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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 12 (1991), S. 205-220 
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For given climatic rates of precipitation and potential evaporation, the land surface hydrology parameterizations of atmospheric general circulation models will maintain soil-water storage conditions that balance the moisture input and output. The surface relative soil saturation for such climatic conditions serves as a measure of the land surface parameterization state under a given forcing. The equilibrium value of this variable for alternate parameterizations of land surface hydrology are determined as a function of climate and the sensitivity of the surface to shifts and changes in climatic forcing are estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 95-114 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Soil moisture ; time scale ; non-Gaussian ; colored-noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Large-scale fields of soil moisture are forced by atmospheric precipitation and radiative forcing. When these forcing factors are themselves influenced by surface and soil moisture processes, the result is a nonlinear land-atmosphere system with inherent feedback mechanisms that may strongly modulate variability in climate. Given such feedbacks, simple randomness in the forcing factors may be manifested as a complex statistical signature in the surface hydrology. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of non-Gaussian and colored-noise on the probability distribution of soil moisture resulting from the statistical-dynamical land-atmosphere interaction model of Rodriguez-Iturbe et al. (1991). Persistence of hydroclimatologic anomalies as characterized by the correlation time scale of soil moisture is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1986), S. 311-348 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die zeitlichen Charakteristika der Niederschlagsvariabilität in Afrika werden mit Hilfe von Abweichungsserien von 84 Gebieten des Kontinents und 5 großräumigeren Zonen untersucht. Die untersuchten nicht zufälligen Aspekte sind lineare Trends, Persistenz und quasiperiodische Fluktuationen. Es lassen sich keine langfristigen Trends im Niederschlag Afrikas beweisen. In einigen Regionen, am deutlichsten an der bengalischen Küste und im äquatorialen Afrika, neigen abnormale Niederschlagsverhältnisse dazu, über mehrere Monate anzudauern und die Korrelationen zwischen den Jahreszeiten sind hoch. Spektralanalysen zeigten signifikante Periodizitäten, die in 4 Periodenbändern gehäuft waren: 2.2–2.4, 2.6-2.8, 3.3–3.8 und 5.0–6.3 Jahre. Das kann in ganz Äquatorial- und Südafrika nachgewiesen werden, kaum dagegen in Nordafrika. Eine Kreuzspektralanalyse mit der „Southern Oscillation” legt einen starken Einfluß auf die Niederschlagsvariabilität für Süd- und Teile Äquatorialafrikas nahe und nahezu keinen für Nordafrika. Die Koherenz mit der „Southern Oscülation” ist am stärksten im Bereich der „Quasi Biannual Oscillation” von 2.2–2.4 Jahren. Allgemein legt das Koherenzspektrum einen inversen Zusammenhang zwischen „Southem Oscillation Index” und Niederschlag in den Äquatorialregionen (das bedeutet: mehr Niederschlag in Jahren mit niedrigerem Index) und einen direkten Zusammenhang in den meisten anderen Gebieten, in denen der Einfluß nachgewiesen werden kann, nahe.
    Notes: Summary The temporal characteristics of rainfall variability in Africa are examined using departure series for 84 regions of the continent and five larger-scale zones. The forms of non-randomness which are investigated include linear trends, persistence and quasi-periodic fluctuations. No long-term trends in African rainfall are evident. In some sectors, most noteably along the Benguela coast and equatorial Africa, rainfall anomalies tend to persist over several months and interseasonal correlations are also high. Spectral analysis revealed significant quasi-periodicities clustered in four bands at 2.2–2.4, 2.6–2.8, 3.3–3.8 and 5.0–6.3 years. These are common throughout equatorial and southern Africa, but only weakly evident in northern Africa. A cross-spectral analysis with the Southern Oscillation suggests a strong influence on rainfall variability in southern Africa and parts of the equatorial region and minimal influence in northern Africa. Coherence with the Southern Oscillation is particularly strong in the QBO range of 2.2–2.4 years. In general, the co-spectra suggest an inverse relationship between the SOI and rainfall in equatorial regions (i.e., higher rainfall during low-index years) and a positive relationship with rainfall in most other regions where an influence can be demonstrated.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Rainfall ; Soil moisture ; Antecedent precipitation index ; Hydrometeorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario L'umidità del suolo è la variabile idrological di stato primaria che controlla ed è a sua volta controllata dai processi sulla superficie del terreno. La quantificazione dei meccanismi di retroazione fra superficie del terreno ed atmosfera deve comprendere l'umidità del suolo. La regione centro-occidentale degli Stati Uniti è usata come esempio in uno studio preliminare sull'ipotesi che la struttura e lo sviluppo di eventi di precipitazione siano influenzati dalle condizioni di umidità del suolo. In particolare, viene considerata l'influenza delle condizioni antecedenti di umidità del suolo sulle quantità di precipitazione e gli intervallamenti dei vari eventi. Le analisi basate sulle osservazioni indicano, che quando l'umidità del suolo è bassa, il periodo secco di attesa della pioggia successiva è più lungo del normale. Viene anche mostrato che le quantità di precipitazione sono maggiori quando l'umidità del suolo nel periodo antecedente è più alta del normale. Questo risultato supporta l'ipotesi secondo la quale le alluvioni dell' estate del 1993 negli Stati Uniti centro-occidentali furono parzialmente causate dalle condizioni antecedenti di umidità del suolo.
    Notes: Abstract Soil moisture is the primary hydrological state variable that controls and it is controlled by land surface processes. Assessment of feedback mechanisms between land surface and the atmosphere must involve soil moisture. The Midwestern region of the United States is used as a case example in the preliminary investigations on the hypothesis that the structure and development of storm events are influenced by soil moisture conditions. In particular we deal with the antecedent soil moisture condition influence on storm precipitation amounts and interstorm durations. The analysis based on observations indicates that when the soil moisture is low, the ensuing interstorm duration and drying period is anomalously long. We also show that storm precipitation amounts are larger when the antecedent soil moisture is anomalously high. This finding supports the hypotheses that the Summer 1993 floods over Midwestern United States were partially forced by moist antecedent conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-08-19
    Description: The Arctic region has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average — a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. The rapid Arctic warming has contributed to dramatic melting of Arctic sea ice and spring snow cover, at a pace greater than that simulated by climate models. These profound changes to the Arctic system have coincided with a period of ostensibly more frequent extreme weather events across the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes, including severe winters. The possibility of a link between Arctic change and mid-latitude weather has spurred research activities that reveal three potential dynamical pathways linking Arctic amplification to mid-latitude weather: changes in storm tracks, the jet stream, and planetary waves and their associated energy propagation. Through changes in these key atmospheric features, it is possible, in principle, for sea ice and snow cover to jointly influence mid-latitude weather. However, because of incomplete knowledge of how high-latitude climate change influences these phenomena, combined with sparse and short data records, and imperfect models, large uncertainties regarding the magnitude of such an influence remain. We conclude that improved process understanding, sustained and additional Arctic observations, and better coordinated modelling studies will be needed to advance our understanding of the influences on mid-latitude weather and extreme events.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    In:  EPIC3IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 14, pp. 4894-4914, ISSN: 1939-1404
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: icrowave radiometry has provided valuable spaceborne observations of Earth’s geophysical properties for decades. The recent SMOS, Aquarius, and SMAP satellites have demonstrated the value of measurements at 1400 MHz for observ- ing surface soil moisture, sea surface salinity, sea ice thickness, soil freeze/thaw state, and other geophysical variables. However, the information obtained is limited by penetration through the subsur- face at 1400 MHz and by a reduced sensitivity to surface salinity in cold or wind-roughened waters. Recent airborne experiments have shown the potential of brightness temperature measurements from 500–1400 MHz to address these limitations by enabling sensing of soil moisture and sea ice thickness to greater depths, sensing of temperature deep within ice sheets, improved sensing of sea salinity in cold waters, and enhanced sensitivity to soil moisture under veg- etation canopies. However, the absence of significant spectrum re- served for passive microwave measurements in the 500–1400 MHz band requires both an opportunistic sensing strategy and systems for reducing the impact of radio-frequency interference. Here, we summarize the potential advantages and applications of 500–1400 MHz microwave radiometry for Earth observation and review recent experiments and demonstrations of these concepts. We also describe the remaining questions and challenges to be addressed in advancing to future spaceborne operation of this technology along with recommendations for future research activities.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1997-04-01
    Print ISSN: 1436-3240
    Electronic ISSN: 1436-3259
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2007-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0168-1923
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-2240
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-04-28
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-07-10
    Description: Soil-salinization affects, to a different extent, more than one-third of terrestrial river basins (estimate based on the Food and Agriculture Organization Harmonized World Soil Database, 2012). Among these, many are endorheic and ephemeral systems already encompassing different degrees of aridity, land degradation, and vulnerability to climate change. The primary effect of salinization is to limit plant water uptake and evapotranspiration, thereby reducing available soil moisture and impairing soil fertility. In this, salinization resembles aridity and—similarly to aridity—may impose significant controls on hydrological partitioning and the strength of land–vegetation–atmosphere interactions at the catchment scale. However, the long-term impacts of salinization on the terrestrial water balance are still largely unquantified. Here, we introduce a modified Budyko’s framework explicitly accounting for catchment-scale salinization and species-specific plant salt tolerance. The proposed framework is used to interpret the water-budget data of 237 Australian catchments—29% of which are already severely salt-affected—from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP). Our results provide theoretical and experimental evidence that salinization does influence the hydrological partitioning of salt-affected watersheds, imposing significant constraints on water availability and enhancing aridity. The same approach can be applied to estimate salinization level and vegetation salt tolerance at the basin scale, which would be difficult to assess through classical observational techniques. We also demonstrate that plant salt tolerance has a preeminent role in regulating the feedback of vegetation on the soil water budget of salt-affected basins.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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