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  • Evolution
  • Springer  (25)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999  (25)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969
  • 1997  (25)
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  • 1995-1999  (25)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crustal structure, evolution, and volcanic unrest of the Alban Hills, Central Italy (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 59 (1997), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Structure ; Evolution ; Uplift ; Geodetic modeling ; Alban Hills
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Alban Hills, a Quaternary volcanic center lying west of the central Apennines, 15–25 km southeast of Rome, last erupted 19 ka and has produced approximately 290 km3 of eruptive deposits since the inception of volcanism at 580 ka. Earthquakes of moderate intensity have been generated there at least since the Roman age. Modern observations show that intermittent periods of swarm activity originate primarily beneath the youngest features, the phreatomagmatic craters on the west side of the volcano. Results from seismic tomography allow identification of a low-velocity region, perhaps still hot or partially molten, more than 6 km beneath the youngest craters and a high-velocity region, probably a solidified magma body, beneath the older central volcanic construct. Thirty centimeters of uplift measured by releveling supports the contention that high levels of seismicity during the 1980s and 1990s resulted from accumulation of magma beneath these craters. The volume of magma accumulation and the amount of maximum uplift was probably at least 40×106 m3 and 40 cm, respectively. Comparison of newer levelings with those completed in 1891 and 1927 suggests earlier episodes of uplift. The magma chamber beneath the western Alban Hills is probably responsible for much of the past 200 ka of eruptive activity, is still receiving intermittent batches of magma, and is, therefore, continuing to generate modest levels of volcanic unrest. Bending of overburden is the most likely cause of the persistent earthquakes, which generally have hypocenters above the 6-km-deep top of the magma reservoir. In this view, the most recent uplift and seismicity are probably characteristic and not precursors of more intense activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050183
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural control of the pyloric region in the foregut of the shrimp Penaeus (Decapoda: Penaeidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 181 (1997), S. 367-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Stomatogastric ganglion ; Penaeus ; Pyloric circuit ; Neurotransmitter ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pyloric pattern-generating neurons that control the pyloric region of the foregut were identified in the stomatogastric ganglion of the most primitive decapod genus Penaeus. Five types of motor neurons and one interneuron are involved in generation of pyloric motor pattern. One cell type of motor neurons innervates muscles of both the gastric mill and the pylorus like the gastric motor neurons in Cancer, but unlike those in Panulirus. These identified neurons are connected to each other either by electrical or inhibitory chemical synapses to construct the neural circuit. This pyloric circuit is similar to the homologous circuit of other crustacean species though some differences are seen in synaptic connections, supporting the hypothesis that the basic design of the neural circuit has been conserved during evolution of the Malacostraca, and that differences have occurred in the synaptic connectivity as the foregut structure has become complex. The motor neurons use either acetylcholine or glutamate as a neurotransmitter like in reptantians. The foregut structure, the number of the pyloric cells, muscle innervation, neurotransmitters, and circuitry are compared among malacostracan crustaceans to provide insight into how the neural circuits change and evolve to produce the motor patterns mediating behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050122
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bat-deafness in day-flying moths (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae, Dioptinae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 181 (1997), S. 477-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Insects ; Bats ; Ears ; Evolution ; Neotropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Assuming that bat-detection is the primary function of moth ears, the ears of moths that are no longer exposed to bats should be deaf to echolocation call frequencies. To test this, we compared the auditory threshold curves of 7 species of Venezuelan day-flying moths (Notodontidae: Dioptinae) to those of 12 sympatric species of nocturnal moths (Notodontidae: Dudusinae, Noctuidae and Arctiidae). Whereas 2 dioptines (Josia turgida, Zunacetha annulata) revealed normal ears, 2 (J. radians, J. gopala) had reduced hearing at bat-specific frequencies (20–80 kHz) and the remaining 3 (Thirmida discinota, Polypoetes circumfumata and Xenorma cytheris) revealed pronounced to complete levels of high-frequency deafness. Although the bat-deaf ears of dioptines could function in other purposes (e.g., social communication), the poor sensitivities of these species even at their best frequencies suggest that these moths represent a state of advanced auditory degeneration brought about by their diurnal life history. The phylogeny of the Notodontidae further suggests that this deafness is a derived (apomorphic) condition and not a retention of a primitive (pleisiomorphic), insensitive state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050131
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acoustic communication underground: vocalization characteristics in subterranean social mole-rats (Cryptomys sp., Bathyergidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 180 (1997), S. 245-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Mole-rat  ;  Vocalization  ;  Acoustic communication  ;  Subterranean mammal  ; Hearing  ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In captive adult Zambian mole-rats 14 different sounds (13 true vocalizations) have been recorded during different behavioural contexts. The sound analysis revealed that all sounds occurred in a low and middle frequency range with main energy below 10 kHz. The majority of calls contained components of 1.6–2 kHz, 0.63–0.8 kHz, and/or 5–6.3 kHz. The vocalization range thus matched well the hearing range as established in other studies. The frequency content of courtship calls in two species of Zambian Cryptomys was compared with that in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) and blind mole-rats (Spalax ehrenbergi) as described in the literature. The frequency range of maximum sound energy is negatively correlated with the body weight and coincides with the frequencies of best hearing in the respective species. In general, the vocalization range in subterranean mammals is shifted towards low frequencies which are best propagated in underground burrows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050045
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conservation and divergence in the control of yolk protein genes in dipteran insects (1997)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 207 (1997), S. 264-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words yolk protein genes ; Calliphora ; Musca ; Evolution ; doublesex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have investigated the conservation of regulatory elements for sex- and tissue-specific gene expression in three dipteran species, Drosophila melanogaster, Musca domestica and Calliphora erythrocephala, using the yolk protein (yp) genes. Yolk proteins of the fruitfly, medfly, housefly and blowfly are very well conserved both in their sequence and their expression in ovarian follicle cells and in fat bodies of adult females. Furthermore, yp regulation by both hormonal and nutritional factors shows similar features in all four species. To study conservation of yp regulation in dipteran insects, we tested 5′ flanking regions from one Musca yp gene and one Calliphora yp gene for enhancer functions in D. melanogaster. Two fragments of 823 and 1046 bp isolated from Musca and Calliphora yp genes, respectively, are able to direct correct expression of a reporter gene in the ovarian follicle cells of transformed Drosophila at specific stages during oogenesis. Surprisingly, these enhancers do not confer sex-specific reporter gene expression in the fat body, as expression was found in both sexes of the transformed flies. None-the-less by in vitro DNA/protein interaction assays, a 284-bp DNA region from the Musca yp enhancer was able to bind the Drosophila DOUBLESEX (DSX) protein, which in D.melanogaster confers sex-specific expression of yp. We speculate that the sex-determining pathway is not directly involved in yp regulation in Musca or Calliphora adult females, but depends instead on hormonal controls to achieve sex-specific expression of yp genes in the adult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050114
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homeobox genes in axolotl lateral line placodes and neuromasts (1997)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 207 (1997), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Sense organ embryology ; Ambystoma embryology ; Homeobox genes ; Vertebrate genetics ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Gene expression has been studied in considerable detail in the developing vertebrate brain, neural crest, and some placode-derived organs. As a further investigation of vertebrate head morphogenesis, expression patterns of several homeobox-containing genes were examined using whole-mount in situ hybridization in a sensory system primitive for the vertebrate subphylum: the axolotl lateral lines and the placodes from which they develop. Axolotl Msx-2 and Dlx-3 are expressed in all of the lateral line placodes. Both genes are expressed throughout development of the lateral line system and their expression continues in the fully developed neuromasts. Expression within support cells is highly polarized. In contrast to most other observations of Msx genes in vertebrate organogenesis, expression of Msx-2 in developing lateral line organs is exclusively epithelial and is not associated with epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. A Hox-complex gene, Hoxb-3, is shown to be expressed in the embryonic hindbrain and in a lateral line placode at the same rostrocaudal level, but not in other placodes nor in mature lateral line organs. A Hox gene of a separate paralog group, Hoxa-4, is expressed in a more posterior hindbrain domain in the embryo, but is not expressed in the lateral line placode at that rostrocaudal level. These data provide the first test of the hypothesis that the neurogenic placodes develop in two rostrocaudal series aligned with the rhombomeric segments and patterned by combinations of Hox genes in parallel with the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050116
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TNFB polymorphisms characterize three lineages of TNF region microsatellite haplotypes (1997)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 47 (1997), S. 6-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words TNF ; Microsatellites ; Haplotype ; Evolution ; Response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contains a variety of genes, many of which are highly polymorphic and of immunological importance. A database of MHC extended haplotypes was used to integrate experimental, cell line, and population data. Three alleles of the human TNF-beta (lymphotoxin-alpha) gene were identified, named TNFB *1SL, TNFB *2LL, and TNFB *1LS, each representing a different lineage in the evolution of TNF region haplotypes. Lower variability in the length of the associated microsatellite alleles indicates that *1SL characterizes the youngest of the three haplotype lineages. Microsatellite haplotypes in the two older lineages show evidence for a coevolution of alleles through concerted expansions. Genetic predispositions to high and low TNF-alpha (cachectin) responses seem to have evolved independently in more than one lineage. The literature data suggest different, or even opposite, associations concerning the regulation of TNF-alpha in macrophages and lymphoid cells. Microsatellite ud may be the most informative marker for studies of the associations of individual TNF region markers with secretion levels, immunity, and disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050320
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of a transketolase gene from Kluyveromyces lactis reveals that the yeast enzymes are more related to transketolases of prokaryotic origins than to those of higher eukaryotes (1997)
    Springer
    Current genetics 31 (1997), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key wordsKluyveromyces lactis ; Transketolase ; Evolution ; Carbohydrate metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of the pentose-phosphate pathway in carbohydrate metabolism of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, and the evolutionary relationships between the encoding genes, was investigated. For this purpose, we isolated the gene encoding transketolase (KlTKL1) and determined its nucleotide sequence. Surprisingly, comparisons of the deduced amino-acid sequence with those from other organisms revealed that the yeast enzymes are more related to those from prokaryotic sources than to those from higher eukaryotes. Functional analyses showed that KlTKL1 also complemented a Saccharomyces cerevisiae tkl1 tkl2 double mutant for growth in the absence of aromatic amino acids and restored transketolase activity in this mutant. A band detected in these transformants by Western-blot analysis corresponded to a band detected in K. lactis both in a wild-type strain and in a multicopy transformant with elevated transketolase activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050171
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin and evolution of mitochondria: what have we learnt from red algae? (1997)
    Springer
    Current genetics 31 (1997), S. 193-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Mitochondrial genome ; Red algae ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this review is to present an account of our current understanding of the structure, organization and evolution of mitochondrial genomes, and to discuss the origin and evolution of mitochondria from the perspective recently provided by the extensive sequenc-ing of various mitochondrial genomes. Mitochondrial-en-coded protein phylogenies are congruent with nuclear phylogenies and strongly support a monophyletic origin of mitochondria. The newly available data from red-algal mitochondrial genomes, in particular, show that the structural and functional diversity of mitochondrial genomes can be accounted for by paralogous evolution. We also discuss the influence of other constraints, such as uniparental inheritance, on the evolution of genome organization in mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050196
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Plasticity of the mitochondrial genome in Podospora. Polymorphism for 15 optional sequences: group-I, group-II introns, intronic ORFs and an intergenic region (1997)
    Springer
    Current genetics 31 (1997), S. 308-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Mitochondria ; Introns ; Evolution ; Fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial chromosome of 15 Podo-spora anserina and one Podospora comata wild-type strains have been extensively examined for the presence of optional elements and for sequence divergence. Among the P. anserina strains, nine optional sequences were found. By comparing P. anserina with the closely related and weakly interfertile P. comata species, six additional optional sequences were detected. These optional elements correspond to mitochondrial introns belonging to different groups and subgroups (11 cases), intronic open reading frames (two cases), a complex insert and an intergenic region. Although difficult to explain, the distribution of optional mitochondrial sequences among the 15 wild-type isolates of P. anserina is far from random.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050210
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  • 11
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    The evolution of the Calvin cycle from prokaryotic to eukaryotic chromosomes: a case study of functional redundancy in ancient pathways through endosymbiosis (1997)
    Springer
    Current genetics 32 (1997), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Chloroplast ; Mitochondria ; Endosymbiosis ; Endosymbiotic gene transfer ; Calvin cycle ; Glycolysis ; Evolution ; Amitochondriate ; Metabolism ; Compartmentation ; Hydrogenosome ; Eukaryote ; Origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary histories of the 12 enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the Calvin cycle in higher-plant chloroplasts are summarized. They are shown to be encoded by a mixture of nuclear genes of cyanobacterial and proteobacterial origin. Moreover, where cytosolic isoforms of these enzymes are found they are almost invariably encoded by genes of clearly endosymbiont origin. We infer that endosymbiosis resulted in functional redundancy that was eliminated through differential gene loss, with intruding eubacterial genes repeatedly replacing pre-existing nuclear counterparts to which they were either functionally or structurally homologous. Our findings fail to support the `product-specificity corollary', which predicts re-targeting of nuclear-encoded gene products to the organelle from whose genome they originated. Rather it would appear that the enzymes of central carbohydrate metabolism have evolved novel targeting possibilities regardless of their origins. Our findings suggest a new hypothesis to explain organelle genome persistence, based on the testable idea that some organelle-encoded gene products might be toxic when present in the cytosol or other inappropriate cellular compartments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050241
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    The cox1 gene from Euglena gracilis: a protist mitochondrial gene without introns and genetic code modifications Received: 10 October / 22 November 1996 (1997)
    Springer
    Current genetics 31 (1997), S. 208-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key wordsEuglena ; Mitochondria ; cox1 ; Evolution ; RNA editing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We present the nucleotide sequence of the cox 1 gene encoding subunit 1 of cytochrome c oxidase in Euglena gracilis, the first report on a mitochondrial gene from this protist. Its study reveals that the Euglena mitochondrial genome does not appear as a compact and homogeneous structure and that its A+T content is high (about 76%) whereas this value is less than 50% in nuclear DNA. The Euglena cox1 gene does not exhibit any intron, and an amino-acid alignment of Euglena COX1 with homologous proteins shows that the universal genetic code is used. Comparisons of the genomic and cDNA sequences of Euglena cox1 indicate that the transcript does not undergo RNA editing as found in trypanosomes and in higher plants. The phylogeny obtained with COX1 protein sequences is in agreement with that obtained with nuclear rRNA sequences and places Euglena and Trypanosoma far apart from other eukaryotes. This result strengthens the hypothesis that these protists represent the earliest mitochondrion-containing organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050197
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Detection of multiple stimulus features forces a trade-off in the pyramidal cell network of a gymnotiform electric fish's electrosensory lateral line lobe (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 182 (1997), S. 103-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Constraint ; Electroreception ; Evolution ; Sensory system ; Neural network
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Modification of an existing neural structure to support a second function will produce a trade-off between the two functions if they are in some way incompatible. The trade-off between two such sensory functions is modeled here in pyramidal neurons of the gymnotiform electric fish's medullar electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL). These neurons detect two electric stimulus features produced when a nearby object interferes with the fish's autogenous electric field: (1) amplitude modulation across a cell's entire receptive field and (2) amplitude variation within a cell's receptive field produced by an object's edge. A model of sensory integration shows that detection of amplitude modulation and enhancement of spatial contrast involve an inherent mechanistic trade-off and that the severity of the trade-off depends on the particular algorithm of sensory integration. Electrophysiology data indicate that of the two algorithms for sensory integration modeled here for the gymnotiform fish Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus, the algorithm with the better trade-off function is used. Further, the intrinsic trade-off within single cells has been surmounted by the replication of ELL into multiple electrosensory map segments, each specialized to emphasize different sensory features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050162
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    The economy as an evolving network (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 7 (1997), S. 339-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Key words: Market organisation ; Network ; Communication ; Evolution ; Learning ; JEL-classification: C70; D23; D40; L11
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a view of the economy as a network of links between the individuals involved. One approach is to consider the structure of links as fixed as is the case with spatial models in which agents are situated on a lattice, another is to regard all links as possible but stochastic. If the probability of any of the links existing is uniform we have the situation familiar from the “population games” of evolutionary game theory. The basic idea here is to allow the network to evolve and to make the probability of each of the links dependent on the experience of the agents involved. Such analysis can give rise to interesting behaviour on the aggregate level which is very different from that which might have been predicted by looking at the individuals in isolation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001910050047
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  • 15
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    Analysis of a set of homoeologous group 1 wheat-Aegilops umbellulata recombinant chromosome lines using genetic markers (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 293-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Glutenin loci ; Mapping ; Evolution ; Genome organization ; Wheat ; Aegilops umbellulata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven wheat-Ae. umbellulata recombinant lines involving chromosome 1U, including an important high-molecular-weight glutenin locus, were characterized by protein and RFLP markers. Four 1U-1A recombinants, one 1U-1B recombinant, two 1U deletions with either nullisomy for chromosome 1A or 1B and a 1U ditelosomic addition line were detected, while 3 recombinant lines involved 1U and non-homoeologous wheat chromosomes. Similar recombination events were found in independent lines, and no small segmental translocations of Ae. umbellulata chromatin were detected. Correlation of the markers with physical maps of the wheat-Ae. umbellulata breakpoints obtained using in situ hybridization enabled the marker order to be established on chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1U. The short arm of chromosome 1A probably differs from both 1U and 1B by one inversion. As now being found to be universal in the Triticeae, clustering of the genetical map in the distal physical regions of the group 1 chromosomes was found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050413
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  • 16
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    Chloroplast DNA variation and evolution in the genus Lens Mill (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 452-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Lentil ; Evolution ; Domestication ; cpDNA ; Plastid inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction site diversity was assessed by 21 enzyme/probe combinations in 30 accessions of six Lens species, including the recently recognized L. lamottei and L. tomentosus. A total of 118 fragments were scored and 26 restriction site mutations were identified. The cpDNA restriction pattern supports circumscribing L. lamottei and L. tomentosus as independent species. The value of the data for reconstructing phylogeny in the genus is discussed. The cpDNA of all 13 accessions of the lentil’s wild progenitor, L. culinaris subsp. orientalis, differed from that of the single lentil cultivars used in this study. This diversity indicates that other populations of this subspecies from Turkey and Syria examined by Mayer and Soltis (1994) are potentially the founder members of lentil. Examination of L. lamottei×L. nigricans hybrids between accessions having different restriction patterns showed paternal plastid inheritance in L. nigricans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050436
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  • 17
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    Phylogenetic analysis in the Festuca-Lolium complex using molecular markers and ITS rDNA (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 1038-1046 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Lolium ; Festuca ; Phylogeny ; Chloroplast DNA ; ITS sequence ; Genetic distance ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Molecular markers were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among the eight species of ryegrass (Lolium) and 11 species of fescue (Festuca). RAPD and RFLP analyses were carried out on total bulked DNA from each population. Factorial analysis of a phenetic distance matrix yielded three major groups: (1) fine-leaved fescues, (2) broad-leaved fescues and (3) ryegrasses. Six non-coding regions of chloroplastic DNA were PCR-amplified, then digested by 20 restriction enzymes. Nuclear rDNA sequences, including internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) were used to estimate the average proportion of nucleotide substitutions. The correlation between substitution rate estimated from ITS sequences and that estimated from organelle DNA restriction sites was very high (0.94), and the corresponding UPGMA trees were very similar, with a slightly better resolution of the ITS tree in the Lolium genus. The time-scale inferred from substitution rates indicated that the period since divergence of the broad-leaved fescues from the fine-leaved fescues was four times as long as that since divergence of the genus Lolium from the former. Among the broad-leaved fescues, meadow fescue was closer to the Lolium group, while F. glaucescens and tall fescue were very closely related. North-African fescues were clustered together and giant fescue was the most differentiated species in this group. Our dataset was merged with ITS sequences recovered from the EMBL database, and the neighbor-joining method was used to draw a phylogenetic tree. In this tree, the tribe Poeae was clearly monophyletic, and more closely related to the Aveneae than to the Triticeae or Bromoideae. The genus Festuca appeared somewhat artificial, since Vulpia myuros and Dactylis glomerata were placed between fine-leaved and broad-leaved fescues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050512
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  • 18
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    Variation in the psbC gene region of gymnosperms and angiosperms as detected by a single restriction site polymorphism (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 1065-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Trees ; Chloroplast DNA ; PCR-RFLP ; Genetic variation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  This paper reports on a PCR-RFLP analysis in a chloroplast DNA region consisting of coding and intergenic spacer sequences of trnS and the adjacent psbC gene. This region was PCR-amplified in 62 woody plant species, predominantly tree species, that represent a broad systematic range in both gymnosperms and dicotyledonous angiosperms. The amplification products were digested by the restriction endonuclease HaeIII (GG↓CC). Fourteen different restriction patterns occurred, 5 of which characterised representatives of the gymnosperms, and 9 angiosperm representatives. A single restriction site polymorphism revealed most of the species to share restriction patterns. Groups formed which showed relationships to plant systematic units. This phenomenon is discussed with regard to the psbC gene and the GGCC motif for tracing species’ relationships on a high taxonomic level of gymnosperms and angiosperms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050516
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  • 19
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    Evolving complexity (1997)
    Springer
    Artificial life and robotics 1 (1997), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1614-7456
    Keywords: Evolution ; Software ; Artificial life ; Natural selection ; Artificial selection ; Evolvability ; Ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A review of efforts to implement the process of evolution in a computational medium. The review will cover prominent examples, and discuss the major classes of implementations, their successes, and the obstacles they face.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471107
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of mutagenesis in aging Escherichia coli colonies (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 256 (1997), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Starvation ; Catabolite repression ; DNA repair ; SOS response ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bacteria live in unstructured and structured environments, experiencing feast and famine lifestyles. Bacterial colonies can be viewed as model structured environments. SOS induction and mutagenesis have been observed in aging Escherichia coli colonies, in the absence of exogenous sources of DNA damage. This cAMP-dependent mutagenesis occurring in Resting Organisms in a Structured Environment (ROSE) is unaffected by a umuC mutation and therefore differs from both targeted UV mutagenesis and recA730 (SOS constitutive) untargeted mutagenesis. As a recB mutation has only a minor effect on ROSE mutagenesis it also differs from both adaptive reversion of the lacI33 allele and from iSDR (inducible Stable DNA Replication) mutagenesis. Besides its recA and lexA dependence, ROSE mutagenesis is also uvrB and polA dependent. These genetic requirements are reminiscent of the untargeted mutagenesis in λ phage observed when unirradiated λ infects UV-irradiated E. coli. These mutations, which are not observed in aging liquid cultures, accumulate linearly with the age of the colonies. ROSE mutagenesis might offer a good model for bacterial mutagenesis in structured environments such as biofilms and for mutagenesis of quiescent eukaryotic cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050570
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Darwinian theory for the origin of cellular differentiation (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 255 (1997), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Cell differentiation ; Evolution ; Gene expression ; Protein phosphorylation ; Stochastic processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this theory, cell differentiation is a two-step mechanism at each stage of development. In the first step, gene expression is unstable. It occurs stochastically and produces different cell types. In the second step gene expression is stabilized by means of cellular interactions. However, this stabilization cannot occur until the combination of cell phenotypes corresponding to the developmental stage is expressed. This selection mechanism prevents disorganizing consequences of stochasticity in gene expression and directs the embryo towards the adult stage. Instability and stochasticity in gene expression are caused by random displacement of regulators along DNA, whereas phosphorylation and/or dephosphorylation of transcriptional regulators triggered by signal transduction between cells are responsible for the stabilization of stochastic gene expression. The origin of cellular differentiation is explained as an adaptation of cells to metabolic gradients created by substrate diffusion inside growing cell populations. This mechanism provides cells with complementary metabolism, increasing their ability to use food resources. Because the metabolic gradients are dependent on external substrate concentrations, cellular differentiation can also be viewed as an extension of natural selection inside organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050490
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extensive structural conservation exists among several homologs of two Euglena chloroplast group II introns (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 257 (1997), S. 45-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsEuglena ; Chloroplast ; Group II intron ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 82 of the 155 chloroplast introns in Euglena gracilis have been categorized as group II introns. Because they are shorter and more divergent than group II introns from other organisms, the assignment of these Euglena introns to the group II class has been questioned. In the current study, two homologs of E. gracilispetB intron 1 and four homologs of psbC intron 2 have been isolated from related species and characterized. Based on a comparative sequence analysis of intron homologs, the intron core and four of the six helical domains present in the canonical group II intron structural model are conserved in E. gracilispetB intron 1 and psbC intron 2 and all of their homologs. Distal portions of domain I, which are involved in most of the tertiary interactions, are less well conserved than the central core.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050622
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVOLUTION AND ULTIMATUM BARGAINING (1997)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 42 (1997), S. 147-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: Evolution ; fairness ; dominance ; bargaining ; mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Empirical research has discovered that experimental subjects in ultimatum bargaining situations generally fail to play the decision-theoretic optimum strategy, and instead play something between that strategy and a fair split. In evolutionary dynamics, fair division and nearly fair division strategies often go to fixation and weakly dominated strategies can do quite well. Computer simulations were done using three different ultimatum bargaining games as determinates of fitness. (1) No tendency toward the elimination of weakly dominated strategies was observed, with or without mutation. (2) Strategies making fair demands had sizable basins of attraction. (3) In a system where five different demands can be made, demands closest to (approximately) 91% had the largest basins of attraction. (4) If the strategies have thresholds for acceptable demands, rather than individuated responses to each demand, the apparent optimum demand may be quite low: 64% for one set of trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004919326873
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution on a smooth landscape (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 87 (1997), S. 519-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Evolution ; birth/death processes ; mean-field ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study in detail a recently proposed simple discrete model for evolution on smooth landscapes. An asymptotic solution of this model for long times is constructed. We find that the dynamics of the population is governed by correlation functions that although being formally down by powers ofN (the population size), nonetheless control the evolution process after a very short transient. The long-time behavior can be found analytically since only one of these higher order correlators (the two-point function) is relevant. We compare and contrast the exact findings derived herein with a previously proposed phenomenological treatment employing mean-field theory supplemented with a cutoff at small population density. Finally, we relate our results to the recently studied case of mutation on a totally flat landscape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181235
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of DNA on Y-chromosome in hominoid primates as examined by PCR (1997)
    Springer
    Human evolution 12 (1997), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Y-chromosome ; Hominoids ; PCR ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Every species of non-human primates, especially those of hominoids, has a variety of reproductive structures and accompanying male traits, such as sexual dimorphism and relative size of testis to body weight, which may be at least partly triggered by DNA on the Y-chromosome. Recently, a panel of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) primer sets were designed to amplify various DNA segments spread over the human Y-chromosome. We applied these primer sets for amplification of DNA segments on the Y-chromosome of hominoid species: chimpanzee, bonobo (Pygmy chimpanzee), gorilla, orangutan, whitehanded gibbon, agile gibbon, and Japanese monkey as an out group. The DNA segments including SRY, testis determining factor, and ZFX/ZFY could be amplified clearly in males of all species examined. These highly conserved genes may serve important biological functions. However, as the phylogenic distance from humans increased, some of the DNA segments could not be amplified. For example, DYZ1 (SY160) could be amplified only using human DNA as a template, and DYF60S1 (SY61), DYZ217 (SY126) and DYS233 (SY148) could be amplified only using human and African great ape DNA. It is interesting to note that locus DYS250 (SY17) could not be amplified in chimpanzee and bonobo but amplified in gorilla and orangutan. Locus DYS251 (SY18) was amplified in all species except the white-handed gibbon. These results indicate that a variety of evolutionary events including mutation, deletion, insertion, and rearrangement occurred in Y-chromosome DNA during primate evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438177
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