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  • Articles  (24)
  • salinity
  • Springer  (24)
  • 1995-1999  (24)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1996  (24)
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  • Articles  (24)
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  • 1995-1999  (24)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth response to the stress of low osmotic potential, salinity and high pH in cultured shoot of Chinese poplars (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of forest research 1 (1996), S. 27-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1610-7403
    Keywords: Chinese poplars ; high pH ; low osmotic potential ; salinity ; stress response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In vitro cultured shoots of three Chinese poplar species (Populus tomentosa, P. alba cv. Pyramidalis andP. euphratica) and an improved poplar (FS-51), as a control, were exposed to the stress of low osmotic potential, salinity and high pH, and the shoot growth was measured.P. tomentosa andP. euphratica could grow even under the high osmotic stress (0.5m mannitol; −1.7 MPa).P. euphratica shoots which were previously cultured on the medium containing 0.7m mannitol (−2.4 MPa) recovered its growth after being transplanted to the medium without mannitol. The shoot growth ofP. euphratica was not so reduced even on the medium containing 100 mM NaCl. However, growth of the other poplars markedly reduced with 10 mM NaCl. Medium pH (pH 5.8–10) also did not affect the shoot growth ofP. euphratica. These poplars have different tolerance to the stresses in cultured shootin vitro. P. euphratica was extremely tolerant to the stresses which are possible to damage plants in dry land.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02348336
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, salinity and agitation on byssus thread formation of zebra musselDreissena polymorpha (1996)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 30 (1996), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Dreissena polymorpha ; byssus thread production ; temperature ; salinity ; agitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Byssus thread production ofD. polymorpha under different conditions of temperature, salinity and agitation were studied in the laboratory. The acclimation to salinity and temperature greatly affects the byssus production ofD. polymorpha. Byssus production of mussels was significantly reduced when temperature increased beyond 20°C and decreased below 10°C. Mussels with cut threads (for counting), produced a substantially increased number of threads. However, mussels with uncut byssus threads were comparatively more mobile. Byssus production of mussels did not vary significantly at salinities up to 3‰. Beyond this salinity byssus production was reduced significantly. Mussels increased their byssus production with increasing frequency of agitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02272238
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fish kills related toPrymnesium parvum N. Carter (Haptophyta) in the People's Republic of China (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 8 (1996), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Prymnesium parvum ; haptophyte ; fish kills ; China ; toxins ; salinity ; ammonium sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Prymnesium parvum has been known to cause mass mortality of fish in PR of China since 1963. It usually occurs in brackish waters and inland high-mineral waters. The fish-breeding industry (mainly species of carp) in these regions of the PRC has been threatened by this microalga. Electron microscopic examination of isolates from Dalian and Tianjin revealed that the isolates wereP. parvum, based on specific scale patterns and two kinds of scales. The symptoms of the poisoned fish and the control of this toxic alga are also discussed. The addition of ammonium sulfate, copper sulfate, mud, reduced salinity and organic fertilizer to fish ponds has been partially successful in controlling blooms of this toxic alga. Adding 50–70 kg ha−1 day−1 manure (dry weight) to the fish pond to inhibitP. parvum from becoming the dominant species in the fish pond is recommended. A reduction in salinity to less than 2‰ is the easiest way to save freshwater fish from being poisoned byP. parvum. Use of ammonium sulfate is an efficient, economical and safer method to controlP. parvum than copper sulfate or mud.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186313
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons between the ichthyofaunas of a temperate lagoonal-like estuary and the embayment into which that estuary discharges (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 337-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: estuary ; fish fauna ; marine embayment ; protection ; salinity ; shallow waters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Leschenault Estuary consists of a large lagoonal-like water body, which opens into Koombana Bay through a short and deep entrance channel at its southern end. Since the only major tributary discharges into the estuary opposite the entrance channel, much of the freshwater discharge in the winter passes directly out to sea. Consequently, during the year of the present study, the mean monthly salinities in the main body of the estuary remained above 20 per mil. This presumably accounts for the fact that the ichthyofaunal composition in the shallows of the estuary did not undergo the type of marked changes that are exhibited in other south-western Australian estuaries, in which salinities often fall below 10 per mil in winter. Despite the maintenance of high salinities in Leschenault Estuary and a close proximity to Koombana Bay, the estuary contained a far greater density and markedly different species composition of fish than that found in that marine embayment. This difference reflected, in part, the high abundance in Leschenault Estuary of some species whose entire life cycle is confined to estuaries,e.g. the atherinidsAtherinosoma elongata andLeptatherina wallacei and the gobiesPseudogobius olorum andAfurcagobius suppositus, and the fact that the juveniles of several marine species,e.g. Hyperlophus vittatus, Sillaginodes punctata, Mugil cephalus andGymnapistes marmoratus were also largely or entirely restricted to the estuary. In contrast,Lesueurina platycephala, which was by far the most abundant species in Koombana Bay, was absent in the estuary. Furthermore, the relatively protected region of Koombana Bay contained a greater density and different composition of fish than the more exposed region of this embayment. This reflected the greater use that was made of the protected region as a nursery area by certain marine species,e.g. Aldrichetta forsten andSillago bassensis. Our data, when taken in conjunction with those collected on the fish fauna in other south-western Australian estuaries, demonstrate that, within this geographical region, some fish species are specifically adapted to the estuarine environment, and that certain marine species apparently have a strong preference for using the highly protected and productive waters of this type of environment as a nursery area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995386
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival, osmoregulation and oxygen consumption of YOY coastal largemouth bass,Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) exposed to saline media (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 323 (1996), S. 119-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: centrarchidae ; ontogeny ; osmoregulation ; oxygen consumption ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of salinity on survival, osmoregulation and oxygen consumption was determined on coastal young-of-the-year (YOY) largemouth bassMicropterus salmoides by exposing them to saline media of 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16‰. The data indicated a decrease in survival with longer exposure time and increased salinity. There were no significant differences in plasma osmolality with increased salinity from 0 to 8‰ but osmolality was significantly greater at 12‰ than 0‰ and osmolality from 16‰ was greater than all other salinity treatments. No significant differences in hematocrits were detected between 0 and 12‰, but hematocrits in the 16‰ treatment were significantly reduced compared to all other treatments. YOYM. salmoides are good osmoregulators up to 8‰ but increased salinity caused measurable osmoregulatory dysfunction. Oxygen consumption rate increased significantly as salinity increased, suggesting that adaptation of this species to hypersaline media is in part accompanied by increased energy expenditure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017589
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of macrophyte growth forms on invertebrate communities in saline lakes of the Wyoming High Plains (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 323 (1996), S. 83-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: macroinvertebrate communities ; macrophyte growth forms ; salinity ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In saline lakes, areal cover and both species and structural diversity of macrophytes often decline as salinity increases. To assess effects of the loss of certain macrophyte growth forms, we characterized benthic and epiphytic invertebrates in three growth forms (thin-stemmed emergents, erect aquatics, and low macroalgae) in oligosaline lakes (0.8–4.2 mS cm−1) of the Wyoming High Plains, USA. We also measured the biomass and taxonomic composition of epiphytic and benthic invertebrates in two erect aquatics with very similar structure that are found in both oligosaline (Potamogeton pectinatus) and mesosaline (9.3–23.5 mS cm−1) (Ruppia maritima) lakes. Although total biomass of epiphytic invertebrates varied among oligosaline lakes, the relative distribution of biomass among growth forms was similar. For epiphytic invertebrates, biomass per unit area of lake was lowest in emergents and equivalent in erect aquatics and low macroalgae; biomass per unit volume of macrophyte habitat was greatest in low macroalgae. For benthic invertebrates, biomass was less beneath low macroalgae than other growth forms. Taxonomic composition did not differ appreciably between growth forms for either benthic or epiphytic invertebrates, except that epiphytic gastropods were more abundant in erect aquatics. Total biomass of epiphytic and benthic invertebrates for the same growth form (erect aquatic) did not differ between oligosaline (Potamogeton pectinatus) and mesosaline (Ruppia maritima) lakes, but taxonomic composition did change. In the oligosaline to mesosaline range, direct toxic effects of salinity appeared important for some major taxa such as gastropods and amphipods. However, indirect effects of salinity, such as loss of macrophyte cover and typically higher nutrient levels at greater salinities, probably have larger impacts on total invertebrate biomass lake-wide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017586
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aquatic macrophyte distribution in Lake Manzala, Egypt (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 221-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: aquatic macrophytes ; ecological distribution ; Lake Manzala ; ordination ; salinity ; TWINSPAN ; water depth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The macrophyte distribution of Lake Manzala is described in relation to water depth, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, Cl−, NO 3 − and PO 4 3− . Changes in species composition of macrophytes are visualised by means of multivariate analysis. The TWINSPAN classification and CANOCO ordination programs (DCA & CCA) were used to analyse the data set. The classification of 100 stands revealed 8 vegetation groups which indicated eleven dominant communities. These arePhragmites australis, Typha domingensis, Scirpus maritimus, Echinochloa stagnina and Ludwigia stolonifera as emergent hydrophytes;Eichhornia crassipes andAzolla filiculoides as floating hydrophytes. The dominant submerged hydrophytes arePotamogeton pectinatus, Najas armata, Ceratophyllum demersum andRuppia maritima. The northern part of the lake with low depth and relatively high salinity has low species diversity (mainly emergent species). Species diversity increases with decreasing salinity and increasing eutrophication near the mouths of the drains in the western and southern parts of the lake. The recent changes in species distribution can be attributed to the effects of salinity, water depth and drainage water. A checklist of macrophytes in the lake is appended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997138
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of seedling selection for salinity tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 88 (1996), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: potato ; salinity ; salt ; screening ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Salt-tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was selected on the basis of germination and survival of seed sown in trays of perlite suspended in either 75 or 150 mM NaCl. Salinity reduced the germination of seed. Genetic differences in salt-tolerance were apparent with salt reducing germination more in seed collected from cv. Cara than in that collected from cv. Maris Piper. Progeny from the seedling selection were then grown to maturity to produce tubers. The relative tolerance of the parental cultivars and of unselected and selected progeny to long-term exposure to salinity was examined in a pot experiment in which plants were irrigated with either fresh water or 50 mM NaCl solution from one week after plant emergence. In this experiment, salinity significantly reduced leaf conductance, total dry matter production and partitioning of assimilate to tubers. Salinity reduced dry matter production and assimilate partitioning to tubers to a greater extent in Cara than in M. Piper. Progeny selected for short-term salt-tolerance did not exhibit greater long-term salt-tolerance than unselected progeny, and both were more sensitive than M. Piper. These results demonstrate genetic variation in salt-tolerance in potato. However, although there was a correlation between the performance of the parent to long-term salinity and survival of progeny in the seedling selection, there was no correlation between short- and long-term salt-tolerance. This suggests that characters underlying short-term tolerance may contribute to long-term tolerance but do not of themselves confer long-term tolerance. Future progress in selecting for improved salt-tolerance depends on understanding the effects of salinity on the physiological processes underlying growth and carbon partitioning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023892
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) following in vitro selection for salt tolerance (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alfalfa ; antioxidant ; Southern blotting ; proline ; salinity ; somaclones ; lucerne ; Medicago sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a valuable forage crop which is grown in areas of limited rainfall, high temperature and where the land is often salt affected. Seedlings of the commercial variety CUF 101 and the more salt tolerant breeding line CUF101-1S were used as explant material to produce tissue cultures for an in vitro screen for salt tolerance. Callus cultures were placed on a regeneration medium containing 0–350 mol m-3 NaCl to establish the highest possible salt concentration that would allow buds to regenerate and survive as plantlets. Buds were regenerated in 250 mol m-3 NaCl then isolated, grown to maturity and set seed. The response to salt tolerance in the short term was investigated by exposing 14-day-old seedlings to 200 mol m-3 NaCl. Measurement of growth, survival, proline concentration and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were made after 14 days exposure to NaCl. One somaclone in particular (6R2IV) compared with the parent line showed increased salt tolerance, greater accumulation of proline and a greater increase in the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione reductase. A potentially important gene is pA9 which is known to be responsible for the production of a proline rich cell wall protein. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of a region of the pA9 gene indicated that it was present in both tolerant and sensitive lines. Southern blotting has shown that the copy number of the pA9 was present as multiple copies in the tolerant clone compared with a single copy in the parents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022828
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of salinity and plant species on CO2 flux and leaching of dissolved organic carbon during decomposition of plant residue (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 179 (1996), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CO2 ; dissolved organic carbon ; flux, halophyte ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mitigation of increased concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere by plants may be more efficient in saline systems with soils lower in organic matter than in other freshwater systems. In saline systems, decomposition rates may be lower and potential soil carbon storage higher than in fresh water systems. The effects of salinity, plant species and time on CO2 surface flux and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached during irrigation were determined in the laboratory in microcosms containing sand amended with residues of two halophytes, Atriplex nummularia and Salicornia bigelovii, and one glycophyte, Triticum aestivum. Surface flux of CO2 and DOC leached during decomposition were monitored for 133 days at 24 °C in microcosms containing different plant residue (5% w/w). Microcosms were irrigated every 14 days with distilled water or seawater adjusted to 10, 20, or 40 g L-1 salts. CO2 flux and DOC leached were significantly higher from microcosms amended with A. nummularia residue compared to S. bigelovii or T. aestivum at all salinities and decreased significantly over time for all plant species. Irrigating with water of high salinity, 40 g L-1, compared to distilled water resulted in a decrease in CO2 surface flux and DOC in leachate, but differences were not significant at all sampling dates. Results indicate that plant residue composition, as well as increased salinity, affect CO2 surface flux and DOC in leachate during plant residue decomposition and may be an important consideration for C storage in saline systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009327
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foliar and root absorption of Na+ and Cl− in maize and barley: Implications for salt tolerance screening and the use of saline sprinkler irrigation (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; chloride ; foliar absorption ; maize ; saline sprinkling ; salinity ; sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Above-canopy sprinkler irrigation with saline water favours the absorption of salts by wetted leaves and this can cause a yield reduction additional to that which occurs in salt-affected soils. Outdoor pot experiments with both sprinkler and drip irrigation systems were conducted to determine foliar ion accumulation and performance of maize and barley plants exposed to four treatments: nonsaline control (C), salt applied only to the soil (S), salt applied only to the foliage (F) and salt applied to both the soil and to the foliage (F+S). The EC of the saline solution employed for maize in 1993 was 4.2 dS m−1 (30 mM NaCl and 2.8 mM CaCl2) and for barley in 1994, 9.6 dS m−1 (47 mM NaCl and 23.5 mM CaCl2). The soil surface of all pots was covered so that in the F treatment the soil was not salinized by the saline sprinkling and drip irrigation supplied nutrients in either fresh (treatments C and F) or saline water (treatments S and F+S). Saline sprinkling increased leaf sap Na+ concentrations much more than did soil salinity, especially in maize, even though the saline sprinkling was given only two or three times per week for 30 min, whereas the roots of plants grown in saline soil were continuously exposed to salinity. By contrast, leaf sap Cl− concentrations were increased similarly by saline sprinkling and soil salinity in maize, and more by saline sprinkling than saline soil in barley. It is concluded that barley leaves, and to a greater extent maize leaves, lack the ability to selectively exclude Na+ when sprinkler irrigated with saline water. Moreover, maize leaves selectively absorbed Na+ over Cl− whereas barley leaves showed no selectivity. When foliar and root absorption processes were operating together (F+S treatment) maize and barley leaves accumulated 11–14% less Na+ and Cl− than the sum of individual absorption processes (treatment F plus treatment S) indicating a slight interaction between the absorption processes. Vegetative biomass at maturity and cumulative plant water use were significantly reduced by saline sprinkling. In maize, reductions in biomass and plant water use relative to the control were of similar magnitude for plants exposed only to saline sprinkling, or only to soil salinity; whereas in barley, saline sprinkling was more detrimental than was soil salinity. We suggest that crops that are salt tolerant because they possess root systems which efficiently restrict Na+ and Cl− transport to the shoot, may not exhibit the same tolerance in sprinkler systems which wet the foliage with saline water. ei]T J Flowers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015413
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brief pre- and post-irrigation sprinkling with fresh water reduces foliar salt uptake in maize and barley sprinkler irrigated with saline water (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; chloride ; foliar absorption ; maize ; salinity ; sodium ; sprinkler irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Brief pre- and post-irrigation sprinkling treatments using freshwater were tested to determine if these practices could reduce the uptake of salts through leaves when saline water is used to sprinkler irrigate crops. Maize and barley were sprinkler irrigated 2 to 3 times per week for 30 min with saline water (4.2 dS m−1, 30 mmol L−1 NaCl and 2.8 mmoles L−1 CaCl2 for maize and 9.6 dS m−1, 47 mmoles L−1 NaCl and 23.5 mmoles L−1 CaCl2 for barley) in separate experiments with plants grown in pots outdoors. The soil surface of all pots was covered to prevent salinization of the soil by the sprinkling water. One half of the sprinkled plants was grown in nonsaline soil to study the effects of pre-wetting and post-washing when ion uptake was primarily through leaves. The other half of the sprinkled plants was grown in soil salinized by drip irrigation, in order to evaluate the effects of pre-wetting and post-washing when Na+ and Cl- uptake was through both leaves and roots. Post-washing with freshwater (5 min) reduced the leaf sap concentrations of Cl- in saline-sprinkled plants from 56 to 43 mmol L−1 in maize and from 358 to 225 mmol L−1 in barley (averages for plants grown in nonsaline and saline soil). Na+ concentrations in leaf sap were reduced from 93 to 65 mmoles L−1 (maize) and from 177 to 97 mmoles L−1 (barley) by the post-washing. Pre-wetting had a small effect on ion uptake through leaves, the only significant reduction in seasonal means being in leaf Na+ concentrations for plants grown in nonsaline soil. Pre-wetting and post-washing, when combined, reduced leaf Cl- concentrations to levels similar to those of nonsprinkled plants grown in saline soil; however, Na+ concentrations in leaves remained 3.5 times (maize) and 1.5 times (barley) higher than those of nonsprinkled plants. When pre-wetting and post-washing were not applied, sprinkled barley plants grown in saline soil had grain yields which were 58% lower than nonsprinkled plants grown in saline soil, but the reduction in grain yield was only 17% when the freshwater treatments were given. We conclude that a brief period of post-washing with freshwater is essential when saline water is employed in sprinkler irrigation. By comparison, the benefits from pre-wetting were small in these experiments. ei]T J Flowers
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015414
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of selenium by different plant species grown under increasing sodium and calcium chloride salinity (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 183 (1996), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Festuca arundinacea ; Hibiscus cannibinus ; Lotus tenuis ; phytoremediation ; salinity ; selenium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract High levels of naturally occurring selenium (Se) are often found in conjunction with different forms of salinity in central California. Plants considered for use in phytoremediation of high Se levels must therefore be salt tolerant. Selenium accumulation was evaluated for the following species under increasing salt (NaCl and CaCl) conditions:Brassica napus L. (canola),Hibiscus cannibinus L. (kenaf),Festuca arundinacea L. (tall fescue), andLotus tenuis L. (birdsfoot trefoil). The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four salt treatments of 〈1, 5, 10, and 20 dS m-1, four plant species, three blocks, and six replicates per treatment. Ninety days after growing in the respective salt treated soil with a Se concentration of 2 mg Se kg-1 soil, added as Na2SeO4, all plant species were completely harvested. Among the species tested, shoot and root dry matter yield of kenaf was most significantly (p〈0.001) affected by the highest salt treatment and tall fescue and canola were the least affected species. Generally there was a decrease in tissue accumulation of Se with increasing salt levels, except that low levels of salinity stimulated Se accumulation in canola. Canola leaf and root tissue accumulated the highest concentrations of Se (315 and 80 mg Se kg-1 DM) and tall fescue the least (35 and 7 mg Se kg-1 DM). Total soil Se concentrations all harvest were significantly (p〈0.05) lower for all species at all salt treatments. Removal of Se from soil was greatest by canola followed by birdsfoot trefoil, kenaf and tall fescue. Among the four species, canola was the best candidate for removing Se under the tested salinity conditions. Kenaf may be effective because of its large biomass production, while tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil may be effective because they can be repeatedly clipped as perennial crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185564
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abscisic acid concentrations are correlated with leaf area reductions in two salt-stressed rapid-cycling Brassica species (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 179 (1996), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Brassica napus ; Brassica carinata ; callus ; photosynthesis ; plant growth ; salinity ; salt tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The greater sensitivity of B. carinata to salinity in comparison to B. napus has been linked to a greater reduction in net assimilation rate. Apparently this is not due to ion toxicity; the cause is unknown. In this report, we test the hypothesis that increases in abscisic acid (ABA) are involved in the reduction of growth by salinity. Salinity (8 dS m−1) caused an increase of ABA concentrations in the shoot, root and callus of both species. ABA concentrations were lower in the salt-tolerant species, B. napus, than the salt-sensitive species, B. carinata, both in the whole plant and callus. Leaf expansion for both species was equally sensitive to ABA; salt stress did not significantly alter sensitivity to applied ABA. The growth inhibition increased in a hyperbolic manner with an increase in endogenous ABA concentration. These results indicate that ABA in salt-stressed plants may play a role in the inhibition of growth. The photosynthesis of salt-sensitive species, B. carinata, was also decreased by salinity, corresponding to the reduction in growth. The decreased photosynthesis does not appear to be the cause of the growth reduction, because photosynthesis was not inhibited by short-term exposure to salinity and photosynthesis was poorly correlated with endogenous ABA concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011639
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Cl on Cd uptake by Swiss chard in nutrient solutions (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 179 (1996), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cd2+ activity ; Cd-Cl interaction ; chelator-buffered nutrient solution ; salinity ; speciation ; Swiss chard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L., cv. Fordhook Giant) was grown in nutrient solution with Cl concentrations varying between 0.01 mM and 120 mM. Solution Na concentration and ionic strength were maintained in all treatments by compensating with NaNO3. All solutions contained Cd (50 nM, spiked with 109Cd). Three different Cd2+ buffering systems were used. In one experiment, Cd2+ activity was unbuffered; its activity decreased with increased Cl concentration as a result of the formation of CdCln 2−n species. In the other experiments, Cd2+ activity was buffered by the chelator nitrilotriacetate (NTA, 50 μM) and ethylene-bis-(oxyethylenenitrilo)-tetraacetate (EGTA, 50 μM) at about 10−9 M and 10−11 M, respectively. Plant growth was generally unaffected by increasing Cl concentrations in the three experiments. In unbuffered solutions, Cd concentrations in plant tissue decreased significantly (p〈0.01) (approximately 2.4-fold) as solution Cl concentration increased from 0.01 mM to 120 mM. However, this decrease was smaller in magnitude than the 4.7-fold decrease in Cd2+ activity as calculated by the GEOCHEM-PC program for the same range of Cl concentrations. In solutions where Cd2+ activity was buffered by NTA, Cd concentrations in plant tissue increased approximately 1.4-fold with increasing Cl concentration in solution, while the Cd2+ activity was calculated to decrease 1.3-fold. In solutions where Cd2+ activity was buffered by EGTA, Cd concentrations in the roots increased 1.3-fold with increasing Cl concentration in solution but there was no effect of Cl on shoot Cd concentrations. The data suggest that either CdCln 2−nspecies can be taken up by plant roots or that Cl enhances uptake of Cd2+ through enhanced diffusion of the uncomplexed metal to uptake sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011642
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    The role of macropores in the cultivation of bell pepper in salinized soil (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 181 (1996), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Capsicum ; macropore ; no-tillage ; pepper ; salinity ; salt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis tested in this paper is that, because the freshest water occurs in the largest soil pores (macropores), plants of low to moderate transpiration rate can survive in salinized soil because they preferentially extract water from macropores. The hypothesis predicts that a plant growing in a macroporous soil should have greater growth under a given salinity treatment than a similar plant growing in a soil with the same mineralogy but without macropores. This hypothesis was tested by growing bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) in the greenhouse in pots filled with either a commercial fritted clay (a highly macroporous soil) or the same clay ground to a finer texture and sieved to remove macropores and produce a microporous soil. The pots sat in pans filled with salt water. Half of the pots were irrigated once a day with fresh water and the other half received no fresh water. Plants growing in the macroporous soil had greater growth for a given salinity treatment than the plants growing in the microporous soil under both the irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Under the irrigated condition for the highest salinity treatment, the non-reproductive fresh weight per plant, total dry weight per plant and fruit fresh weight per plant was 114 g, 12 g and 50 g, respectively, for the macroporous soil and 47 g, 4.5 g and 5 g, respectively, for the microporous soil. The results of this study provide evidence to suggest that a better understanding of what constitutes a ‘good’ structure in a saline soil may aid us in our efforts to improve the management of saline soils. We suggest that it may be possible to increase the agricultural production on salinized land by no-tillage agriculture which preserves macroporosity. Possible obstacles could be the tendency of field saline-sodic soils to swell and the unavailability of relatively fresh irrigation water in areas with saline soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012059
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  • 17
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    Is coordination of leaf and root growth mediated by abscisic acid? Opinion (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 185 (1996), S. 33-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; drought ; leaf expansion ; nitrogen deficiency ; root growth ; salinity ; soil compaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Leaf growth is more inhibited than root growth when the soil is nitrogen-deficient, dry, saline, compacted, or of restricted volume. Similar differential responses in leaf and root growth occur when ABA is applied to plants in well-watered and well-fertilised conditions, and opposite responses are often found in ABA-deficient mutants. ABA levels increase in plants in dry or saline soils, suggesting a regulating role in leaf and root growth in soils of low water potential. In nitrogen-deficient or compacted soils, or soils of restricted volume, ABA only sometimes increases, and in these situations its accumulation may be of secondary importance. Use of ABA-deficient mutants has so far indicated that ABA influences leaf and root growth in unstressed plants, and plants in dry soils, but not in soils that are compacted, of restricted volume, or are nitrogen-deficient. For ABA to determine the relationship between the rate of leaf growth and the rate of root growth, there must be long-distance transport of either ABA itself or a compound that controls ABA synthesis in the growing cells of leaves and roots. ABA invariably increases in xylem sap as the soil becomes dry or saline, and sometimes when it becomes nitrogen-deficient or compacted, however the ABA is of too low a concentration to affect leaf growth. There may be a compound in xylem sap that controls the synthesis of ABA in the leaf, but no such compound has been identified. ABA accumulates in phloem sap of plants in dry or saline soil, but its function in controlling root or leaf growth is unknown. We conclude that ABA affects the ratio of root growth to leaf growth via its independent effects on root and leaf growth, and may regulate the ratio of root to leaf growth via feedforward signals in xylem or phloem, but there is no satisfactory explanation of its mechanism of control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257563
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  • 18
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    Abscisic acid, temperature and salinity interactions on growth and some mineral elements in Carthamus plants (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 20 (1996), S. 225-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Carthamus tinctorius ; safflower ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and contents of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) in shoot and root tissues of Carthamus tinctorius plants were measured at combinations of four nutrient solution osmotic potentials (Ψs=0, -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa) induced by NaCl and CaCl treatments, three constant temperatures (T) ranging from 15 to 35°C and four abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations (0,10,50 and 100 mg L−1). Unstressed and stressed plants grown in optimal temperature conditions (25°C) maintained higher growth rates (dry mass production) than plants grown under low and high temperatures (15 and 35°C respectively). Shoot and root growth (dry mass production) were largely inhibited by salinity but the magnitude of growth inhibition was temperature dependent. Safflower plants respond to salinity stress by increases in Ca, Cl and to a lesser extent Na in their shoots and roots and by a decrease in the ratio of fresh to dry weight. The ratio of K/Na was decreased progressively on salinization. With stressed plants, ABA application reduced the toxicity of salt treatment, improved K uptake under salinity, effectively increased K/Na ratio and helped the plants to avoid Na toxicity and sometimes enhanced growth. The effect of ABA on the growth was more pronounced at optimum temperature (25°C). The association between the internal mineral element concentrations was largely affected by ABA application and temperature change but a wide fluctuation in response was noticed. The effects of single factors (Ψs, T and ABA) on the growth and mineral contents were statistically significant. Also, bifactorial (Ψs× T, Ψs × ABA and T × ABA) and three factorial (Ψs × T × ABA) interactions significantly affected the parameters. Further statistical treatment of the data (coefficient of determination η2) led to four important findings: (1) Salinity (Ψs) was dominant in affecting Ca and Cl contents in both shoot and root as well as root Na content. (2) Temperature (T) had a dominant effect on growth, shoot K, Mg, P, S and root P, and S contents (3) The share of Ψs × T × ABA interaction was dominant for root Na and Mg contents. (4) The single factors and their interactions had a dual role in their subsidiary effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043312
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  • 19
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    Managing irrigation and drainage systems in arid areas in the presence of shallow groundwater: case studies (1996)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 10 (1996), S. 227-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: Irrigation ; drainage ; groundwater uptake management ; salinity ; shallow groundwater ; integrated management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two field studies were conducted on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley of California to demonstrate the potential for integrated management of irrigation and drainage systems. The first study used a modified cotton crop coefficient to calculate the irrigation schedule controlling the operation of a subsurface drip system irrigating cotton in an area with saline groundwater at a depth of 1.5 m. Use of the coefficient resulted in 40% of the crop water requirement coming from the groundwater without a loss in lint yield. The second study evaluated the impact of the installation of controls on a subsurface drainage system installed on a 65 hectare field. As a result of the drainage controls, 140 mm less water was applied to the tomato crop without a yield loss. A smaller relative weight of tomatoes classified as limited use, was found in the areas with the water table closest to the soil surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01102808
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  • 20
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    The economics of agroforestry with pine and pasture in the 500 to 700 mm annual rainfall zone of Western Australia (1996)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 33 (1996), S. 51-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: financial returns ; labour requirements ; Mediterranean climate ; pine ; salinity ; sheep ; silvopasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study mainly compares the economics of one form of agroforestry (involving the simultaneous use of land for pine sawlog, sheep, wool and hay production) with conventional agriculture (sheep and wool production) in the 500 and 700 mm annual rainfall zone of Western Australia. The region is marked by environmental problems, particularly soil and water salinity, owing to past extensive clearly of indigenous deep-rooted vegetation for agriculture. Agroforestry can be a way to control and ameliorate the problems. The major conclusion is that pine agroforestry can be more profitable in the long term than conventional agriculture. It would be a profitable way to control and ameliorate the environmental problems in the region. It would also generate other benefits. A number of measures can be adopted to reduce or avert any problems arising from agroforestry's annual net returns (which fluctuate and are negative for most years before log sales) and annual labour requirements (which vary over time and are generally higher than those for agriculture for about the first half of the agroforestry rotation). These measures include using a low tree density and converting only part of a farm to agroforestry so that the activity is practised in combination with conventional agriculture. The study concerns a region with a Mediterranean climate so that the principles and findings of the study could be of particular relevance to other similar regions of the world.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00122889
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    Reclaiming sodic soils for wheat production by Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC afforestation in India (1996)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 34 (1996), S. 139-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: soil restoration ; sodicity ; salinity ; chronosequence ; productivity ; fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A green house pot trial was conducted to assess the impact of Prosopis afforestation on the productivity and fertility of degraded sodic soils in Haryana, India. Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L; cultivar HD 2329) plants were grown from seed on top soils collected from a chronosequence of 0, 5, 7, and 30-year-old Prosopis juliflora plantations established on highly sodic soils and a non-sodic reference soil collected from a local farm. The afforestation improved physical and chemical properties of surface soils by decreasing pH, electrical conductivity and exchangeable Na levels, and increasing infiltration capacity, organic C, total N, available P, and exchangeable Ca, Mg, and, K levels. The amelioration effect of the trees on top soil increased with duration of tree occupancy. Soil nutrient status under the 30-year-old plantation was higher than that of the non-sodic farm soil. The reduced soil sodicity and improved fertility contributed to higher germination, survival, growth, and grain yield of wheat plants grown on the Prosopis chronosequence soils, even surpassing the yield attained on the farm soil in the case of 30-year-old plantation soil. Sodium accumulation in the crop declined while N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake increased with soil plantation age reflecting the changing nutrient status of the rooting zone due to afforestation. Results confirmed that successful tree plantation may restore the productivity and fertility of highly degraded sodic soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00148158
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  • 22
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    Changes in antioxidant enzymes and organic solutes associated with adaptation of citrus cells to salt stress (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 45 (1996), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Catalase ; cell culture ; peroxidase ; salinity ; superoxide dismutase ; Citrus limon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogenic callus cultures of lemon (Citrus limon L. Burm f. cv Verna), were selected for resistance to salt stress (170 mM NaCl). Inorganic analysis showed that selected callus accumulated more Na+ and Cl- ions than the non-selected one. Moreover, the salt-tolerant C. limon callus exhibited an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes involved in oxygen metabolism, with the induction of a new superoxide dismutase isozyme and an increase of the peroxidase activity while the catalase activity was unchanged. Proline and total sugar, mainly sucrose, concentrations increases significantly in salt-tolerant cells as compared to control cells. On the other hand, the selected cell line also showed an increase in choline and glycine betaine, but to lesser extent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043428
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  • 23
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    Root dynamics of Melaleuca halmaturorum in response to fluctuating saline groundwater (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 184 (1996), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf water potential ; Melaleuca halmaturorum ; root ; salinity ; soil water potential ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Melaleuca halmaturorum is a salt and waterlogging tolerant tree and thus often occurs in saline areas fringing permanent wetlands and in ephemeral swamps. The dominance of this tree in natural groundwater discharge areas may result in M. halmaturorum transpiration making a major contribution to groundwater discharge. To quantify this the seasonal changes in tree water sources in response to fluctuating soil salinity and waterlogging were examined. This study was conducted in a natural system where seasonally fluctuating saline groundwater (64 dS m−1; 0.3–1.2 m deep) allowed the patterns of M. halmaturorum root water uptake to be followed over a 15 month period. Tree water sources were examined using the naturally occurring stable isotopes of water, while new root growth was examined using a field root observation window and from soil cores. The presence of isotopic fractionation of 2H under conditions of soil salinity and waterlogging was tested in a glasshouse experiment. Measurements of soil and leaf water potential were also made to examine the possible water sources and limits to water uptake. No isotopic fractionation was found by tree roots under conditions of salinity and waterlogging. M. halmaturorum trees were active in taking up groundwater at most times and combined this with a shallower soil water source replenished by rainfall in winter. Water uptake was concentrated in the deeper parts of the soil profile when the groundwater was at its deepest and salt had accumulated in the surface soils, at the end of summer. When groundwater rose, at the end of winter, roots responded by extracting water from near the soil surface (0–0.1 m), at the new watertable. This pattern of water uptake in response to groundwater fluctuations and salt accumulation in the surface soil was also reflected in new root tip appearance at the root observation window. Fluctuations in leaf water potential fallowed fluctuations in surface soil (0.1 m depth) water potential at all times. In winter leaf water potential reflected the absolute values of the surface soil water potential but in summer it was between surface soil and groundwater water potentials. We conclude that M. halmaturorum used groundwater in summer and a combination of rainfall and groundwater from the surface soils in winter. The ability to take up water from saline substrates through the maintenance of low leaf water potential, combined with this ability to rapidly alter root water uptake in response to changes in soil water availability contributed to the survival of M. halmaturorum in this saline swamp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029276
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  • 24
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    Effects of flooding and salinity on photosynthesis and water relations of four Southeastern Coastal Plain forest species (1996)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 4 (1996), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: baldcypress ; green ash ; flooding ; photosynthesis ; salinity ; Chinese tallow ; water relations ; water tupelo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of flooding and salinity on photosynthesis and water relations was examined for four common coastal tree species [green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.). Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.), and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard)]. Both chronic (as might be associated with sea level rise) and acute (similar to hurricane storm surges) exposures to these stresses were examined. Chronic freshwater flooding of green ash, water tupelo, and Chinese tallow seedlings reduced photosynthesis (A) relative to that of watered seedlings, while baldcypress was unaffected. Chinese tallow A declined with increasing length of flooding. A salinity increase of the floodwater to 2 ppt decreased A of baldcypress and water tupelo, but not A of green ash and Chinese tallow, which was already severely reduced by freshwater flooding. All seedlings of the four species died within 2 to 6 weeks when flooded with 10 ppt saltwater. Photosynthesis of all four species did not differ between 0 and 2 ppt watering. Watering with 10 ppt salinity initially reduced A of all four species, but the seedlings recovered over time. Photosynthesis was severely decreased for all species when flooded with 21 ppt salinity for 48 hours. Reduced A continued following the treatment. Photosynthesis of only green ash and water tupelo was reduced by watering with 21 ppt salinity for 48 hours. Flooding of low-lying areas with increased salinity would lead to shifts in species composition of coastal forests due to these differential tolerances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876133
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