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  • Articles  (19)
  • resistance  (19)
  • Springer  (19)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1995-1999  (19)
  • 1995  (19)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (19)
Collection
  • Articles  (19)
Publisher
  • Springer  (19)
  • American Chemical Society
Years
  • 1995-1999  (19)
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 1 (1995), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Glycine max ; Heterodera glycines ; inheritance ; resistance ; soybean ; soybean cyst nematode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetics of resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe is very complex. Crosses involving PI 437654, which is resistant to all races of cyst nematodes with other sources of resistance (Peking, PI 88788, and PI 90763) indicated that resistance to race 3 was controlled by four genes, two of which were dominant resistance genes and the other two were recessive resistance genes. For race 5, a four gene model with two recessive and two dominant resistance genes in epistasis has been proposed. For race 14, the results suggested a three gene model with one dominant and two recessive alleles. Several other plant introductions have been isolated which have different genes conditioning resistance. Most of the currently grown soybean varieties derived resistance from Peking and/or PI 88788. Resistance to SCN in these soybean varieties has broken down because of the emergence of several new races and populations of SCN. The use of PI 437654 or Hartwig and other plant introductions with different genes for resistance will broaden genetic diversity and stabilize yield.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 38 (1995), S. 199-210 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: PVY ; resistance ; progeny tests ; inheritance ; potato breeding ; Solanum tuberosum L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Segregation for extreme resistance to PVY was evaluated in progenies derived from crossing two extremely resistant potato clones with parents differing in resistance. Resistance was evaluated after mechanical inoculation with PVYO and PVYN, and after graft inoculation with PVYO. Biological and serological tests (ELISA) were used for virus detection. The extreme resistance is governed by a single dominant gene, but observed segregations deviated from the expected ratios. Considerable modifying effects were detectable, depending on the potato genotype and virus isolate, for a significant excess of susceptible genotypes was observed in some progenies. Moreover, genotypes with non-parental types of resistance to PVY were observed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: bacterial wilt ; resistance ; transformation ; Agrobacterium ; S. tuberosum L. ; transgenic plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Transgenic potato plants of cv. Désirée carrying an antibacterial gene, coding for a cecropin lytic peptide analogue, were inoculated with a virulent strain ofPseudomonas solanacearum under controlled conditions. The disease index scored during three repeated infection trials indicated an increased variability in plant response among the transgenic lines which gave either a more susceptible or a more resistant response to the pathogen when compared with untransformed Désirée. Immunity toP. solanacearum was not observed, but it was possible to select a group of transgenic lines that showed resistance levels and disease development curves comparable to the field resistant cv. Cruza 148.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Ceratocystis fimbriata ; phytoalexins ; Platanus spp. ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inoculation of leaves of resistantPlatanus occidentalis and susceptiblePlatanus acerifolia leaves withCeratocystis fimbriata f. sp.platani, the canker stain disease agent, induced foliar necrosis and biosynthesis of two phytoalexins, scopoletin and umbelliferone. Foliar symptoms keep localized and accumulation of coumarin phytoalexins was rapid for incompatible interactions. Necrosis spread widely and accumulation of these phenolic compounds was much later and lower for compatible interactions. The differential response could be used in a genetic improvement program for resistance against canker stain.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 51-56 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: resistance ; potato breeding ; roots canister test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fourteen cultivars generally regarded as uniformly susceptible toGlobodera pallida Pa 2/3 were assessed in plastic closed containers for degree of susceptibility and also for root and sprouting characteristics. The material was assessed by scoring degree of sprouting before planting and number of cysts and root growth at the end of experiment at intervals from the time of initial dormancy break through to prolific sprouting. Using covariate analyses, it was found that the degree of root development, particularly in the earlier assessments, significantly influenced the degree of cyst development and so the perceived levels of susceptibility/resistance. Having taken account of root growth characters, significant differences between the cultivars with regard to nematode multiplication were still evident. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to potato breeding and nematological studies.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 42 (1995), S. 371-372 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: bacterial blight ; interspecific hybridisation ; Matthiola ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Accessions ofM. tricuspidata (L.) R. Br.,M. aspera Boiss. andMatthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. were tested for their reaction to bacterial blight of stock (M. incana R. Br.), caused byXanthomonas campestris pv.incanae. Potted plants were sprayed with bacterial cell suspension, adjusted to 108 cells/ml. The tested accessions of the three species were found highly resistant, while control plants ofM. incana were severely infected. InterspecificF 1 hybrid plants betweenM. incana andM. tricuspidata also exhibited high resistance to the disease. The implications and the expected difficulties in breeding stock for bacterial blight resistance are discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 42 (1995), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; Hordeum spontaneum ; leaf rust ; Puccinia hordei ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An isolate ofPuccinia hordei (ND89-3) originally collected in Morocco is virulent on most barley genotypes reported to possess resistance, except cultivar Estate (CI 3410), which possesses theRph3 gene and exhibits a low to intermediate level of resistance (infection type 12). Isolate ND89-3 possesses one of the widest virulence spectrums reported forP. hordei. Accessions ofHordeum vulgare (1,997 in total) andH. spontaneum (885 in total), mostly originating from the Mediterranean region and parts of North Africa, were evaluated with isolate ND89-3 at the seedling stage to identify new sources of leaf rust resistance. Fifty-eight accessions ofH. vulgare, and 222 accessions ofH. spontaneum exhibited low infection types to this isolate. Further evaluations of these resistant accessions with isolates ofP. hordei virulent forRph3,Rph7, andRph12 suggested that most of the resistantH. vulgare accessions possess theRph3 gene. Data suggested additional sources of effective resistance inH. vulgare are rather limited. FiveH. vulgare accessions and 167H. spontaneum accessions were identified as possible sources of new genes for leaf rust resistance. These accessions likely possess resistance genes that are different fromRph1 toRph12, or gene combinations thereof based on their reaction to four leaf rust isolates. Utilization of these accessions in barley breeding will broaden the germplasm resources available for genetic control ofP. hordei.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: bacterial wilt ; inoculum concentration ; potato ; Pseudomonas solanacearum ; resistance ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato plantlets derived from in vitro propagation of three cultivars known for their field resistance (Cruza 148 and BR-63.65) or susceptibility (Désirée) to Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F. Smith were artificially inoculated under controlled conditions. The aim of this work was to determine the optimal inoculum concentration and the best observation period in which the cultivars would show different reactions to bacterial infection as expected on the basis of their field performance. A suitable statistical analysis of disease indices is proposed to distinguish between resistant and susceptible responses, with a particular care for the applicative needs and a univocal interpretation of the results. In order to evaluate the significance of sources of variation related to the observed mean differences, the analysis of variance and a convenient clustering procedure of disease index means were applied. The statistical analysis revealed that, under our conditions, an inoculum concentration of 5×106 cfu/plant was suitable for separating resistant from susceptible responses, in accordance with the reactions already observed in field experiments by other authors. Also, differences among the three cultivars were best observed nine to twelve days after inoculation with the pathogen.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. pekinensis) ; turnip mosaic virus ; resistance ; monoclonal antibody
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) strains C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. pekinensis) was evaluated using monoclonal antibodies. Crosses were made between a resistant line, ‘0–2’, and four susceptible line. ‘Seoul’ (SE),‘SSD31’ (SS), ‘Cheongbang’ (CH), and ‘Yaki 1 ho’ (YA), to determine the inheritance of resistance of ‘0–2’ in different genetic backgrounds. Resistance to TuMV was controlled by a single dominant gene or double dominant genes depending on the strain and cross. The resistance genes of ‘0–2’ were modified by susceptible parents such that a single dominant gene was involved in the ‘SS×0–2’ combination, but double dominant genes in the ‘SE×0–2’ against TuMV-C3 or TuMV-C5. ELISA tests using inoculated and noninoculated leaves in the same plant suggested that the dominant resistance genes inhibit virus movement rather than virus multiplication.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Microdochium nivale ; resistance ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments to assess variation in the resistance of winter wheat to infection by Microdochium nivale were conducted over two consecutive years. Resistance was evaluated using an agar disk technique to reproduce stem lesions and by spraying a conidial suspension to reproduce head blight symptoms. Significant variation for stem reaction measured as stem lesion area (SLA), and head reaction measured as disease severity (DS) was found in the 33 winter wheat genotypes tested. Data obtained over two years in controlled environment conditions were significantly correlated (r=0.713 for SLA and r=0.738 for DS), whereas field data showed a significant genotype x year interaction for disease severity. Quantitative variation for susceptibility to stem and head infection by M. nivale was found among the 33 genotypes tested. The majority of genotypes expressed moderate susceptibility, with cultivar Goupil being very susceptible to both stem and head infection, and the remainder, Renan, Arminda, Munstertaler and Saint-Johann were the most resistant. Resistance to stem and head to M. nivale were not correlated (r=0.358).
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic control ; maize streak virus ; major genes ; minor genes ; resistance ; Zea mays ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary S1 to S5 inbred lines, derived from a maize population bred for its overall resistance to three tropical viruses, were screened for resistance to maize streak virus (MSV) by artificial plant infection using viruliferous leafhoppers. Symptoms were rated and intra-line frequency distributions studied for all pedigree inbred lines. Mortality due to MSV was very low among these inbreds. Symptoms appeared later, developed slower and were less severe than in the susceptible control hybrid. Results of a study of 500 S1 and 93 S2 lines suggested that resistance is under genetic control via a system involving loci with major genes (with dominance for resistance) controlling high to complete resistance, associated with a genetic system involving loci with minor genes controlling partial resistance. Lines expressing complete resistance to MSV were developed from 5 cycles of inbreeding and selection. The relevance of such complete and partial resistance is discussed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Tilletia indica ; Karnal bunt ; resistance ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Karnal bunt caused by Tilletia indica in wheat seriously affects the quality of the grains. It is important to generate information on the genetics of resistance to this pathogen so as to aid resistance breeding. For this purpose, four Karnal bunt-resistant lines from China, Brazil and CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) and a susceptible Indian cultivar, WL711, were used. The parents, F1 and F3 progenies of five parental diallel crosses revealed that independently segregating loci with three partial dominant resistance alleles were involved in the resistance of Karnal bunt. Lines RC7201/2*BR2 and Roek//Maya/NAC carried one locus for resistance while Shanghai#7 and Aldan/IAS58 have two and three loci, respectively. One common locus was present in all four resistant parents, which imparted a high level of resistance.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis f. sp. secalis ; fitness costs ; powdery mildew ; Secale cereale ; resistance ; rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A synthetic winter rye population was produced with two race-specific powdery mildew resistance genes, one dominant (Rm1) and the other (rm2) recessive, each at a frequency of about 0.50. The population was advanced by open-pollination in an isolated plot under mildew-free conditions for eight years. Samples of generations Syn-0 through Syn-7 were inoculated in the laboratory with two mildew isolates, one avirulent to either resistance gene, the other virulent to Rm1 and avirulent to rm2, to discriminate resistant and susceptible phenotypes. From the proportions of resistant plants, frequencies of Rm1 and rm2 were calculated and the fitness of carriers of resistance alleles was estimated in relation to carriers of susceptibility alleles at the two loci using continuous models and linear regression analyses. Frequencies of the two resistance genes oscillated only weakly over the eight generations. Coefficients of selection against Rm1-and rm2rm2 genotypes were −0.04 and −0.02, respectively, and not significantly different from zero. Thus the two resistance genes were selectively neutral. It is concluded that pyramiding of major powdery mildew resistance genes in rye varieties should not reduce their yield potential in the absence of mildew.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: resistance ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; wild emmer wheat ; Triticum dicoccoides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings of 38 wild emmer derivatives, and a total of 53 advanced wheat varieties/lines introduced from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) or other sources, Nepalese breeding lines and local cultivars were inoculated with 18 different yellow rust isolates to postulate yellow rust resistance genes (Yr). Many wild emmer wheat derivatives used were resistant to all isolates indicating the presence of undescribed genes. Some derivatives carried Yr9, Yr6 and/or YrSU. Genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr15, YrSU and YrA+ are no longer effective in Nepal; Yr4, Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, YrSP and YrSD are still effective; the effectiveness of Yr3 remains unclear. This study shows that stripe rust resistance in seedling stage of most Nepalese cultivars and advanced materials is based on Yr9 with combinations of Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, and YrA+, of which only Yr9 is still effective in Nepal. In many countries Yr9 has lost its effectiveness. Therefore the introduction of new Yr-genes from wild emmer wheat in Nepalese cultivars is highly important.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; insect vectors ; resistance ; maize ; maize streak virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Settling, probing and oviposition behaviour ofCicadulina mbila, the main vector of maize streak virus (MSV) disease were studied on four maize genotypes, 100MSR, HASR, Reunion and H512. Of the four, only H512 was completely susceptible to MSV while the other three genotypes were all known to have some resistance to MSV. Generally,C. mbila settled in higher numbers on the MSV susceptible genotype compared to the three virus resistant ones. However, the number of probing marks left on H512 and 100MSR were similar while more marks were made on Reunion and HASR in increasing order. The oviposition patterns were similar to those observed for probing behaviour. The results suggest the existence of potentially useful resistance mechanisms against the vector. The possible implications of these results are discussed.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor ; Peronosclerospora sorghi ; downy mildew ; inoculation technique ; resistance ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six inoculation techniques were compared for the artificial promotion of downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) in sorghum. These were (1) sprouted seeds incubated between sporulating infected leaves, (2) sprouted seeds depped in conidial suspension, (3) sprouted seeds sprayed with conidial suspension, (4) seedlings at plumule stage inoculated with drops of a conidial suspension, (5) seedlings at plumule stage sprayed with a conidial suspension, and (6) seedling showered with conidia falling from infected leaves. Seedlings at the one-leaf stage sprayed with a conidial suspension (6 × 105 ml-1) showed the highest systemic infection (100%) in the susceptible lines IS 643 and IS 18433. This technique is effective, repeatable, and allows the deposition of a conidial suspension as a fine mist on the entire seedling surface. In the greenhouse, the technique was used to test the downy mildew reaction of genotypes previously reported as resistant (〈 5% incidence) in 3–4 years of field screenings. Of the 61 genotypes tested, 21 were free from downy mildew, 14 had less than 5% incidence, and the rest showed variable susceptible reactions. Therefore, the technique can be reliably and effectively used in the greenhouse to detect disease escapes and to indentify resistance.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Euphytica 92 (1995), S. 295-300 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; scald ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; resistance ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty Finnish isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J.J. Davis, the causal agent of scald, were taken from infected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants and inoculated on to seedlings of a differential series of barley containing a range of major genes for resistance to the fungus, as well as on to six Nordic 6-row spring barleys and three winter ryes (Secale cereale L.). These fungal isolates derived from four sites and three host varieties. Disease development was monitored on two leaves of seedlings in the greenhouse employing a standard scale, and on adult plants in the field by assessing the diseased area on the three uppermost leaves. A comparison was also made between the pathogenicity and virulence of ten Finnish and ten Canadian R. secalis isolates. The Finnish isolates varied in virulence, but with the exception of Algerian (CI 1179) seedlings and adult La Mesita (CI 7565) all seedlings and adult plants of the entire differential series were resistant to all isolates. Canadian isolates were, on average, less virulent than Finnish isolates. All the Nordic checks were susceptible to all Finnish and seven Canadian isolates, but differences in the degree of susceptibility were evident. Isolates of R. secalis from barley were non-pathogenic on rye, isolates from Elymus repens L. were non-pathogenic on barley and rye, and isolates from rye were only pathogenic on rye. Finnish R. secalis isolates contain no redundant pathogenic diversity. The differential series represents a useful, but as yet untapped, source of resistance to R. secalis for Finnish barley breeders.
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  • 18
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    Euphytica 92 (1995), S. 375-381 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dry matter ; lignin ; phenols ; Radopholus similis ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) is one of the major nematode species attacking banana and plantains. Sources of resistance to this nematode were found and studies were made of the resistance mechanisms involved. Relatively greater numbers of preformed phenolic cells were found in roots of the resistant and intermediately resistant cultivars Yangambi km5 and Gros Michel than others. However, in another resistant cultivar, Pisang Jari Buaya, fewer phenolic cells were found, but this clone had high numbers of cells with lignified walls suggesting a different mechanism of resistance. An interesting correlation was found between level of susceptibility to R. similis and root dry matter. A possible role of lignin in resistance to R. similis in Musa is also indicated.
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  • 19
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    BioControl 40 (1995), S. 3-27 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Microbial control ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; resistance ; bacteria ; virus ; fungi ; nematodes ; protozoa ; IPM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le rôle de la lutte microbiologique dans la protection des cultures et des forêts et dans la limitation des insectes d'intérêt médical ou vétérinaire s'est accru considérablement avec la découverte et la mise au point de nouveaux agents de lutte microbiologique, l'amélioration génétique des pathogènes bactériens et viraux et les améliorations dans la formulation, les choix d'application et la compatibilité avec d'autres formes d'interventions. Une synthèse bibliographique de l'utilisation actuelle des bactéries, virus, champignons, protozoaires et nématodes en tant qu'agents de lutte microbiologique est présentée en même temps qu'une réflexion sur leurs potentialités à l'aube du XXIe siècle. L'agent microbiologique le plus largement utilisé estBacillus thuringiensis. L'isolation, au cours des deux décennies précédentes, de nouvelles souches larvicides pour certains Diptères et Coléoptères a fortement augmenté l'utilité de la bactérie. D'autres améliorations de l'efficacité et l'élargissement de son spectre d'hôtes sont en cours, grâce à l'isolation de souches produisant de nouvelles toxines et à la manipulation de gènes deB. thuringiensis codant une production de toxines à l'aide de méthodes recombinante et non-recombinante. La manipulation génétique de ces gènes a aussi permis leur introduction dans des plantes cultivées. Le développement et la commercialisation de nématodes entomopathogènes des familles Steinermatidae et Heterorhabditidae élargissent la gamme des agents disponibles pour la lutte contre les insectes, notamment pour ceux présentant des stades de développement dans le sol. Les épizooties naturelles de champignons et virus évitent souvent le recours à des interventions supplémentaires. Le bond en avant fait dans la compréhension de la génétique des Baculovirus et la manipulation de gènes qui a suivi a accru leur virulence et leur utilité. L'amélioration des méthodes de production qui utilisent la technologie de la culture de cellules d'insectes pourra permettre, dans un avenir assez proche, l'utilisation des baculovirus à un coût raisonnable. Les champignons restent les seuls agents entomopathogènes utilisables contre les phytophages suceurs. Bien que les champignons présentent une forte possibilité de développement en tant qu'agents de lutte microbiologique, seuls un petit nombre d'entre eux ont été utilisés à une grande échelle. Certains facteurs qui pourraient limiter leur potentiel, incluant le développement de résistance, sont discutés. En raison de leur sélectivité et de leur faible impact sur l'environnement, les agents de lutte microbiologique seront des éléments très intéressants pour la lutte contre les ravageurs pour le début du XXIe siècle et au-delà. Cependant, s'ils sont utilisés surtout comme des éléments de remplacement de pesticides chimiques, il se peut que ces agents aient à faire face par la suite aux mêmes difficultés que les produits chimiques qu'ils remplacement, en particulier sur le plan de la résistance.
    Notes: Abstract The role of microbial control in crop and forest protection and the abatement of insects of medical and veterinary importance has expanded considerably with the discovery and development of new microbial control agents and genetic improvement in bacterial and viral pathogens, and improvements in formulation, application options and compatibility with other interventions. A synopsis of the literature regarding the current use of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and nematodes as microbial control agents is presented along with speculation on their potential in the early 21st century. The most widely used of all microbial control agents isBacillus thuringiensis. The isolation within the past two decades of new strains that are larvicidal for certain Diptera and Coleoptera has increased the utility of the bacterium considerably. Further improvements in efficacy and broadening of its host range are in progress with the isolation of strains with new toxins and the manipulation ofB. thuringiensis genes that encode toxin production using both recombinant and nonrecombinant methods. Genetic manipulation of these genes has also enabled their incorporation into crop plants. The development and commercial availability of entomopathogenic nematodes in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae expands the options for the control of insects, especially those with soil inhabiting stages. The results of natural epizootics of fungi and viruses often obviate the requirement for additional interventions. Breakthroughs in understanding the genetics ofBaculovirus and subsequent gene manipulation have increased their virulence and utility. Improved production methods that utilize insect cell culture technology may enable affordable use ofBaculovirus in the not too distant future. Fungi continue to offer the only control options using entomopathogens against plant sucking insects. Although fungi have great potential for development as microbial control agents, only a few have been used on an operational scale. Some factors that might limit the full range of entomopathogen potential, including development of resistance, are discussed. Because of their selectivity and minimal environmental impact, microbial control agents will be ideal components of integrated pest management programs in the early 21st century and beyond. However, if they are used merely as replacements for chemical pesticides, then eventually these agents will face some of the same fate as the chemicals they replace, particularly with respect to resistance.
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