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  • Articles  (9,128)
  • Springer  (7,081)
  • Cambridge University Press  (1,172)
  • American Chemical Society  (875)
  • 1995-1999  (9,128)
  • 1997  (9,128)
  • Geosciences  (5,651)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (3,799)
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  • Articles  (9,128)
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  • 1995-1999  (9,128)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Bivariate density ; meta-Gaussian density ; normal quantile transform ; likelihood ratio dependence ; correlation coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Convenient bivariate densities found in the literature are often unsuitable for modeling hydrologic variates. They either constrain the range of association between variates, or fix the form of the marginal distributions. The bivariate meta-Gaussian density is constructed by embedding the normal quantile transform of each variate into the Gaussian law. The density can represent a full range of association between variates and admits arbitrarily specified marginal distributions. Modeling and estimation can be decomposed into i) independent analyses of the marginal distributions, and ii) investigation of the dependence structure. Both statistical and judgmental estimation procedures are possible. Some comparisons to recent applications of bivariate densities in the hydrologic literature motivate and illustrate the model.
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  • 2
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 33-50 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unit hydrograph ; uncertainty analysis ; linearly constrained Monte-Carlo simulation ; reliability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Unit hydrographs (UHs), along with design rainfalls, are frequently used to determine the discharge hydrograph for design and evaluation of hydraulic structures. Due to the presence of various uncertainties in its derivation, the resulting UH is inevitably subject to uncertainty. Consequently, the performance of hydraulic structures under the design storm condition is uncertain. This paper integrates the linearly constrained Monte-Carlo simulation with the UH theory and routing techniques to evaluate the reliability of hydraulic structures. The linear constraint is considered because the water volume of each generated design direct runoff hydrograph should be equal to that of the design effective rainfall hyetograph or the water volume of each generated UH must be equal to one inch (or cm) over the watershed. For illustration, the proposed methodology is applied to evaluate the overtopping risk of a hypothetical flood detention reservoir downstream of Tong-Tou watershed in Taiwan.
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  • 3
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Nash cascade reservoir model ; rainfall-runoff ; EM algorithm ; filtering ; maximum likelihood estimation ; martingale estimating function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Abstract: Linear continuous time stochastic Nash cascade conceptual models for runoff are developed. The runoff is modeled as a simple system of linear stochastic differential equations driven by white Gaussian and marked point process noises. In the case of d reservoirs, the outputs of these reservoirs form a d dimensional vector Markov process, of which only the dth coordinate process is observed, usually at a discrete sample of time points. The dth coordinate process is not Markovian. Thus runoff is a partially observed Markov process if it is modeled using the stochastic Nash cascade model. We consider how to estimate the parameters in such models. In principle, maximum likelihood estimation for the complete process parameters can be carried out directly or through some form of the EM (estimation and maximization) algorithm or variation thereof, applied to the observed process data. In this research we consider a direct approximate likelihood approach and a filtering approach to an algorithm of EM type, as developed in Thompson and Kaseke (1994). These two methods are applied to some real life runoff data from a catchment in Wales, England. We also consider a special case of the martingale estimating function approach on the runoff model in the presence of rainfall. Finally, some simulations of the runoff process are given based on the estimated parameters.
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  • 4
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 173-192 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Uncertainty analysis ; unit hydrograph ; regression analysis ; probabilistic point estimation methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrologic model parameters obtained from regional regression equations are subject to uncertainty. Consequently, hydrologic model outputs based on the stochastic parameters are random. This paper presents a systematic analysis of uncertainty associated with the two parameters, N and K, in Nash's IUH model from different regional regression equations. The uncertainty features associated with N and K are further incorporated to assess the uncertainty of the resulting IUH. Numerical results indicate that uncertainty of N and K from the regional regression equations are too significant to be ignored.
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  • 5
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 145-171 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrologic regionalization ; unit hydrograph ; regression analysis ; multivariate regression ; seemingly unrelated regression ; validation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrologic regionalization is a useful tool that allows for the transfer of hydrological information from gaged sites to ungaged sites. This study developed regional regression equations that relate the two parameters in Nash's IUH model to the basin characteristics for 42 major watersheds in Taiwan. In the process of developing the regional equations, different regression procedures including the conventional univariate regression, multivariate regression, and seemingly unrelated regression were used. Multivariate regression and seeming unrelated regression were applied because there exists a rather strong correlation between the Nash's IUH parameters. Furthermore, a validation study was conducted to examine the predictability of regional equations derived by different regression procedures. The study indicates that hydrologic regionalization involving several dependent variables should consider their correlations in the process of establishing the regional equations. The consideration of such correlation will enhance the predictability of resulting regional equations as compared with the ones from the conventional univariate regression procedure.
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  • 6
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
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  • 7
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 211-227 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was employed to derive a new method of parameter estimation for the 2-parameter generalized Pareto (GP2) distribution. Monte Carlo simulated data were used to evaluate this method and compare it with the methods of moments (MOM), probability weighted moments (PWM), and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The parameter estimates yielded by POME were comparable or better within certain ranges of sample size and coefficient of variation.
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  • 8
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 523-547 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Kernel density estimators are useful building blocks for empirical statistical modeling of precipitation and other hydroclimatic variables. Data driven estimates of the marginal probability density function of these variables (which may have discrete or continuous arguments) provide a useful basis for Monte Carlo resampling and are also useful for posing and testing hypotheses (e.g bimodality) as to the frequency distributions of the variable. In this paper, some issues related to the selection and design of univariate kernel density estimators are reviewed. Some strategies for bandwidth and kernel selection are discussed in an applied context and recommendations for parameter selection are offered. This paper complements the nonparametric wet/dry spell resampling methodology presented in Lall et al. (1996).
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  • 9
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 459-482 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Karhunen-Loéve expansion ; Empirical Orthogonal Functions ; stochastic simulation ; gaussian fields ; analytical covariance functions ; eigenfunctions ; kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Simulation of multigaussian stochastic fields can be made after a Karhunen-Loéve expansion of a given covariance function. This method is also called simulation by Empirical Orthogonal Functions. The simulations are made by drawing stochastic coefficients from a random generator. These numbers are multiplied with eigenfunctions and eigenvalues derived from the predefined covariance model. The number of eigenfunctions necessary to reproduce the stochastic process within a predefined variance error, turns out to be a cardinal question. Some ordinary analytical covariance functions are used to evaluate how quickly the series of eigenfunctions can be truncated. This analysis demonstrates extremely quick convergence to 99.5% of total variance for the 2nd order exponential (‘gaussian’) covariance function, while the opposite is true for the 1st order exponential covariance function. Due to these convergence characteristics, the Karhunen-Loéve method is most suitable for simulating smooth fields with ‘gaussian’ shaped covariance functions. Practical applications of Karhunen-Loéve simulations can be improved by spatial interpolation of the eigenfunctions. In this paper, we suggest interpolation by kriging and limits for reproduction of the predefined covariance functions are evaluated.
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  • 10
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 11
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 28-29 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 12
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 30-30 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 13
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin E ; Fleisch ; Fettgewebe ; Leber ; Eigelb ; Vitamin E ; meat ; adipose tissue ; liver ; egg yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The α-tocopherol content of different meat cuts was examined. Chicken thigh had the highest vitamin E content, followed by chicken breast and pork shoulder (p〈0.05). The lowest concentrations were found in longissimus dorsi muscle from pork, beef, veal and in beef shoulder. Considering the average daily lean meat consumption (105 g) in Switzerland, recommendation for daily vitamin E intake was met to 3 %. Supplementation of 200 mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg feed to pigs and laying hens significantly increased the α-tocopherol content in all examined products. The α-tocopherol accumulation differed according to the following ranking: egg yolk 〉 liver 〉 adipose tissue 〉 musculus longissimus dorsi. The α-tocopherol:energy ratios were 28.8, 7.3, 0.9 and 1.2 mg/MJ for egg yolk, liver, adipose tissue and longissimus dorsi muscle of the vitamin E supplemented groups, respectively. The results showed that meat, with the exception of chicken thigh, is not an important supplier of vitamin E, not even from animals fed a vitamin E enriched diet. Egg yolk became a good source of vitamin E for human nutrition by dietary modification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der α-Tocopherolgehalt verschiedener Fleischstücke untersucht. Hähnchenschenkel hatte den höchsten α-Tocopherolgehalt, gefolgt von Hähnchenbrust und Schweineschulter (p〈0.05). Die niedrigsten Konzentrationen wurden im Musculus longissimus dorsi vom Schwein, Rind, Kalb und in der Rindsschulter nachgewiesen. Mit dem durchschnittlichen, täglichen Verzehr an magerem Fleisch (105 g) in der Schweiz wurden die Empfehlungen für die tägliche Vitamin E-Zufuhr zu 3 % gedeckt. Die Supplementierung des Schweine- und Legehennenfutters mit 200 mg α-Tocopherolacetat/kg führte zu einem signifikanten Anstieg des α-Tocopherolgehaltes in allen untersuchten Produkten. Die α-Tocopherolakkumulierung unterschied sich gemäß folgender Rangordnung: Eigelb 〉 Leber 〉 Fettgewebe 〉Musculus longissimus dorsi. Die Nährstoffdichten betrugen 28.8, 7.3, 0.9 und 1.2 mg α-Tocopherol/MJ für Eigelb, Leber, Fettgewebe und Musculus longissimus dorsi der jeweiligen mit Vitamin E supplementierten Gruppe. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Fleisch, mit Ausnahme des Hähnchenschenkels, von Tieren mit supplementierten Diäten kein bedeutender Vitamin E-Lieferant ist. Hingegen wurde Eigelb durch fütterungsbedingte Modifikation zu einer guten Vitamin E-Quelle.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Thermogenesis ; α2-adrenergic activity ; ATP-sensitive K+ channels ; Thermogenese ; α2-adrenerge Aktivität ; ATP-sensitive K+ Kanäle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um den α2-adrenergen Einfluß auf die Wärmeproduktion (WP) zu untersuchen, wurden Jungbullen Umgebungstemperaturen von 4°C und 18° sowie Ernährungsintensitäten des 1,0 und 1,6-fachen des energetischen Erhaltungsbedarfs (MEm) ausgesetzt und präprandial der α2-adrenerge Agonist Clonidin verabreicht. Die präprandiale WP fiel nach Clonidingabe stark ab, am stärksten bei Tieren, die 4°C (1,6-fache des MEm) ausgesetzt waren. Die postprandiale WP stieg 5 h nach der Clonidininfusion bei diesen Tieren um das 1,3-fache der WP bei Verabreichung von physiologischer Salzlösung, während Tiere bei 18°C und 1,6-fachem an MEm nicht signifikant reagierten. Die WP-Stufen in den Umweltvarianten korrelierten nur schwach mit den Spiegeln an Glukose, freien Fettsäuren, Schilddrüsenhormonen und Kortisol, jedoch direkt und eng mit der Expression von Sulfonylharnstoffrezeptoren bei Monozyten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die WP maßgeblich von der α2-adrenergen Aktivität abhängt und deren regulatorische Funktion auch auf die Expression von Sulfonylharnstoff-rezeptoren gerichtet zu sein scheint.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the α2-adrenergic effect on the metabolic rate, young bulls were exposed to environmental variants (feeding levels of 1.0 and 1.6 times the MEm and ambient temperatures of 18°C and 4°C) and treated preprandially with a α2-adrenergic agonist (clonidine) in each case. The heat production (HP) was continuously measured by indirect calorimetry using climatized respiratory chambers. Post-clonidine, the preprandial HP fell in all variants but the strongest decrease occurred at 4°C, 1.6 times the MEm. The postprandial HP rose 1.3-fold the HP of animals received the carrier (saline) at 4°C, 1.6 times the MEm. Animals exposed to 18°C, 1.6-fold the MEm did not significantly increase the postprandial HP after clonidine administration, suggesting different sympathetic outflow corresponded to differing resting metabolic rate, occurring in the environmental variants. Circulating fuels (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids) responded to α2-adrenergic reduction of the sympathetic outflow but did not parallel the HP changes. Studies on monocytes revealed a linear correlation (r2〉0.9) between resting metabolic rate and expression of sulfonylurea receptors, the constitutive component of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) suggesting a function of KATP in coupling the systemic HP with cellular metabolism.
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  • 15
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: D2 18Omethod ; indirect calorimetry ; energy metabolism ; obesity ; D2 18O-Methode ; indirekte Kalorimetrie ; Energiemetabolismus ; Übergewicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Bestimmung des Gesamtenergieumsatzes wurde eine neuartige2H/1H-und18O/16O-Äquilibriereinheit getestet, optimiert und eingesetzt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß übergewichtige Frauen und Männer, verglichen mit schlanken Probanden, sowohl erhöhte Ruhe-Nüchternumsätze, als auch erhöhte Gesamtenergieumsätze aufweisen. Der physical activity level (PAL)-Index weist tendenziell eine Verminderung auf, was eine erniedrigte physische Aktivität bei Übergewichtigen vermuten läßt.
    Notes: Summary A new2H/1H and18O/16O equilibration device was tested, standardized and employed for the determination of total energy expenditure. It was shown that overweight men and women have increased resting metabolic rate as well as increased total energy expenditure when compared to their lean counterparts. The physical activity level (PAL)index was slightly decreased which possibly suggests a decreased physical activity in obese people.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Indirect calorimetry ; substrate oxidation ; feeding level ; fat mobilization ; Indirekte Kalorimetrie ; Substratoxidation ; Fütterungsniveau ; Fettmobilisierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Nerzen (6 Kontrollitere (Gruppe I) und 12 reichlich gefütterten weiblichen Tieren (Gruppe II) wurde die Nährstoffoxidation aus Respirationsmessungen berechnet. Die Gaswechselmessungen erfolgten in 6 aufeinanderfolgenden einwöchigen Versuchsperioden. Die Energieversorgung für die Gruppe I und II betrug in der Periode 1 und 6 ca. 850 kJ ME/d, während der Restriktion und der Fütterung auf hohem Niveau betrug sie 450 bzw. 1300 kJ ME/d. Während der gesamten Versuchsperiode war die Energieaufnahme für beide Gruppen vergleichbar. Es gab aber signifikante Unterschieded zwischen den Perioden bei der Gruppe II. Die Mittelwerte der Protein-, Kohlenhydrat-und Fettoxidation betrugen 39%, 38% und 21% von der totalen Wärmeproduktion (WP) in der Gruppe I. Während der Restriktion betrug die Proteinoxidation bei der Gruppe II ca. 35% der WP. Während der ersten Periode der Fütterung auf hohem Niveau wuchs dieser Wert auf 55%. Während der Restriktion wurde eine hohe Fettoxidation gemessen, weil die Fettmobilisierung anstieg. Die Fettoxidation war niedrig, wenn die Futterzufuhr reichlich war. Es wird daraus geschlußfolgert, daß die Berechnungsmethode geeignete Aussagen liefert. Einige Nachteile der Methode werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Nutrient oxidation was calculated from gas exchange measurements for 6 control and 12 flush fed female mink, measured in six consecutive, one week periods. The energy supply to controls and flushed animals in periods 1 and 6 was ca 850 kJ ME/day, and during restriction and flush feeding, it was ca 450 kJ ME/day and ca 1300 kJ ME/day, respectively. Over the total experimental period the energy intake was similar in both groups, but it differed significantly between periods in the flushed group. Protein, fat, and carbohydrate oxidation averaged 39, 38, and 21%, of the total heat production (HP), respectively in the control group. During restriction, protein oxidation was ca 35% of HP in flushed animals, then increasing to 55% of HP during the first period of refeeding. High values for fat oxidation were recorded during restriction because of fat mobilization and values were low when feed supply was ample. It was concluded that the calculation method was a good indicative method, but some short-comings were discussed.
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  • 18
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 326-326 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 19
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 358-358 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 21
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Renal cell carcinoma ; case-control study ; fruit ; vegetable ; meat ; Nierenzellkarzinom ; Fall-Kontrollstudie ; Obst ; Gemüse ; Fleisch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Anstieg der Inzidenz von Nierenzellkarzinomen in den westlichen Ländern erfordert eine besondere Beachtung der Ätiologie dieses Tumors. Ernährung und das Erkrankungsrisiko für ein Nierenzellkarzinom könnten assoziiert sein, da Übergewicht als Risikofaktor für diese Erkrankung in vielen Studien identifiziert werden konnte. Eine Fall-Kontrollstudie mit 277 inzidenten Nierenkrebsfällen (ICD 189.0) und 286 bevölkerungsbezogenen Kontrollpersonen wurde im Rhein-Neckar-Odenwald-Raum, Deutschland, in der Zeit von 1989–1991 durchgeführt. Das Studienprotokoll umfaßte zunächst ein persönliches Interview über demographische Variablen, frühere Erkrankungen, Medikamenteneinnahme, Rauchen, Berufshistorie, berufsbedingte Expositionen, Getränkeaufnahme und Übergewicht. Zusätzlich wurden alle Studienteilnehmer gefragt, ob sie einen selbstausfüllbaren Häufigkeitsfragebogen mit 122 Nahrungsmitteln ausfüllen würden, um die Nahrungsaufnahme abzuschätzen. 65 % der Fälle und 74 % der Kontrollpersonen beteiligten sich an diesem Studienteil (N=155 Fälle und 212 Kontrollpersonen). Dies waren 47 % der studienrelevanten Fälle (N=328) und 56 % der Kontrollpersonen (N=381). Es konnte keine auffällige Auswahlverzerrung beobachtet werden in bezug auf Altersgruppe, Geschlecht, sozioökonomischen Status oder BMI bei der in diesen Studienteil einbezogenen Gruppe im Vergleich zu allen Fällen und Kontrollpersonen. Die relative Risiken (RR) für verschiedene Aspekte der Nahrungsaufnahme zeigten ein signifikant erhöhtes Risiko mit einer erhöhten Aufnahme von Streichfetten/Soßen (RR der hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zur niedrigen Aufnahme: 1.90 (95 % Konfidenzintervall (95 % KI) 1.08–3.32)). Ein erhöhtes RR wurde für die Aufnahme von Fleisch und Fleischwaren beobachtet (RR der hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zur niedrigen Aufnahme 1.71 (95 % KI 0.96–3.04)) und für energieadjustierte Fettaufnahme (RR einer hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zu einer niedrigen Aufnahme: 1.64 (95 % KI 0.95–2.83)). Ein vermindertes RR fand sich bei einer erhöhten Aufnahme von Obst (RR einer hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zu einer niedrigen Aufnahme: 0.40 (95 % KI 0.23–0.96)) und der Vitamin-C-Aufnahme (RR einer hohen Aufnahme im Vergleich zu einer niedrigen Aufnahme 0.62 (95 % KI 0.37–1.05)). Die Aufnahme von Getränken, Zubereitungsmethoden und andere Angaben zum Ernährungsverhalten waren nicht mit dem Risiko des Nierenzellkarzinoms assoziiert. Die RR für den Verzehr von Streichfetten/Soßen und Vitamin C wurden in zwei Modellen getestet, mit und ohne BMI als Kovariable. In beiden Modellen ergaben sich signifikante Beziehungen zwischen den Ernährungsvariablen und dem Risiko eines Nierenzellkarzinom. Diese Resultate geben Hinweise, daß bestimmte Ernährungsmuster in Verbindung mit Übergewicht herangezogen werden können, um das Auftreten von Nierenzellkarzinomen in industrialisierten Ländern zu erklären.
    Notes: Summary Increasing incidence of renal cell carcinoma in Western countries raises particular attention to its etiology. Diet may be related to risk for renal cell carcinoma since obesity has been linked with this malignant condition. A case-control study with 277 incident renal cell cancer patients (ICD 189.0) and 286 population controls was conducted in the Rhein-Neckar-Odenwald area, Germany, in the period of 1989 to 1991. The core study protocol included a face-to-face interview about demographical parameters, previous diseases, medication, tobacco smoking, occupational history, occupational exposures, beverage consumption, and obesity. In addition, study participants were asked to fill in a self-administered food frequency questionnaire with 122 food items to estimate overall food intake. Fifty-six % of the cases and 74 % of the controls participated in this part of the study (n=155 cases and 212 controls). This was 47 % of the original cases (n=328) and 56 % of the controls (n=381). No selection bias could be identified with regard to age group, gender, educational status or recent BMI in the analyzed group compared with the eligible cases and controls. Relative risk (RR) estimates for tertiles of consumption revealed a significantly increased risk with increasing intake of fat spread (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 1.90 (95 % CI 1.08–3.32)). Increased risk was also found for intake of meat and meat products (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 1.71 (95 % CI 0.96–3.04)) and energy adjusted fat (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 1.64 (95 % CI 0.95–2.83)). A decreased risk was seen with increasing intake of fruit (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 0.40 (95 % CI 0.23–0.69)) and of vitamin C (RR of high intake compared to low intake: 0.62 (95 % CI 0.37–1.05)). Beverage consumption, preparation of food and eating pattern were not linked with risk of renal cell cancer. The relative risk estimates of spreading fat (sauce and vitamin C intake were tested in two models, with and without including BMI as covariate. In both models significant associations of these nutritional variables with risk for renal cell cancer remained. The current results indicate that specific food pattern associated with obesity explain differences in incidence of renal cell carcinoma in industrialized countries.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 31-32 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; Protokollmethode ; Nährstoffzufuhr ; Vergleich mit Empfehlungen ; neue Bundesländer ; Dietary survey ; weighted record ; nutrient intake ; comparison with guidelines ; eastern Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A dietary survey using weighted 3-day-records was carried out in the sample of the third MONICA risk-factor survey in the Thuringian city of Erfurt (eastern Germany) in 1991/92. The aim was to collect detailed intake data in a defined population after the first phase of consolidation on the food market after the German reunification. The dietary sample consisted of 1 118 men and 1 179 women aged 20–64 years; we received 469 acceptable records from men and 333 from women. The German national nutrient datafile BLS (version 2.1) was used to code the records and for the transformation into nutrients. Mean energy intake in men was 2 624 kcal per day, 15.3 % came from protein, 40.0 % from fat, 38.5 % from carbohydrates and 6.0 % from alcohol. Corresponding figures for women were 1 916 kcal per day, 15.8 %, 40.5 %, 41.5 % and 2.1 %. Only a small percentage of participants achieved the recommendations of the German Society for Nutrition for the intake of selected nutrients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der dritten MONICA Querschnittsstudie in der Stadt Erfurt wurde 1991/92 an einer Stichprobe von 1 118 Männern und 1 179 Frauen im Alter von 20 bis 64 Jahren eine Ernährungserhebung mit offenen 3-Tage-Wiegeprotokollen durchgeführt. Ziel war es u.a., Daten zur Nährstoffzufuhr einer definierten Bevölkerung nach der ersten Phase der Konsolidierung des Lebensmittelmarktes kurz nach der deutschen Wiedervereinigung zu erheben. Von 469 Männern und 333 Frauen konnten Protokolle ausgewertet werden. Zur Kodierung und Transformation in Nährstoffe wurde die Nährwertdatenbank BLS (Version 2.1) verwendet. Die Energiezufuhr beträgt bei den Männern 2 624 kcal pro Tag, davon stammen 15,3 % aus Protein, 40,0 % aus Fett, 38,5 % aus Kohlenhydraten und 6,0 % aus Alkohol. Die entsprechenden Werte für die Frauen sind 1 916 kcal pro Tag, 15,8 %, 40,5 %, 41,5 % und 2,1 %. Nur ein geringer Anteil der Teilnehmer und Teilnehmerinnen erfüllte die Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung für die Zufuhr ausgewählter Nährstoffe.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Lebensmittel ; inhaltsstoff ; Nährwert ; Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS) ; Souci/Fachmann/Kraut ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; 7-Tage-Ernährungsprotokoll ; Food constituent ; nutritional value ; Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS) ; Souci/Fachmann/Kraut ; nutrient intake ; 7-day-food record
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Mean dietary intake calculated from 25 7-day-food records by means of the three nutrient data bases modified Souci/Fachmann/Kraut (mSFK) 1986/87, extract of Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS) version 2.1, and extract of BLS version 2.2 revealed comparable results only for four of 27 nutrients considered. The greatest deviations were found for zink, fluoride, iodine, vitamin D, vitamin C, and dietary fiber. Comparing the revised BLS version 2.2 and mSFK, the differences in fluoride, iodine and dietary fiber intake data were markedly lower than found with the comparison of BLS 2.1 and mSFK; statistically significant differences no longer existed for the vitamins C and A (equivalents). As expected, using the mSFK data base with some missing fields for analytical data underestimation of nutrient intake could be shown for the trace elements zink, fluoride and iodine. With regard to the given results of the investigated group, care has to be taken with some nutrient intake data gathered by means of BLS 2.1, too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Berechnung der durchschnittlichen Nährstoffzufuhr aus 25 7-Tage-Ernährungsprotokollen von Mittelschwerarbeitern mit den drei Nährstoff-Datenbanken modifizierter Souci/Fachmann/Kraut 1986/87 (mSFK; unter prodi 3 plus), Extrakt aus Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (BLS) Version 2.1 und Extrakt aus BLS Version 2.2 zeigte nur für 4 von 27 überprüften Nährstoffen übereinstimmende Ergebnisse. Die größten Abweichungen ergaben sich bei Zink, Fluor, Jod, Vitamin D, Vitamin C und Ballaststoffen. Bei Verwendung der überarbeiteten BLS-Version 2.2 und mSFK waren im Gegensatz zum Vergleich von BLS 2.1 und mSFK die Unterschiede bei den Nährstoffen Fluor, Jod und Ballaststoffe deutlich geringer, aber weiterhin statistisch signifikant; keine Signifikanz bestand mehr bei Vitamin C und Retinol-Äquivalenten. Die häufig angemahnte Unterschätzung der Spurenelementaufnahme aufgrund fehlender Analysenwerte bei Verwendung von mSFK bestätigte sich für Zink, Fluor und Jod. Anhand der Ergebnisse der hier untersuchten Personengruppe sind ebenso einige mit der Datenbank BLS 2.1 gewonnenen Nährstoffzufuhrdaten mit Vorsicht zu betrachten.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Trans-Fettsäuren ; Fett ; Fertignahrung ; Gaschromatographie ; Trans fatty acids ; dietary fat ; convenience food ; gas/liquid chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Dietary intake oftrans fatty acids (TFA) has recently been linked to the incidence of coronary heart disease. Partially hydrogenated oils and milk and depot fat of ruminant animals are widely regarded as the major sources of dietary TFA. Data concerning TFA contents of industrially prepared food, so-called convenience food, are, however, scarce. Therefore, the fatty acid composition of 52 canned meat products, 51 dry products (soups and sauces), 51 bakery products and snacks, and 74 ready prepared meals (canned or deep-frozen) was examined by gas/liquid chromatography. Canned meat products or prepared meals are no major sources for dietary TFA. Both product groups provided less than 1 g/100 g meat or serving. Contrary to this, dried food items may contain up to 9 g TFA/100 g product.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die alimentäre Aufnahme vontrans-Fettsäuren (TFS) wurde in jüngster Vergangenheit mit dem Auftreten von Herz-Kreislauferkankungen in kausalen Zusammenhang gebracht. Als Hauptquelle für TFS werden teilgehärtete Öle und Milch- bzw. Körperfett von Wiederkäuern angesehen. Über TFS-Gehaltszahlen in industriell hergestellten Fertigprodukten liegen jedoch wenige Daten vor. Im Rahmen dieser Erhebung wurden bei Proben von 52 eingedosten Fleischwaren, 51 Trokkenprodukten (Suppen, Saucen, Würzmischung), 51 Backwaren (Kuchen, Kekse, Snackprodukte) und 74 Proben kommerziell erhältlicher Fertigmenüs (eingedost bzw. tiefgekühlt) das Fettsäuremuster gaschromatographisch bestimmt. In Fleischwaren und Fertigmenüs lag der TFS-Gehalt überwiegend unter 1 g/100 g Fleischware bzw. Menüportion. Suppenwürfel und-pulver sowie Saucen können einen nicht unerheblichen Gehalt an TFS aufweisen (bis zu 9 g/100 g Produkt).
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 198-201 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cooked starch ; diet ; oral breakdown ; glucose ; HPLC analysis ; lactic acid ; oral fluid ; organic acids ; sugars ; saliva ; gekochte Stärke ; Nahrung ; oraler Abbau ; Glukose ; HPLC-Analyse ; Milchsäure ; Mundflüssigkeit ; organische Säuren ; Zucker ; Speichel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach dem Genuß von sechs zucker- und/oder stärkehaltigen Nahrungsmitteln (Schokoladenriegel, Kartoffelchips, gefüllter Keks, Würfelzucker, Rosinen und Geleebohnen) wurde der Kohlenhydratabbau und die Säureproduktion im Mund über zwei Stunden verfolgt und analysiert. Jedes Nahrungsmittel wurde an acht Probanden in Zeitintervallen von 30 min untersucht. Die Freisetzung von Glukose und die Bildung von Milchsäure im Mund wurden mittels HPLC-Analyse qualitativ und quantitativ über zwei Stunden verfolgt und statistisch ausgewertet. Innerhalb der ersten 30 Minuten wurde Milchsäure in folgender Rangordnung produziert: (höchster Wert) Rosinen 〉 Schokoladenriegel 〉 Würfelzucker 〉 Geleebohnen 〉 gefüllter Keks 〉 Kartoffelchips (niedrigster Wert); nach 120 Minuten änderte sich diese Rangordnung wie folgt: Kartoffelchips 〉 Geleebohnen 〉 Würfelzucker 〉 Schokoladenriegel 〉 gefüllter Keks 〉 Rosinen. Die Menge der produzierten Milchsäure war linear abhängig von der Menge der von den Speisen freigesetzten Glukose. Gekochte Stärke wurde im Mund über Maltotriose und Maltose zu Glukose abgebaut. Klebrige (zuckerhaltige) Nahrungsmittel (Schokoladenriegel) verlassen die Mundhöhle schneller als Nahrungsmittel, die gekochte Stärke enthalten (Kartoffelchips); letztere produzieren daher über einen längeren Zeitraum (2 h) im Munde mehr Milchsäure.
    Notes: Summary Oral carbohydrate clearance and acid production were monitored over a two hour time period following the ingestion of six foods (chocolate bar, potato chip, oreo cookie, sugar cube, raisin and jelly bean). Each food was evaluated intra-orally in eight volunteers. Oral fluid samples were obtained from each volunteer at 30 min intervals at five different tooth sites using absorbent paper points. The oral fluid samples were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for carbohydrates and organic acids using high performance liquid chromatography. Data obtained for each food were averaged and subjected to statistical analysis. The quantity of lactic acid produced 30 min after ingestion was found to be in the following order: (highest) raisin 〉 chocolate bar 〉 sugar cube 〉 jelly bean 〉 oreo cookie 〉 potato chip (least). Two hours after food intake the order had changed significantly: potato chip 〉 jelly bean 〉 sugar cube 〉 chocolate bar 〉 oreo cookie 〉 raisin. A direct linear relationship existed between lactic acid production and the presence of glucose. In foods containing cooked starch prolonged clearance occurs via the intermediate metabolites maltotriose, maltose and glucose. Results indicated that the term ‘stickiness’, when used to label certain foods such as jelly bean and chocolate bar, should be used cautiously. Foods containing only cooked starch or cooked starch and sugars can be considered as ‘sticky’, since glucose arising from their intra-oral degradation contributed to acid production over prolonged periods of time.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 202-204 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Aerobic exercise ; sweat nitrogen losses ; whole-body washdown ; regional sweat collection ; Aerobe körperliche Belastung ; Schweiss-Stickstoffverluste ; Ganzkörper-Waschverfahren ; lokale Schweiss-Sammelmethode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die belastungsbedingte Ausscheidung von Stickstoff über den Schweiss wurde während eines mit moderater Intensität durchgeführten 45-Minuten-Laufes auf einem Laufband bestimmt. Schweissproben wurden mittels einer lokalen Sammelmethode mit Gazen und zum Vergleich mit dem Ganzkörper-Waschverfahren entnommen. In der lokalen Methode wurde der Schweiss vom oberen und unteren Rücken, Bauch und Oberschenkel gesammelt. Während eines zweiten 45-Minuten-Laufes wurde zusätzlich das Verhältnis von Harnstoff, Ammoniak und Aminosäuren im Schweiss analysiert. Es konnte eine von der Sammelmethode unabhängige, signifikant positive Korrelation zwischen Schweissrate und Ausscheidungsrate der grössten Stickstoffraktion im Schweiss (Harnstoff) beobachtet werden. Dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass die Schweissrate einer der wesentlichen Faktoren ist, der die Stickstoffverluste im Schweiss festlegt. Die Ausscheidungsrate des Harnstoffstickstoffes betrug im zweiten Lauf etwa 140 mg·h−1, die des Ammoniakstickstoffes etwa 30 mg·h−1 und die des Aminosäurenstickstoffes rund 10 mg·h−1. Der Vergleich beider Sammelmethoden während des ersten Laufes zeigte, dass die Ausscheidungsrate des Harnstoffstickstoffes im Ganzkörper-Waschverfahren signifikant höher, die des Ammoniakstickstoffes dagegen signifikant niedriger war. Dieser Unterschied zwischen den Methoden verschwand, nachdem Harnstoff- und Ammoniakstickstoff summiert wurden, ausser für den oberen Rücken. Die Bestimmung von belastungsbedingten Stickstoffverlusten über den Schweiss mittels der lokalen Sammelmethode kann für mit moderater Intensität durchgeführten Läufe empfohlen werden.
    Notes: Summary The exercise-induced sweat nitrogen excretion was investigated during a 45-minute run at moderate intensity on a treadmill. Sweat was collected with a regional collection technique using gauze pads and compared with the whole-body wash-down (WBW) method. In the regional collection, sweat was sampled from the upper back (UB), lower back (LB), abdomen (AB), and thigh (TH). Additionally, the relation of sweat urea, ammonia, and amino acids was investigated with the regional collection method during a second 45-minute run. Independent of the sweat collection method, a significant and positive correlation was found between sweat rate and the excretion rate of the largest nitrogen fraction urea, suggesting that the sweating response to exercise might be one of the most important factors determining absolute sweat nitrogen losses. The urea nitrogen excretion was nearly 140 mg·h−1 in the second run, representing the largest nitrogen fraction. Ammonia nitrogen and amino acid-derived nitrogen rate were approximately 30 mg·h−1 and 10 mg·h−1, respectively. The comparison of the sampling methods during the first run revealed that the urea nitrogen rate was significantly higher, but the ammonia nitrogen rate significantly lower in the WBW. After summing urea and ammonia nitrogen, no significant difference between the methods was observed anymore, except for UB. It is concluded that the regional collection method using gauze pads is a valuable approach to measure exercise-induced sweat nitrogen losses during moderate running exercise.
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Jodversorgung von Jugendlichen ; Jodidausscheidung (Urin) ; Jodmangel ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Iodine supply of young people ; iodine excretion (urine) ; iodine deficiency ; district Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Germany)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We investigated the goiter prevalence and the urinary iodine excretion of 2 109 young people between 10 and 18 years in the district of Mecklengurg-Vorpommern, Germany in 1995/96. The thyroid volume was determined by ultrasound (7,5 MHz), the iodine excretion by a modified cer-arsenit method. The daily iodine excretion as related to the body surface area and the age related creatinine excretion per 24 h were measured. The results were compared with those of a similar study from 1993 in the same region and the same range of age. The goiter prevalence in 1997 amounted to 18.5 %. Among the studied persons 3.6 % showed one or more nodules within their thyroid gland. The iodine excretion increased from 70 µg in 1993 to 95 µg in 1997. There were no changes in the individual nutritional habits (expecially iodine-containing foods, using iodized salt etc.). We believe that the raised iodine intake is the result of a higher iodine supply in the commercially produced foodstuffs and animal products due to an increased incorporation of iodine in manufacture of food products.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchten 1995/96 2109 Kinder und Jugendliche im Alter zwischen 10 und 18 Jahren in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern hinsichtlich der Strumaprävalenz (sonographische Volumetrie) und der Urinjodidausscheidung (Cer-Arsenit-Methode) als Maß für die tägliche alimentäre Jodaufnahme und verglichen die Ergebnisse mit denen einer altersgleichen Population aus demselben Bundesland aus dem Jahre 1993. Die aktuelle Strumaprävalenz beträgt 18,5 %, der Anteil intrathyreoidaler Knoten 3,6 %. Die Jodidurie stieg von 70 µg 1993 auf 95 µg 1995/96 an. Die Ernährungsgewohnheiten und Zufuhr besonderer Jodidträger (jodiertes Speisesalz, medikamentöse Jodidstrumaprophylaxe) änderten sich im genannten Zeitraum nicht. Als Ursache der verbesserten, aber noch nicht ausreichenden alimentären Jodversorgung vermuten wir eine höhere Akzeptanz des Einsatzes von Jodsalz bzw. Jodträgern in der professionellen Lebensmittelherstellung und in der Landwirtschaft.
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dietary thiamin supply ; lactation ; thiamin status ; milk ; rat ; Thiaminversorgung ; Laktation ; Thiaminstatus ; Milch ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Wirkung variierender Thiaminzulagen (Mangel bis Überschuß) in der Diät auf den Thiaminstatus laktierender Ratten und deren Nachkommen sowie auf den Thiaminspiegel der Milch zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden Ratten nach dem Werfen in 8 Gruppen (à 10 Tiere) eingeteilt, die während der Laktation über einen Zeitraum von 13 Tagen eine Diät mit 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 40, 350 und 3 500 mg Thiamin/kg erhielten. Milch für die Bestimmung der Thiaminkonzentration wurde am 6. und 13. Laktationstag gewonnen. Am 14. Laktationstag wurden von allen Muttertieren und Würfen zur Ermittlung des Thiaminstatus die Aktivität der Transketolase in Blut, Leber und Gehirn sowie die Thiaminkonzentrationen im Körper gemessen. Die variierenden Thiaminzulagen beeinflußten innerhalb von 13 Tagen sowohl den Thiaminstatus der laktierenden Ratten als auch den der Nachkommen. Thiamin-frei ernährte Ratten zeigten Thiaminmangelsymptome auf der Basis von Wachstumsminderung und erniedrigten Transketolaseaktivitäten in Blut, Leber und Gehirn. Dabei reagierte die Transketolase im Blut sensibler auf eine Thiaminunterversorgung als in Geweben und erreichte ein Plateau bei einer Zufuhr von 6 mg/kg Thiamin. Die Thiaminkonzentration in der Milch lag in einem Bereich zwischen 0,1 und 19 mg/kg. Verglichen mit anderen Geweben reagierte die Milch beider Laktationsabschnitte am stärksten auf eine Thiaminunter- bzw. -überversorgung. Darüber hinaus konnte eine fehlende oder suboptimale Thiaminversorgung nicht durch einen verstärkten Übertritt von Thiaminreserven aus dem Körper in die Milch kompensiert werden. Auch die Thiaminspiegel in den Geweben und im Restkörper erhöhten sich mit steigender Thiaminzufuhr, wobei sich die Dosisabhängigkeit, die jedoch kein eindeutiges Sättigungsverhalten zeigte, in Blut und Leber stärker widerspiegelte als im Restkörper.
    Notes: Summary This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary thiamin, ranging from deficient to excessive supplies, on thiamin status of lactating rats and their offspring, and the thiamin level in milk. Therefore, after parturition, rat dams were divided into eight groups of 10 each, and were fed diets with 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 40, 350 and 3 500 mg/kg thiamin over a total of 13 days during lactation. Milk for determining the thiamin concentration was obtained from day 6 and 13 of lactation. At day 14 of lactation rat dams and their offspring were used to ascertain the thiamin status including transketolase activity of blood, liver and brain, and thiamin concentration in body. Thiamin supplies ranging from deficient to excessive dietary concentrations influenced both the thiamin levels of the lactating dams and their offspring within 13 days. Lactating rat dams fed a thiamin-free diet and their offspring were classified as thiamin-deficient on the basis of growth retardation and a lower activity of transketolase in blood, liver and brain. Within these variables transketolase in blood has been shown to be most sensitive, and reached a plateau feeding 6 mg/kg thiamin. The concentration of thiamin in milk ranged between 0.1 and 19 mg/kg. The findings also show that dietary thiamin had the strongest effect on thiamin in milk obtained from day 6 and 13 of lactation, and a deficient or suboptimal supply with thiamin was therefore not compensated for an intensified transfer of reserved body thiamin into milk. Also thiamin levels in tissues and carcass, which did not show any clear-cut saturation characteristic, increased with increasing dietary thiamin, and this dose-dependence was more marked in blood and liver than in carcass.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 182-190 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Pigs ; mucin ; endogenous amino acids ; endogenous carbohydrates ; Schweine ; Mucin ; endogene Aminosäuren ; endogene Kohlenhydrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei kastrierten männlichen Schweinen, die eine proteinfreie Nahrung und intravenös entweder mit Kochsalzlösung (SAI) oder ein Aminosäurengemisch erhielten, wurde die tägliche Aminosäurenausschüttung (AAI) im Ileuminhalt bestimmt. Mit der wasserlöslichen und in Ethanol ausfällbaren Fraktion des Ileuminhalts (Gesamtmucin) (CM) wurde die Zusammensetzung von Mucin im Ileuminhalt gemessen. Diese Fraktion wies eine für Mucin charakteristische Kohlegydratzusammensetzung und einen hohen Gehalt an Treonin, Serin und Prolin (40 mol/100 mol). Die Anteile an Mucinen aus dem Magen und Darm betrugen 27 bezw. 73 % und wurden nach dem Verhältnis zwischen N-Acetylgalactosamin (GiNAc):N-Acetylgalactosamin (GalNAc) im CM ermittelt. Die täglichen Ausschüttungen an löslichem Mucin betrugen bei den SAI- bzw. AAI-Schweinen (p=0,13) und wurden aus den Gal-NAc-Exkretionen im CM bestimmt, wobei die obengenannten Anteile der Magen- und Darmmucine angenommen wurden. Die bestimmten löslichen Mucinausschüttungen im CM bestanden zu mehr als 90 % aus Fucose, Galactose, GaINAc und GlcNAc. Die Gesamtausschüttungen an Mucin im Ileuminhalt beliefen sich bei den SAI- bzw. AAI-Schweinen (p=0,24) auf 5,32 und 5,56 g/Tag und wurden aus der Gesamtausschüttung aus dem Ileuminhalt ermittelt, wobei davon ausgegangen wurde, daß lösliches und unlösliches Mucin die gleichen Zusammensetzungen aufwies. Basierend auf diesen Ausschüttungen, entsprach Mucin im Ileuminhalt ca. 30,7 bis 22, 15 und 11 % Threonin, Prolin, Serin und Protein. Annähernd 74, 76, 100 bezw. 53 % Fucose, Galactose, GAINAc und GlcNAc des Ileuminhalts entfielen in dieser Studie an Schweinen auf Mucin. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse der Studie unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Mucin als Lieferant von endogenen Aminosäuren und endogenen Kohlehydraten.
    Notes: Abstract Daily outputs of mucin in ileal digesta were estimated in three barrows fed a protein-free diet while administered either saline (SAI) or a complete amino acid mixture (AAI) intravenously. The water soluble-ethanol precipitable fraction of ileal digesta (crude mucin; CM) was used to estimate the composition of mucin in ileal digesta. This fraction exhibited a carbohydrate composition characteristic of mucin and had a high threonine, serine and proline content (40 mol/100 mol). The proportions of soluble gastric and intestinal mucins, approximately 27 and 73 %, respectively, were estimated from the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ratio in CM. The daily outputs of soluble mucin, 2.75 and 3.41 g/day from SAI and AAI pigs (p=0.13), respectively, were determined from the GalNAc outputs in CM, assuming the above contributions of gastric and intestinal mucins. The estimated soluble mucin outputs accounted for more than 99 % of the fucose, galactose, GalNAc and GlcNAc in CM. Total mucin outputs in ileal digesta, 5.32 and 5.65 g/day from SAI and AAI Pigs (p=0.24), respectively, were determined from the total GalNAc output in digesta, assuming soluble and insoluble mucin had similar compositions. Based on these outputs, mucin represented approximately 30, 7 to 22, 15 and 11 % of the endogenous threonine, proline, serine and protein, respectively, in ileal digesta. Approximately 74, 76, 100 and 53 % of the fucose, galactose GalNAc and GlcNAc, respectively, in ileal digesta from pigs in this study was attributed to mucin. The results from this study demonstrate the importance of mucin as a source of some endogenous amino acids and carbohydrates.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 246-248 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 328-329 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Heat production ; body composition ; ambient temperature ; pig ; Wärmeproduktion ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Umgebungstemperatur ; Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus theoretischen Betrachtungen heraus sollten Tiere mit einem höheren Protein-Fett-Verhältnis einen höheren Energieerhaltungsbedarf (EEB) haben. Die Literatur zu diesem Problem zeigt ein nicht einheitliches Bild mit von dieser Annahme abweichenden Ergebnissen. Aus den vorliegenden Ergebnissen einer Reihe von Versuchen ist es möglich, die Wärmeproduktion (WP) von männlichen und weiblichen Tieren der Rasse Vietnamesisches Hängebauchschwein zu vergleichen, die sich in ihrer Körperzusammensetzung stark unterscheiden. Das Protein-Fett-Verhältnis betrug für die männlichen Tiere 1,2 und für die weiblichen 0,2. In die Experimente waren 4 männliche und 4 weibliche Tiere im Lebendmassebereich von 20–33 kg bzw. 33–42 kg einbezogen. Die WP-Messungen wurden auf zwei Energieeinnahmeniveaus bei Umgebungstemperaturen von 6 °C, 12 °C, 18 °C, 24 °C, 30 °C und 35 °C in klimatisierten Respirationskammern vorgenommen. Die Abhängigkeit der WP wird durch eine kubische Regressionsfunktion dargestellt. Die thermoneutralen Temperaturen sind bei den weiblichen Tieren niedriger, bedingt durch die höhere Isolationswirkung der Fettauflage. Der durch die stark unterschiedliche Körperzusammensetzung erwartete Unterschied in der WP wurde nicht gefunden. Die absolute Proteinmasse bestimmt im wesentlichen die Korrelation zur WP. Allerdings vergrößert sich die Differenz infolge unterschiedlicher thermoregulatorischer WP bei Absenkung der Umgebungstemperatur. Es werden Einflußgrößen auf die WP diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary From theoretical considerations animals with a higher protein-fat ratio in the body should have a higher maintenance energy requirement (MEm). The literature on this problem shows a non-uniform picture with deviating results. From the results of a series of experiments it is possible to compare the heat production (HP) of male and female animals of the Vietnamese Sway-back breed pigs which vary quite widely in their body composition. The protein-fat ratio was 1.2 for the male and 0.2 for the female animals. In the experiments 4 male and 4 female animals in the live weight range of 20–33 kg and 33–42 kg, respectively, were involved. The HP measurements were carried out in climatized respiration chambers on two levels of energy intake at ambient temperatures of 6 °C, 12 °C, 18 °C, 24 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C. The dependence of PH on the ambient temperature has been described by a cubic regression function. Thermoneutral temperatures are lower in the female animals caused by the better insulation effect of the backfat. The difference in HP which was expected by the large difference in body composition, was not found. The absolute protein mass determined the correlation to HP. Certainly the difference increased after lowering the ambient temperature. The influence of different factors on HP is discussed.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 350-351 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 356-356 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 359-363 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Positron emission tomography (PET) ; glucose metabolism ; skeletal muscle ; Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) ; Glukosemetabolismus ; Skelettmuskel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nicht invasive bildgebende Verfahren wie die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) erweitern unsere Kenntnisse über den Glukosestoffwechsel. Sie erfassen sowohl die Nettoaufnahme der Glukose in den Muskel als auch die Dynamik des Glukosestoffwechsels (i.e. Transport und Phosphorylierung der Glukose). Darüber hinaus kann die Muskeldurchblutung als mögliche Determinante des Glukosestoffwechsels mit der PET-Technik gemessen werden.
    Notes: Summary Non invasive imaging techniques, such as, positronemission tomography (PET), contribute to our present knowledge of glucose metabolism. Besides measurements of net glucose metabolism, PET provides insights into complex processes of intracellular glucose metabolism (i.e., glucose transport and phosphorylation) and is also capable to measure muscular blood flow as a possible determinant of glucose metabolism.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 413-414 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 394-402 
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    Keywords: Dietary reference values ; energy requirement ; energy intake ; recommended energy allowances ; physical activity level ; Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr ; Energiebedarf ; empfohlene Energiezufuhr ; Aktivitätsstufe ; Grundumsatz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Richtwerte zur Zufuhr an Energie für Bevölkerungsgruppen werden in Höhe des durchschnittlichen Energiebedarfs ohne Sicherheitszuschläge festgelegt. Dadurch soll das Risiko einer unangemessenen Energiezufuhr minimiert werden. Der durchschnittliche Energiebedarf und somit die Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr können über Daten zur Energiezufuhr oder über die Bestimmung des Energieverbrauchs ermittelt werden. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die aktuellen Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr von insgesamt 12 Ländern, der FAO/WHO/UNU und dem wissenschaftlichen Lebensmittelausschuß der Europäischen Union (SCF/EC) hinsichtlich ihrer Höhe und zugrunde liegenden Konzepten gegenübergestellt. Die Methoden zur Schätzung des Energiebedarfs für unterschiedliche Bevölkerungsgruppen und die Datenbasis für die Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr werden zusammengefaßt. Darüber hinaus werden die Richtwerte zur wünschenswerten Zufuhr an Energie für Frauen und Männer aller Altersstufen graphisch dargestellt. Der Vergleich der nationalen Richtwerte zur Energiezufuhr verdeutlicht, daß die Höhe abhängig ist von Faktoren wie der methodischen Vorgehensweise, der Datengrundlage, dem verwendeten Referenzkörpergewicht, der Intensität der körperlichen Aktivität und der Alterseinteilung. Richtwerte für Jugendliche und ältere Menschen zeigen, daß Unterschiede in der Höhe der Richtwerte sich am deutlichsten bei Bevölkerungsgruppen darstellen, für welche nur unzureichendes Datenmaterial zum Energiebedarf verfügbar ist. Obwohl es nicht möglich ist, die Angemessenheit von Richtwerten zur wünschenswerten Energiezufuhr anhand eines Vergleichs der Daten unterschiedlicher Länder zu beurteilen, können Unterschiede in der Höhe der Richtwerte auf der Basis der zugrunde liegenden Konzepte erklärt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Dietary reference values for food energy for population groups are set at the level of average energy requirement without a safety margin to avoid any risk of inadequate energy intake. Average energy requirements and hence reference values for energy can be determined from either energy intake data or energy expenditure. In this article, the present reference values for energy of 12 countries, the FAO/WHO/UNU and the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF/EC) are compared regarding the level of their standards and underlying concepts. Methods for estimating energy requirements of different population groups and data sources for reference values for energy are summarized. Furthermore, reference values for energy for males and females of all ages are presented in separate graphs. The comparison of national standards illustrates that the level of reference values for energy for individual countries is dependent on variables such as methodology, data sources, allowances for physical activity, reference body weight, and age range. Standards for adolescents and elderly persons reveal that differences in reference values are most apparent in population groups for which only limited data on energy requirements are available. Although it is not possible to evaluate the adequacy of reference values for energy by comparing data of different countries, many differences in the level of reference values can be explained on the basis of underlying concepts.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 403-412 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Flavonoide ; Flavonole ; Catechine ; Flavanone ; Anthocyanidine ; Proanthocyanidine ; Nährstoffzufuhr ; Menschen ; Datenbank ; Flavonoids ; flavonols ; catechins ; flavanones ; anthocyanidins ; proanthocyanins ; dietary intake ; humans ; data base
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Flavonoids as naturally occuring compounds of plant derived foodstuff reveal some biological effects (antioxidative, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic) which makes them interesting substances in the prevention of atherosclerosis and cancer in humans. Data on the flavonoid content of food are not considered in food composition tables, and human intake data are scarce (flavonols) or missing. Consequently, after installing a flavonoid data base by means of literature data, 7-d dietary protocols of 119 adults (63 women and 56 men, age 19–49 years) representing a bavarian subgroup of the German National Food Consumption Survey (NVS) were evaluated. In all subjects, average intake of all flavonoids (calculated as aglycons) amounts to 54,0 mg/d (median) with a great range of variability. The most important flavonoid groups are flavonols (12,0 mg/d), catechins (8,3 mg/d), and flavanons (13,2 mg/d), followed by anthocyanidins (2,7 mg/d), proanthocyanins (3,7 mg/d) and phloretin (dihydrochalcone) (0,7 mg/d). Sex differences did not reach statistical significance. Fruits, fruit products and fruit juices were the most important flavonoid sources. Vegetables and its products provided about half of the flavonol intake. Therefore, statistically significant correlations (p〈0.001) exist between total flavonoid intake and the intake of vitamin C (r=0.59) or dietary fiber (r=0.49). Compared to other countries, flavonol intake of the investigated group of persons is rather low. With the built data base it was possible for the first time to calculate the intake of further flavonoids besides flavonols. In comparison to the intake of other antioxidants (e.g. vitamins C and E) the amount of flavonoids in the diet is considerably high and therefore should be regarded in further investigations on the role of diet in certain diseases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Flavonoide sind natürlich vorkommende Inhaltsstoffe von Lebensmitteln pflanzlichen Ursprungs; aufgrund ihrer biologischen Wirkungen (antioxidativ, antimutagen, anticancerogen) ergeben sich interessante Ansätze für die Arteriosklerose- und Krebs-Prophylaxe beim Menschen. In Nährwerttabellen sind Flavonoide nicht ausgewiesen und somit sind Angaben zur Flavonoidzufuhr beim Menschen spärlich (Flavonole) oder gar nicht vorhanden. Deshalb wurde anhand von Literaturangaben eine Datenbank zum Flavonoidgehalt von Lebensmitteln erstellt und mit deren Hilfe 7-Tage-Ernährungsprotokolle von 119 Personen (63 Frauen und 56 Männer, Alter 19–49 Jahre) aus einem bayerischen Teilkollektiv der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie (NVS) ausgewertet. Im Mittel (Median) über alle Personen werden täglich 54,0 mg Flavonoide (berechnet als Aglykon) aufgenommen, wobei die Streubreite der Einzelwerte sehr hoch ist. Den größten Anteil stellen Flavonole (12,0 mg/d), Catechine (8,3 mg/d) und Flavanone (13,2 mg/d), gefolgt von Anthocyanidinen (2,7 mg/d), Proanthocyanidinen (3,7 mg/d) und Phloretin (Dihydrochalcon) (0,7 mg/d). Ein Geschlechterunterschied ist statistisch nicht nachzuweisen. Die Lebensmittelgruppe „Obst/-produkte/-säfte“ ist die wichtigste Flavonoidquelle. Die Flavonolzufuhr wird etwa zur Hälfte durch den Verzehr von Gemüse/-produkten/-säfte gedeckt. Dementsprechend korreliert die Gesamtaufnahme von Flavonoiden statistisch signifikant (p〈0,001) mit der Zufuhr von Vitamin C (r=0,59) und Ballaststoffen (r=0,49). Im Vergleich mit anderen Ländern ist die Flavonolzufuhr im betrachteten Kollektiv eher als niedrig einzustufen. Durch die erstellte Datenbank war es erstmals möglich, neben Flavonolwerten auch Zufuhrdaten für weitere Flavonoide zu berechnen. Verglichen mit der täglichen Zufuhrmenge anderer Antioxidantien (z.B. Vitamine C und E) ist die pro Tag aufgenommene Menge an Flavonoiden beachtlich hoch und sollte somit in Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der Ernährung bei bestimmten Krankheiten berücksichtigt werden.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 347-349 
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    Keywords: Meal frequency ; utilization ; rat ; 14C labeled amino acids ; leucine ; Fütterungshäufigkeit ; Verwertung ; Ratte ; 14C-markierte Aminosäuren ; Leucin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Häufigkeit der Nahrungsaufnahme auf die Entwicklung des Körpergewichts und auf den Proteinstatus, gemessen auf dem Niveau der Aminosäurenoxidation (Decarboxylierung) in der postabsorptiven Phase, wurde bei einer festen täglichen Proteinaufnahme untersucht. Wachsende Ratten (250g) wurden über eine Sonde mit einer Flüssignahrung versorgt, die auf dem Nutrison Standard basiert (1,6g Protein/d, 266 kJ ME/d). Diese Menge wurde entweder in Form von 2 großen Mahlzeiten am Beginn und am Ende, 6 kleineren Mahlzeiten oder als kontinuierliche Infusion über die gesamte Dunkelperiode (10h) gegeben. Nach 3 Wochen der Fütterung war die mittlere Wachstumsrate der Ratten, die kontinuierlich gefüttert wurden, 20% höher als die Tiere, die die gleiche Menge in 2 Mahlzeiten erhielten. Die Ratten, die 6 Mahlzeiten am Tag bekamen, hatten ein Wachstum, das ziemlich den Ratten entsprach, die kontinuierlich gefüttert wurden. Die prozentuale Wiederfindung der Markierung als14CO2 in der Atemluft nach Injektion (i. p.) von [1-14C]Leucin (4 h nach der letzten Mahlzeit) war signifikant höher (p,05) für die kontinuierlich gefütterten Tiere (27% SD 2,6) verglichen mit den Ratten, die zwei Mahlzeiten erhielten (21,9% SD 4,0). Der Wert für die Gruppe mit 6 Mahlzeiten lag dazwischen (24,5 SD 1,8). Die Resultate weisen darauf hin, daß die metabolische Verwertung von einer festen täglichen Proteinmenge durch den Weg der Zuführung deutlich beeinflußt wird. Hinsichtlich der Entwicklung des Körpergewichts und des Proteinstatus haben die Tiere mehr Nutzen von der gleichen Proteinmenge, wenn die Zuführung ausgeglichener erfolgt. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß die Differenz durch die metabolische Restriktion für eine adäquate Verwertung von großen Mahlzeiten verursacht wird. Es wird deshalb angenommen, daß große Mahlzeiten zu einer Verschwendung von Aminosäuren in der postprandialen Phase führen. Eine Folge davon ist, daß weniger Aminosäuren im Körper gespeichert werden und in der postabsorptiven Phase verfügbar sind.
    Notes: Summary The influence of meal frequency on change of body weight and protein status, measured by level of amino acid oxidation (decarboxylation) in the postabsorptive state, was studied at a fixed daily protein intake. Growing rats (250g) were fed through gastric canula a feeding solution based on Nutrison Standard supplying 1.6g protein and 266kJ ME daily. This amount was given in either 2 large meals at the beginning and the end, or in 6 smaller meals, or by continuous infusion during entire dark period (10 hrs). After 3 weeks of feeding the mean growth rate of the rats fed continuously was nearly 20% higher than rats fed the same amount in 2 meals. The rats fed 6 meals a day had a growth rate rather similar to the rats fed continuously. The percentile recovery of label as14CO2 in the breath after an intraperitoneal injection of [1-14C]leucine (4 hrs after last meal) was significantly higher (p.05) for the animals fed continuously (27% sd 2.6) compared to the rats fed 2 meals (21.9% sd 4.0). The value for 6 meal group was intermediate (24.5 sd 1.8). The results indicate that the metabolic utilization of a fixed daily amount of protein is clearly influenced by the way of supply. With respect to the change of body weight and protein status, animals have more benefit of the same amount of protein if the supply is more equable. It is suggested that the difference is caused by metabolic restriction for an adequate utilisation of large meals. Therefore large meals are supposed to cause a waste of amino acids in the postprandial phase. As a consequence amino acid amount that will be stored in the body to be available in the postabsorptive phase will be less.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
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    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 352-352 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 355-355 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 357-357 
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 368-371 
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    Keywords: [13C]acetate ; Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis ; cholesterol synthesis ; bile ; human subjects ; [13C]Acetat ; Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis ; Cholesterinsynthese ; Galle ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hypersekretion von biliärem Cholesterin scheint der Schlüsseldefekt in der Pathogenese der Cholesteringallensteine zu sein und ist möglicherweise bedingt durch eine erhöhte Cholesterinsynthese. Um die fraktionelle Synthese von biliärem Cholesterin und Plasmacholesterin zu messen, wurden 5 männliche und 3 weibliche gesunde Probanden mit einer intakten enterohepatischen Zirkulation intravenös mit [1-13C]Acetat für 15 h infundiert. Proben duodenaler Galle und Blutproben wurden stündlich gewonnen und eine Formuladiät enteral verabreicht. Die Massenverteilung des freien Cholesterins wurde mittels Gaschromatographie mit Massenspektrometrie analysiert. Die Anwendung der Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis — (MIDA) — Technik erlaubte die Berechnung der fraktionellen Synthese. Nach 6stündiger Infusion erreichte die [13C]Markierung des cytosolischen Acetatpools etwa 12%. Die individuellen fraktionellen Cholesterinsynthesen im Plasma und in der Galle korrelierten signifikant miteinander (6–15 h) und betrugen 4,2 und 5,3% nach 15 h. Aus dieser Studie wurde die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß neu synthetisiertes Cholesterin gegenüber dem Plasma zu einem höheren Anteil in die Galle sezerniert wird.
    Notes: Summary Hypersecretion of biliary cholesterol appears to be the key defect in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones, and this may be due to an enhanced synthesis of cholesterol. To measure fractional syntheses of biliary and plasma cholesterol, five male and 3 femalc healthy humans with an intact enterohepatic circulation were infused intravenously with [1-13C]acetate for 15 h. Samples of duodenal bile and blood were taken hourly and an enteral formula diet was given. Free cholesterol mass distribution was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The Mass Isotopomer Distribution Analysis (MIDA) technique allowed to calculate fractional synthesis. After 6 hours of infusion, the [13C]label of the cytosolic acetate pool reached a plateau of approximately 12%. Individual fractional cholesterol synthesis in plasma and bile correlated significantly (6–15 h) and amounted to 4.2% and 5.3% after 15 h, respectively. It may be concluded from this study, that newly synthesized cholesterol is secreted into bile to a higher extent than into plasma.
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 415-417 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Indirect calorimetry ; respiratory gas exchange ; energy expenditure ; substrate utilization ; isotope techniques ; indirekte Kalorimetrie ; respiratorischer Gaswechsel ; Energieumsatz ; Substratverwertung ; Isotopentechnik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die indirekte Kalorimetrie, die auf Gaswechselmessungen beruht, ist seit Beginn des Jahrhunderts erfolgreich für die Bestimmung der Wärmeproduktion (Energieumsatz) bei Menschen und Tieren eingesetzt worden. Fehler, die mit dieser klassischen Technik verbunden sind, können von verschiedenen Quellen herrühren: 1) Modell der Berechnung und der Annahmen, 2) verwendete kalorimetrische Faktoren, 3) technische Faktoren, 4) menschliche Faktoren. Die physiologischen und biochemischen Faktoren, die die Interpretation der kalorimetrischen Daten beeinflussen, betreffen eine Änderung der Größe des Bicarbonat- und Harnstoffpools, die Akkumulation oder den Verlust (über den Atem, Urin oder Schweiß) von intermediären Metaboliten (Glukoneogenese, Ketogenese). Seit neuerer Zeit sind respiratorische Gaswechseldaten verwendet worden, um Subtratverwertungsraten in verschiedenen physiologischen und metabolischen Situationen (Fastenzustand, postprandialer Zustand etc.) zu bestimmen. Es sollte angemerkt werden, daß die indirekte Kalorimetrie einen Index für die ‘overall substrate disappearance rates’ liefert. In unkorrekter Weise wird dieser Index gleichgesetzt mit den Substrat' oxidations'-Raten. Bedauerlicherweise existitiert kein geeigneter ‘goldener’ Standard, um die Ganzkörper-Substrat' oxidations'-Raten zu validieren. Im Gegensatz dazu kann die mittels indirekter Kalorimetrie gemessene Wärmeproduktion durch die direkte Kalorimetrie unter exakten thermischen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen validiert werden. Tracertechniken, die stabile (oder radioaktive) Isotope verwenden, stellen einen unabhängigen Weg zur Bestimmung von Substratverwertungs-Raten dar. Wenn der Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel mit beiden Methoden gemessen wird, liefert die indirekte Kalorimetrie im allgemeinen Glukose“oxidations”-Raten, die mit den Tracerergebnissen übereinstimmen. Voraussetzung ist jedoch, daß bestimmte Stoffwechselprozesse (z. B. Gluconeogenese und Lipogenese) minimal sind oder/und die respiratorischen Quotienten nicht am äußersten Ende des physiologischen Bereichs liegen. Es wird jedoch angenommen, daß die Tracertechniken die wahren Glukoseoxidationsraten unterschätzen, weil die Glykogenolyse des Gewebeglukosespeichers nicht berücksichtigt wird. Ein wesentlicher Vorteil der Isotopentracer-Techniken ist, daß sie (mit bestimmten Annahmen) verschiedene Stoffwechselprozesse (z.B. die Gluconeogenese) auf nichtinvasive Weise quantifizieren können. Schlußfolgernd kann gesagt werden, daß die Isotopentracer-Techniken und die indirekte Kalorimetrie als komplementäre Techniken betrachtet werden sollten. Es sollte beachtet werden, daß die Bestimmung der Substratoxidation mit Hilfe der indirekten Kalorimetrie große Fehler beinhalten kann, insbesondere, wenn ein kurzer Zeitraum betrachtet wird. Der Energieumsatz (Wärmeproduktion) wird mittels der indirekten Kalorimetrie mit einem wesentlich kleineren Fehler bestimmt als die Substratoxidations-Raten.
    Notes: Summary Indirect calorimetry based on respiratory exchange measurement has been successfully used from the beginning of the century to obtain an estimate of heat production (energy expenditure) in human subjects and animals. The errors inherent to this classical technique can stem from various sources: 1) model of calculation and assumptions, 2) calorimetric factors used, 3) technical factors and 4) human factors. The physiological and biochemical factors influencing the interpretation of calorimetric data include a change in the size of the bicarbonate and urea pools and the accumulation or loss (via breath, urine or sweat) of intermediary metabolites (gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis). More recently, respiratory gas exchange data have been used to estimate substrate utilization rates in various physiological and metabolic situations (fasting, postprandial state, etc.). It should be re-called that indirect calorimetry provides an index of overall substratedisappearance rates. This is incorrectly assumed to be equivalent to substrate "oxidation" rates. Unfortunately, there is no adequate golden standard to validate whole body substrate "oxidation" rates, and this contrasts to the "validation" of heat production byindirect calorimetry, through use ofdirect calorimetry under strict thermal equilibrium conditions. Tracer techniques using stable (or radioactive) isotopes, represent an independent way of assessing substrate utilization rates. When carbohydrate metabolism is measured with both techniques, indirect calorimetry generally provides consistent glucose "oxidation" rates as compared to isotopic tracers, but only when certain metabolic processes (such as gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis) are minimal or / and when the respiratory quotients are not at the extreme of the physiological range. However, it is believed that the tracer techniques underestimate true glucose "oxidation" rates due to the failure to account for glycogenolysis in the tissue storing glucose, since this escapes the systemic circulation. A major advantage of isotopic techniques is that they are able to estimate (given certain assumptions) various metabolic processes (such as gluconeogenesis) in a noninvasive way. Furthermore when, in addition to the 3 macronutrients, a fourth substrate is administered (such as ethanol), isotopic quantification of substrate "oxidation" allows one to eliminate the inherent assumptions made by indirect calorimetry. In conclusion, isotopic tracers techniques and indirect calorimetry should be considered as complementary techniques, in particular since the tracer techniques require the measurement of carbon dioxide production obtained by indirect calorimetry. However, it should be kept in mind that the assessment of substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry may involve large errors in particular over a short period of time. By indirect calorimetry, energy expenditure (heat production) is calculated with substantially less error than substrate oxidation rates.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 16 (1997), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Keywords: Key Words. Polyamines—Salt stress—ADC—ODC—Polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors—Helianthus annuus L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The level of the three main polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine and the biosynthetic enzyme arginine decarboxylase (ADC) decreased in Helianthus annuus L. seedlings subjected to increasing (50, 100, and 150 mm) NaCl concentrations. The pattern of polyamines in control plants increased during the initial 72 h and then reached a plateau. The putrescine level showed an increase of 370% after 72 h of development. The lower salt treatment slightly diminished the overall polyamine content. The highest NaCl concentration (150 mm) induced a strong putrescine diminution (from 381 to 78.9 nmol g−1 FW) at 72 h whereas a small decrease in ADC activity was detected. ODC was detected in neither control nor treated plantlets during the experimental period. The level of spermidine also decreased, but the magnitude of the decay was less pronounced than putrescine. The fact that ODC was not detected and ADC activity followed a pattern similar to that of putrescine led us to suppose that the variation in putrescine content could be attributed entirely to the decrease in ADC activity. α-Difluoromethylarginine and α-difluoromethylornithine (ADC and ODC inhibitor, respectively) did not inhibit but delayed the onset of germination of sunflower seeds, and α-difluoromethylornithine increased the content of spermidine and spermine. The present data suggest that polyamines could be involved in the germination process of H. annuus seeds and in response to salt stress.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A basic problem in hydrology is computing confidence levels for the value of the T-year flood when it is obtained from a Log Pearson III distribution in terms of estimated mean, estimated standard deviation, and estimated skew. In an important paper Chowdhury and Stedinger [1991] suggest a possible formula for approximate confidence levels, involving two functions previously used by Stedinger [1983] and a third function, λ, for which asymptotic estimates are given. This formula is tested [Chowdhury and Stedinger, 1991] by means of simulations, but these simulations assume a distribution for the sample skew which is not, for a single site, the distribution which the sample skew is forced to have by the basic hypothesis which underlies all of the analysis, namely that the maximum discharges have a Log Pearson III distribution. Here we test these approximate formulas for the case of data from a single site by means of simulations in which the sample skew has the distribution which arises when sampling from a Log Pearson III distribution. The formulas are found to be accurate for zero skew but increasingly inaccurate for larger common values of skew. Work in progress indicates that a better choice of λ can improve the accuracy of the formula.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 94-94 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 95-114 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Soil moisture ; time scale ; non-Gaussian ; colored-noise
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Large-scale fields of soil moisture are forced by atmospheric precipitation and radiative forcing. When these forcing factors are themselves influenced by surface and soil moisture processes, the result is a nonlinear land-atmosphere system with inherent feedback mechanisms that may strongly modulate variability in climate. Given such feedbacks, simple randomness in the forcing factors may be manifested as a complex statistical signature in the surface hydrology. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of non-Gaussian and colored-noise on the probability distribution of soil moisture resulting from the statistical-dynamical land-atmosphere interaction model of Rodriguez-Iturbe et al. (1991). Persistence of hydroclimatologic anomalies as characterized by the correlation time scale of soil moisture is discussed.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 115-127 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall-runoff modeling ; transfer response ; dynamic non-linear models ; normal and gamma observational distribution ; predictive performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The rainfall-runoff modeling is very useful for forecasting purposes. A good methodology for forecasting the future stream flow is a key requirement for designers and operators of water resources systems. A compromise between conceptual and classical time series modeling is applied to model the relationship between rainfall and runoff. The dynamic nonlinear model is composed of a probability distribution describing the observation, a link function relating its mean to the so called state parameters and a system of equations defining the evolution of these parameters. Its Bayesian nature permits to take into account subjective information, making forward intervention, defining monitoring schemes and introducing smoothing facilities. An application using the data of Fartura river's basin is reported. The assessment of the prior distribution is discussed and the predictive performance of the linear and the non-linear models is reported.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 129-143 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic analysis ; perturbation methods ; unsaturated transport ; heterogeneous porous media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of stochastic theory and the spectral perturbation techniques, three-dimensional dispersion in partially saturated soils with a finite correlation scale of log-hydraulic conductivity is analyzed. The effects of spatial variability of the moisture distribution parameter on the asymptotic spreading behavior of a unsaturated solute plume are assessed. This is accomplished by comparing two asymptotic macrodispersivities and two variance of solute concentration, obtained for a constant moisture content and spatially varied moisture, respectively.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 65-93 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Nonparametric ; Monte Carlo ; precipitation ; weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A nonparametric resampling technique for generating daily weather variables at a site is presented. The method samples the original data with replacement while smoothing the empirical conditional distribution function. The technique can be thought of as a smoothed conditional Bootstrap and is equivalent to simulation from a kernel density estimate of the multivariate conditional probability density function. This improves on the classical Bootstrap technique by generating values that have not occurred exactly in the original sample and by alleviating the reproduction of fine spurious details in the data. Precipitation is generated from the nonparametric wet/dry spell model as described in Lall et al. [1995]. A vector of other variables (solar radiation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average dew point temperature, and average wind speed) is then simulated by conditioning on the vector of these variables on the preceding day and the precipitation amount on the day of interest. An application of the resampling scheme with 30 years of daily weather data at Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, is provided.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 255-266 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that the field biodegradation rates for soluble hydrocarbon plumes are significantly smaller than the aerobic rates observed in the laboratory. It is believed that this difference is related to the fact that in the field oxygen and hydrocarbon must be mixed before the biodegradation reaction can occur, and that the effective degradation rate is controlled by the actual, not mean, concentrations of oxygen and hydrocarbon. In this work, we present a conceptual model of oxygen-mixing limited biodegradation, which indicates that the effective degradation rate should depend on the cross correlation between the oxygen and hydrocarbon concentration fluctuations. This is followed by a development of a rigorous, field-scale model.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 229-254 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Model validation ; analysis of uncertainty ; model verification ; quality assurance ; system identification ; model calibration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The development and use of models for predicting exposures are increasingly common and are essential for many risk assessments of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Exposure assessments conducted by the EPA to assist regulatory or policy decisions are often challenged to demonstrate their “scientific validity”. Model validation has thus inevitably become a major concern of both EPA officials and the regulated community, sufficiently so that the EPA's Risk Assessment Forum is considering guidance for model validation. The present paper seeks to codify the issues and extensive foregoing discussion of validation with special reference to the development and use of models for predicting the impact of novel chemicals on the environment. Its preparation has been part of the process in formulating a White Paper for the EPA's Risk Assessment Forum. Its subject matter has been drawn from a variety of fields, including ecosystem analysis, surface water quality management, the contamination of groundwaters from high-level nuclear waste, and the control of air quality. The philosophical and conceptual bases of model validation are reviewed, from which it is apparent that validation should be understood as a task of product (or tool) design, for which some form of protocol for quality assurance will ultimately be needed. The commonly used procedures and methods of model validation are also reviewed, including the analysis of uncertainty. Following a survey of past attempts at resolving the issue of model validation, we close by introducing the notion of a model having maximum relevance to the performance of a specific task, such as, for example, a predictive exposure assessment.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 303-321 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Simulation ; hydrograph rise and recession ; rainfall process ; probability distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A model is developed for annual low flow hydrographs. Its two primary components reflect the fact that hydrologic processes during streamflow rise (function of water input) and recession (function of basin storage) are different. Durations of periods of rise (wet intervals) and recession (dry intervals) are modelled by discrete probability distributions — negative binomial for dry intervals and negative binomial or modified logarithmic series for wet intervals depending on goodness of fit. During wet intervals, the total inflow is modelled by the lognormal distribution and daily amounts are allocated according to a pattern-averaged model. During dry intervals, the flow recedes according to a deterministic-stochastic recession model. The model was applied to three Canadian basins with drainage area ranging from 2210 to 22000 km2 to generate 50 realizations of low flow hydrographs. The resulting two standard-error confidence band for the simulated probability distribution of annual minimum 7-day flows enclosed the probability distribution estimated from the observed record. A sensitivity analysis for the three basins revealed that in addition to the recession submodel, the most important submodel is that describing seasonality. The state of the basin at the beginning of the low flow period is of marginal importance and the daily distribution of input is unimportant.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 267-295 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Space/time processes ; stochastic analysis ; regression model ; solute contents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A regression model is used to study spatiotemporal distributions of solute content ion concentration data (calcium, chloride and nitrate), which provide important water contamination indicators. The model consists of three random and one deterministic components. The random space/time component is assumed to be homogeneous/stationary and to have a separable covariance. The purely spatial and the purely temporal random components are assumed to have homogenous and stationary increments, respectively. The deterministic component represents the space/time mean function. Inferences of the random components involve maximum likelihood and semi-parametric methods under some restrictions on the data configuration. Computational advantages and modelling limitations of the assumptions underlying the regression model are discussed. The regression model leads to simplifications in the space/time kriging and cokriging systems used to obtain space/time estimates at unobservable locations/instants. The application of the regression model in the study of the solute content ions was done at a global scale that covers the entire region of interest. The variability analysis focuses on the calculation of the spatial direct and cross-variograms and the evaluation of correlations between the three solute content ions. The space/time kriging system is developed in terms of the space direct and cross-variograms, and allows the separate estimation of the regression model components. Maps of these components are then obtained for each one of the three ions. Using the estimates of the purely spatial component, spatial dependencies between the ions are studied. Physical causes and consequences of the space/time variability are discussed, and comparisons are made with previous analyses of the solute content dataset.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test ; identification of periodic component ; goodness-of-fit test for white noise ; periodogram ; residuals
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A modified version of the widely used Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test of null hypothesis is constructed, that a given time series is Gaussian white noise, against the alternative hypothesis that the time series contains an added or multiplicative deterministic-periodic component of unspecified frequency. The usual KS test is treated as a special case. The proposed test is more powerful than the ordinary K-S test in detecting extreme (low or high) hidden periodicities. Computational procedure necessary for implementation are also given.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 297-302 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Perturbation ; conservative chemical ; velocity variance ; eulerian
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    Notes: Abstract A recursive perturbation solution to the eulerian transport problem for a conservative solute in a random conductivity field is reported. The stochastic concentration is given to arbitrary order inσ ν, the variance of fluctuating velocity. The result gives the stochastic concentration as a perturbation to the deterministic concentration for constant mean flow. The closed form solution is easy to implement numerically via FFT.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 331-348 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
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    Notes: Abstract Under the assumption that local solute dispersion is negligible, a new general formula (in the form of a convolution integral) is found for the arbitrary k-point ensemble moment of the local concentration of a solute convected in arbitrary m spatial dimensions with general sure initial conditions. From this general formula new closed-form solutions in m=2 spatial dimensions are derived for 2-point ensemble moments of the local solute concentration for the impulse (Dirac delta) and Gaussian initial conditions. When integrated over an averaging window, these solutions lead to new closed-form expressions for the first two ensemble moments of thevolume-averaged solute concentration and to the corresponding concentration coefficients of variation (CV). Also, for the impulse (Dirac delta) solute concentration initial condition, the second ensemble moment of thesolute point concentration in two spatial dimensions and the corresponding CV are demonstrated to be unbound. For impulse initial conditions the CVs for volume-averaged concentrations axe compared with each other for a tracer from the Borden aquifer experiment. The point-concentration CV is unacceptably large in the whole domain, implying that the ensemble mean concentration is inappropriate for predicting the actual concentration values. The volume-averaged concentration CV decreases significantly with an increasing averaging volume. Since local dispersion is neglected, the new solutions should be interpreted as upper limits for the yet to be derived solutions that account for local dispersion; and so should the presented CVs for Borden tracers. The new analytical solutions may be used to test the accuracy of Monte Carlo simulations or other numerical algorithms that deal with the stochastic solute transport. They may also be used to determine the size of the averaging volume needed to make a quasi-sure statement about the solute mass contained in it.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 349-368 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Data assimilation ; Kalman filter ; Square root filter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Kalman filter algorithm can be used for many data assimilation problems. For large systems, that arise from discretizing partial differential equations, the standard algorithm has huge computational and storage requirements. This makes direct use infeasible for many applications. In addition numerical difficulties may arise if due to finite precision computations or approximations of the error covariance the requirement that the error covariance should be positive semi-definite is violated. In this paper an approximation to the Kalman filter algorithm is suggested that solves these problems for many applications. The algorithm is based on a reduced rank approximation of the error covariance using a square root factorization. The use of the factorization ensures that the error covariance matrix remains positive semi-definite at all times, while the smaller rank reduces the number of computations and storage requirements. The number of computations and storage required depend on the problem at hand, but will typically be orders of magnitude smaller than for the full Kalman filter without significant loss of accuracy. The algorithm is applied to a model based on a linearized version of the two-dimensional shallow water equations for the prediction of tides and storm surges. For non-linear models the reduced rank square root algorithm can be extended in a similar way as the extended Kalman filter approach. Moreover, by introducing a finite difference approximation to the Reduced Rank Square Root algorithm it is possible to prevent the use of a tangent linear model for the propagation of the error covariance, which poses a large implementational effort in case an extended kalman filter is used.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 369-395 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Random fields ; diagrams ; perturbation ; non-local ; effective conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a stochastic diagrammatic theory for the calculation of the effective hydraulic conductivity of heterogeneous media. The theory is based on the mean-flux series expansion of a log-normal hydraulic conductivity medium in terms of diagrammatic representations and leads to certain general results for the effective hydraulic conductivity of three-dimensional media. A selective summation technique is used to improve low-order perturbation analysis by evaluating an infinite set of diagrammatic terms with a specific topological structure that dominates the perturbation series. For stochastically isotropic media the selective summation yeilds the anticipated exponential expression for the effective hydraulic conductivity. This expression is extended to stochastically anisotropic media. It is also shown that in the case of non homogeneous media the uniform effective hydraulic conductivity is replaced by a non-local tensor kernel, for which general diagrammatic expressions are obtained. The non-local kernel leads to the standard exponential behavior for the effective hydraulic conductivity at the homogeneous limit.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 483-510 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Conceptual-stochastic models ; shot noise ; streamflow simulation ; time aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A conceptual-stochastic approach to short time runoff data modelling is proposed, according to the aim of reproducing the hydrological aspects of the streamflow process and of preserving as much as possible the dynamics of the process itself. This latter task implies preservation of streamflow characteristics at higher scales of aggregation and, within a conceptual framework, involves compatibility with models proposed for the runoff process at those scales. At a daily time scale the watershed response to the effective rainfall is considered as deriving from the response of three linear reservoirs, respectively representing contributions to streamflows of large deep aquifers, with over-year response lag, of aquifers which run dry by the end of the dry season and of subsurface runoff. The surface runoff component is regarded as an uncorrelated point process. Considering the occurrences of effective rainfall events as generated by an independent Poisson process, the output of the linear system represents a conceptually-based multiple shot noise process. Model identification and parameter estimation are supported by information related to the aggregated runoff process, in agreement to the conceptual framework proposed, and this allows parameter parsimony, efficient estimation and effectiveness of the streamflow reproduction. Good performances emerged from the model application and testing made with reference to some daily runoff series from Italian basins.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 511-521 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Runoff events ; arrival times ; partial duration series ; arid areas ; Israel ; probabilistic modeling ; Pearson III distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Present descriptions of arrival times of runoff events are based upon modeling of interarrival intervals. Maintaining the traditional assumption that arrival times are independent random variables, these times can be directly described through a continuous distribution fitted to recorded data. A case study for the arid Negev region in Israel indicates that the Pearson type III distribution satisfactorily achieves this goal. The direct description can apply nonuniform functions, respond to multi-modal distributions, and be extended to regional modeling.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 397-422 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Random flow field ; diffusion ; concentration ; fluctuations ; covariance ; variance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The concentration c(x,t) of a nonreactive solute undergoing advection and diffusion in a spatially random divergence-free flow field is analyzed. A leading order formulation for the spatial covariance of the concentration field, $$\overline {c'\left( {x,t} \right)c'\left( {x,t} \right)} $$ , is made. That formulation includes the velocity variability induced macrodispersive flux of the covariance field, and the smoothing effects of diffusion. Previous formulations of the concentration covariance had dropped at least one of these effects. It is shown that both these effects need to be included to obtain a qualitatively correct description of the concentration fluctuations.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 423-431 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The value of Shannon entropy for a given set of data depends on the class interval chosen to compute the relative frequency of each class. For three data sets, expressed in dimensional as well as nondimensional form, the entropy value was computed for different class-interval sizes. Entropy was found to decrease with increasing class interval as well as with increasing sampling interval. It is suggested that these intervals should be selected with care.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 449-457 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Settling tank ; diffusion in open sets ; elastic reflection ; boundary conditions ; efficiency ; exit time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract When the diffusion term is supposed not to be zero at the boundary of a settling tank, we show that an alternate (and equivalent) description to the basic advection-diffusion equation for the concentration of micro pollutant consists in modelling the micro pollutant particles' trajectories as a diffusion stochastic process. Indeed, the density of this latter satisfies the same Pde as the advection-diffusion equation. Our emphasis here is on the computation of the so called tank efficiency and on the bottom boundary conditions. We claim that our interpretation in terms of a diffusion process helps to enlighten the choice of the appropriate mathematical boundary conditions. What is more, we introduce a scouring parameter and give its range as well as its physical interpretation.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 433-448 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Risk ; uncertainty ; reservoir operation ; sedimentation ; computer application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An attempt of using stochastic hydrologic technique to assess the intrinsic risk of reservoir operation is made in this study. A stochastic simulation model for reservoir operation is developed. The model consists of three components: synthetic generation model for streamflow and sediment sequences, one-dimensional delta deposit model for sediment transport processes in reservoirs, and simulation model for reservoir operation. This kind of integrated simulation model can be used to simulate not only the inflow uncertainty of streamflow and sedimentation, but also the variation in operation rules of reservoirs. It is herein used for the risk assessment of a reservoir, and the simulation is performed for different operation scenarios. Simulation for the 100-year period of sediment transport and deposition in the river-reservoir system indicates that the navigation risk is much higher than that of hydropower generation or sediment deposition in the reservoir. The risk of sediment deposition at the river-section near the backwater profile is also high thereby the navigation at the river-segment near this profile takes high risk because of inadequate navigation depth.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 29-43 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Risk ; Ethics ; Biotechnology ; Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In public debate over agricultural biotechnology, at issue hasbeen its self-proclaimed aim of further industrializingagriculture. Using languages of ’risk‘, critics and proponentshave engaged in an implicit ethics debate on the direction oftechnoscientific development. Critics have challenged thebiotechnological R&D agenda for attributing socio-agronomicproblems to genetic deficiencies, while perpetuating the hazardsof intensive monoculture. They diagnosed ominous links betweentechnological dependency and tangible harm from biotechnologyproducts. In response to scientific and public concerns, theEuropean Community enacted precautionary legislation for theintentional release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Inits implementation, choices for managing and investigatingbiotechnological risk involve an implicit environmental ethics.Yet the official policy language downplays the inherent valuejudgments, by portraying risk regulation as a matter of’objective‘ science. In parallel with safety regulation, thestate has devised an official bioethics that judges where to’draw the line‘ in applying biotechnological knowledge, as ifthe science itself were value-free. Bioethics may also judge howto ’balance‘ risks and benefits, as if their definition were notan issue. This form of ethics serves to compensate for theunacknowledged value-choices and institutional commitmentsalready embedded in R&D priorities. Thus the state separates’risk‘ and ’ethics‘, while assigning both realms to specialists.The risk/ethics boundary encourages public deference to theexpert assessments of both safety regulators and professionalethicists. Biotechnology embodies a contentious model of controlover nature and society, yet this issue becomes displaced andfragmented into various administrative controls. At stake arethe prospects for democratizing the problem-definitions thatguide R&D priorities.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Central American farmers ; Disease management ; Plant diseases
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cornell University and Zamorano (ThePanamerican School of Agriculture) facilitatedworkshops that provided Honduran and Nicaraguanfarmers new experience with plant diseases and helpedfarmers assimilate information and identify diseasemanagement alternatives. After learning about thebiology of plant diseases, farmers were able toidentify disease problems in their field, enablingthem to use pesticides more selectively. Furthermore,participants of seven courses conceived 273 pathogen-specificmanagement alternatives, and they identifiedon average 66 percent of the common recommendations by plantpathologists for the control of general disease types.Many ideas were novel and may represent newopportunities for improving the practice of diseasemanagement.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Indigenous culture ; Land tenure ; Special group rights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Communitarians have alleged a connection between according specialrights to community groupings and preserving the indigenous cultureand the social cohesion of the original community. This paperconcentrates upon special group rights associated with land tenurenow maintained by Fijian Mataqali and traditional land owninggroups in Papua New Guinea. The first section of the paper assessesand compares the social consequences of each of these systems withspecial attention to the preservation of traditional culture.However, in the case of Fiji, it is undeniable that the mataqaliland tenure system has given indigenous Fijians politicaladvantages over non-indigenous Fijians, most specifically theFijian Indians. Though special land rights can possibly bejustified on the grounds of cultural preservation, their existencedoes raise this further issue of fairness. Moral considerations basedupon the territorial sovereignty of indigenous nations, rather thancommunitarian arguments, may offer a more convincing justificationof the advantages of indigenous Fijians.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Agroforestry systems ; Farm households ; Income
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the cash budgets of farm householdsin western Kenya, off-farm occupations and cropsaccount for the most important sources of income. Treeand livestock products are of secondary importance incash terms, although farmers attach great importanceto trees as a source of income because of the variousnon-monetary functions they supply. The findingspresented in this paper suggest that two variables,the domestic development cycle of households andwealth, are likely to affect the adoption pattern ofcertain introduced agroforestry technologies,depending on farmers' strategies to produce treeproducts and milk for subsistence, largely for themarket or some combination of the two. However, forthe most part, farmers in western Kenya are likely togive first priority to investing in enterprises, suchas business and livestock production, that yieldshort-term financial returns as oppossed to investingin long-gestation agroforestry technologies whichprovide non-tangible benefits and financial returnsonly after several years.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 191-191 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 199-199 
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 211-226 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Biological control ; Ethical issues ; Biodiversity ; Parasitoids ; Predators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Testing of candidate biological control agents to estimate their likely field host ranges in the area of release has been part of weed biological control for several decades, with evolving techniques and goals. Similar efforts have been made less often for parasitoids and predators being introduced for arthropod biological control. Here, we review both techniques of host range testing and social objectives of such screening. We ask whether agents introduced for arthropod biological control should be subjected to host range testing before release, and if so, are methods used for estimating host ranges of herbivorous arthropods appropriate, or are different approaches needed. Current examples in which host range testing has been employed for arthropod biological control are reviewed. We conclude with recommendations concerning guiding principles about use of host range testing. We recommend modest expansion of host range testing for arthropod biological control for projects on continents. We recommend more extensive testing for projects of introduction onto islands. We note that introductions to islands could provide opportunities to gain experience in use of host range estimation for this class of organisms and to conduct post release evaluations of host ranges. We urge caution in efforts to mandate host range testing but simultaneously recommend consultation between biological control workers and insect conservationists.
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    Keywords: Biological control ; Biofungicides ; Ethical issues ; Food industry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Trichoderma ATCC 20476 based biofungicides have been marketed continuously on a small scale for 20 years. A more recently developed application for these biofungicides is the treatment of strawberries against the gray mold Botrytis cinerea. That application is examined in terms of Lockwood's criteria for ethics in biological control. Unaddressed risks resulting from the current scramble for market share in northern Europe are pointed out.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Biological control ; Ethical issues ; Environmental policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Of the four types of biological control, (1) natural, (2) conservation, (3) augmentation, and (4) importation), ethical concerns have been raised almost exclusively about only one type: importation. These concerns rest largely on fears of extinction of animal species. Importation biological control is a cost-effective alternative to chemical control for basic food crops of resource-poor farmers. Regarding the other types of biological control, natural biological control is not consciously manipulated by humans. Augmentation has some technical concerns, but is generally an environmentally-sound, viable alternative to chemicals and offers local employment. Conservation can help empower farmers to preserve native species, while saving labor and money and reducing chemical insecticides.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 303-310 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Biological control ; Environmental policy ; IPM programs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An emergent contradiction in the contemporary development of biological control is that of the prevalence of the substitution of periodic releases of natural enemies for chemical insecticides and the dominance of biotechnologically developed transgenic crops. Input substitution leaves in place the monoculture nature of agroecosystems, which in itself is a key factor in encouraging pest problems. Biotechnology, now under corporate control, creates more dependency and can potentially lead to Bt resistance, thus excluding from the market a key biopesticide. Approaches for putting back biological control into the hands of farmers (from artesanal biotechnology for grassroots biopesticide production Cuban style to farmer-to-farmer IPM networks, etc.) have been developed as a way to create a farmer centered approach to biological control
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 337-352 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: National parks ; Conservation ; Preservation ; France ; United Kingdom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Greenline parks are typically regions of mixed agricultural,grazing, and forest lands of sufficient scenic and/orecological value to merit conservation and preservationunder a land-use management plan for land largely in privateownership. The Parcs Naturels Régionaux (PNR) are anational system of greenline parks created in France in1967 to protect agriculture and other values in less favoredareas (typically hills or low mountains) suffering depopulationand economic deprivation aggravated by the Common AgriculturalPolicy created under the European Economic Community in 1956with a major objective of self-sufficiency in food production.Two developments contributing to creation of the PNR were themechanization of French agriculture and increasing environmentalawareness in France. The PNR emphasizes rural agriculturaldevelopment, conservation, and recreation, but ecologicalpreservation has increased in importance, as reflected inrecent policy changes. The national parks of the United Kingdomare a system of greenline parks slightly older than the PNR.Recent research has allowed comparative studies of the twosystems, leading to the conclusion that the British NationalParks have suffered from heavy-handed centralized planningthat has alienated local farmers and communities, while thePNR, under more local control, has neglected some of itsconservation and preservation responsibilities. However,recent policy reform promises to improve the PNR throughmore rigorous enforcement of conservation and ecologicalgoals by the central government.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 311-312 
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 394-395 
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 194-196 
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Protected areas ; Common property ; Community based conservation ; Dominican Republic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to the jeopardy caused to commonproperty regimes by conditions of open access, factorssuch as boundary ambiguity, shifts, and maintenancefailures are the causes of a different set of problemsin the Los Haitises National Park, a controversialprotected area in the Dominican Republic. Survey data,historical sources, and digital mapping informationoverlaying past boundary changes show that this areahas undergone two decades of design modifications inits perimeters. Despite a long history of communalownership in that country, there appears to be littlelikelihood of transforming this tradition into amodern common property regime of use to community andenvironment in the park‘s buffer zone. This is due, atleast in part, to its highly porous, constantlychanging boundary, a source of on-going, open-accessproblems among local cultivators peripheral to thepark.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 353-372 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Trees ; Spaces ; Controls ; Sympathetic visions ; Emancipatory visions ; Decentralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study explored local controls relating to trees and spacesof the local environment in Nyamaropa Communal Lands in theNyanga District of eastern Zimbabwe. Controls were consideredin a broad and inclusive framework encompassing codified rules,taboos, and, regulatory norms and emotions. Special emphasis waslaid on people‘s emotional and ethical investment in the abovecomponents of the environment – trees and spaces. The studyemployed intensive informal and group interviews. Results showthat there is tremendous emotional and ethical investment intrees and spaces of the environment in Nyamaropa. Emotions comein a variety of forms: fear, shunning, love, reverence, andconfidence and security enhancement. The emotional and ethicalnorms are designed to govern behavior and the context of resourceutilization. These norms have implications on the organization ofspaces of the local environment and regimes of resource utilizationoccurring in them. Location of resources in spaces of the environmenthas implications on the management of resources within them. Thedomains of human habitation – home bases and home fields – werefound to be the most emotionally laden spaces with trees in thembeing actively planted, nurtured, conserved, eliminated, or destroyedon the basis of certain emotions and norms. The findings of the studyhave implications within the framework of decentralization and ofdemocratization of natural resource management.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 405-407 
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Biological control ; Ethical issues ; Environmental risks ; Agricultural methods ; Social policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Social policies are used to regulate how members of a society interact and share resources. If we expand our sense of community to include the ecosystem of which we are a part, we begin to develop an ethical obligation to this broader community. This ethic recognizes that the environment has intrinsic value, and each of us, as members of society, are ethically bound to preserve its sustainability. In assessing the environmental risks of new agricultural methods and technologies, society should not freely trade economic gains for ecological damage, but rather seek practices that are compatible with ecosystem health. This approach is used to evaluate the environmental risks associated with genetically engineered insect-resistant trees. The use of insect-resistant trees is a biologically based pest control strategy that has several advantages over pesticide use. However, the use of genetically engineered trees presents particular ecological concerns because the trees are long lived and often are not highly domesticated. The main environmental concerns reviewed include: (1) adaptation of pests to the trees, leading to a non-sustainable agricultural practice, (2) transgenic trees producing environmental toxins, (3) insect resistance enhancing the invasiveness of the tree, causing it to become weedy or invade wild habitats, and (4) transfer of the transgene to wild or feral relatives of the tree, possibly increasing the invasiveness of weeds or wild plants. Some methods are available to offset these risks; however, the environmental risks associated with this technology have been poorly researched and need to be more clearly identified so that when we evaluate the risks, it is based on the best information obtainable. To fulfil an ethical obligation to the environment, public policies and government regulations are needed to preserve the sustainability of both the environment and the future of our production systems. A better understanding of both the ecological issues and of genetic engineering in general are needed on the part of citizens and policy makers alike to ensure that sound environmental decisions are made. Otherwise, the environmental benefits of this technology, mainly decreasing the use of more toxic pesticides in tree crops and forests, will either be lost or traded for other environmental hazards.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 291-302 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Biological control ; Ethical issues ; Environmental policy ; Alternative technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The 1989 collapse of trade relations with the former socialist bloc plunged Cuba into an economic and food crisis. Cuban farmers, scientists, and planners have responded with alternative agricultural technology to make up for imported food and Green Revolution inputs that are no longer available. A review of Cuban experience to date with biological pest control practices shows that, on the one hand, significant progress has been made that may serve as a model for other countries, while, on the other hand, there still remains a long way to go if Cuba is to create a truly sustainable agriculture. It is essential that we understand the Cuban case if we are to be concerned about ethical issues in biological control. The apparent ability of Cuba to overcome a food crisis without significant use of pesticides stretches our concept of the possible. It thus helps refute the most common argument – that we couldn't “feed the hungry” without pesticides – against taking the “ethical” position in real-world pest management policy debates.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 313-323 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Alienability ; Commodification ; Justification ; Plant variety rights (PVR) ; Scarcity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant variety rights legislation, now enactedin most Western countries, fosters the commodificationof plant varieties. In this paper, we look at theconceptual issues involved in understanding andjustifying this commodification, with particularemphasis on Australian legislation. The paper isdivided into three sections. In the first, we lay outa taxonomy of goods, drawing on this in the secondsection to point out that the standard justificationof the allocation of exclusionary property rights byappeal to scarcity will not do for abstract goods suchas plant varieties, since these goods are not madescarcer through consumption, and consideringalternative – economically consequentialist –justifications. In the third section, we considerthese justifications as they apply to the particularcase of the commodification of plant varieties, andthe legislation which fosters it. A definitive answerto the question of whether this legislation isadvantageous awaits further empirical information, butwe point to several intrinsically problematic aspectsof it.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 11-27 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Animal biotechnology ; Ethical theory ; Public opinion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Public controversy over animalbiotechnology is analyzed as a case that illustratestwo broad theoretical approaches for linking science,political or ethical theory, and public policy. Moralpurification proceeds by isolating the social,environmental, animal, and human health impacts ofbiotechnology from each other in terms of discretecategories of moral significance. Each of thesecategories can also be isolated from the sense inwhich biotechnology raises religious or metaphysicalissues. Moral purification yields a comprehensive andsystematic account of normative issues raised bycontroversial science. Hybridization proceeds bytaking concern for all these elements to be a mark ofsound moral character. The advocate of hybridizationinfers that those who employ a strategy ofpurification seek to avoid accountability by dividingissues, and hence are not to be trusted. Lack of trustincreases perceived risk and challenges the legitimacyof government regulations to control social,environmental, and human health risks that areestablished under separate mandate, and administeredby separate agencies.The close alignment between government agencies, theiracademic affines, and the categories of purificationplaces the purified analysis in a favored politicalposition. Legitimation of science-based policy inareas like animal biotechnology becomes problematicbecause the concern of those who would take a hybridapproach (arguably the majority of lay persons) tounderstanding controversial science are excluded.Ironically, this exclusion heightens the perception ofrisk from animal biotechnology. The paper concludeswith a call for procedural approaches to incorporatingthe hybrid view of science‘s moral significance.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 45-57 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Agricultural research ; New technologies ; Participation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In recent decades, constituenciesserved by land-grant agricultural research haveexperienced significant demographic and politicalchanges, yet most research institutions have not fullyresponded to address the concerns of a changingclientele base. Thus, we have seen continuingcontroversies over technologies produced by land-grantagricultural research. While a number of scholars havecalled for a more participatory agricultural scienceestablishment, we understand little about the processof enhancing and institutionalizing participation inthe US agricultural research enterprise. We firstexamine some of the important issues surroundingcitizen participation in science and technologypolicy. We then review and assess variousinstitutional mechanisms for participation that havebeen implemented in diverse settings by institutionsof science and technology. Based on evidence from theexperiences of these institutions, we argue that acloser approximation of the ‘public good’ can beachieved by encouraging the participation of thefullest range possible of constituents as an integralpart of the process of setting research priorities.
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 107-107 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 99
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Peasant farming systems ; Sustainability ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Many authors suggest the need to define ‘sustainable development’in operational terms. This paper looks at the problems ofattempting to ask whether peasant farming systems are sustainable.Any attempt at sustainability assessment needs to consider issuesrelated to the selected indicators or performance criteria, spatialscale or boundaries, and temporal scale. While there is certainlya need for more rigorous analysis of sustainability issues, thereis limited outlook for an approach based on indicators. Even if themany purely technical problems associated with specific indicatorscan be surmounted, will accurate bio-physical data advance ourknowledge about sustainability? Peasant systems arepolitically-guided management systems, whose boundaries are the state,not the field or the farm. Given the dynamic nature of peasant farmingsystems, where do we draw the line in assessing sustainability?Attempts at sustainability assessment 100 years ago or even 20–30years ago would have been completely superseded by events. We drawattention to the system as a whole, to a web of interconnections,causes and effects – of varying significance over both time andspace.
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  • 100
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    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Community ; Values ; Agriculture ethic ; Eating ethic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Concerns about values and caring in the USA are being widelyvoiced in many sectors of the society, including agriculture.The time seems right to bring new ideas about the ethics ofagriculture and eating into public discourse. The Society iswell situated to initiate the dialogue, and Paul Thompson'sbook {\it Spirit of the Soil} (1995) provides an excellentstarting point.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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