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  • Articles  (913)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (913)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1995-1999  (913)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1995  (913)
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  • 1995-1999  (913)
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We observed fluorescence emission from cyclohexane (CH) and methylcyclohexane (MCH) using picosecond pulses at 298-300 nm from a frequency-doubled cavity-dumped R6G dye laser. The emission maxima for CH and MCH are 209 and 215 nm, respectively, which agree with previous studies using vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) excitation near 150 nm. The fluorescence intensities depended quadratically on peak laser intensity indicating two-photon excitation. The intensity decays resulting from two-photon excitation were measured using frequency-domain fluorometry and were found to be nearly singly exponential ranging from 0.59 to 0.80 ns. Two-photon induced fluorescence of cyclic and linear alkanes may provide new intrinsic spectroscopic probes of biological molecules. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The nature of the chromophore binding site of light-adapted bacteriorhodopsin is analyzed by using all-valence electron MNDO and MNDO-PSDCI molecular orbital theory to interpret previously reported linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopic measurements. A total of 45 binding site models are investigated. The binding site is simulated by including the chromophore, the lysine residue (LYS216), the following nearby amino acids (ARG82, ASP85, ASP115, ASP212, THR90, TRP86, TRP138, TRP182, TYR57, TYR83, and TYR185) and zero, one, or two divalent cations. We conclude that the unique two-photon properties of the chromophore are due in part to the electrostatic field associated with a Ca2+ ion near to the chromophore. Four amino acids and three water molecules contribute significantly to the assigned chromophore adjacent calcium binding site (ASP85, ASP212, TYR57 and TYR185), and two conformational minima are predicted. The higher energy conformation has the calcium ion stabilized primarily by ASP85 and the chromophore imine proton by ASP212. The lower energy conformation has the calcium ion stabilized primarily by ASP212 and the imine proton by ASP85. The latter configuration is more stable due to strong hydrogen bonding between TYR185 and ASP212 coupled with electrostatic stabilization of the divalent cation by TYR57. Although both tyrosine residues are predicted to exhibit some “unprotonated” character, models involving full deprotonation of either TYR57 or TYR185 do not fit the spectroscopic data. We conclude that the cation binding site identified in this study is the second high affinity binding site for calcium, and that the chromophore binding site is, to a first approximation, positively charged. The chromophore “1Bu*+” and “1Ag*-” states, despite extensive mixing, exhibit significantly different configurational character. The lowest-lying “1Bu*+” state is dominated by single excitations (〉 80% for all models studied) whereas the second-excited “1Ag*-” state is dominated by double excitations (〉 70% for all models studied with extensive participation by spin-coupled triplet-triplet excitations). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is applied to examine interactions between divalent metal ions (M2+) and the COO- groups in the M2+-binding sites of calmodulin as well as effects of M2+ binding on the main chain conformation. Bands due to the symmetric and antisymmetric stretches of the COO- groups in the amino-acid side chains give information on the coordination of the COO- groups to M2+, and the amide-I' bands are useful for studying changes in the secondary structure of the protein main chain upon M2+ binding. Infrared deconvolved spectra as well as second-derivative spectra are sensitive to structural differences among the M2+-bound forms (M2+ = Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Cd2+). Bands at about 1658, 1553, and 1424 cm-1 are characteristic of the Ca2+-bound form, and are called, respectively, marker bands I, II, and III of the active-type protein. The Sr2+- and Cd2+-bound forms show deconvolved and second-derivative spectra similar to those of the Ca2+-bound form, whereas the Mg2+-bound form gives second-derivative and deconvolved spectra close to those of the inactive M2+-free form. Broad parallelism is found to exist between the marker-band intensities of the M2+-bound forms and the abillities of M2+ to stimulate calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase activity. Assignments of the marker bands are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 71-82 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Fast photovoltage measurements in the pico- and nanosecond time range represent a valuable tool for the study of excitation energy trapping, kinetics of charge separation, and the location of intermediary acceptors in the photosynthetic reaction center. However, data recording and data analysis are complex. In a preceding article (Wulf and Trissl, Biospectroscopy, 1 (1995), pp. xx-xx) we have described the theoretical fundamentals of data analysis. Here we describe the experimental set-up, calibration procedures, and strategies for the determination of the parameters involved. Limitations of the method will be discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Spectroscopic technique coupled with electrochemical oxidation has been used to study the redox-mechanism of 6-mercaptopurine. Electrochemical oxidation of 6-mercaptopurine has been studied in the pH range 2.0-10.0 by linear and cyclic sweep voltammetry, coulometry and constant potential electrolysis. Spectroscopic technique has been used to monitor the clevage of the S—S bond in the UV-absorbing intermediate generated during electrooxidation. The decay has been observed in a pseudo first order reaction. The ultimate products of oxidation in controlled potential electrolysis have been found as 6-mercaptopurine and purine-6-sulfinic acid. Tentative mechanisms for the formation of the products have also been suggested. It is concluded that spectroscopic studies coupled with electrochemical studies provide a uniquely invaluable insight into the redox mechanism of biologically significant molecules. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 7
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 101-104 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The conformational A-B transition of natural random-sequence NaDNA can be evoked simply by increasing the water activity in the specimen. Infrared spectroscopic data create a basis for the idea that the relevant solvent action proceeds in a global sense comprising a collective influence of the water molecules belonging to DNA hydration shell rather than by directly bound water molecules. This conclusion is consistent with the results of Molecular Dynamics simulations applied to various DNA fragment-water systems. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We report the measurement of backscattering in-phase dual circular polarization (DCPI) Raman optical activity (ROA) for the simple alanyl peptides L-alanyl-L-alanine ([L-Ala]2), L-alanylglycine (L-Ala-Gly), glycyl-L-alanine (Gly-L-Ala), and L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine ([L-Ala]3) in aqueous solutions. Empirical correlations between ROA features and the amino acid composition of the peptides are described. It is shown that the sum of the DCPIROA spectra for L-Ala-Gly and Gly-L-Ala is nearly the same as the corresponding ROA spectrum for (L-Ala)2. Additionally, the DCPIROA spectrum for (L-Ala)2 is very close to that of (L-Ala)3, as has been observed previously using backscattering unpolarized incident circular polarization (ICPu) ROA. The ROA contributions of the different L-Ala groups, which occur separately in the two glycyl peptides of alanine and jointly in (L-Ala)2, are described in terms of the extent of vibrational coupling between peptide subunits. From these results, it appears that ROA has a more local sensitivity to vibrational coupling than is found in VCD or electronic circular dichroism. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: As a follow-up to fluorescence and fluorescence-excitation spectroscopy at 170 K of all-trans-spheroidene free in solutionsY. Watanabe, T. Kameyama, Y. Miki, M. Kuki, and Y. Koyama, “The 2′Ag- state and two additional low-lying electronic states of spheroidene newly identified by fluorescence and fluorescence-excitation spectroscopy at 170K,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 206, 62-68 (1993). and bound to the light-harvesting complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1,Y. Koyama, Y. Miki, T. Kameyama, R. J. Cogdell, and Y. Watanabe, “Low-lying electronic levels of spheroidene bound to the light-harvesting (LH2) complex of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. as determined by fluorescence and fluorescence-excitation spectroscopy at 170K,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 208, 479-485 (1993). 13′-cis-spheroidene in n-hexane solution has been examined for comparison. All-trans-spheroidene exhibits efficient internal conversion from the 3Ag- to the 2Ag- state and fluorescence from both the 2Ag- and Bu+ states, while 13--cis-spheroidene exhibits internal conversion from the “3Ag-” state to the “Bu+” state and fluorescence only from the “Bu+” state. Thus, all-trans-spheroidene can provide two channels of carotenoid-to-bacteriochlorophyll singlet-energy transfer, while 13′-cis-spheroidene can provide only one. This must be a reason for the natural selection of the all-trans configuration for the light-harvesting function. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 10
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 149-156 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A series of copper bilirubinate complexes (CuBR) was synthesized in solution and in solid state to mimic the black color of the black-pigment gallstone and to explore the formation mechanism of the gallstonein vitro. The variation of the copper contents of these samples indicated that CuBR also exhibits nonstoichiometric characteristics from the FTIR study, i.e., both the so-called acid and neutral copper complex moieties exist in CuBR. The NH groups in pyrrole and lactam groups of bilirubin (H2BR) are binding to the copper ions. An EPR study demonstrates the generation of free radicals and the variation of its electronic structure and conjugation system in the skeleton of H2BR molecule during complex formation. A polymer of CuBR may form through the reaction of H2BR with copper ions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 11
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectra of bilirubin-metal ion (Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+) complexes (MBR) are reported. These spectra reveal significant differences between MBR and bilirubin (BR) itself. But SERS spectra of bilirubin-Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ complexes are similar to each other. The mole ratio of bilirubin-metal in the complexes M2+ : BR = 1 : 1 was measured. Empirical assignments of the major SERS bands are given. The spectrum of CuBR in solution is consistent with a square planar structure. It should be noted, however, that H2O or COOH of another BR molecule occupy the positions above and below the plane in solutions of complexes of this type and forms Cu—O bond.By comparing the SERS spectra of bilirubin-copper (or zinc) and biliverdin-copper (or zinc) complexes, the similar Raman frequencies and relative intensities were attributed to the oxidation of the bilirubin-copper (or zinc) complex to the green biliverdin-copper (Zn) complexes. It is shown that . © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The amino-acid sequences of the L- and M-subunits of the reaction centers (RC) from four purple photosynthetic bacteria were compared by the use of CLUSMOL/S (Clustering System for Molecules/Sequences), and conserved and character-conserved amino acids were extracted. Extended Hückel molecular orbital (MO) calculations were made, based on the three-dimensional structure of the Rhodopseudomonas viridis RC, for eleven composites of pigments, in which the sidechains (except for aliphatic sidechains) of the above amino acids within a distance of 6 Å from both of each pair of electron donor and acceptor were included. Calculations of the electronic coupling between each pair of donor and acceptor as well as evaluations of mixing of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of one chromophore with the orbitals of another chromophore and amino-acid sidechains elucidated the roles of the sidechains in the electron transfer reactions: (1) L181-Phe and M208-Tyr function as a pair of bridges in the electronic coupling among pigments bacteriopheophytin in the M-branch (HM), accessory bacteriochlorophyll in the M-branch (BM), one of the special-pair bacteriochlorophylls in the M-branch (PM), one of the special-pair bacteriochlorophylls in the L-branch (PL), accessory bacteriochlorophyll in the L-branch (BL), and bacteriopheophytin in the L-branch (HL), and can affect the special-pair bacteriochlorophylls (P) → HL electron transfer; (2) M250-Trp plays a crucial role in the HL → primary quinone (QA) electron transfer, but L216-Phe does not facilitate the HM → secondary quinone (QB) electron transfer; (3) the Fe2+ ion and the ligating histidines facilitate the QA → QB electron transfer; (4) L162-Tyr plays a key role in the third heme in the cytochrome subunit (Heme) → P (PM plus PL) electron transfer. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 13
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 187-206 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The oxidized radicals of aromatic amino acids, 4-methylimidazole and phenol were generated by UV irradiation at low temperature. The radicals were monitored by EPR spectroscopy. For the first time, infrared (IR) modes characteristic of the tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and histidine radicals were obtained by FTIR difference spectroscopy between the ground state and the radical state. The effects of D- (on Tyr and phenol) or 15N- (on His) labeling on the IR modes of the radicals were studied, as were the influence of hydrogen bonding and of pH. These parameters were studied to model the possible radical structures and environments in proteins. The radicals obtained with tyrosine, phenol, and 4-ethylphenol present six main IR modes: a combination mode at ∼ 2110-2106 cm-1; the v8b(CC) mode at 1550-1556 cm-1, the v7a(CO) and v19b(CC) modes both at 1515-1500 cm-1, which are distinctly affected by D-labeling of the phenol ring; the 14(vCC + δCH) mode at 1290-1288 cm-1, which is strongly modified when the radical is hydrogen bonded; and the 9a(CC) mode at 1163-1159 cm-1. These IR modes partly confirm the assignments made by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy and should help to obtain precise structure and force field calculations for the radicals. The deprotonated 4-methylimidazole radical (4-MeIm·) is obtained at pH 12. It has characteristic IR modes at 1593 v(CC), 1425 δCH3, 1376 δCH3, 1315 cm-1, 1213 cm-1 and 1098 cm-1 δ(CH). The methyl modes seem strongly downshifted upon radical formation, while the ring modes appear less affected. In particular, the C4C5 double-bond character is conserved. The protonated 4-methylimidazole radical formed at pH ≤ 6 is characterized by signals at 1433 cm-1, 1380 cm-1, 1310 cm-1, 1227 cm-1, and 1172 cm-1. The histidine and tyrosine radicals present similar IR modes as the corresponding model of their sidechain. For all the amino acids, the vas(COO-) and vs(COO-) modes of the terminal carboxylate were respectively up- and downshifted by ∼ 20 cm-1 upon the radical formation. This effect suggests that, in a protein, the amide bond of the amino acid could also be influenced by the radical formation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 14
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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  • 15
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 351-356 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Though the strong affinity of Congo red and thioflavin S for amyloid deposits has been known for a long time, the binding mechanism of these biological dyes to amyloid sites is still not understood. In the present work, the competition of these two dyes for binding in Alzheimer amyloid is investigated. Analyses by optical microscopy and microspectrofluorimetry were performed on several series of stained diseased brain sections. Microspectrofluorimetric analyses showed that bound Congo red and bound thioflavin S have characteristic spectra in which the fluorescence maxima are distinct of those for the free dyes. Both, optical microscopic analyses and fluorescence measurements of stained brain sections indicated that Congo red and thioflavin S compete with each other at the same interacting site on diseased cerebral tissue. The staining efficiency of the replacing dye seems to be a maximum for a concentration of about 1%. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 16
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 365-373 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate, without any destructive interference, interactions of the cryoprotective agents, glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The intracellular spectrum of glycerol, obtained by subtracting the spectrum of control bacteria from that of glycerol-treated bacteria, showed no differences in infrared features compared to that of pure glycerol. This was not the case when dimethyl sulfoxide treatment was used. The intracellular spectrum displayed important modifications compared to that of the pure chemical. Spectral analysis showed that glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide uptake required only a few minutes. Moreover, the infrared features resulting from the presence of pure glycerol, in bacteria, were still existent for up to 2 or 3 hours after thawing process. The deconvoluted Amide I and Amide II bands of bacterial proteins reflected important changes in secondary structure after treatment of bacteria with dimethyl sulfoxide (increase in β-sheet and loss of random coil content). In contrast to glycerol, the cryoprotective action of dimethyl sulfoxide probably involves interactions with a wide range of intrabacterial species. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The transmission infrared spectra of exfoliated endocervical mucin-producing columnar epithelial cells and the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectra of the single-columnar cell layer on the endocervical tissues have been measured and compared with the corresponding infrared spectra of the ectocervical squamous cells and squamous epithelium. The infrared spectra of the exfoliated cervical cells obtained from the present work are comparable with those directly measured from the epithelia on the cervical tissues by ATR technique. The transmission infrared spectra of endocervical columnar epithelial tissue containing some components of the underlying connective tissue have also been measured and compared with the ATR/FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectra of the endocervical columnar epithelial tissue. The effects of the contaminated connective tissue on the infrared spectra of the endocervical columnar epithelial tissue have demonstrated that ATR/FTIR is a more desirable method than the transmission method to obtain meaningful and good-quality infrared spectra of tissue samples, especially samples consisting of thin layers of different types of tissues. Substantial differences in the infrared spectra between the columnar cells and squamous cells on the endocervical and ectocervical tissues, respectively, were evident. The strong glycogen bands in the infrared spectrum of the ectocervical squamous cells are absent in the spectrum of the endocervical columnar cells. This spectral change is similar to that observed in malignant squamous cells. Therefore, if the decrease in the intensity of the glycogen bands is used as the only criterion for the determination of cellular abnormalities in the cervix, the presence of a large number of normal endocervical columnar cells in the cervical specimen would lead to a false result. Consequently, in addition to the glycogen bands, other features in the infrared spectra should be considered for the evaluation of abnormalities in exfoliated cervical epithelial cells. In order to identify the spectral features that are unique to endocervical columnar cells, the infrared spectra of an aqueous solution of glycogen, the mucus from the endocervix, and the connective tissues from both the endocervix and the ectocervix have also been measured and analyzed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 18
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 375-385 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra have been measured for human serum albumin (HSA) and its complexes with three types of ligands. Tyr and Trp Raman bands of ligand-free HSA are strongly enhanced with 240-nm excitation compared with those of aqueous amino acids, indicating that the side chains of some Tyr residues and the unique Trp at position 214 are hydrogen bonded in hydrophobic environments. The high intensity of Tyr and Trp Raman scattering remains unchanged in a wide pH range of 3.5-9.0 and the microenvironments of the Tyr and Trp residues seem conserved in this pH range. The Tyr Raman intensity of HSA increases upon binding of palmitic acid, indicating hydrophobic interactions between the Tyr phenol ring and the aliphatic chain of the bound fatty acid. Binding of warfarin, on the other hand, does not affect the Tyr Raman intensity. Instead, an increase is observed for the Raman intensity of Trp-214, which is located at the opening of the warfarin binding site. Concomitantly a conformation-marker Raman band of Trp-214 changes in frequency and the warfarin Raman intensity increases, suggesting direct hydrophobic interactions between Trp-214 and warfarin. Complexation of ibuprofen and HSA increases the Raman intensity of Tyr but not of ibuprofen, which is ascribed to the formation of a hydrogen bond between the carboxylate of ibuprofen and the phenolic OH of Tyr-411, the unique Tyr residue at the ibuprofen binding site. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding of Tyr and Trp residues play a key role in ligand binding of HSA. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The Raman bands associated with different rotamers of hexadienoyl ethyl thiolester, CH3—CH=CH—CH=CH—C(=O)—S—CH2—CH3, have been partially assigned using recent conformational and vibrational spectroscopic analyses of ethyl thiocrotonate CH3—CH=CH—C(=O)—S—CH2—CH3.1 In particular, rotational isomers involving the =CH—C(=O) and —S—CH2— axes have been characterized. The assignment of the vibrational modes of different conformers of hexadienoyl ethyl thiolester was further facilitated by variable-temperature (+20°C to -90°C) Raman studies on the neat thiolester. High-quality Raman spectra of hexadienoyl-coenzyme A bound to the enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase were obtained using 647.1-nm excitation and Raman difference spectroscopy. The findings provided by analysis of the ethyl thiolester model compound enable us to conclude that conformational selection occurs for the CoA analog upon binding, resulting in the presence of a single-rotamer population in the hexadienoyl moiety on the enzyme. The hexadienoyl-CoA was labeled with 18O in the C=O group and, separately, with 13C at the C2 position. A comparison of Raman data for the free and bound ligands, isotopically labeled and unlabeled, indicates that strong π-electron polarization occurs in only a part of the hexadienoyl chain, viz, in the C=C—C=O fragment, upon binding. The polarization gives rise to important contributions from canonical (resonance) forms of the type —C+—C=C—O-. In contrast, the C4=C5 linkage (where the carbon atom numbering is C6—C5=C4—C3=C2—C1=O) seems little perturbed in the bound ligand. The causes and mechanistic advantage of the observed localized polarization are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 20
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    Biospectroscopy 1 (1995), S. 413-421 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Fluorescence-line-narrowing (FLN) spectra are presented for Sn cytochrome c (Snc) obtained under Q0-0 and Q0-1 excitation and for Zn cytochrome c (Znc) under Q0-1 excitation. Vibrational frequencies of the ground and first excited states are reported for Snc. Additional excited-state Znc frequencies are also presented, thus contributing to a previous FLN Znc investigation. The spectra of Snc shows more phonon broadening than for Znc, but vibrational frequencies of the S0 and S1 states could be obtained and the distribution function of the 0, 0 transition was determined. Snc and Znc showed good agreement in their excited-state vibrational frequencies. Some S1 vibrational frequencies of Znc are seen to downshift with respect to ground-state vibrations, suggesting that the porphyrin S0 to S1 expansion observed in other porphyrin systems also occurs in cytochrome c derivatives. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Nearly complete vibrational assignments have been obtained for a heme model, nickel etioporphyrin-I (NiEPI), using variable-wavelength resonance Raman (RR), and FT-Raman (FT-R), as well as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, on a series of isotopomers labeled at positions in the skeleton (15N, β-13C, meso-d4, 15N-meso-d4) and in the peripheral substituents (methyl-d12, ethyl-d8, and ethyl-d12). The vibrational bands are assigned to the porphyrin skeletal and substituent modes on the basis of the mode description scheme developed for nickel octaethylporphyrin (NiOEP) with the aid of a normal-mode analysis of NiEPI, explicitly including the peripheral substituents, i.e., the methyl and ethyl groups. The previously reported NiOEP force field was refined to account for the observed isotope shifts of NiEPI isotopomers. An important result is the requirement of relatively large, long-range force constants for methine bridge bonds on opposite sides of the porphyrin ring. These 1-8 and 1-9 interaction force constants are required to reproduce the frequencies and isotope shifts of six Cα-Cm stretching modes and especially to predict the relative order of the two highest-frequency Eu modes, v(Cα-Cm) (v38, ∼ 1570 cm-1) and v(Cβ-Cβ) (v37, ∼ 1600 cm-1). Most of the substituent (methyl and ethyl) vibrations are located in the RR and IR spectra. Strong RR enhancement of some substituent modes can be attributed to hyperconjugative interaction of the aliphatic groups with the porphyrin a1u orbital, as well as vibrational mixing of substituent modes with the nearby skeletal modes. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS at Creighton colloidal silver) and UV/visible spectra have been recorded for an antimicrobial agent (pefloxacin) at a biologically active concentration (ca. 10-6 mol/L-1). The adsorption of pefloxacin on the silver surface occurs both via the carboxylate group and the carbonyl of the pyridinone ring. The conjugated part of the molecule is tilted and gives rise to a charge transfer between the drug and the plasmon surface. However the orientation of the drug on the colloid varies with the concentration of pefloxacin, salt addition, and pH. Adsorption via only the carboxylate is privileged in presence of strongly competitive anions such as C1-. Thus the carbonyl of the pyridinone ring is desorbed, and the charge transfer is not detected. In basic medium the competitive OH- ion leads to similar orientation changes. For acidic pHs few residual molecules having a carboxylate function, or few carboxylic species bonded via the pyridinone C=O group, remain adsorbed on the aggregated and unstable silver surface. The spectroscopic analyses and the measurements of the particle size of the colloid show that added salt increases the aggregation and enhances the pefloxacin SERS signals if the anion is not competitive. In the presence of NaNO3 an increase of the plasmon oscillations of the metal and a larger number of adsorption sites could explain the SERS amplitude. The competitive anions C1- and OH- to a lesser extent limit the colloid aggregation, pefloxacin adsorption, and SERS enhancement. The influence of the charge transfer on the Raman intensity appears to be weak. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 24
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two methionine-specific sequence ions are described that are formed upon the dissociation of protonated methionine-containing peptides at high (keV) collision energies. These ions, hiherto unassigned, are denoted an + 1 - CH3S⋅ and zn + 1 - CH3S⋅. Precursor ion scans reveal that these species originate from the an + 1 and zn + 1 ions, respectively, where methionine resides at position n-1 relative to the N- or C-terminus. A comparison of the collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra for several related peptides demonstrates that methionine residues are involved in the genesis of these species and mechanisms for their formation are proposed. Several structural features of a peptide that are important to the formation of these species are described. The importance of identifying these ions in order to correctly sequence a methionine-containing peptide based on its CID spectrum is illustrated.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 26
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 27
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of metal cationization on the collision-induced decomposition of 2,3-diphenylpropenoic acid derivatives was studied with the help of linked scan (B/E = constant) spectra of their [M + H]+, [M - H]-, [M + Met]+, [M + 2Met - H]+ and [M + Met - H]+ ions using metal ions such as Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Ag+ and Ba2+. Decarboxylation is triggered by metal cationization.
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  • 28
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 163-171 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The LSIMS beam-induced dehalogenation of several 4-halo-phenylalanine methyl esters (I, Br, Cl, F) was investigated and compared to that of atrazine using 12 different matrix compounds including diethyl phthalate for which the empirical electron affinity was known. The extent of dehalogenation, induced by a one-electron reduction process, is in agreement with the leaving group ability of the corresponding halogens (I 〉Br 〉Cl 〉F) and the dehalogenation inhibiting efficiency of the matrices. The latter is rationalized in terms of electron scavenging capacity and matrix structural features relating to that capacity. The extent of dehalogenation observed for 4-I-phenylalanine methyl ester is similar to that of atrazine, a chlorinated compound, which indicates that the halogen effect is not overwhelming in determining the extent of dehalogenation. The bracketing of matrix reduction potential was attempted based on the propensity of the matrices to induce M+· formation from analytes of known oxidation potentials. The ability of matrices to induce M+· formation parallels their dehalogenation and reduction inhibiting efficiencies. The last observation underlines the importance of matrix redox properties in effecting or inhibiting beam-induced processes, be they reductive or oxidative.
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    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Amino acid/transition metal chloride mixtures were studied by plasma desorption mass spectrometry. The six aliphatic α-amino acids were considered: glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), valine (Val), leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and proline (Pro), together with four transition metal chloride salts: CoCl2, NiCl2, CuCl2 and FeCl2. Mixtures spectra show that MCat+ complexes are formed where M = amino acid and Cat = Co, Ni, Cu or FeCl. Fragmentations of MCat+ ions lead to both organometallic and organic ions. Isotopic labelling has allowed to demonstrate some fragmentation mechanisms.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 180-183 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization and a magnetic sector instrument was used to detect multiply charged molecules for the non-covalently bound dimeric subunit protein complexes of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (Mr ∼ 80 000) and the tetrameric complexes of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (Mr ∼ 147 000) and rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase (Mr ∼ 232 000). Ions for the pyruvate kinase complex represent one of the largest intact protein complexes resolved by mass spectrometry. Solvation of the large gas phase complexes is indicated by the mass spectrometric results.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The electron impact mass spectra of nine solanidane N-oxides show, in addition to the known typical fragmentation pattern of the solanidane moiety, the fragment ions [M - C5H9]+ and [C6H12NO]+, due to thermal Cope syn-eliminations caused by the N-oxide function and subsequent cleavage of the bonds between C(22) and C(23) and between C(20) and C(22), respectively, in the so-obtained cyclic N,N-dialkylhydroxylamines.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 194-200 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The gas-phase chemistry of Fe(C6H4)n+ (n = 1-6) with C60 is studied by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The formation of some ionic phenylene derivatives and metallacyclic derivatives of C60 is observed. Specifically, Fe+, generated by laser desorption, reacts with chlorobenzene to form iron-benzyne, FeC6H4+, which initiates further reactions with chlorobenzene to form Fe(C6H4)2-6+ and (C6H4)2-5+. Fe(C6H4)1-4+ react with C60 to form metalated fullerene derivatives, C60Fe(C6H4)1-4+. C60Fe(C6H4)1, 2+ undergo a demetalation reaction with chlorobenzene to yield the fullerene phenylene derivatives C60(C6H4)1, 2+, 8 and 9, through formation of C—C bonds with C60. CID experiments and kinetic analysis indicate that each of the C60Fe(C6H4)1, 2+ species consists of a single isomer, presumably the metallacycles 12 and 14. Consistent with the typical reactions of metal-benzyne complexes with alkenes in the condensed phase, these metallacyclic structures are believed to be formed through coupling of one of the double bonds at the 6,6 ring junction in C60 with an Fe—C σ bond of Fe(benzyne)+. These results are consistent with the notion that C60 acts like an electron deficient alkene rather than an aromatic molecule, and suggest a possible synthetic route to prepare this type of metallo-C60 derivatives in the condensed phase. Finally, ligand displacement reactions yield a bond dissociation energy of D°(Fe+—C60) = 44 ± 7 kcal/mol.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 206-211 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Millimetre-sized crystals of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (sinapinic acid) were grown from a cytochrome c/matrix solution. Effects of sample exposure to UV laser irradiation on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectra are reported for such single crystals. The exposure was varied by irradiating the same sample spot with different numbers of UV-laser pulses. The ion yield and mass resolution were monitored as a function of the sample exposure. Further, the minimum deposited laser energy needed for protein ion production (the threshold energy) for single crystals was determined for incidence angles between 35° and 60° with respect to the target surface normal. The results were compared with those obtained for polycrystalline samples containing micrometre-sized crystals.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Ion-molecule reactions occurring in a pentaquadrupole mass spectrometer are used to generate and characterize ions in which one or two pyridine molecules are bound by a +CN cation. Cyanide cation binds strongly to the nitrogen atom of pyridine to generate a mono-adduct, which undergoes pyridine exchange reactions and from which one can generate the dipyridine adduct in low abundance. The dimeric ions have two structures, loosely bound and covalently bound, and both fragment to yield the constituent cyanide-bound monomers. In the case of dimers comprised of meta-substituted alkylpyridines, there is a quantitative correlation between relative cyanide cation affinity, as measured using the kinetic method, and literature values of relative proton affinities. These dimers fragment analogously to the corresponding H+- and Cl+- bound dimers, and on this basis are assigned analogous structures, viz. the loosely bound form Py1—+CN—Py2. Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations show that both pyridines are bound to the carbon atom of the cyanide cation. Making the assumption that the effective temperatures of the activated cyanide-bound dimers are similar to those of the corresponding Cl+- and H+-bound dimers, relative +CN cation affinities are estimated to be 1.5 kcal mol-1 (3-MePy), 1.7 kcal mol-1 (4-MePy), 2.6 kcal mol-1 (3-EtPy), 3.5 kcal mol-1 (3-n-BuPy) and 3.6 kcal mol-1 (3,5-diMePy), all expressed relative to pyridine (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ). A linear relationship between the relative +CN affinity and relative proton affinity (PA) is derived as Δ +CN affinity (kcal mol-1) = 0.78 (ΔPA), with the assumption that the +CN dimer effective temperature is 600 K. The estimated uncertainty is 0.5 kcal mol-1. Relative +CN affinities of pairs of pyridines are smaller by ca. 1 kcal mol-1 than the corresponding Cl+ affinities. Dimers in which one of the pyridines is meta-chlorine- or para-alkyl-substituted have the covalently bound, ring-carbon-substituted structure, in which the +CN group is attached to the pyridine nitrogen and the second pyridine molecule is bound to a ring carbon. The fragmentation of these isomeric dimers yields the corresponding monomers, in addition to other minor ions, but the distribution of the cyanide cation between the two pyridines does not correlate with Cl+ affinity or proton affinity. In the special cases of the 3-methylpyridine-3-n-butylpyridine and the 4-methylpyridine-pyridine cyanide cation adducts, both the loosely bound dimer and the covalently bound adduct are generated and distinguished by their fragmentation behavior. Evidence for the formation of the covalently bound, ring-carbon-substituted structure was also obtained in semi empirical AMI calculations.
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    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: High-performance liquid chromatography megaflow electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ES-MS/MS) with an on-line radioisotope detector was used to identify [2,4,6-14C] atrazine degradation products generated by treatment with Fenton's reagent (Fe2+ and H2O2). Fenton's reagent produced dealkylated and/or partially oxidized [2,4,6-14C] atrazine products in preference to dechlorinated products. Seven major products were identified by collision-induced dissociation spectra: 4-acetamido-2-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine, 4-amino-2-chloro-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine, 4-acetamido-2-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine, 6-amino-2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-s-triazine, 4-acetamido-6-amino-2-chloro-s-triazine, 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-s-triazine and the first report of 4-acetamido-2-hydroxy-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine. HPLC/ES-MS/MS provided a rapid method for identifying a wide range of atrazine transformation products in aqueous samples and obviated the need for fraction collection, extraction, and chemical derivatization of the more polar atrazine products. Furthermore, because analyte retention times in HPLC/UV and HPLC/ES-MS/MS were similar, compound identities determined using the latter could be directly assigned to peaks in UV chromatograms.
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  • 36
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 466-472 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The sensitivity of high-precision liquid chromatography/combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/C-IRMS) was improved by more than two orders of magnitude by modifications which permit optimization of flows. The lower limits for high precision are about 3 μg of analyte on-column for flow injection and LC modes. Pneumatic aerosol spray coating was implemented and compared with simple dip coating. The signal enhancement for aerosol compared with dip coating is up fourfold at higher levels but drops to less than twofold at lower levels, while the dynamic range is extended at higher levels by fourfold at high sample load levels. LC separations for underivatized tocopherols, retinyl acetate and ergocalciferol are demonstrated with precision and accuracy of about δ13C 〈 2.5% for replicates. This work demonstrates sensitivity useful for a wide range of LC analyses and extends high-precision LC/C-IRMS to the determination of several fat-soluble vitamins.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 473-477 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The backbone cleavages of 14 sodiated tripeptides of the series Gly-Gly-Xxx, where Xxx = Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Met, Glu, Pro, Trp, Lys, His and Arg, were studied in a hybrid tandem mass spectrometer. A C-terminal y-type ion of the form y1 + Na + H was noted in all cases studied. N-Terminal bn + Na + 17, bn + Na - H and an + Na - H ions, along with internal fragments, were also noted. Because information on sodium affinities of amino acids is limited, the sodiated tripeptides studied were compared not only with the rank ordering of amino acid sodium affinities, but also on the basis of available proton affinities. A linear relationship between log[(y1 + Na + H)/(b2 + Na + 17)] and the proton affinity of the C-terminal amino acid substituents was found: as the proton affinity of the C-terminal residue increases, the fraction of y1 ion formation increases. When the C-terminal substituent was more basic than Trp, the correlation does not hold, probably because the highly basic amino acids, Lys, His, and Arg, are cationized on the side-chain instead of on the terminal amino group.
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    Notes: Incorporation of amino acids labeled with stable isotopes in apoliproproteins is used to estimate kinetic aspects of lipoprotein metabolism. In this study two deuterated tracers, [5,5,5-2H3]leucine and [ring-2H5]phenylalanine, were compared. Isolation and acid hydrolysis of apolipoproteins are required for mass spectrometric analysis. When apolipoprotein B100 of very low density liproproteins was prepared with this procedure, a loss of deuterium was observed on deuterated phenylalanine with 10 and 6 M HCl hydrolysis but not with deuterated leucine or when 4 M HCl hydrolysis was used. This study stre sses the effect of acid hydrolysis on [ring-2H5]phenylalanine. This tracer must be used with caution in studies of specific protein synthesis.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The analysis of oligonucleotides by mass spectrometry should give information on both the molecular mass and sequence. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry gives both in one step. Until now glycerol, thioglycerol and triethanolamine have been used as matrices for the analysis of oligonucleotides by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS), but there have been no comparative studies for matrix selection for these specific analytes. In this work, the influence of diethanolamine, glycerol, 1-thioglycerol and triethanolamine on the analysis of unprotected trimer up to heptamer oligoribonucleotides was studied using negative-ion FABMS on a sector-type mass spectrometer. Collision-induced dissociation MS/MS measurements were performed and the fragmentation patterns in MS and MS/MS were compared.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 492-496 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structures of the C4H7O+ and C3H6O+· dissociation products from selected C5H10O+· isomers with the oxygen on the first, second and third carbons were determined. The first product is CH3C(OH)CH=CH2+ and the second is CH3C(OH+)CH2⋅ and CH3⋅CHCHOH+ in various proportions. These results demonstrate that ions with the oxygen on the first and third carbons isomerize partially to isomers with the oxygen on the second carbon. This and C5H10O+· isomers expected to be accessible to each other suggest that there are traversable pathways between about 60 C5H10O+· isomers, demonstrating how extensive interconversions of aliphatic radical cations can be.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 511-512 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tandem mass spectrometric methods for the identification of 19-norandrosterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-estran-17-one) are described and evaluated. The fragmentation reactions of the heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) and pentafluorobenzyloxime heptafluorobutyryl (PFBO—HFB) ester derivatives of 19-norandrosterone (3α-hydroxy-5α-estran-17-one) in particular were studied for the purpose to select characteristic ions. The HFB ester was analyzed by collisionly activated dissociation (CAD) following electron impact in order to fragment the steroid nucleus. The formation of D-ring fragments, i.e. the ring containing the keto function, was typical for this type of derivative. Cleavages of fragments with an intact D-ring were also prominent. The PFBO—HFB ester was formed to create a derivative, which could capture electrons and be analyzed in the Electron Capture Negative Chemical Ionization (ECNCI) mode. Besides fragmentations originating in the groups coupled to the steroid by derivatization, also characteristic D-ring fragments were observed by CAD following ECNCI. Accordingly, of both methods evaluated only CAD following EI of the HFB derivative of 19-norandrosterone provided a characteristic MS/MS procedure for the identification of 19-norandrosterone under the conditions studied.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tandem mass spectrometric methods for the identification of 19-nortestosterone (estr-4-en-17β-3-one) are described and evaluated. The fragmentation reactions of the heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) and pentafluorobenzyloxime heptafluorobutyryl (PFBO—HFB) ester derivatives of 19-nortestosterone in particular were studied for the purpose to select characteristic ions. The HFB ester was analyzed by collisionly activated dissociation (CAD) following electron impact in order to fragment the steroid nucleus. Cleavage of the A-ring, i.e. the ring containing the keto function, was prominent. The formation of A-, A/B- and D-ring fragments was also typical for this type of derivative. The PFBO—HFB ester was formed to create a derivative, which could capture electrons and be analyzed in the electron-capture negative chemical ionization (ECNCI) mode. Besides fragmentations originating in the groups coupled to the steroid by derivatization, no prominent steroid nucleus fragmentations were observed by CAD following ECNCI. Accordingly, of both methods only CAD following EI of the HFB derivative of 19-nortestosterone provided a characteristic MS/MS procedure for the identification of 19-nortestosterone.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Isotope dilution gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assays were developed for the concentration of shortchain fatty acids and of lactate in plasma. The assays involve spiking the samples with 2H- and/or 13-C-labeled internal standards and direct derivatization with 2,4-difluoroaniline, using 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a coupling agent. The assay can be used to determine the isotopic enrichment or mass isotopomer distribution of the fatty acids and of lactate. Blanks by ubiquitous formate, acetate and lactate are minimized by the one-step derivatization procedure without deproteinization, using reagents dissolved in hydrocarbons. The assays were applied to experiments conducted in live dogs, pigs and monkeys, and in perfused rat livers. These techniques, in conjunction with appropriate stable isotope models, can be used to study carbohydrate fermentation in humans, ruminants and non-ruminant mammals.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 324-332 
    ISSN: 1076-5174
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Early in the development of electrohydrodynamic mass spectrometry (EH-MS), it was realized that ion source performance improved when the sample liquid was supplied discontinuously to the capillary emitter. Based on this realization, an ion source was designed that operates without an external sample supply system. Its essential part is a metal capillary that serves both as the liquid reservoir and the field anode and is mounted exchangeably on a pushrod. As the liquid flow is field induced, the flow rates are extremely low, in the range of 0.2 nl min-1. Thus, in spite of high analyte concentrations needed, sample consumption is only a few picomoles per mass scan. Moreover, the emission of larger droplets is avoided, which contributes to the stability of the ion signal. As the capillary emitter is mounted on a standard emitter carrier known from field desorption (FD) MS, the new ion source is compatible with conventional FD ion sources. EH mass spectra of analytes could be obtained from substances whose solubility in glycerol was〉0.5 mol l-1. The substances investigated with the new ion source include sugars, amino acids, peptides and an antibiotic. The general characteristics of the mass spectra are essentially the same as those known from other EH ion sources. Besides abundant solvent cluster ions, only cationated or protonated molecules of the analytes could be detected, frequently with one or more solvent molecules attached to the ions. Fragment ions were not observed.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 778-780 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 782-782 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 783-790 
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 791-792 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 793-796 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Certain of the “meta-stable peaks” in mass spectra are abnormally wide. This extra width is shown to be associated with release of kinetic energy during fragmentation. Methods are presented for measuring this energy release and values are given for various transitions in the spectra of aromatic nitro compounds.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 30 (1995), S. 817-824 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In vivo microdialysis in combination with liquid chromatography/micro-electrospray mass spectrometry was used to study the metabolism of substance P in rat brain. A microdialysis probe was used both to introduce substance P into the brain and to collect metabolic products. Unilateral infusions of 25 and 50 pmol μl-1 substance P, or isotopically labeled [D8-Phe8] substance P, at flow rates of 0.3 μl min-1, were made through the microdialysis probe implanted in the striatum of anesthetized rats. The metabolic products were analyzed by on-line mass spectrometry and the results showed that substance P, an 11 amino acid residue polypeptide, was metabolized in the striatum to form N-terminal fragments 1-9, 1-8 and 1-7; C-terminal fragments 3-11, 5-11, 6-11, 7-11 and 8-11; and internal fragments 4-8, 6-10 and 7-10. The concentrations of these metabolites in dialysates were measured in order to compare the relative importance of several possible metabolic degradative pathways.
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  • 55
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    Notes: Collision with neutral molecules is shown to provide a convenient method of adding internal energy to ions in a field-free drift region of the mass spectrometer. The effects on this process of ion accelerating potential, target gas pressure and identity, and precursor ion internal energy and mass have been investigated to optimize experimental conditions. Such collisions cause ion decompositions whose activation energies cover a broad range; for a particular ion such decompositions can be viewed as its “collisional activation (CA) spectrum.” CA spectra, which can be obtained for each ion in the normal mass spectrum, and which appear to follow the predictions of the quasi equilibrium theory, show many more of the possible unimolecular ion decomposition reactions for an ion than do unimolecular metastables, and thus provide valuable information for ion reaction mechanisms and molecular structure determination. Collisional activation can sometimes yield ion energies which are relatively inaccessible by electron impact. The precursor ion internal energy has a negligible effect on the ion's CA spectrum except for product ions formed through the processes of lowest activation energy. Thus, CA spectra should also be valuable for the characterization of ion structures.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The fast atom bombardment (FAB), frit-FAB and electrospray ionization mass spectra of bis-ammonium salts, C2+ 2X-, were compared. The most informative spectra were the FAB mass spectra with m-nitrobenzyl alcohol as matrix and the Frit-FAB mass spectra. The nucleophilic character of the iodine anion was established.
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  • 57
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    Notes: Oligomeric ions formed from aluminium 2,2′,2″-nitriltriethoxide (alumatrane) are present in electron impact (EI) ionization, chemical ionization (CI), direct-exposure probe chemical ionization (DCI) and liquid secondary ion (LSI) mass spectra. These oligomeric ions are most pronounced in the LSI mass spectrum, extending from monomeric to heptameric ions. The oligomeric ions exist there in the forms [Mn + H]+ and [Mn + (AIO)a + (Al2O3)b]+ where the sum of a and b can be as high as 5. In contrast to previous interpretations of EI and CI results, the LSI mass spectral data do not support a special stability for either the dimeric or tetrameric gas-phase forms of alumatrane.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 352-357 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An attempt is made to relate the dissociation dynamics of highly charged molecular ions (possessing charges in excess of 2+) to molecular structure. High-level, ab initio configuration-interaction calculations are carried out of the potential energy functions of N2q+, for q = 2-12, and predictions are made of the values of the kinetic energies released upon unimolecular dissociation of such ions. The calculated values are found to be significantly lower than those expected from simple Coulombic considerations. Electron density distributions of highly charged molecules are calculated and, on the basis of these, a long-lived state of a diatomic tri-cation, CS3+, is predicted. Mass spectrometric evidence is produced which confirms these predictions.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 358-362 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new time-dependent wavepacket approach has been applied to illustrate a rigorous method of calculating the transition function for bound-to-continuum transitions in translational energy spectrometric experiments. The method is numerically exact and fully quantal, and is devoid of any classical or semi-classical approximations. The validity of the hitherto-applied reflection approximation is investigated in a comparative study. The method has been applied to two different translational energy spectrometry experiments: collision-induced dissociation of CO+ and collisional excitation of H2.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995) 
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. i 
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 365-371 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spider venom gland stores various glutaminergic blockers such as acylpolyamines, besides proteins and peptides. A method is described for structure determination of these acylpolyamines using fast-atom bombardment and four-sector tandem mass spectrometry. The collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of protonated molecular ions of synthetic model compounds show only a small number of weak, sequence-related product ions. But, unlike the CID spectra of [M + H]+ ions, dissociation of sodium-attached molecular ions leads to charge-remote fragmentations and provides intense sequence-related product ions.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 372-376 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The mass spectrometry of an organometallic parasiticide used for treatment of leishmaniasis was studied using primarily fast-atom bombardment with complementary studies conducted using electrospray ionization. The positive-ion mass spectrum of meglumine antimonate contained ions with characteristic antimony isotope ratios (57:43) at m/z 627/629, 507/509, 406/408 and 314/316. There was also evidence of ion clusters containing antimony atoms (Sb1-3), which decompose to the mass 507/509 species under acid pH conditions. For meglumine antimonate, an empirical formula C14H30O10N2Sb (molecular weight 507) is proposed with a structure containing four Sb—O bonds in a symmetrical geometry.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 377-382 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Photon emission from impacts of electrosprayed protein ions onto Au, Ta, Si and CsI surfaces was studied. Mass spectra of insulin, lysozyme and apo-myoglobin were acquired by scanning the mass-to-charge ratio of a quadrupole mass filter while simultaneously detecting the photon and secondary electron signals. These spectra were very similar, but spectra acquired using photons displayed a somewhat better signal-to-noise ratio. The estimated photon emission yield is of the order of 0.5 photons per ion impact, a quantity which is not strongly dependent on target material. A higher yield of photons per incident ion was observed for apo-myoglobin and lysozyme ions than for insulin ions.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 383-386 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fragmentation of a natural Diels-Alder adduct, kuwanon G, has been examined using fast-atom bombardment and collision-induced dissociation (CID) techniques. The CID spectrum of a diene ion originating from a retro-Diels-Alder cleavage of the [M + H]+ ion gave an intense peak arising from the fragmentation of the diene moiety, as well as characteristic peaks arising from the fragmentation of a tautomeric 2,2-dimethylpyran ring structure. The results obtained suggest that the diene can be irreversibly converted into the 2,2-dimethylpyran ring structure under gas-phase mass spectrometric conditions.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 387-396 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The problem of artefact peaks, in spectra obtained from various tandem mass spectrometric scans on instruments of both forward and reverse geometry, is examined. The filtering conditions imposed by additional analyzers are investigated, in order to evaluate the potential of several different triple sector geometries to reduce specific interferences. No previous evaluation of the rejection ability for artefacts of different origins has been presented with respect to the various geometries. In order to gain a better insight into the origin of various artefacts, and to more easily explain their occurrence in certain geometries, a new graphical representation was developed in order to take into account the effects of three analyzer fields. This approach allows different linked scans to be projected within a cube, while also qualitatively proposing an explanation for the presence or absence of artefact peaks. New scans can also be conceived by means of this method, as is the case with a new selected mass ion kinetic energy (SMIKE) scan, which allows artefacts present in MIKE scans performed using reverse geometry instruments to be determined.
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    Notes: The electron impact mass spectra of some benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid dianilides and dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]thiophene-2,6-dicarboxylk acid dianilides are discussed. Dominant peaks in these dianilides are formed by the cleavage of a C—N bond on one side of an anilino group. These ions fragment further by the cleavage of a C—C bond on the other side of an anilino group and a CONRPhR′ group may be lost directly. After loss of CO, the characteristic benzodithiophene radical cation, C10H2S2Cl2□+., at m/z 256 and the dithienothiophene radical cation, C8S3Cl2□+., at m/z 262 are formed from their respective precursor compounds.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 413-426 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Several studies concerning the analysis and quantification of biological and pharmaceutical compounds have been effected during the past 20-30 years using different techniques of desorption-ionization. In most cases, however, the authors have not been interested in the mass spectrometric fragmentation mechanisms of these products. Plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) is a powerful technique for analysing, without matrix interferences, solid biological and pharmaceutical compounds. In this work, we use PDMS in order to study the influence of the amine (amide) function on the fragmentation processes of nitrogen-containing compounds. For this work, quaternary ammonium salts, trisubstituted amines, disubstituted amines and a compound with an amide function were chosen. Classical PD mass spectra, accurate mass measurements, transitions in the field free region (FFR), labelled compound spectra and thermodynamical data are reported for the structural study of these compounds. Our results allow us to propose fragmentation rules for positively charged nonfunctional biological nitrogen compounds. These rules relate to a class of structurally informative decomposition reactions that can be applied to the determination and of identification of structural unknowns.
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    Notes: Two different approaches, i.e. fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) have been employed for the characterization of a mixture of biologically relevant polyphenols (kaempferide, kaempferol, luteolin and oleouropein). The best results have been achieved by the first approach which allows an easy structural identification of the different compounds, also in the presence of isomers. GC/MS of the trimethylsilyl derivatives leads to a complex chromatogram due to the presence of derivatives exhibiting a different level of silylation; the only species related to oleouropein are due to pyrolysis products (silylated fragments of sugars) and there is no evidence for the related silylated aglycone.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995) 
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 461-487 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An annual directory of companies that supply mass spectrometers and mass spectrometry components and services.
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    Notes: High-performance liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometric detection (atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization, APCI) was used to determine various isoflavones. Negative-ion APCI ionization has proved to be a suitable technique for determining this class of natural compound, as it provides quality mass spectra which give not only the molecular weight of the isoflavones, but also their molecular structures; consistent collision-induced dissociation pathways were elucidated and fragments are reported. Deuterium oxide was used to induce peak shifts in the mass spectra in order to determine the number of exchangeable hydrogen atoms in each molecule.
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    Notes: Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), with an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface, has been applied to the identification of metabolites and derivatives of paclitaxel (taxol) in plasma and urine of patients treated with this new anticancer drug. Protonated molecules with substantial fragmentation were obtained using this ionization technique. The three ion series observed are characteristic of the intact molecule, the taxane ring, and the side chain at C13. Their analysis gives information about chemical modifications of the taxane structure at different positions of the molecule. Urine and plasma extracts were evaluated using the capacity to perform MS analysis directly on the entire effluent from conventional LC columns. Excellent spectra were obtained with 50 pmol of separated compounds in full scan mode. This technique allowed highly sensitive identification of 6α-hydroxytaxol, the major human biliary metabolite, and of 7-epitaxol in extracts of plasma and urine from patients. Taxol hydrolysis derivatives were observed for the first time in urine 24 hours after the end of the infusion period. Sensitivity could be increased further using single ion monitoring (SIM) mode, once a target derivative was identified. These results demonstrate that LC/MS with an APCI interface is useful for the characterization and pharmacokinetic analysis of taxoids in biological matrices.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 532-536 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra of the molecular ion and main fragment ions in electron ionization of a series of pesticides were recorded using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The fragmentation pathway map of simazine was deduced from the CID mass spectra. The utility of these CID fragmentation ions is demonstrated in the gas chromatography/MS/MS spectrum of carbofuran.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 577-579 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The charge transfer reactions of H2+, CH4+, CH2+ and N+ ions with CH4, CH3D, CH2D2 and CD4 were studied. The measurements were carried out using a tandem type mass spectrometer. The influence of the kinetic and internal energy of the incident ions was observed on the secondary mass spectra and also on the isotope effects expressed through πi(D/H), Ti(H) and Ti(D) factors. The dependence of the isotope effects on kinetic energy could indicate a conversion of kinetic energy into internal energy. Reactions in which momentum transfer resulted in charge transfer were also observed, probably indicating a ‘short-range interaction’ reaction mechanism.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 911-915 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This Communication describes the use of a bench-top ion trap mass spectrometer for the study of structurally diagnostic ion/molecule reactions. The power of the experiment is increased by the broad-band ion-isolation and tandem mass spectrometry capabilities of the ion trap which are used to isolate the reactant ion and study its reactions under controlled conditions. The availability of multiple-stage mass spectrometry (MSn where n = number of stages) provides additional information on the nature of the productions. The compound to be ionized is conveniently introduced into the ion trap from aqueous solution using membrane introduction techniques while the neutral reagent is leaked into the trap through the calibration gas inlet. Polar Diels-Alder reactions of the [4 + 2+] type are investigated and comparisons are made between the reactions occurring in the ion trap and those in a pentaquadrupole mass spectrometer. Three-stage tandem mass spectra (MS3) are used to characterize the ion/molecule reaction products in the quadrupole ion trap.
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 921-923 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method is described for the rapid analysis of mixtures of porphyrin methyl esters using laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF MS). Ions corresponding to [M+H]+ for each component have been observed without the need for added matrix. LDI-TOF MS has been applied to the analysis and characterization of porphyrin methyl esters derived from urine samples of patients suffering from various porphyrias. This technique has been shown to provide ‘fingerprint’ profiles of the porphyrins present in each urine sample, characteristic of the porphyria, which compare favourably with those obtained with the established method of high-performance liquid chromatography. LDI-TOF MS is a rapid and reliable method for the screening of urine from patients suffering from porphyria.
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    Notes: The products from base-specific, dideoxy-nucleotide chain-termination DNA sequencing reactions catalyzed by the modified T7 DNA polymerase have been analyzed by using the technique of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Preliminary experiments were performed to determine detection limits for a synthetic mixture of mixed-base single-stranded DNA which contained a 14-mer, a 21-mer, and a 41-mer; acceptable spectra, showing peaks for each component, were obtainable for samples that contained as little as 5 fmol per component. Initial sequencing reactions were therefore carried out on 2-pmol amounts of a short synthetic template that was 45 nucleotides in length, employing 2 pmol of 12-mer as the primer strand. This provided readable sequence information out to the 19th base past the primer. Using a 21-mer primer, nearly the entire sequence of the template could be read.
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The responses of selected-ion monitoring of electron impact mass spectra and selected-reagent-ion chemical ionization mass spectra of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), relative to that of congener 153, have been determined for some 60 PCBs contained in four standard mixtures. The PCB congeners examined cover a wide range of toxicities. Average responses have been determined for PCBs as a function of both the total number of chlorine substituents and the number of ortho-substituents. Average relative responses and relative responses of individual congeners have been compared with Literature values of relative responses obtained by electron-capture detection. Detection limits for electron ionization and C2H5+ chemical ionization mass spectrometry, determined as the mass of congener 153 injected on column and yielding a signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1 were 0.76 pg and 30 pg, respectively, compared to some 70 fg for electron-capture detection. An initial exploration and evaluation have been carried out, of the potential value of using a toxicity index to define the total toxicity of a sample; such an index is based on 39 non- and mono-ortho substituted PCBs. Electron ionization, when combined with selected-ion monitoring of both molecular and fragment ions, is the more sensitive mass-selective method for the determination of the most toxic PCB congeners.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The gas-phase behaviour of organophosphorus compounds such as diethylmethylphosphonate towards electron impact (EI) ionization occurring in a quadrupole ion-trap instrument is investigated. If all ions observed in conventional EI mass spectra are detected, ion/molecule reactions are seen to occur leading to formation of protonated molecules and adduct ions such as 2M+· and [2M + H]+. The keto-to-enol-like isomerization of the molecular M+· ion seems to favour proton transfer to neutral M species and a “self chemical ionization” ion is observed with corresponding fragment ions.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Several studies have investigated stereochemical effects observed in the electron ionization and low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra of molecular ions from synthetic and natural alkaloids. More recently, it has been shown that low-collision-energy CID spectra of protonated epimeric alkaloids can yield additional information. For instance, three epimeric tetracyclic alkaloids studied in the present work are characterized by different cis/trans ring junction geometries and by different configurations of the ethyl group linked to the C-ring. Low-energy collisional spectra of the epimeric MH+ ions show large differences depending both on the ring junction geometry and the stereochemistry of the side chain. Interpretation of certain specific processes invokes ion-dipole formation, allowing internal electron transfer. Consecutive decompositions have also been scrutinized.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The behaviour of 3′,4′-dihydroxybenzyl fatty acid ester towards the NH3/NH2- system has been investigated under negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) conditions. Under NICI, proton abstraction takes place regioselectively at one phenol site rather than from the enolizable position. Analysis of specific fragmentations of the isotopically labelled phenoxide species prepared in the gas phase by ND3 indicates that isomerization into an ion-dipole intermediate (via charge-promoted cleavage) takes place prior to fragmentation. Its dissociation provides fatty acid carboxylate ions (the charge is stabilized by coiling of the side chain). The acidity of the phenol group must be enhanced by the presence of a second group at the position ortho to the first. This explains why the previous ion-dipole complex isomerizes by proton transfer into a second isomeric form which decomposes yielding the phenoxide species, as shown by labelling experiments. Stabilization of the negative charge by hydrogen bonding (Ar—O-…H+…O-—Ar) from the phenoxide form is possible. A similar situation characterizes 3′,4′-dihydroxybenzyl phenyl ethyl ester and 3′,4′-dihydroxybenzyl benzyl ester. Their behaviour was also studied to find the influence of the side chain structure on the pathway of ion-dipole dissociation under low-energy collision conditions.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Tandem mass spectrometry in negative-ion mode using ammonia as reagent gas has contributed to the differentiation of polyhydroxysteroids and to the study of stereochemical effects. The present study provides additional examples of sterochemical effects. A first observation of intramolecular OH- catalysis yielding stereospecific H2O elimination is proposed.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The aim of the present work is to study the oxidation reactions between an aromatic hydrocarbon, toluene and oxygen. Experiments have been performed in a low-pressure plasma tubular reactor supplied by an RF 13.56 MHz generator. On-line mass spectrometry and off-line gas chromatography were used for a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the effluents. The reaction can lead to the formation of products in the solid (deposited on the wall of the reactor), liquid or gas state. Hydrocarbons (benzene, ethylbenzene, diphenylethane), as well as oxygenated species resulting from competition between the oxidation of the aromatic ring (phenol, cresols) and the oxidation of the alkyl side chain (benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde), can be obtained. The power and the amount of added oxygen were studied by comparing the mass spectrometry and gas chromatography results. Reaction mechanisms are discussed.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The decomposition of carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) in two types of plasma reactor has been investigated by using mass spectrometry. The optimization of the plasma process requires the establishment of an adequate chemical balance between major components and also traces in the reactor effluent, in order to minimize toxic emissions by control of the proper reactor parameters. On-line mass spectrometric characterization of the effluent has been used to optimize the CF4 decomposition yield. A GC/MS protocol has been developed to quantify both major and minor components of the effluent in order to evaluate its toxicity.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is an accurate and sensitive analytical method to characterize the purity of oligodeoxynucleotides being tested for pharmacological studies. We report the preparation procedure (‘desalting’) of natural and modified oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) and their analysis by negative-ion electrospray mass spectrometry. We evaluate the sensitivity and the accuracy of the method for two antisense ODN sequences. Mass analysis of the 25-mer phosphorothioate can be performed to within 0.001% accuracy (standard error of 0.05 Da) for a sample concentration of 12 pmol/μL. In addition, the adduct ion and the failure sequence can be identified to characterize the antisense ODN.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Lithium cationized hydrophobic peptides in the molecular weight range 1900-2650 Da have been studied by liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry. The mass spectra exhibit characteristic lithiated sequence ions. N-terminal [an+Li—H]+ and [dn+Li—H]+ ions together with limited C-terminal [ypro+Li+H]+ ions lead to an easy sequencing of the peptides studied, without the need for tandem mass spectrometry.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used to characterize the reaction products of the 18-mer deoxyribonucleotide d(AACGGTTAACCGTTAATT) with [Pt(NH3)3(H2O)]2+ and cis-[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2]2+. Characteristic peaks corresponding to different monofunctional adducts {18-mer+n[Pt(NH3)3]} (n =1, 2, 3 and 4) have been observed with the triamino-monoaqua complex. With the diamino-diaqua cis-Pt complex, formation of a chelate {18-mer+[Pt(NH3)2]} involving two adjacent guanines has been demonstrated. A good correlation between MALDI and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results is observed.
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  • 90
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 634-640 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and fast-atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry experiments were applied to the study of the early stages of the oligomerization reaction of dopamine with mushroom tyrosinase. Ultrafiltration was employed to remove the enzyme at various reaction times, to prevent possible attachment of the protein to the highly reactive intermediates. Two sets of five samples each, obtained at different reaction times, in one case immediately lyophilized and in the other left to react under an oxygen stream for 24 h before lyophilization, were compared. FAB showed the presence of various species and of these, that at m/z 305 increased in abundance with reaction time in the immediately lyophilized set of samples only. Accurate mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometric experiments indicated the structure of a dopamine protonated dimer for this ion. MALDI measurements showed that all samples were composed of clusters of oligomers differing in degree of oligomerization. Oligomerization increases with reaction time, resulting in the formation of species at 2643-2911 Da. These clusters in turn were formed of species with a different degree of oxidation, detected in both sets of samples.
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  • 91
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 651-654 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electron impact mass spectra of some diastereomeric dialkyl tartrates and isopropylidine derivatives of dimethyl tartrate show diagnostic differences in the relative abundances of some ions. The differences have been explained based on preferred conformations of these isomers. The configuration of the carbomethoxy groups has been correlated with the configuration of carbomethoxy groups in dimethyl maleate and fumarate. The interaction between the two carbomethoxy groups is relatively larger in conformations where there is a gauche interaction between them. The results could also be correlated with the solution phase conformations of these compounds reported in the literature using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The difference, which is small in diastereomeric dimethyl tartrates, is very reproducible and has been confirmed using six different mass spectrometers.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fifty saponin components of Quil A, a commercially available extract from the bark of the South American tree Quillaja saponaria Molina, were partially structurally characterised. The molecular weights were determined by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The glycosyl and elemental composition of all the saponins was determined by applying our recently developed method, monomer mapping, consisting of a computer program and accurate mass measurements. Support for the presumed identity of the aglycone, i.e. quillaic acid, was found in the accurate mass determination, 1H NMR measurement and chemical reactions. The saponin composition of Quil A was shown to consist of pairs. Within the 3-O bound glycosyl moiety of a pair there was a structural difference: a pentose and rhamnose were interchanged. Structural differences between different pairs were located in the 28-O bound glycosyl moiety. A structural element, unknown to date and of which the elemental composition was deduced to be C8H12O5, was found in the 28-O bound glycosyl moiety of several saponins.
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  • 93
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The attachment of metal ions to non-polar polymers is shown to be readily achieved using 337 nm laser desorption and ionization, with time-of-flight mass analysis, and could thus prove useful for the analysis of such polymers using commercially available matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization instruments. Attachment of Cr+, Cu+ and Ag+ has been used successfully to increase the ion yield of polystyrene and polybutadiene during laser desorption/ionization. The metal ion used may originate from the metal sample holder substrate on which the polystyrene is placed, or from metal salts mixed with the polystyrene either prior to placement on the sample holder or in situ. Results have been obtained which illustrate metal-ion attachment to the polystyrene from the substrate and from a dopant salt simultaneously and the roles of each of these will be discussed.
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  • 94
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 97-102 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The sensitivity and accuracy of the mass spectrometric analysis of oligonucleotides using electrospray ionization can be compromized when the oligomer is adducted in the gas phase to cations such as sodium or potassium. We have evaluated the addition of mM concentrations of a series of organic bases with solution pKb values ranging from 11.5 to 5.5 and gas-phase proton affinities ranging from 213 to 232 kcal/mol as a method for suppression of signals from alkali-adducted ions. Stronger bases such as triethylamine and piperidine reduce the signals from bound sodium most effectively, but also decrease the total ion current from oligonucleotide. Imidazole, with a solution pH of ∼8.0, provides modest suppression of sodium/potassium adduct ions, but up to a four-fold improvement in sensitivity. Co-addition of imidazole and triethylamine or piperidine produces high ion abundance and good suppression of cation-adducted species for samples of phosphodiester or phosphorothioate oligomers which have not been desalted via preliminary precipitation or by high-performance liquid chromatography. Addition of high concentrations of imidazole generates a bimodal distribution of charge states, which may reflect different gas-phase conformations for single-stranded oligomers.
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  • 95
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 96
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
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  • 97
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Isotope distributions of molecules are the result of convoluting elemental isotope distributions multiple times. They are usually calculated using a polynomial expansion method. The present paper starts with the polynomial expansion and shows how to cast the problem in terms of Fourier transforms. Because discrete Fourier transforms can be calculated very efficiently, this new way of looking at the problem has significant practical implications. Specifically, it leads to faster ways to calculate isotope distributions.
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  • 98
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mass spectral ‘ghost peaks’ are generated with the ion trap by the superposition of higher order multipole fields which originate through deviations from the pure quadrupole field. In data acquisition, when the amplitude of the RF voltage is ramping though a non-linear resonance point (q*) on the Mathieu stability diagram, some ions (m0) are ejected by the non-linear field rather than by the quadrupole field at qz=0.908 on the βz=1 boundary. The prematurely ejected ions will be seen as a peak at m1=(q*/0.908)m0, which we have termed a ‘ghost peak’.
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  • 99
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two-step laser mass spectrometry (L2MS) was applied to study the chemical nature of adsorbates on aerosol particles which were collected from different sites, e.g. in the countryside, in an industrial zone, by a downtown road, and in a tunnel. The method combines infrared laser desorption from the particle surfaces followed by ultraviolet laser post-ionization of the desorbed neutral molecules. Because of the high sensitivity and optical selectivity of L2MS, virtually no sample preparation is needed, and mass spectra can be recorded in a very short time. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different sampling areas were carried out. By scanning the ionization laser wavelength, two-dimensional UV/MS spectra can be generated for better identification of the adsorbed species.
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  • 100
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    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9 (1995), S. 114-118 
    ISSN: 0951-4198
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Dissociation of C60- ions induced in 30 keV collisions with atomic and molecular gases has been studied. The pattern of negativeion formation from C60- precursors is found to be distinctly different from that obtained for positive-ion fragments from C60+ precursors in that the collision-induced dissociation spectrum in the former case is dominated by small negative clusters, presumably of linear geometry, Simple arguments utilizing the relationship of electrostatic properties of different molecular structures to their electron affinities and ionization energies have been invoked to rationalize these observations. The difference in the dissociation dynamics of C60- and C60+ ions is discussed in terms of competition between different energy-coupling schemes involving either electronic degrees of freedom or nuclear (vibrational) degrees of freedom.
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