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  • Articles  (458)
  • Emerald  (339)
  • Wiley  (119)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Society of Hematology
  • EMBO Press
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (458)
  • 1997  (458)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (458)
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  • Articles  (458)
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Publisher
Years
  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (458)
Year
Journal
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modern two-stroke engine lubrication (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 5-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes the basic orbital combustion process X engine and gives the specification of the lubricant required. Sets out the objectives of a programme for the development of a lubricant for the IAPAC two-stroke engine being developed in France and Italy. Also describes ELEVATE, another development engine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710159230
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conventional two-stroke engine lubrication (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 8-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Gives the results of trials conducted in China which show the use of top-grade, low smoke, part synthetic two-stroke oil gives better performance and four times longer engine life than the four-stroke engine oils generally used to lubricate two-stroke engines in China. Sets out existing and proposed international standards for two-stroke engine oils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710159249
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pump protection and repair (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 10-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Outlines the use of rubber, ceramic, metallic and plastic coatings to protect pump components from corrosion and abrasive wear. Describes in detail the products of two specialist companies in this field and gives examples of their uses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710159258
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pretzel oven carbon bearings (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 13-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Uses the case of a continuous-flow travelling oven to illustrate the use of carbon bearings in adverse environments which preclude the use of lubricants. Gives more general information regarding the use of carbon-graphite bearing materials for a variety of applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710781257
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Counterface surfaces for radial seals (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 68-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents the comparative surface roughness measurement data from a paper on the wear of filled PTFE lip seals in contact with a variety of different surfaces, as reported in a paper from the University of Stuttgart Institute of Machine Elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710163884
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crambe oil - a potential new hydraulic oil and quenchant (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The technical properties of Crambe abyssinica oil prompted the co-operation between a research institute and a lubricant producer to determine some possible industrial applications. The results confirm the special physico-chemical characteristics of crambe oil which, compared with some vegetable or synthetic oils, shows a higher heat removal capability and interesting lubrication characteristics. The research establishes that crambe oil could be a good hydraulic fluid. These findings led to the cultivation of a suitable area with Crambe abyssinica to obtain a sufficient amount of oil for lubricant formulation on a commercial scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710163893
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oil ageing - drain period in a petrol engine (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 120-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The more frequently an engine oil is changed, the more the overhaul life of the engine is extended but with an increase in the cost both of the oil and of the oil drain services. If engine oil is changed less frequently the associated costs will decrease. In order to find the optimum drain interval, it is necessary to establish the relationship between the cost of the oil and oil drain services and the cost of more frequent overhauls. Presents an investigation into the degradation of a proprietary lubricant marketed in Turkey, and the wear rate of a petrol engine driven in urban traffic. Lubricant samples were examined approximately every 2,000km for deterioration of the lubricant and evidence of wear of the engine components. From the experimental results, determines the optimum oil drain period of the engine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710165747
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lubricant growth forecasts (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 176-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summarizes the results of a recent study of the US industrial lubricants industry. Highlights the negative effect on volume gains that inevitably will occur following the institution of fluid management programmes incorporating recirculation and recycling efforts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710175322
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Used oil reclamation processes (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 178-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Defines the four main routes for reclaiming used oils - recovery as fuel; reconditioning on site; oil laundering and re-refining. Places used oil re-refining in its historical context and presents profiles of the (only) two used-oil re-refiners in the UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710175331
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asbestos-free jointing products (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Discusses the properties of various asbestos-free gasket materials, in particular expanded PTFE. Presents the factors which need to be taken into account when choosing a gasket. Highlights the requirements of gaskets in the automotive industry and the conditions they have to withstand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710189499
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New low cost Ferrofluidic sealing challenges the mechanical seal (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 288-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: States that magnetic fluids, in a zero leakage, non-wearing seal, offer an innovative solution to the problems of harmful emissions from rotating process equipment. Discusses the properties and uses of the new GT series of ferrofluids from AP&T Ltd.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710189507
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tribological characterization of composite powder metallurgy valve train components for heavy duty diesel engines under starved or unlubricated conditions (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 220-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A valve train system which could work in the absence of lubricants could reduce engine oil consumption. Routes to produce such a valve system have been explored, and composites, mostly powder metallurgy (PM) containing solid lubricants, have been tried. The expectation from utilizing these materials, keeping, at least, unchanged the life of engine components, is a reduction in oil consumption and oil fog in the cylinder head and a big environmental benefit. Various sintered materials for three different engine components - valve cap, valve seat and valve guide - have been developed and tested by disk-on-disk and fretting tests, in cold and hot conditions, respectively. Prototype components were produced, and the successful ones were then evaluated by an engine endurance test. The sintered valve cap and guide gave very interesting results in terms of friction coefficient and reduction of environmental pollution. Discusses the tribological characterization and the evaluation of these sintered materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00368799710184548
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary Flow Solder Wettability Test* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 4-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A test procedure was developed to assess the capillary flow wettability of soldersinside a confined geometry. The test geometry comprised two parallel plates with a controlledgap of constant thickness (0.008 cm, 0.018 cm, 0.025 cm and 0.038 cm). Capillaryflow was assessed by: (1) the meniscus or capillary rise of the solder withinthe gap; (2) the extent of void formation in the gap; and (3)the time dependence of the risen solder film. Tests were performed with the lead-freesolders 95Sn-5Sb, 96.5Sn-3.5Ag, and 91.84Sn-3.33Ag-4.83Bi. The capillary rise of the lead-free solders was less than that observed with the 63Sn-37Pb control. Reducing the solder surfacetension and contact angle improved capillary flow. Void formation by the non lead soldersincreased as the gap became smaller. The extent of voiding was determined primarily by the gapsize rather than the wettability parameters (contact angle or surface tension) of theindividual alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710777743
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Build Cycle Time Reduction through Process Optimisation* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 4-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Since establishing a low volume, high reliability surface mount technology(SMT) facility, a number of problems have been overcome as part of the learningexperience. The tailoring of processes for a flexible assembly area brought to light a number ofissues that traditional SMT facilities do not face. This paper describes the many processesoptimised by the SMT facility team in becoming an on-time, high reliability producer. The topics include the development of design standards, forming, tinning, stencil printing, andcomponent placement. Several producibility enhancements are also described in acase-study of a solder mask evaluation project. The paper describes the many processimprovements implemented over the past few years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710777789
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some Problems in Switching to Lead-free Solders* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 11-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The electronics industry seems to be under slightly less pressure, at present, to move to lead-freesolders. Nevertheless, many companies are interested in switching to comply with initiativesaimed at reducing the use of toxic materials such as lead. At the same time, these and othercompanies are hoping to use the improved properties of many lead-free solders toincrease solder joint reliability. While lead-free solders can indeed giveimproved properties in the proper system, using them with lead-containing materials canactually give poorer properties and uncertain reliability. It is important to understand thesematerials' interactions as thoroughly as possible before introducing new soldercompositions. To illustrate this point, some case histories will be presented, along with a generaldiscussion of how solders and substrates can and do interact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710777761
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructurally Based Finite Element Simulation on Solder Joint Behaviour* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The most commonly used solder for electricalinterconnects in electronic packages is the near eutectic 60Sn-40Pb alloy. This alloy hasa number of processing advantages(suitable melting point of 183°C and good wettingbehaviour). However, under conditions of cyclic strain and temperature(thermomechanical fatigue) the microstructure of this alloy undergoes aheterogeneous coarsening and failure process that makes the prediction of solder joint lifetimecomplex. A finite element simulation methodology to predict solder joint mechanical behaviour,that includes microstructural evolution, has been developed. The mechanical constitutivebehaviour was incorporated into the time-dependent internal state variable viscoplasticmodel through experimental creep tests. The microstructural evolution is incorporated through aseries of mathematical relations that describe mass flow in a temperature/strainenvironment. The model has been found to simulate observed thermomechanical fatiguebehaviour in solder joints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710800601
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructural Investigation of Sn-Ag and Sn-Ag Solder Joints* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Detailed studies to characterise the coarsening behaviour of eutecticSn-Ag and near-eutectic Sn-Pb-Ag solder joints were carriedout on samples reflow soldered and solidified at various cooling rates. Light and scanningelectron microscopy as well as EDS were used to study the microstructural evolution, whilemicrohardness measurements were used to monitor the change in the mechanical properties.Samples consisting of copper substrates and solder paste were reflow soldered about 30 °Cabove their melting points and then solidified at cooling rates ranging from furnace cooling torates associated with water quenching. Analysis of some of these samples showed that increasingthe cooling rate increased the quantity (volume fraction) of primarySn-dendrites, decreased the (EQ) intermetallic phase in the bulk solder, andresulted in finer microstructures with higher hardness. The microstructural evaluation involvedcharacterisation of bulk intermetallica and dendrite/eutectic ratios. Subsequent isothermalannealing of these reflow soldered joints at 125 °C for times between 0.25 h and 8 daysresulted in an initially fairly rapid decrease in hardness to a given level for each alloy and eachcooling rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710800610
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Roles of DNP (Distance to Neutral point) on Solder Joint Reliability of Area Array Assemblies (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 58-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to point out the limitations and ròles of DNP (distance to neutral point) on predicting the solder-joint thermal-fatigue life of area-array assemblies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710800674
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water vapour transfer in waterproof breathable fabrics: Part 1: under steady-state conditions (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 10-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: To clarify the principles and mechanisms of water vapour transfer by diffusion in waterproof breathable fabrics for clothing, experiments using a simple glass dish were carried out under steady state conditions with and without a temperature gradient in the climatic chamber. It was found that both vapour pressure and natural convection within the air gap affect water vapour transfer. The rates of water vapour transfer are ranked microfibre fabrics, cotton ventiles, PTFE-laminated fabrics, poromeric polyurethane laminated fabrics, hydrophilic laminated fabrics, and polyurethane-coated fabrics. In the presence of a temperature gradient, condensation was also found to be a major factor, especially at air temperatures below 0°C. Condensation occurred the least on the inner surface of PTFE-laminated fabrics followed by cotton ventiles, microfibre fabrics, hydrophilic-laminated fabrics, poromeric polyurethane-laminated fabrics, and polyurethane coated fabrics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710157849
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Protective overalls: evaluation of garment design and fit (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 45-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Protective clothing should ideally provide maximum comfort and protection for the wearer. The design and fit of a garment are factors which can affect both the protective aspects of a garment as well as its comfort. Proper garment fit depends on the relationship of the size of the garment compared with the size of the wearer. Garment ease (where the garment is larger than the wearer) should allow for comfort and mobility; both too much or too little ease can result in a garment that is uncomfortable and restrictive to movement. The purpose of this study was to explore a research technique to isolate the effects of garment ease in one area of a garment while ease in all other garment areas was controlled, and to determine a design that would maximize wearer mobility. Using five male subjects, protective overalls with differing amounts and garment location of crotch ease were evaluated for their effects on mobility and wearer acceptance. Range of motion measurements for selected joints were evaluated using a Leighton Flexometer. Subjects completed a subjective evaluation scale after performing an exercise protocol while wearing the overalls. Results indicated that a specific amount of ease in the crotch length of overalls may be appropriate. Additionally, an overall design that had all needed crotch ease in the back waist area of the garment may be desirable over the more conventional method of adding ease evenly between the front and back sections of the garment. The methodology used in this study provides a means of evaluating not only the potential for design variations in protective clothing, but provides a means to evaluate the dynamic aspects of fit of clothing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710157876
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite element perturbation analysis of non-linear heat conduction problems with random field parameters (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 525-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Derives a first order perturbation algorithm for the computation of mean values and (co-) variances of the transient temperature field in conduction heated materials with random field parameters. Considers both linear as well as non-linear heat conduction problems. The algorithm is advantageous in terms of computer time compared to the Monte Carlo method. The computer time can further be reduced by appropriate transformation of the random vectors resulting from the discretization of the random fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710187819
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  • 22
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    Numerical study of the wall shear stress produced by the impingement of a plane turbulent jet on a plate (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 548-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present investigation has been carried out in the framework of the numerical studies of the wall function influence on the calculation of wall shear stress. This shear stress is generated by the action of a normal plane impinging jet on a flat plate. The Navier-Stokes, continuity and energy equations are solved for a two-dimensional turbulent compressible flow by using the finite volume method. The standard k-e turbulence model is used as a closure model. To take into account the external shape influence of the nozzle, a quasi-orthogonal curvilinear mesh is used. For a suitable calculation of the wall shear stress, the classical logarithmic wall law and its generalized form are used. The results of these calculations depend on the near wall grid. Therefore, this influence of near wall grid is studied more specifically here. A hybrid wall law is proposed, which results from the simultaneous use of the classical logarithmic wall law and the generalized one. This hybrid law gives suitable shear stress distributions with less dependence on the near wall grid. The calculations are validated through experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710367297
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  • 23
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    Natural convection in interacting cavities heated from below (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 580-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Heat transfer by natural convection in a system formed by two and three cavities heated from below and covered by a cold plate is numerically studied using the Navier-Stokes equations with the Boussinesq approximation. Presents results in terms of streamlines, isotherms and heat transfer for Rayleigh numbers ranging from 103 to 106 and the Prandtl number 0.72 (air). Geometric parameters are the aspect ratio A = L'/H' = 1.5 and 2.5 respectively for two and three cavities, the relative height of the cavities B (1/8 = B = h'/H' = 1/2) and the parameter C = l'1/l'2 = 1. The inclination angle F from the horizontal was varied from 0 to 180°. The calculations reveal that the flow regime depends strongly on the Rayleigh number, the parameter B and the inclination angle F of the system; it may be stationary, oscillatory periodic or chaotic. The geometrical parameter B has a significant effect on the transition from one regime to another.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710170763
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    A generalized Douglas ADI method for solving three-dimensional parabolic differential equations on multilayers (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 659-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Develops a generalized Douglas ADI method for solving three-dimensional parabolic differential equations based on the idea of the regularized difference scheme. The method is simple, unconditionally stable and well suited for either simulating fast transient phenomena or for computations on fine spatial meshes. Numerical procedures that employ the generalized Douglas ADI scheme were developed to solve three-dimensional parabolic differential equations on multilayers. In these procedures, the generalized "divide and conquer" method for solving tridiagonal linear systems is applied in order to overcome the problem with the unknown value at the interface between layers. Numerical results show that the procedure is accurate and efficient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710185550
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  • 25
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    Analytical and numerical results on the attenuation and dispersion of an acoustic wave through a two-phase flow (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 722-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents validation of the Eulerian approach for unsteady two-phase flows, whose behaviour depends on the coupling between the two phases, on the basis of the study of attentuation and dispersion of an acoustic wave propagating into a one dimensional two-phase flow. This approach and the corresponding numerical aspects are accurate enough for later applications in more complex geometries, where "vortex shedding" phenomena take place. Attenuation and dispersion of a pressure wave in a two-phase medium of rest was previously studied by Temkin and Dobbins. Present work is an extension of this theory to the case of a two-phase flow. This theoretical approach leads to a numerical solution of the problem. Compares the derived results with those obtained from a direct numerical simulation based on MacCormack scheme in a finite volume formulation. Verifies that analytical and numerical approaches are in good agreement.
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    Short communication: Comments on a recent paper dealing with the finite-analytic method (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 794-800 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Refers to Montgomery and Fleeter (1996) who employed the finite-analytic method of Chen et al. (1980) to study steady, two-dimensional, inviscid, compressible, subsonic flow in a nozzle. Shows that, contrary to the statement made by Montgomery and Fleeter, their boundary conditions at the computational cell's boundaries are not constructed from the particular solution to their equation (10). Deduces from a simple non-linear second-order ordinary differential equation that the finite or locally analytic method of Chen et al. (1980) only yields continuous but not differentiable solutions. Suggests a finite-analytic method which provides continuous and differentiable solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710192732
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    Three-dimensional pulsatile flow through a bifurcation (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 843-862 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Pulsatile flow of an incompressible, Newtonian fluid through a symmetric bifurcated rigid channel was numerically analysed by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The upstream flow conditions were taken from an experimentally measured human arterial pulse cycle. The bifurcation was symmetrical with a branch angle of 60° and a daughter to mother area ratio of 2.0. The predicted velocity patterns were in qualitative agreement with experimental measurements available in the literature. The effect of unsteadiness on the various flow characteristics was studied. The most drastic effect observed was on the flow reversal regions. There was no flow reversal at the highest inlet Reynolds number in the pulse cycle, whereas in the case of steady flow at the same Reynolds number, the flow reversal region was the largest. The presence of secondary flow was observed at all times during the pulse cycle. Shear stress was calculated along the outer and inner walls and the low and high time averaged shear stress regions correspond to the clinically observed sites of formation of atherosclerotic plaque and lesions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710193010
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    A generalized two-cycle componentwise splitting method for solving three-dimensional parabolic differential equations with variable coefficients on multilayers (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 863-879 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes a generalized two-cycle componentwise splitting method for solving three-dimensional parabolic differential equations with variable coefficients which has been developed based on the idea of the regularized difference scheme. The method is simple, unconditionally stable and well suited for simulating fast transient phenomena and for computations on fine spatial meshes. A numerical procedure that employs the generalized two-cycle componentwise splitting scheme was developed to solve three-dimensional parabolic differential equations with variable coefficients on multilayers. In the procedure, the generalized "divide and conquer" method for solving tridiagonal linear systems is applied in order to overcome the problem with the unknown value at the interface between layers. Numerical results show that the procedure is accurate and efficient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710193047
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    Parallel adaptive finite element analysis of viscous flows based on a combined compressible-incompressible formulation (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 880-906 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes a new finite element scheme for the large-scale analysis of compressible and incompressible viscous flows. The scheme is based on a combined compressible- incompressible Galerkin least-squares (GLS) space-time variational formulation. Three- dimensional unstructured meshes are employed, with piecewise-constant temporal interpolation, local time-stepping for steady flows, and linear continuous spatial interpolation in all the variables. The scheme incorporates automatic adaptive mesh refinement, with a choice of various error indicators. It is implemented on a distributed-memory parallel computer, and includes an automatic load-balancing procedure. Demonstrates the ability to solve both compressible and incompressible viscous flow problems using the parallel adaptive framework via numerical examples. These include Mach 3 flow over a flat plate, and a divergence-free buoyancy-driven flow in a cavity. The latter is a model for the steady melt flow in a Czochralski crystal growth process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710193056
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    A finite volume method for steady state 2D shallow water flows (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 4-23 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes the solution of the shallow water flow equations in strongly conservative form using a finite volume method. A SIMPLE-like scheme is developed to treat the velocity depth coupling. The method is applied to flow in a sharply curved channel and the results compared with published data. An error analysis is included which indicates that the method proposed is suitable for solving two-dimensional steady state problems in open channel flow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710156174
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    Numerical study of 2D and 3D flowfields in a high-power pulsed chemical laser (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 24-41 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: High-power chemical lasers operating in high repetitive rate show a decrease of the output energy laser beam. In such lasers, the characteristic time which depends on the laser output is short in comparison with those related to the flow. Consequently, shock waves, acoustic waves and thermal perturbations, induced by the strong electric energy deposition and remaining in the laser cavity between two pulses, may explain the decrease of output energy of the laser beam. For a better understanding of the flowfields, a numerical approach is carried out using flux corrected transport algorithms (FCT methods) associated with a Riemann solver on the computational domain boundaries. Under two-dimensional assumptions, the inviscid flow in the convergent-divergent laser cavity is computed to describe the creation and propagation of the wave system and the hot gas column in both single and multidischarge operating modes. Distortions of the contact surfaces are put into evidence through the study of flowfield instabilities. Finally, the limitations of the two-dimensional modelization become apparent. The numerical resolution is extended to a 3D case in order to take into account the optical direction. This allows to study the influence of shock waves travelling between optics and being generated by a side effect developing at the electrodes. These waves have an effect of long duration on the flowfield and lead to a high residual perturbation level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710156183
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    A semi-implicit scheme for the barotropic primitive equations of atmospheric dynamics (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 63-80 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The primitive equations of a barotropic atmosphere in isobaric co-ordinates are reformulated, in order to express the geopotential gradient as a function of the pressure at the Earth's surface. Furthermore, the free surface equation is written in conservative form. A finite difference, semi-implicit, semi-Lagrangian scheme in isobaric co-ordinates is developed. The numerical scheme is mass conservative, is proven to be stable and requires the solution of a single five-diagonal system. Numerical simulations show that the model captures the main dynamical features of large scale atmospheric motion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710156200
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    Asymptotic and numerical analysis of vertical, planar liquid sheets subject to London-van der Waals forces (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 42-62 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Asymptotic methods are employed to derive the long wave equations governing the fluid dynamics of thin, time-dependent, incompressible, vertical, planar liquid sheets at low Reynolds numbers subjected to London-van der Waals body forces and gravity. Analytical solutions for steady, viscous sheets in gravitational and zero-gravity environments are obtained for large surface tension. Numerical studies of planar liquid sheets at low Reynolds numbers with no surface tension indicate that, for plane stagnation flows, the deceleration of the sheet as it approaches the solid wall decreases as the London-van der Waals forces are increased, the effects of these body forces decrease as the Froude number is increased, and, for Reynolds-to-Froude numbers greater than one, the thickening of the sheet as it approaches the solid boundary increases as the Hamaker constant is increased. Numerical experiments of film casting processes with three different flow approximations which account for or neglect inertia and/or the gravitational pull have also been performed and indicate that for high take-up speeds, a boundary layer is formed at the downstream boundary, the thickness of this layer decreases as the London-van der Waals forces are increased, and, for Reynold-to-Froude numbers larger than one, the leading-order thickness and axial velocity component are very sensitive to the value of the Hamaker constant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710156192
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    A numerical study on heat transport in turbulent Couette flows in concentric annuli (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 81-94 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical study is performed to investigate turbulent Couette flow and heat transfer characteristics in concentric annuli with a slightly heated inner cylinder moving in the flow direction. A two-equation k-e turbulence model is employed to determine the turbulent viscosity and the turbulent kinetic energy. The turbulent heat flux is expressed by Boussinesq approximation in which the eddy diffusivity for heat is given as functions of the temperature variance t2- and the dissipation rate of temperature fluctuations et, together with k and e. The governing boundary-layer equations are discretized by means of control volume finite-difference technique and numerically solved using a marching procedure. It is disclosed from the study that the streamwise movement of the inner core causes substantial reductions in the turbulent kinetic energy and the temperature variance, particularly near the inner wall region, resulting in the deterioration of the Nusselt number, and that an attenuation in heat transfer performance is induced by the velocity ratio of the moving inner cylinder to the fluid flow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710156219
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    Numerical investigation of the interaction of coaxial vortex rings (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 120-140 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents the numerical investigations of interaction of several coaxial vortex rings in inviscid fluid. For the solution of non-linear system of ordinary differential equations chooses the method of extrapolation with variable step and order. Controls the accuracy of calculations by the conditions of conservation of the first integrals and also by the comparison of numerical results with the known analytical solutions. Discusses the problems of order and chaos, and presents examples of mixing of fluid particles by interaction of two and three vortex rings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710163220
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    Implementation of a free boundary condition to Navier-Stokes equations (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 95-111 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical simulation of a fluid flow involves the specification of boundary conditions along all or part of the boundary. Designs a means of handling outflow boundary conditions for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Addresses through-flow problems involving the specification of outflow conditions at the synthetic boundary. This outflow boundary condition is applicable to a developing flow problem. The underlying objectives behind designing the boundary condition at the truncated boundary are three-fold, namely: matching with Navier-Stokes equations inside the domain; taking both non-linear and diffusive contributions into account; and ensuring the discrete divergence-free condition. In order to meet these requirements, follows the concept of a free boundary condition by taking the outflow nodal values of u, v and p as unknowns, which are coupled with the interior unknowns through the surface integrals in the momentum equations. The computed solutions can be legitimately regarded as solutions to conservation equations under consideration when both components of the surface traction vector approach zero. With the convergent property accommodated in the present mixed finite element analysis, the task remains to simply improve the accuracy. Demonstrates the capability of the proposed non-linear outflow boundary conditions through several benchmark tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710156228
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    A general algorithm for compressible and incompressible flow. Stability analysis and explicit time integration (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 141-168 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Addresses two difficulties which arise when using a compressible code with equal order interpolation (non-staggered grids in the finite-difference nomenclature) to capture a steady-state solution in the incompressible limit, i.e. at low Mach numbers. Explains that, first, numerical instabilities in the form of spurious oscillations in pressure pollute the solution and, second, the convergence to the steady state becomes extremely slow owing to bad conditioning of the different speeds of propagation. By using a stabilized method, allows the use of equal-order interpolations in a consistent (weighted-residual) formulation which stabilizes both the convection and the continuity terms at the same time. On the other hand, by using specially devised preconditioning, assures a rate of convergence independent of Mach number.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710163239
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    Simulation of fluid flow and gaseous radiation heat transfer in a natural gas-fired furnace (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 169-180 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Reports that major advances have been achieved on computational simulations of multidimensional fluid flow, heat and mass transfer during the last 20 years. Focuses on the numerical prediction of fluid flow, combustion and gas radiation in a combustion chamber of a typical industrial glass-melting furnace. Carries out the flow simulation in a three-dimensional calculation domain by using computer models in conjunction with the standard k - e turbulence model. Tests the predictions of spectral intensity by solving the equation of radiative transfer. Employs the Goody statistical narrow band model with the Curtis-Godson approximation to calculate radiative properties for inhomogeneous gas mixtures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710163248
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    Computational issues in using a dual-scale model of the segregation process in a binary alloy (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 181-199 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Explains that segregation processes during the solidification of a binary alloy occur at two distinct length scales: on the microscopic length scale of the crystal interface, in the two-phase mushy zone, segregation is controlled by solid state mass diffusion; and, on the macroscopic scale of the process, segregation is controlled by the convective transport of the molten metal. Concludes that developing models that can capture both these scales is a challenge. Introduces a bi-level grid, and uses a macro grid on the scale of the process for the solution of equations describing macroscopic heat and mass transport. Details how each node point in the macro grid is associated with a micro grid on which equations describing the microscopic phenomena in the mushy region are solved. In this way, develops a dual-scale model of segregation during the solidification of a binary alloy. On investigating the unidirectional solidification of a binary alloy, demonstrates that this dual-scale model is able to capture both the macro and micro-scales in a single numerical treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710163257
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    Conjugate natural convection of a power law fluid in a vertical finite thick channel with heat sources (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 200-214 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Considers the conjugate natural convection motion of a power law fluid in a vertical finite channel, taking into account the heat transfer into channel walls as well as the effect of the existence of different heat sources distributed uniformly in the walls and in the fluid. Examines the results obtained in some test cases in more detail and shows that the influence of the wall becomes significant when the thermal conductivity of the wall is small enough. Also notes that the effect of the heat source distributed in the fluid is more considerable than in the wall.
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    Feasibility of the LES for engineering problems (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 236-249 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents four examples which were researched in a large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulence for engineering applications. Explains that, in the former two cases, developments of the advanced LES are indicated in a Smagorinsky model and in the treatments of the wall and the external boundary, and, in the later cases, the LES on the boundary fitted grids are applied using the finite different method (FDM) and the finite element method (FEM), where new numerical treatments, a composite grid technique and a modified scheme, are adopted for efficient calculations. Evaluates the results, and discusses the possible application of the LES for engineering problems.
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    Space-time spectral element methods for unsteady convection-diffusion problems (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 215-235 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Deals with the formulation and application of temporal and spatial spectral element approximations for the solution of convection-diffusion problems. Proposes a new high-order splitting space-time spectral element method which exploits space-time discontinuous Galerkin for the first hyperbolic substep and space continuous-time discontinuous Galerkin for the second parabolic substep. Analyses this method and presents its characteristics in terms of accuracy and stability. Also investigates a subcycling technique, in which several hyperbolic substeps are taken for each parabolic substep; a technique which enables fast, cost-effective time integration with little loss of accuracy. Demonstrates, by a numerical comparison with other coupled and splitting space-time spectral element methods, that the proposed method exhibits significant improvements in accuracy, stability and computational efficiency, which suggests that this method is a potential alternative to existing schemes. Describes several areas for future research.
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    Stabilization of higher-order high resolution schemes for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 250-274 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Proposes a measure to stabilize the fourth(fifth)-order high resolution schemes for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Solves the N-S equations of the volume fluxes and the low-Reynolds number k-e turbulence model in general curvilinear co-ordinates by the delta-form implicit finite difference methods. Notes that, in order to simulate the flow containing weak discontinuities accurately, it is very effective to use some higher-order TVD upstream-difference schemes in the right-hand side of the equations of these methods; however, the higher-order correction terms of such schemes in general amplify the numerical disturbances. Therefore, restricts these terms here by operating the minmod functions to the curvatures so as to suppress the occurrence of new inflection points. Computes an unsteady transonic turbine cascade flow where vortex streets occur from the trailing edge of blades and interact with shock waves. Finds that the stabilization measure improves not only the computational results but also the convergency for such a complicated flow problem.
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    Transient free convection past a semi-infinite vertical plate with variable surface temperature (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 280-296 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents a finite-difference solution to transient free convection flow past a semi-infinite vertical plate in which the plate temperature T¢w(x) varies as the power of the axial co-ordinate in the form T¢• + axn. Gives numerical results for fluids with Prandtl numbers Pr = 0.7 (air) and Pr = 7 (water) for three representative exponent values under non-uniform surface heating conditions. Finds that the time to reach the steady-state increases as the value of n or Pr increases. The steady-state local skin-friction falls by increasing the exponent n and Pr; however, the steady-state local Nusselt number increases with n at a distance along the plate far away from the leading edge but decreases with increasing n near the leading edge of the plate. Also, the average Nusselt number increases and the average skin-friction decreases as n increases because of enhanced heating of the plate.
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    Finite element formulation for filling a thin section cavity (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 344-366 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents a quasi three-dimensional formulation for filling a thin section cavity which is derived under the assumption that no transverse flow occurs in the gap. A no-slip condition was applied on all surfaces occupied by the fluid and a slip condition on all air-filled (empty) surfaces. The formulation was developed to analyse the sections which lie in the xy-plane or may be oriented arbitrarily in three-dimensional space. Solves the discretized thickness-integrated finite element flow equations by using the implicit mixed velocity-pressure formulation, and uses the volume of fluid (VOF) method to track the free surfaces. Presents numerical examples which confirm the accuracy of the formulation and demonstrate how it can be used to model the filling of planar and three-dimensional thin section cavities of irregular shape.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710165822
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    Numerical study of three-dimensional incompressible thermal flows in complex geometries: Part I: theory and benchmark solutions (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 297-343 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In part I uses an iterative point successive over-relaxation (PSOR) finite difference scheme to solve the coupled unsteady Navier-Stokes and energy equations for incompressible, viscous and laminar flows in their primitive variable form. Presents the details concerning the derivation of the solution scheme, as well as details on its computer implementation. For validation purposes, includes the results of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional benchmark problem of natural convection in a cavity with differentially heated vertical walls. Benchmark computations have been performed for a Prandtl number of 0.71, and different values of the Rayleigh number ranging between 103 and 106 depending on the problem. By comparison with other approaches in the literature, the scheme has been found to be accurate even for large Rayleigh numbers.
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    On the reduction of natural convection heat transfer in horizontal eccentric annuli containing saturated porous media (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 401-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Studies numerically natural convection in a saturated porous medium bounded by two horizontal, isothermal eccentric cylinders by solving the governing two-dimensional Darcy-Boussinesq equations on a very fine grid for different values of the eccentricity e. For a radius ratio of 2 and e 〈 0.5, both a bicellular and a tetracellular flow patterns remain stable for moderate Rayleigh numbers. For e = 0.5, the transition from one flow regime to the other occurs with one of the solutions losing stability. Suggests that in a real situation, insulation is more efficient if the eccentricity is set to the maximum value for which the four-cell flow pattern is physically realizable than to the value that minimizes the heat transfer when the flow pattern is bicellular. The net gain with respect to a concentric insulation can be of the order of 10 per cent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710165840
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    Finite element analysis of heat transfer by natural convection in porous media in vertical enclosures: Investigations in Darcy and non-Darcy regimes (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 367-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents a numerical study on heat transfer by natural convection in porous media in vertical enclosures with side wall heating. The model for porous media includes inertia terms and also the Brinkman extension in addition to the Darcy resistance term. A semi-implicit finite element scheme based on operator splitting method is adopted for solving the time-dependent system of equations. The first half of the investigations is confined to the low permeability regime where Darcy law holds good. Presents the results for annular and rectangular cavities and proposes correlations for two types of boundary conditions, namely constant wall temperature case and uniform wall heat flux case. In the second half of the investigations, the scheme is applied in a high permeability regime, where the validity of Darcy law becomes questionable. Employs plane rectangular cavities with the two types of boundary conditions mentioned earlier. Highlights the influence of Rayleigh number (Ra) and Darcy number (Da) as separate parameters and proposes correlations for a square cavity for the first time in terms of Ra and Da as separate parameters. Discusses a qualitative study of the effect of aspect ratio on heat transfer as the permeability changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710165831
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    Lead-free and No-clean Soldering for Automotive Electronics* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 5-8 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: As the electronics industry moves towards the 21st century, environmentally consciousmanufacturing is becoming a very important issue for the industry. In recent years, advancedmanufacturing technologies have been developed for automotive electronics packing that notonly are environmentally friendly, but also reduce manufacturing complexity and cost, improveproduct quality, and meet the stringent reliability requirements for the automotive environment.In this paper, aspects of no-clean soldering and lead-free solderr developmentare reviewed, and some of the most critical factors for implementing no-clean solderingand for developing lead-free solders for automotive electronics are outlined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710800665
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    The Development of High Speed Printing Solder Pastes for Fine Pitch Applications* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 29-32 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: 'Fine Pitch'and 'High speed printing' are relative terms but many solder paste users seecapability in meeting these two requirements as their major goals for process improvements. Notsurprisingly, solder paste rheology governs both, and this paper describes how the complexrelationship between resins and solvent can lead to solder pastes with optimised performance.Work on the physical behaviour of resin solutions and how this relates to solder paste rheology isreported. These results are related to user experience on volume production processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710800629
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    Solder Reliability Solutions: A PC-based Design-for-reliability Tool* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 45-54 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a solder joint engineering reliability model —Solder Reliability Solutions** (SRS) — and its application to surface mountarea-array and chip-scale assemblies. The model is validated by failure datafrom 33 accelerated thermal cycling tests, and test vehicles covering several generations ofcomponent, assembly and circuit board technologies and a variety of test conditions. The SRSmodel has been implemented as a PC-based design-for-reliabilltytoolthat enables rapid assessment of assembly reliability in the early stages of product development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710800638
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    Water vapour transfer in waterproof breathable fabrics: Part 2: under windy conditions (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 23-33 
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    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: To assess the effect of wind speed in practice, experiments were conducted under conditions of realistic wind velocities generated in the climatic chamber. The theoretical and experimental results were compared. In the theoretical model of forced convection between the human skin and the external environment the water vapour transfer rate was found to be proportional to V0.81. The experimental results obtained when a layer of fabric was included showed that water vapour transfer is proportional to V0.5. The rates of water vapour transfer for the fabrics ranked slightly differently from that seen under steady state conditions; microfibre fabrics, cotton ventiles, PTFE-laminated fabrics, hydrophilic-laminated fabrics, and poromeric polyurethane-laminated fabrics. Condensation was reduced under windy conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710157858
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    Assembling textile structures: wear simulation (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 75-87 
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    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Plans a wear simulation of assembled textile structures by sewing, basing the study on the submission of standardized seams carried out on 40 wool fabrics and blends containing wool to a series of 20 cycles of fatigue, including: washing, drying and submission to a static mechanical load under determined characteristics and steam ironing. Seams in the warp and weft directions were performed on. Examines the following parameters: fabric strength and elongation to break; seam strength and slippage; seam efficiency; seams' opening limit and both the modulus at 1mm and at break, along the fatigue cycles. Analyses results obtained in function of the seam directions and fatigue cycles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710157894
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    Water vapour transfer in waterproof breathable fabrics: Part 3: under rainy and windy conditions (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 141-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Investigates whether water vapour transfer from the local environment of the human body at a relative humidity less than 100 per cent to a rainy or wind-driven environment of relative humidity almost 100 per cent is possible. To identify whether prolonged rain has an effect on water vapour transfer in waterproof breathable fabrics, secondary experiments were carried out using a precipitator simulator covering a large area with severe rain. It was found that waterproof breathable fabrics breathe even under rainy conditions (with lower water vapour transfer rate), though encountering limitations under prolonged severe rain. The water vapour transfer rate was reduced under wind-driven rainy conditions. More condensation was observed under rainy conditions on all fabrics except PTFE laminated fabrics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168270
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    Sewing needle penetration force study (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 241-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Demonstrates the modelling of the kinetic process when the sewing needle enters the fabric. To get an adequate mechanical model of the given problem, the function - the mathematical model - of the penetration force with respect to the fabric, the needle and the mechanism in the sewing machine must be developed. The fabric was modelled as a combination of warp and weft threads. Each thread from the fabric is modelled as an ideal elastic Hook's material. Outlines the restrictions which needed to be made to get the mathematical model of the problem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168388
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    Influence of washing/ironing cycles on selected properties of cotton type weaves (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes an experiment designed to investigate the influence of washing/ironing cycles and softening after sanforization on the hand grade, shrinkage and surface roughness of three selected cotton weaves for men's shirts. Constructs the ANOVA type models with or without interactions, on the basis of the experimental results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168306
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    Objective hand evaluation of non-wovens used for nappies (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 207-213 
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    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes an investigation into the hand of non-wovens used for nappies under both dry and wet conditions. The mean score of the subjective hand assessments (THVsub) of dry nappy was correlated with their surface properties which are obtained using the single wire U-shape sensor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168333
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    Ergonomic equipment investments: benefits to apparel manufacturers (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Reports on a study for which data were generated from responses to a survey by 132 US apparel manufacturers in 1993. States that the purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which companies were investing in ergonomic equipment as a prevention strategy, and whether there was a relationship between such investments and positive results in four areas: increased productivity, increased quality, decreased workers' compensation costs and improved employee morale. Using chi-square analysis, a significant difference was found for those who invested in automatic sewing equipment in both increased productivity and increased quality. Provides justification for companies to invest in ergonomic equipment because of additional benefits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710175740
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    Strength reduction of sewing threads during high speed sewing in an industrial lockstitch machine: Part I - mechanism of thread strength reduction (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 334-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Reports on investigations into the mechanism of sewing thread strength reduction. Results indicate that structural damage, namely, structural openness and pull-out of fibre ends from the surface are the major cause of strength reduction and that the fibre strength reduction is found to be only marginal compared to the thread strength reduction. Cotton threads exhibit higher strength loss owing to their poor abrasion resistance. Comparatively shorter fibres in cotton threads are also found to be responsible for the higher strength reduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710185460
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    Natural convection in an inclined enclosure (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 438-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of inclination on laminar natural convection in a square cavity is studied numerically for inclination angles ranging from 40° to 160°, Rayleigh numbers between 103 and 106 and Prandtl numbers from 0.02 to 4,000. Contours of stream functions and temperature are presented in order to provide a new insight and a better understanding of the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a square cavity. Finds computed local and mean Nusselt numbers at the hot wall in satisfactory agreement with experimental and other numerical results. Finds the mean heat flux at the hot wall as well as the distribution of the local heat flux along the heated wall are found to depend on the inclination angle, the Rayleigh number and the Prandtl number. Such a dependence is significant for angles greater than 90°, while for smaller angles the effect of the inclination angle on the Nusselt-Rayleigh correlation is weaker.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710187783
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    Numerical study of three-dimensional incompressible thermal flows in complex geometries: Part II: computational studies (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 497-524 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In part I of this study, a three-dimensional finite difference iterative solver capable of handling the coupled Navier-Stokes and energy equations for incompressible viscous flows was described and validated with two- and three-dimensional benchmarks. Part II describes the results of the computational study of two distinct complex geometries: 1) two-dimensional and three-dimensional natural convection in cavity whose surface is cooled while two internal blocks are heated; 2) two-dimensional and three-dimensional natural convection in the region defined by two interconnected cavities of different sizes which are differentially heated. All computations have been performed for a Prandtl number of 1.0, and different values of the Rayleigh number ranging between 103 and 106 depending on the problem. In the first problem, three-dimensional effects in the top region of the cavity trap fluid in vortices near the top of the heated blocks adversely affecting heat transfer in the region while enhancing it in the region between the two heated blocks. In the second problem, the sudden expansion of fluid as it leaves the top cavity and enters the bottom one generates three-dimensional wakes in the bottom cavity that enhance the convective heat transfer across the system walls near them. These studies tend to suggest that three-dimensional effects play a very important role in the enhancement of convective heat transfer in complex geometries, especially at higher Rayleigh numbers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710187800
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    Mixed convection in non-Newtonian fluids along a vertical plate in porous media with surface mass transfer (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 598-608 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents a non-similar boundary layer analysis for the problem of mixed convection in power-law type non-Newtonian fluids along an isothermal vertical plate with surface mass transfer. Solves the transformed governing laws numerically using a finite difference method. Presents numerical results for the details of the velocity and temperature fields. Discusses the effect of suction and injection as well as the viscosity index on the surface heat transfer rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710170772
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    On the reduction of computational costs in eigenfunction expansions of multidimensional diffusion problems (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 675-695 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Analytical or hybrid numerical-analytical solutions of multidimensional diffusion problems involve the evaluation of nested multiple infinite summations, which require the computation of eigenvalues and related quantities, from associated auxiliary eigenvalue-type problems. A substantial reduction of the total computational effort in the construction of the final solution for the original potential can be achieved through the proper reorganization of the multiple summations into a single series representation. Such reordering of terms should be carefully accomplished, in order to account for the most significant contributions to the final numerical result, up to a truncated finite order that meets the user prescribed tolerance for the relative error. Presents an algorithm for an optimized scheme with consequent reduction on the number of eigenquantities to be evaluated. This approach is illustrated through representative two and three-dimensional transient heat conduction problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710185569
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    Finite element simulation of an injection moulding process (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 751-766 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Considers the filling stage of an injection moulding process for polymer melts through a transient finite element method. Presents results for a thin-walled cup-shaped mould problem. Adopts a generalized Newtonian formulation for inelastic non-isothermal incompressible flow under cooling conditions. Gives some attention to the transient aspects of the problem, including the motion of the melt front and the numerical deformation patterns that develop. Advocates a localized remeshing technique that tracks the moving front effectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710185884
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    Inverse analysis for estimating the timewise and spacewise variation of the wall heat flux in a parallel plate channel (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 696-710 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Solves the inverse problem of estimating the wall heat flux in a parallel plate channel, by using the conjugate gradient method with adjoint equation. The unknown heat flux is supposed to vary in time and along the channel flow direction. Examines the accuracy of the present function estimation approach, by using transient simulated measurements of several sensors located inside the channel. The inverse problem is solved for different functional forms of the unknown wall heat flux, including those containing sharp corners and discontinuities, which are the most difficult to be recovered by an inverse analysis. Addresses the effects on the inverse problem solution of the number of sensors, as well as their locations.
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    Multi-dimensional monotone flux discretization scheme for convection dominated flows (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 814-842 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Deals with the non-stationary pure convection equation in two dimensions. An attribute of the method is that the advective fluxes are approximated by taking the flow orientations into consideration. The interfacial numerical fluxes are interpolated by virtue of the rational areas which depend on the corner velocity vectors. This leads to a discrete system containing dissipative artifacts in regions normal to the local streamline. Conducts two-dimensional fundamental studies for the flux discretization developed. These analyses give insight into the order-of-accuracy, and the scheme stability. According to the underlying positivity definition, this explicit scheme is, furthermore, classified as conditionally monotonic. This scheme has been applied successfully to solve smooth, sharply varied, and discontinuous transport problems.
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    Closed Loop Control of Atmospheres for Soldering (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 8-10 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Well designed stable reflow ovens andwave machines can be operated at low rates of the inerting gas. One problem is that at the lowestflow rate settings changes in room draughts and in external venting conditions can affect theinternal oxygen levels unless the flow rates are altered. The internal oxygen levels can drift orsuddenly alter. This generally means that the ovens are operated at higher flows than necessaryin order to ensure steady operations below some desired oxygen level without excessive operatorintervention. A closed-loop control system using the output of internal oxygen metersto vary the flow rates set by mass flow meters is one way to ensure steady operation. One suchsystem — NITRAPILOT™ control system—has been developed by BOC Gases as a standalone system that can be added to existing equipment. The results of small-scale andproduction level testing on this system are described in the present paper. Reduced flow ratescan be achieved for stable set point oxygen levels at critical locations. An equally significantbenefit, particularly when used in conjunction with data logging, is that the system assists instatistical process control since it ensures, monitors and logs compliance with process recipeswithout operator intervention.
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    Heated Gas Jet Reflow: An Alternative Reflow Solder Assembly Process Technology* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 13-16 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new product design required the addition of a secondlayer of electronics to control a base module. This product was designed with significantoverhangs of heavy leads and components which presented a significant challenge to manydifferent solder assembly processes. Only the heated gas jet process was able to solder theproduct successfully without damaging the printed wiring boards.To answer thechallenge, a new machine was developed, combining dispensing of solder paste with hot gas jetreflow technology. This provided a combination of capabilities resulting in a flexible processwhich was significantly superior to alternative technologies.Other soldering processessuch as laser, focused xenon lamp, robotic soldering iron, and focused IR soldering technologieswere evaluated. Each of these technologies causes some damage or defect to the assembly due tothe heat sinking aspect of the circuit assembled. These alternative processes would createdamage or defects to the assemblies by burning the laminate, delaminating the pads on theprinted wiring board, or not soldering the pads.Proof of concept tests before machinedesigns were initiated demonstrated the potential and capabilities of this technology forautomated assembly soldering. Testing indicated that the heated gas jet processing wouldprovide a means of soldering the assemblies at a controllable rate without damaging the circuitboards.While evaluating the machine ion its design phase, a designed experiment wasinitiated to help understand the relationships between head temperature settings versus gas flowrates, the measurable output was time to reflow.The process meets all expectations interms of solder fillet appearance, volume, and overall visual quality while maintaining processcycle time requirements.
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    Hard-particle Reinforced Composite Solders Part 1: Microcharacterisation (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 22-28 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A series of composite solders in 63/37 Sn/Pb was prepared: Cu6 Sn5 (10, 20,30 wt%); Cu3 Sn (10, 20, 30 wt%); Cu (7.6 wt%); Ag (4 wt%); and Ni (4 wt%). These composite solders were prepared by two procedures: (A) admixture with solder paste; and (B) admixture with molten solder. The original particulates and the final composite solders were analysed and characterisedby SEM (scanning electron microscopy) EDX (energy dispersive X-ray), and ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemicalsanalysis); or XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). A variety of morphological characterisations, intermetallics and porosities were noted. Good wetting was noted in all cases, and porosity was greater for method (A). The particulates all exhibited excellent binding to the solder matrix.
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    Evaluation of rheological properties of a thread using numerical methods (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 236-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Considers the complexity of a problem of thread's rheological properties evaluation, and evaluates the visco-elastic properties of a thread on the basis of static tests using numerical methods. Describes a new software package VILKUS which was designed and programmed for this purpose. This program calculates parameters needed for the evaluation of visco-elastic properties on the basis of numerical values of a stress-deformation s(e) curve. The stress-deformation s(e) curve served as a starting-point for evaluation of visco-elastic properties of threads. The B-spline approximation using the least squares method was chosen as an appropriate and suitably smooth curve for construction of the average s(e) curve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168379
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    The bra design process - a study of professional practice (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 311-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: States that bra design is a highly specialized process requiring a combination of design creativity, precision pattern making skills and a detailed knowledge of fabric performance. Although there is substantial published material cataloguing the historical origins of the garment, there is little information documenting the bra design and manufacture. Examines the design process, following a survey of professional designers. Describes a common framework along with the variations in individual working methods. Emphasizes the high dependence on heuristic knowledge and the reliance on physical prototyping in the design cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710175795
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    Communications: An object-oriented model of apparel pattern making (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 367-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Apparel pattern making creates a set of pattern pieces of fabric which are sewn into the desired garment. The pattern pieces are developed through fashion analysis, pattern design and pattern drafting. Seeks to build an object-oriented model of the apparel pattern-making process through these subprocesses. Defines the model in terms of a requirements specification and subsequently uses it in the development of a computerized pattern-making system. Uses object behaviour analysis, which is derived from object-oriented technology, as the method for defining the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710185488
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    Integrated 3D sewing technology and the importance of the physical and mechanical properties of fabrics (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 249-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents a new sewing technology developed by Moll Automatische Nähsysteme GmbH, a German company. This allows complex shapes to be sewn in three dimensions as well as providing the means to automate the manufacture of apparel and other objects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168397
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    Problems in recently manufactured worsted men's suiting from the point of view of suit quality (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 200-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Explains that men's suit manufacturing has been industrialized and the line production system is now popular in suit manufacturing. As a trend in the suit manufacturing industry, semi-custom-made-suit manufacturing is becoming popular instead of the ordinary ready-made-suit production system. Also the industry is shifting to higher quality suit production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168315
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  • 75
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    Analysis of steady forced convection in thermally developing turbulent duct flows (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 424-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents a novel theoretical approach, based on extension of ideas associated with the generalized integral transform technique, for obtaining accurate analytic solutions for fully developed steady forced convection inside circular ducts with turbulent flow and constant wall surface temperature conditions. Within the temperature field, reports the thermal response of the fluid in terms of hybrid solutions for bulk fluid temperature and Nusselt number distributions along the thermal entrance region of the duct. Further, in assessing the accuracy and validity of the theoretical work, critically examines predicated analytical solutions of thermally developed Nusselt numbers and compares them with results from reliable empirical correlations of the open literature. For the investigated cases, satisfactory agreement prevailed between the theoretically and empirically derived heat transfer parameters, exhibiting a maximum difference of 9.58 per cent for the range of system variables analysed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710187774
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    Numerical analysis on heat transfer and fluid flow for arrays of non-uniform plate length aligned at angles to the flow direction (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 479-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The periodically fully developed laminar heat transfer and fluid flow of an array of non-uniform plate length, aligned at angles to air flow direction, have been investigated by numerical analysis in the Reynolds number range from 15 to 410. To implement the periodic boundary condition in both streamwise and spanwise directions and to confine the computation exactly within one cycle, proposes a linear interpolation technique, which has been proved successful by comparing the results with those obtained in an extended domain. It has been found that with an increase in the ratio of the long plate length to that of the short plate and with a decrease in the ratio of the transverse pitch to the streamwise cycle length, both the Nusselt number and friction factor decrease. Comparison of the numerical results of Nusselt number and friction factor with relevant experimental results have been performed. The agreement should be judged reasonably good.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710187792
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    Non-convergence versus non-conservation in effective heat capacity methods for phase change problems (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 565-579 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the original effective heat capacity method the latent heat effect is approximated by a large effective heat capacity over a small temperature range. This method is simple in concept and easy to implement. However, it is so sensitive to the choice of the phase change temperature interval and the chosen time integration scheme that non-convergence always occurs when it is implemented with implicit time integration schemes. Presents the cause and cure of non-convergence in effective heat capacity methods and discusses sample results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710170754
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    A one-dimensional finite element simulation for the fire-performance of GRP panels for offshore structures (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 609-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A one-dimensional finite element model, associated with a computer code, has been developed to simulate the thermal response of a decomposing glass-fibre reinforced composite exposed to a fire environment. The numerical model uses a first-order Arrhenius equation and includes: transient heat conduction; gas mass flux and internal heat convection of decomposition gases; density loss and Arrhenius decomposition of active material into decomposition gases and residual char; and endothermicity of the decomposition process. An empirical formula, obtained from furnace tests, has been applied to the model as the incident heat flux boundary condition at the heated surface. Presents results for the standard thickness of polyester-based GRP laminate, 10.9mm, for offshore structures. The predicted temperature profiles are in good agreement with experimental temperatures obtained from furnace tests. This model is able to simulate fire performance characteristics for a large range of typical offshore components with different constructions and materials. It will enable accurate predictions of the life-time of offshore components in severe offshore hydrocarbon fires.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710170781
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    Simulation of non-linearheat conduction by means of thermodynamics-based algorithm (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 711-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes an extension of cellular automata to simulate heat conduction process. The offered algorithms is rather the tool for the direct simulation of a process than for the solution of partial differential equations. Its essential feature is the absence of any partial differential equations used widely for the description of heat conduction. Moreover, Fourier's law (or any of its generalizations) is not even used. Instead, the equations of state for a medium are applied immediately together with a rule of updating of cell's states which follows from thermodynamic laws applied to interacting systems. The interaction is described in terms of Gibbsian state space. One-dimensional heat conduction in a stationary layer is considered as an example. Shows that steady-state temperature distributions are linear in the case of solids in full correspondence with the classical theory. At the same time, these distributions are significantly non-linear in water, especially under sufficiently large gravitational force or in regions of phase transitions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710185596
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    Finite element analysis of a bubble absorber (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 737-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Develops a fine element method employing Galerkin's approach for the analysis of a vertical tubular bubble absorber working with R22-DMF as working fluid. Aims to provide an understanding of the absorption process which helps in the design of bubble absorbers. Numerical experiments have also been carried out with ammonia-water combination for the sake of comparison with the results in the literature and the agreement is found to be good. Suggests a correlation for mass transfer coefficient for vertical tubular bubble absorbers working with R22-DMF. The use of the correlation can either be in estimating the mass transfer rates, or in fixing up the major design parameters such as diameter and length required for complete absorption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710185622
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    Determination of the boundary temperature errors by variation of two temperature sensor locations in a one-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 635-646 
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    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Investigates errors of the reconstruction temperatures at boundaries caused by variation of the locations of two temperature sensors in a one-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) by using a time marching implicit finite difference inverse solver. Numerical simulation results of selected functions indicate that errors of the reconstruction temperature at each boundary can be presented by a simple relation. Each relation contains an unknown coefficient which can be determined by using one numerical simulation through the inverse solver of a pair specified sensor locations. This relation can then be used for estimating the other recovery errors at the boundary without using the inverse solver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710185514
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    Numerical precision and dissipation errors in rotating flows (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 647-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents three non-isothermal, time dependent, three dimensional examples having cylindrical geometries to show the significant effort of numerical precision and dissipation on rotating flow predictions. The examples are relevant to turbomachinery design and geophysical studies. Discusses the relationship between numerical precision, numerical dissipation and co-ordinate system angular velocity. Compares predictions made in stationary and rotating co-ordinate systems, using contour plots of dimensionless stream function and temperature. Shows that wrong, axisymmetric solutions are predicted if the co-ordinate system is not selected to minimize relative tangential velocities/Peclet numbers, thereby increasing numerical precision and reducing dissipation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710185532
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    Numerical investigation of the propagation of shock waves in rigid porous materials: Solution of the Riemann problem (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 801-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents a numerical solution to the Riemann problem inside a porous material using a TVD- based computer code which was developed during the investigation of the head-on collision of planar shock waves with rigid porous materials. The numerical solution revealed that although the compaction wave propagates with a constant velocity, the flow field induced by it is not self-similar. Since such a problem cannot be set up in a conventional shock tube, the present study should be considered as a theoretical one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710192741
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    Integral transformation of elliptic problems within irregular domains: Fully developed channel flow (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    International journal of numerical methods for heat & fluid flow 7 (1997), S. 778-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 0961-5539
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Employs the integral transform method in the hybrid numerical-analytical solution of fully developed laminar flow within a class of irregularly shaped ducts, with respect to the co-ordinate system chosen to represent the geometry under consideration. A quite general formulation of a two-dimensional steady-state diffusion problem is initially considered, and a formal solution is provided. The original partial differential equation is analytically transformed into an infinite system of ordinary differential equations for the transformed velocity field in the flow direction. On truncation to a sufficiently large finite order, adaptively chosen to meet prescribed accuracy requirements, well-established numerical schemes for boundary value problems are utilized, readily available in scientific subroutines libraries. Illustrates convergence rates for a few typical duct geometries and critically examines previously reported numerical solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09615539710193065
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    Mass Soldering (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This issue of thejournal features the final part of a two-part series which comprises Chapter 15 fromVolume 1 of a recently published book 'A Comprehensive Guide to the Manufacture ofPrinted Board Assemblies'* edited by W.MacLeod Ross.Volume 1, containing 800 pages, and Volume 2, scheduled to be published in theSpring of 1997 and estimated to contain around 900 pages, will, as far as the publishers areaware, be the most comprehensive book ever published on the subject of printed boardassemblies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710800593
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    Getting Ready for Lead-free Solders* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 65-69 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper reviews the status of lead-free solder development works. Some of the solder systems — Bi-Sn,Bi-Sn-Fe, ln-Sn, Sn, Sn-Ag, Sn-Ag-Zn,Sn-Ag-Zn-Cu, Sn-Bi-Ag, Sn-Cu,Sn-Cu-Ag, Sn-In-Ag, Sn-Sb, Sn-Zn andSn-Zn-ln — are discussed in more detail, while others are briefly commentedon. In general, compared with eutectic Sn-Pb solder, all the lead-free solderalternatives investigated more or less exhibit some shortcomings, such as price, physical,metallurgical or mechanical properties. Relatively, Sn-ln-containing systemsare more promising in terms of solder mechanical properties and soldering performance,although the price of ln may be a concern. Eutectic Sn-Ag solder doped with Zn, Cu orSb exhibits good mechanical strength and creep resistance, due to refined microstructure. TheBi-Sn systems doped with other elements may have a niche in the low temperaturesoldering field. Eutectic Sn-Cu has good potential due to its good fatigue resistance. Theeutectic Sn-Zn system modified with ln and/or Ag may be promising in terms ofmechanical properties. Finding a lead-free alternative for high temperature solderspresents the biggest challenge to the industry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710800656
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    An Experimental Method for Refinement of Solderability Measurement (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 14-21 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An experimental method for measurement system improvement is presented and applied to development of a protocol for solderability measurement with a wetting balance. Protocol development is central to development of reliablemonitoring systems for manufacturing. This paper illustrates the method with an experiment inwhich sets of nearly identical test leads, each with a different solderability, are obtained by steamageing of hot-solder-dipped copper and then measured according to alternativeprotocols. The protocols entail different flux types and solder bath temperatures. This method canbe used wherever solderability measurements are made and thus satisfies the need forin-house refinement of wetting balance protocols.〈DUMMY〉With the experimentalmethod, one can both compare alternative measurement protocols and estimate the relativesolderability of sets of test leads. The results of both depend on what feature of the wetting forcecurve one selects to portray solderability. The comparison of measurement protocols is based onwhat is variously called precision, sensitivity, or signal-to-noise ratio. Thesolderability estimates show that different physical properties of the test leads affect differentparts of the wetting force curve, and that changes in the steam ageing procedure affectsolderability in a generally predictable way.〈/DUMMY〉
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    Microstructural Modelling and Electronic Interconnect Reliability* (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 61-64 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Initial development ofmicrostructurally accurate finite element models of the soldered joints of electronic surfacemount components is described. These models allow for the presence of lead andtin-rich phases and copper-tin intermetallic layers within the joints. The effectof these features on the strain distributions within the joints is shown. These strain distributionscan be used to predict fatigue lives. This is demonstrated for homogeneous solder joints forwhich excellent correlation was shown between predicted lives and those measuredexperimentally by thermal cycling of actual components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710777536
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    New High Thermal Conductivity Thermoplastics for Power Applications (1997)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 55-57 
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    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The trendtowards higher density, higher frequency, higher power active devices in placing increasinglydifficult demands on device packaging. Materials with high thermal conductivities are replacingthe traditional ceramics in hermetic, high power packages, and MCM/ hybrid modules. Thermally enhanced plastic packages more frequently feature heat sinks embedded in thepackage for direct attachment of the power devices. Today's challenge inelectronic packaging is to dissipate the heat from the source, the device itself, without affectingits electrical performance or reliability. The material directly contacting the device is the dieattach medium. On lower power packages, the die bond line is not usually the highest thermalresistance in the thermal path. With highly conductive substrates and heat sinks, the die attachmaterial now becomes the critical element directly in series with the highly conductive substrate. Fundamental limitations in thermal properties of about 3 W/mK exist inpresent-day organic adhesives, primarily of the thermosetting type. Thisthermal conductivity (k) does not meet the current demands of thermally enhancedplastic laminate packages, MCMs, or direct die attach to heat spreaders or heat sinks. This paper describes the development, properties and application ofelectrically conductive thermoplastic adhesive pastes having thermal conductivity values as highas 35 W/mK, and able to produce thin, void-free bond lines for maximum thermaltransfer. The key material variables are isolated and evaluated for their impact of the k value. DOEs (design of experiments) were run to optimise the combination of the keyvariables, namely size/shape of the filler and the volume fraction to produce the highest kwithout sacrificing other functional properties such as adhesion. The effect of polymer chemistry(thermoset and thermoplastic) was also studied. The properties of the newlydeveloped, enhanced conductivity thermoplastic adhesives are compared with other materialtechnologies and examples of current applications reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09540919710195172
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    Aspects of a product model supporting apparel virtual enterprises (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 62-74 
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    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Emerging computer technology, including an infrastructure for virtual enterprises and more capable apparel product development software, is providing an opportunity to re-invent how apparel is produced. The development of an information-rich and unambiguous garment product model would help realize this opportunity This product model would improve the effectiveness of product development software and enhance the industry's ability to distribute work in virtual enterprises. Suggests what such a product mode should contain, how it can be developed and how it would be utilized throughout the product development life cycle to enable apparel virtual enterprises.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710157885
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    Investigation of pressure fields on clothing presses (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 113-127 
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    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents an original method of measurement of pressures on the working surfaces of clothing presses. It has been found that the mechanical properties of linings have a significant effect on the pressure distribution. Based on theoretical assumptions, a manner of selection of the lining for a technological task has been determined. Results of the experiments have confirmed the correctness of the assumptions made. The pressure distribution charts obtained also permit estimation of the effect of constructional errors of clothing presses on their effectiveness, particularly in the technology of glue joints.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168252
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    Marker making in small clothing companies - Part 2 (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 166-176 
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    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes the history of CAD systems as well as their benefits and costs for a clothing company. Presents and analyses results of a survey concerning the use of CAD systems for marker making in the clothing industry of the USA. Describes environmental and cost aspects of CAD marker making and makes recommendations for small clothing manufacturers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710726360
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    A new evaluation of seam pucker and its applications (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 252-255 
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    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The AATCC grades of seam pucker do not provide sufficient information for analysing and solving the problems. Develops a new measurement system which redefines seam pucker with shape parameters and evaluates it using artificial intelligence. New standards of seam pucker with five shape parameters were developed. Shows that prediction and optimization for seam pucker are possible using these means. The system has already been employed in men's suit manufacture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168405
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    An experiment on human sensory measurement and its objective measurement: Case of the measurement of seam pucker level (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 203-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents a report on a recent experiment on the evaluation of seam pucker level by the objective method. Explains that human beings measure physical quantity and quality by means of subjective methods. Fabric hand evaluation is an example of this type of evaluation and an example of a relatively complex measurement with many relating physical variables. The measurement of seam pucker is a much simpler measurement than fabric hand evaluation, as only the fabric geometry along a seam line is visually observed and evaluated. This simplicity, however, is useful when investigating the human objective judgement of a geometrical phenomenon. Suggests that this investigation may be applied directly to the development of an objective system of seam pucker level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168324
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  • 95
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    The causes and prevention of rippling or localized delamination in fused garment parts (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 228-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Examines the causes of rippling, localized delamination or surface distortion in fused garment theoretically and experimentally. On the basis of this study proposes a parameter, called rippling potential, to combine the effects of bond strength, differential shrinkage, compliance of outer fabrics and fusible interlinings and fabric formability on the degree of rippling. Suggests preventive measures to avoid rippling in fused garment parts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168360
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instrumental design for capturing three-dimensional moiré images (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes the setting up of a moiré topographic system to measure three-dimensional convex and concave surfaces of moulded brassière cups. The essential features of the system consisted of a photographic instrument which precisely controlled the position of the light source, the camera, the grid and the cup sample. As the uniformity of the grid was most crucial to produce a high contrast moiré picture, a photochemical-machined grid plate was developed, and a pneumatic grid translation device was incorporated into the system to produce a clear image. The tolerance of the instrumental error was derived by the law of error propagation and the confidence with the moiré set-up was assured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710177009
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical stability of fused textile systems (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 360-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents the results of tests to determine the mechanical stability of textile fusing systems using two instruments: pulser ERDT-3 and rotary-rolls set-up ARRV. The pulser ERDT-3 allows textile systems in different testing conditions to be fatigued; one-sided and double-sided loading. Using instrument ARRV the specimen is not only fatigued in repeated one-axed loading, but at the same time, its surface is abraded. Determines the relations between fusing conditions, fabric properties and glue line texture under different mechanical treatments. Proves that pressure increase allows a comparatively sufficient initial bond strength of textile systems forum, but this bond proves unstable under mechanical treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710185523
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sewability of denim (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 128-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Denim fabrics of various weight ranges were sewn with three different compositions of sewing threads - 100 per cent cotton, 100 per cent polyester and corespun thread - with all possible ticket numbers, to examine the interaction of various fabric-thread combinations. The sewing thread performance in terms of seam efficiency, pucker, slippage and needle cutting index was determined and the results were analysed in the light of the dimensional and mechanical properties of the fabric, thread and seam itself. Corespun threads were found to be most suitable from a seam efficiency point of view. However, other sewing parameters such as pucker, slippage and damage were adversely affected by sewing with corespun threads. Tensile properties of fabrics and threads were found to be the most important factors for sewability. Breaking strength and elongation of the fabric and sewing thread had an excellent correlation with seam efficiency. Cotton threads were found to be most suitable for sewing denim from a seam puckering point of view. On the other hand, polyester threads were more prone to develop seam pucker. Corespun thread was the greatest yarn damager compared to cotton and polyester threads. Fabric cover factor and sewing thread diameter were highly correlated with the needle cutting index.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168261
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic clothing simulation based on skeletal motion of the human body (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 256-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes the construction of an interactive apparel design system using the Word Wide Web. The system permits end-users to design clothes reflecting their tastes. Variable renderings of the human body and of clothing within environmental modules simulate apparel design in the virtual world. Proposes a simulation of the human body's skeletal motions for displaying the dynamic shape-changes in clothes. Suggests that this method of created animation, though more complex than static representation, nonetheless is more accurate in depicting the actual shapes of clothing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168414
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of seams on fabric drape (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 220-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents a study of the relationships between fabric drapeability and seam allowance, seam position and seam directions in terms of drape coefficient, bending length and draped profile. Concludes that by the results obtained from the sewn specimens, the draped profile of a fabric without a seam can be predicted and proved by extended experimental work. Suggests that the knowledge gained from present research on fabric drape will be useful in the determination of the drape profile on garment in practical use. Moreover, it has significant value in paving the way for establishing clothing CAD systems, and sheds light on fundamental mechanisms operating in fabric drape behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09556229710168351
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