiology ; Energy Metabolism ; Humans ; Leptin ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lymphokines/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/pharmacology/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Zucker ; *Receptors, Cell Surface ; Receptors, Leptin ; STAT3 Transcription Factor ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    The future of long life (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gavrilov, L A -- Gavrilova, N S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1611-2; author reply 1613-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9767024" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Life Expectancy/*trends ; *Longevity ; Male ; *Mortality/trends ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    FDA reform: unintended outcome? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Korn, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1113.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508677" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Products ; *Research ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration/legislation & ; jurisprudence/organization & administration
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 88
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    Activation of the ATM kinase by ionizing radiation and phosphorylation of p53 (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-11
    Description: The p53 tumor suppressor protein is activated and phosphorylated on serine-15 in response to various DNA damaging agents. The gene product mutated in ataxia telangiectasia, ATM, acts upstream of p53 in a signal transduction pathway initiated by ionizing radiation. Immunoprecipitated ATM had intrinsic protein kinase activity and phosphorylated p53 on serine-15 in a manganese-dependent manner. Ionizing radiation, but not ultraviolet radiation, rapidly enhanced this p53-directed kinase activity of endogenous ATM. These observations, along with the fact that phosphorylation of p53 on serine-15 in response to ionizing radiation is reduced in ataxia telangiectasia cells, suggest that ATM is a protein kinase that phosphorylates p53 in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Canman, C E -- Lim, D S -- Cimprich, K A -- Taya, Y -- Tamai, K -- Sakaguchi, K -- Appella, E -- Kastan, M B -- Siliciano, J D -- CA71387/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES05777/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1677-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Oncology Center, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9733515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; DNA Damage ; DNA-Activated Protein Kinase ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Lymphocytes/metabolism/radiation effects ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Radiation, Ionizing ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 89
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    More SNPs on the way (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garber, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1788.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Databases, Factual ; *Genetic Markers ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Techniques ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; Point Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Uncoupling of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases from PLC-gamma1 in an SLP-76-deficient T cell (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-17
    Description: Activation of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is essential for T cell receptor (TCR) responsiveness; however, the function of individual PTK substrates is often uncertain. A mutant T cell line was isolated that lacked expression of SLP-76 (SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kilodaltons), a hematopoietically expressed adaptor protein and PTK substrate. SLP-76 was not required for TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of most proteins, but was required for optimal tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1), as well as Ras pathway activation. TCR-inducible gene expression was dependent on SLP-76. Thus, coupling of TCR-regulated PTKs to downstream signaling pathways requires SLP-76.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yablonski, D -- Kuhne, M R -- Kadlecek, T -- Weiss, A -- CA72531/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):413-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Box 0795, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9665884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Inositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Interleukin-2/genetics ; Isoenzymes/*metabolism ; Jurkat Cells ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phospholipase C gamma ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/enzymology/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; Type C Phospholipases/*metabolism ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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  • 91
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    Database protection and access to information (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gardner, W -- Rosenbaum, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):786-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA. gardnerwp@msx.upmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9714683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Copyright ; Databases as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Intellectual Property ; Ownership ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    A structural explanation for the recognition of tyrosine-based endocytotic signals (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-11-13
    Description: Many cell surface proteins are marked for endocytosis by a cytoplasmic sequence motif, tyrosine-X-X-(hydrophobic residue), that is recognized by the mu2 subunit of AP2 adaptors. Crystal structures of the internalization signal binding domain of mu2 complexed with the internalization signal peptides of epidermal growth factor receptor and the trans-Golgi network protein TGN38 have been determined at 2.7 angstrom resolution. The signal peptides adopted an extended conformation rather than the expected tight turn. Specificity was conferred by hydrophobic pockets that bind the tyrosine and leucine in the peptide. In the crystal, the protein forms dimers that could increase the strength and specificity of binding to dimeric receptors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Owen, D J -- Evans, P R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 13;282(5392):1327-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9812899" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Protein Complex 1 ; Adaptor Protein Complex 2 ; *Adaptor Protein Complex 3 ; Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits ; *Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits ; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dimerization ; *Endocytosis ; *Glycoproteins ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Sorting Signals/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/*chemistry/metabolism ; Tyrosine/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 93
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    Research drought looms afer Neurolab mission (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 24;280(5363):515-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9575093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Rats ; *Research ; Space Flight ; *Spacecraft ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; *Weightlessness
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  • 94
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    Role of MEKK1 in cell survival and activation of JNK and ERK pathways defined by targeted gene disruption (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-04
    Description: Targeted disruption of the gene encoding MEK kinase 1 (MEKK1), a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase, defined its function in the regulation of MAPK pathways and cell survival. MEKK1(-/-) embryonic stem cells from mice had lost or altered responses of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) to microtubule disruption and cold stress but activated JNK normally in response to heat shock, anisomycin, and ultraviolet irradiation. Activation of JNK was lost and that of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) was diminished in response to hyperosmolarity and serum factors in MEKK1(-/-) cells. Loss of MEKK1 expression resulted in a greater apoptotic response of cells to hyperosmolarity and microtubule disruption. When activated by specific stresses that alter cell shape and the cytoskeleton, MEKK1 signals to protect cells from apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yujiri, T -- Sather, S -- Fanger, G R -- Johnson, G L -- DK37871/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM30324/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1911-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9836645" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anisomycin/pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Size ; *Cell Survival ; Enzyme Activation ; Gene Targeting ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Lysophospholipids/pharmacology ; *MAP Kinase Kinase 4 ; *MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 ; Mice ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Nocodazole/pharmacology ; Osmolar Concentration ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Stem Cells ; Temperature ; Transfection ; Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 95
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    Senate panel backs large NIH increase (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 27;279(5359):2035.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Financing, Government ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 96
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    Salt wars (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lenfant, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 25;281(5385):1961.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9767040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood Pressure ; *Diet, Sodium-Restricted ; Humans ; Hypertension/*etiology ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Nutrition Policy ; Sodium, Dietary/*administration & dosage ; United States
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  • 97
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    NIH embraces citizens' council to cool debate on priorities (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agnew, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 2;282(5386):18-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Public Opinion ; *Public Policy ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 98
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    NIH plans bioengineering initiative (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agnew, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 5;280(5369):1516-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9644013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Engineering ; *Biotechnology ; *Computational Biology ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/organization & administration ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 99
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    CBP: a signal-regulated transcriptional coactivator controlled by nuclear calcium and CaM kinase IV (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-04
    Description: Recruitment of the coactivator, CREB binding protein (CBP), by signal-regulated transcription factors, such as CREB [adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein], is critical for stimulation of gene expression. The mouse pituitary cell line AtT20 was used to show that the CBP recruitment step (CREB phosphorylation on serine-133) can be uncoupled from CREB/CBP-activated transcription. CBP was found to contain a signal-regulated transcriptional activation domain that is controlled by nuclear calcium and calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) protein kinase IV and by cAMP. Cytoplasmic calcium signals that stimulate the Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade or expression of the activated form of Ras provided the CBP recruitment signal but did not increase CBP activity and failed to activate CREB- and CBP-mediated transcription. These results identify CBP as a signal-regulated transcriptional coactivator and define a regulatory role for nuclear calcium and cAMP in CBP-dependent gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chawla, S -- Hardingham, G E -- Quinn, D R -- Bading, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1505-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9727976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CREB-Binding Protein ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 4 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Genes, Reporter ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; *Transcriptional Activation ; ras Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 100
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    The paradox of lead poisoning prevention (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lanphear, B P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1617-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA. bruce.lanphear@chmcc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9767027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Dust/analysis ; *Environmental Exposure ; *Housing/standards ; Humans ; Lead/analysis/*blood ; Lead Poisoning/economics/*prevention & control ; Mass Screening ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Paint ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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