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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1.337)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (854)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (567)
  • Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
  • 2015-2019
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (2.856)
  • 1995  (2.856)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (2.856)
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  • 1
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    Estimation of Boreal Forest Biomass Using Spaceborne SAR Systems (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-31
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we report on the use of a semiempirical algorithm derived from a two layer radar backscatter model for forest canopies. The model stratifies the forest canopy into crown and stem layers, separates the structural and biometric attributes of the canopy. The structural parameters are estimated by training the model with polarimetric SAR (synthetic aperture radar) data acquired over homogeneous stands with known above ground biomass. Given the structural parameters, the semi-empirical algorithm has four remaining parameters, crown biomass, stem biomass, surface soil moisture, and surface rms height that can be estimated by at least four independent SAR measurements. The algorithm has been used to generate biomass maps over the entire images acquired by JPL AIRSAR and SIR-C SAR systems. The semi-empirical algorithms are then modified to be used by single frequency radar systems such as ERS-1, JERS-1, and Radarsat. The accuracy. of biomass estimation from single channel radars is compared with the case when the channels are used together in synergism or in a polarimetric system.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Commercial Earth Observation (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-09
    Beschreibung: Through the Earth Observation Commercial Applications Program (EOCAP) at Stennis Space Center, Applied Analysis, Inc. developed a new tool for analyzing remotely sensed data. The Applied Analysis Spectral Analytical Process (AASAP) detects or classifies objects smaller than a pixel and removes the background. This significantly enhances the discrimination among surface features in imagery. ERDAS, Inc. offers the system as a modular addition to its ERDAS IMAGINE software package for remote sensing applications. EOCAP is a government/industry cooperative program designed to encourage commercial applications of remote sensing. Projects can run three years or more and funding is shared by NASA and the private sector participant. Through the Earth Observation Commercial Applications Program (EOCAP), Ocean and Coastal Environmental Sensing (OCENS) developed SeaStation for marine users. SeaStation is a low-cost, portable, shipboard satellite groundstation integrated with vessel catch and product monitoring software. Linked to the Global Positioning System, SeaStation provides real time relationships between vessel position and data such as sea surface temperature, weather conditions and ice edge location. This allows the user to increase fishing productivity and improve vessel safety. EOCAP is a government/industry cooperative program designed to encourage commercial applications of remote sensing. Projects can run three years or more and funding is shared by NASA and the private sector participant.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Spinoff 1995; 92-93; NASA-NP-217
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
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    Detection, Measurement, Visualization, and Analysis of Seismic Crustal Deformation (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Remote sensing plays a key role in the analysis of seismic crustal deformation. Recently radar interferometry has been used to measure one dimension of the strain fields of earthquakes at a resolution of centimeters. Optical imagery is useful in measuring the strain fields in both geographic dimensions of the strain field down to 1/20 of pixel size, and soon will be capable of high resolution. Visual observation of fault motion from space can also be used to detect fault motion from aerial photographs.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Environmental Research Inst of Michigan meeting on Applied Geologic Remote Sensing; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 4
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    Application of Remote Sensing, Digital Elevation and Earthquake Data to Seismic Hazards (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    Autonomous and Continuous Georectification of Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) Imagery (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) is part of an Earth observing system (EOS) payload to be launched in 1998 to study the ecology and climate of Earth. EOS will acquire multi-angle images in reflected sunlight at nine angles.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Intl. Soc. Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing (ISPRS), XVIII Congress; Vienna; Austria
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  • 6
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    Modeling of Wind Direction Signals in Polarimetric Sea Surface Brightness Temperatures (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Sea surface brightness temperatures are the radiometric power measure of blackbody radiation from sea water. This radiation is the electromagnetic waves excited by the random thermal motion of charged particles in the sea water. The energy transmitted through the air- water interface produces a scattering of electromagnetic waves into the atmosphere. Polarimetric microwave emissions are investigated.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Effects of Surface Heterogeneity on Thermal Remote Sensing of Land Parameters (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: In this paper, simplified radiative transfer models and two-component simulations are used to.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    The Role of Imaging Radar in Forest Management (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from the SIR-C/X- SAR was demonstrated for mapping various land cover and vegetation properties.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 9
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    Future Technologies for Earth Science with Spaceborne GPS (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Spaceborne Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers will one day make important contributions to atmospheric, ionospheric, and solid Earth science. A number of GPS microsatellite missions are already in preparation in several countries. These missions require GPS flight receivers with capabilities well beyond the needs of most space missions. Receiver and microsatellite future technology is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: EOS
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    Hydrogen-Broadened Water from 50 to 300 cm-1 and 1300 to 4000 cm-1 (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: To support remote sensing of the outer planets, absorption spectra of H2O broadened by H2 were recorded at room temperature using two Fourier transform spectrometers. The data from 1300 to 4000 cm-1 were obtained at 0.012 cm-1 resolution with the McMath FTS located at Kitt Peak National Observatory/National Solar Observatory. The remainder of the spectral data from 55 to 320 cm-1 were taken at 0.0056 cm-1 with the Bruker FTS.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Intl Conf on Lab Research for Planetary Atmospheres; Kona, HI; United States
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  • 11
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    Detection of climate forcing using emission spectra (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: We discuss the use of thermal emission spectra recorded by satellites to construct climate indices that can detect the evolution of a specific climate forcing in a time series. The two important issues are selectivity against climate forcings other than one that is sought, and sensitivity to the required forcing. We show that indices with selectivity can be found, and that their sensitivity can be high.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Earth Observation and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 12
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    Remote Sensing of Mauna Loa (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: American Geophysical Union Monograph, Remote Sensing; Mauna Loa, HI; United States
    Format: text
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  • 13
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    Classification of Radar Imagery over Boreal Regions for Methane Exchange Studies (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: NASA/JPL AIRSAR data were acquired over Minto Flats, Alaska on 18 July 1993. These data.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: International Journal of Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 14
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    An Overview of the Science Results from the TOPEX/Poseidon Mission (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IGARSS '95, Remote Sensing Geoscience; Florence; Italy
    Format: text
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  • 15
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    Inflight Radiometric Calibration of AVIRIS in 1994 (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The AVIRIS sensor must be calibrated at the time it measures spectra from the ER-2 airborne platform in order to achieve research and application objectives that are both quantitative and physically based.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 16
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    Accelerating Commercial Remote Sensing (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-09
    Beschreibung: Through the Visiting Investigator Program (VIP) at Stennis Space Center, Community Coffee was able to use satellites to forecast coffee crops in Guatemala. Using satellite imagery, the company can produce detailed maps that separate coffee cropland from wild vegetation and show information on the health of specific crops. The data can control coffee prices and eventually may be used to optimize application of fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation. This would result in maximal crop yields, minimal pollution and lower production costs. VIP is a mechanism involving NASA funding designed to accelerate the growth of commercial remote sensing by promoting general awareness and basic training in the technology.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Spinoff 1995; 88-91; NASA-NP-217
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 17
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    SIR-C Calibration Results (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 18
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    An Overview of the TOPEX/Poseidon Outreach Program (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The TOPEX/Poseidon program will observe ocean circulation for 3 to 5 years and monitor the effects of currents on global climate change. To communicate the results of this study to the public, this project will use printed materials, CD-ROM tutorials, a computer network, and lecturers.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IGARSS Conference; Fierenze; Italy
    Format: text
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  • 19
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    Determination of The Inflight Spectral Calibration of AVIRIS Using Atmospheric Absorption Features (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Both the surface and atmospheric characteistics were measured for a calibration target during an inflight calibration experiment held at Lunar Lake, Nevada on April 5, 1994 (Green, et al., 1995). This paper uses upwelling spectral radiance predicted for the calibration target with the MODTRAN radiative transfer code (Berk, et al., 1986) to validage the spectral calibration of AVIRIS inflight.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 20
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    Atmospheric Attenuation Correction and Rain Flag Algorithms for NASA Scatterometer (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: NSCAT is the NASA Scatterometer to be launched on the Japanese ADEOS in 1996 for global ocean wind remote sensing.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium; Firenze; Italy
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  • 21
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    Movement of Water Vapor in the Atmosphere Measured by an Imaging Spectrometer at Rogers Dry Lake, California (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Water vapor in the atmosphere has been derived from the AVIRIS spectra measured in five overpasses acquired above Rogers Dry Lake, California. The abundance of water vapor in these data is shown to be spatially heterogeneous at the 25 percent level over a range of spatial scales.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 22
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    Application of Spaceborne Scatterometer to Study Typhoon, (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The report describes use of a spaceborne microwave.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Proc. of European Symposium of Satellite Remote Sensing|European Symposium of Satellite Remote Sensing
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  • 23
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    Remote mapping of Alluvial Fan Surfaces in Western China (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Geomorphic surfaces are the libraries of past climate change in.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 24
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    Spatial and Temporal Observations of Summer Ice Melt Using ERS-1 SAR Imagery (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The complete understanding of the heat and mass balance of the polar oceans includes the melting of sea ice in the summer and the reinjection of fresh water into the upper ocean. This study examines the spatial and temporal character of ice melt. Using ERS-1 SAR imagery, the development of small floes formed by melt and deforma- tion, and changes in the fraction of open water and floes is examined.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 25
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    Remote Sensing of Ocean Wind Using Polarimetric Microwave Radiometers (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Winds over the ocean modulate the air-sea fluxes of heat, moisture, gases and particulates, regulating the crucial coupling between atmosphere and ocean that establishes and maintains global and regional climate. Global mapping (using spaceborne scatterometers) of ocean wind is crucial for many oceanographic and atmospheric studies. An overview of polarimetric wind radiometer (new) technology is given.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Oceanic Microwave Remote Sensing; Delaware, MD; United States|Proceedings of the Oceanic Microwave Remote Sensing
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  • 26
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    Comparison of UKMO and NMC Stratospheric Analyses During Northern and Southern Winter (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Instruments on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite have been measuring stratospheric temperatures, winds, and constituent species since September 1991. Among the correlative data that aid in interpreting this data are two sets of global meteorological analyses. Meteorological data from the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO), and the US National Meteorological Center (NMC) are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 27
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    Chlorine Partitioning in the Arctic Vortex During Winter 1995 Derived From Submillimeterwave Remote Sensing and in Situ Constituent Measurements (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: High altitude balloon flights of a combined payload of the Submillimeterwave Limb Sounder and the whole air sampler instruments were performed on 27 January 1995 and 08 March 1995. Both flights were launched from sweden as part of the Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Mid-latitude Experiment (SESAME). Results of the first flight suggest that most of the available chlorine had been converted to CLOx in the observed air parcel, while warmer air in the second flight had much more HCl than CLOx.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 28
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    Verification of Airborne Radar and Radiometer Measurements Obtained in TOGA COARE (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The NASA/JPL Airborne Rain Mapping Radar (ARMAR) on board the NASA DC-8 aircraft, several airborne multi-channel radiometers on board the NASA ER-2 aircraft, and the doppler radars on board the NOAA P-3 aircraft were deployed for rainfall observations collected over the Western Pacific Ocean during the TOGA/COARE experiment in January and February of 1993. Results of rain system observations are given.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 29
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    Future Applications of Smallsats Towards Remote Sensing (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Space exploration in the next century will be much more expensive and costs to do many tasks will be much smaller. These advances will come largely from a revolution in technology springing from the New Millennium Program. These new technologies will include greater processing and autonomy in spacecraft, miniaturized instruments and communications, electric propulsion, more powerful nonnuclear space power. These and other technologies will allow use of much smaller 'smallsats' for remote sensing.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 30
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    Bounds on the Mean Classification Error Rate of Multiple (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: In this paper, it is shown that given the experts' labels, one.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Pattern Recognition Letters
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  • 31
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    The Micro Fourier Transform Interferometer (muFTIR) - A New Field Spectrometer for Acquisition of Infrared Data of Natural Surfaces (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: A lightweight, rugged, high-spectral-resolution interferometer has been built by Designs and Prototypes based on a set of specifications provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Dr. J. W. Salisbury (Johns Hopkins University). The instrument, the micro Fourier Transform Interferometer (mFTIR), permits the acquisition of infrared spectra of natural surfaces. Such data can be used to validate low and high spectral resolution data acquired remotely from aircraft and spacecraft in the 3-5 mm and 8-14 mm atmospheric window. The instrument has a spectral resolutions of ~6 wavenumbers, weighs 16 kg including batteries and computer, and can be operated easily by two people in the field. Laboratory analysis indicates the instrument is spectrally calibrated to better than 1 wavenumber and the radiometric accuracy is 〈0.5 K if the radiances from the blackbodies used for calibration bracket the radiance from the sample.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment
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  • 32
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    Dielectric and Hydraulic Response of Selected Forest Canopies at the Boreas (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The Boreal Ecosystem - Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) is a multidisciplinary field.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IEEE IGARSS '95; Florence; Italy
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  • 33
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    A Modeling Study on the Use of Passive Microwave Data for the (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: This paper presents some aspects of a scheme using remote.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 34
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    Innovative Imaging Spectrometer Calibration Techniques (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: A laboratory calibration of the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) allowed experimentation with several innovative calibration techniques that would improve calibration accuracy, provide independent checks for systematic errors, and reduce the time required to collect a calibration data set.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 35
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    Composition and Scattering Properties of Cometary Dust Based on Remote Sensing (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 36
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    Sensitivity of Multi-Angle Remote Sensing Observations to Aerosol Sphericity (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Multi-angle, multi-spectral remote sensing observations, such as those anticipated from the Earth Observing System (EOS) Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), can distinguish spherical from non-spherical particles over calm ocean for mineral-dust-like particles with the range of sizes and column amounts expected under natural conditions. The ability to make such distinctions is critical if remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol properties is to provide significant new contributions to our understanding of the global-scale, clear-sky solar radiation balance.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 37
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    Cloud Masking and Surface Temperature Distribution in the Polar Regions Using AVHRR and other Satellite Data (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-06
    Beschreibung: Surface temperature is one of the key variables associated with weather and climate. Accurate measurements of surface air temperatures are routinely made in meteorological stations around the world. Also, satellite data have been used to produce synoptic global temperature distributions. However, not much attention has been paid on temperature distributions in the polar regions. In the polar regions, the number of stations is very sparse. Because of adverse weather conditions and general inaccessibility, surface field measurements are also limited. Furthermore, accurate retrievals from satellite data in the region have been difficult to make because of persistent cloudiness and ambiguities in the discrimination of clouds from snow or ice. Surface temperature observations are required in the polar regions for air-sea-ice interaction studies, especially in the calculation of heat, salinity, and humidity fluxes. They are also useful in identifying areas of melt or meltponding within the sea ice pack and the ice sheets and in the calculation of emissivities of these surfaces. Moreover, the polar regions are unique in that they are the sites of temperature extremes, the location of which is difficult to identify without a global monitoring system. Furthermore, the regions may provide an early signal to a potential climate change because such signal is expected to be amplified in the region due to feedback effects. In cloud free areas, the thermal channels from infrared systems provide surface temperatures at relatively good accuracies. Previous capabilities include the use of the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) onboard the Nimbus-7 satellite which was launched in 1978. Current capabilities include the use of the Advance Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard NOAA satellites. Together, these two systems cover a span of 16 years of thermal infrared data. Techniques for retrieving surface temperatures with these sensors in the polar regions have been developed. Errors have been estimated to range from 1K to 5K mainly due to cloud masking problems. With many additional channels available, it is expected that the EOS-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) will provide an improved characterization of clouds and a good discrimination of clouds from snow or ice surfaces.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Proceedings of the First Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Workshop on Snow and Ice; 81-85; NASA/CP-3318
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  • 38
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    Satellite-Sensor Calibration Verification Using the Cloud-Shadow Method (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: An atmospheric-correction method which uses cloud-shaded pixels together with pixels in a neighboring region of similar optical properties is described. This cloud-shadow method uses the difference between the total radiance values observed at the sensor for these two regions, thus removing the nearly identical atmospheric radiance contributions to the two signals (e.g. path radiance and Fresnel-reflected skylight). What remains is largely due to solar photons backscattered from beneath the sea to dominate the residual signal. Normalization by the direct solar irradiance reaching the sea surface and correction for some second-order effects provides the remote-sensing reflectance of the ocean at the location of the neighbor region, providing a known 'ground target' spectrum for use in testing the calibration of the sensor. A similar approach may be useful for land targets if horizontal homogeneity of scene reflectance exists about the shadow. Monte Carlo calculations have been used to correct for adjacency effects and to estimate the differences in the skylight reaching the shadowed and neighbor pixels.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-CR-204994 , NAS 1.26:204994
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  • 39
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    A review of the US Global Change Research Program and NASA's Mission to Planet Earth/Earth Observing System (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: This report reflects the results of a ten-day workshop convened at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography July 19-28, 1995. The workshop was convened as the first phase of a two part review of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). The workshop was organized to provide a review of the scientific foundations and progress to date in the USGCRP and an assessment of the implications of new scientific insights for future USGCRP and Mission to Planet Earth/Earth Observing System (MTPE/EOS) activities; a review of the role of NASA's MTPE/EOS program in the USGCRP observational strategy; a review of the EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS) as a component of USGCRP data management activities; and an assessment of whether recent developments in the following areas lead to a need to readjust MTPE/EOS plans. Specific consideration was given to: proposed convergence of U.S. environmental satellite systems and programs, evolving international plans for Earth observation systems, advances in technology, and potential expansion of the role of the private sector. The present report summarizes the findings and recommendations developed by the Committee on Global Change Research on the basis of the presentations, background materials, working group deliberations, and plenary discussions of the workshop. In addition, the appendices include summaries prepared by the six working groups convened in the course of the workshop.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-111358 , NAS 1.15:111358
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  • 40
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    Shuttle Earth Views, 1994 (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: In this fourth part of a four-part video compilation of Space Shuttle Earth views, various geographical areas are shown, including both land and water masses. The views covered the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Sinai, Jordan , Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates), northeastern Africa (Yemen, Oman, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Djibouti), Russia, Siberia, India, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan, western China, and Mongolia. Various lakes, seas, rivers, and islands are shown, along with several pieces of film footage of sunsets, moon sets, clouds, and tropical storms. Each film clip has a heading that names the shuttle and the geographical location of the footage.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-111372 , CL-1383-Pt-4 , NONP-NASA-VT-96-1996031301
    Format: text
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  • 41
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    A Unified Air-Sea Visualization System: Survey on Gridding Structures (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The goal is to develop a Unified Air-Sea Visualization System (UASVS) to enable the rapid fusion of observational, archival, and model data for verification and analysis. To design and develop UASVS, modelers were polled to determine the gridding structures and visualization systems used, and their needs with respect to visual analysis. A basic UASVS requirement is to allow a modeler to explore multiple data sets within a single environment, or to interpolate multiple datasets onto one unified grid. From this survey, the UASVS should be able to visualize 3D scalar/vector fields; render isosurfaces; visualize arbitrary slices of the 3D data; visualize data defined on spectral element grids with the minimum number of interpolation stages; render contours; produce 3D vector plots and streamlines; provide unified visualization of satellite images, observations and model output overlays; display the visualization on a projection of the users choice; implement functions so the user can derive diagnostic values; animate the data to see the time-evolution; animate ocean and atmosphere at different rates; store the record of cursor movement, smooth the path, and animate a window around the moving path; repeatedly start and stop the visual time-stepping; generate VHS tape animations; work on a variety of workstations; and allow visualization across clusters of workstations and scalable high performance computer systems.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: AD-A300436 , CAST-TR-95-3
    Format: text
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  • 42
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    Hydrologic Modeling of Boreal Forest Ecosystems (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: This study focused on the hydrologic response, including vegetation water use, of two test regions within the Boreal-Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) region in the Canadian boreal forest, one north of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, and the other near Thompson, Manitoba. Fluxes of moisture and heat were studied using a spatially distributed hydrology soil-vegetation-model (DHSVM).
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA/CR-95-206738 , WSR-TR-143 , PB96-187810 , NAS 1.26:206738
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 43
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    Marketing Remote Sensing Data for North Pacific Fisheries Development and Management (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Fish poaching, drug trafficking, ocean dumping, and other illegal activities are important problems on the high seas and in national economic zones. The primary thrust of the EOCAP II project, "Marketing Remote Sensing Data for North Pacific Fisheries Development and Management", was to use space-based sensors to improve the effectiveness of marine monitoring, control, and surveillance (MCS). Our initial objectives were to concentrate on the development of MCS tools using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometry (AVHRR) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. Although we have successfully completed development of an initial version of our SAR-based monitoring tool (OmniVision), project activity has resulted in a much broader application of space-based assets to marine applications. Based in part on work commenced within EOCAP II, a new company, Ocean and Coastal Environmental Sensing, Inc. (OCENS), has been launched and the development of several new software products outside of the MCS arena initiated. One of those products, SeaStation, is near completion with a Fall, 1995 release date. Equity investment in OCENS now totals $70,000-with an additional amount being sought in the first round of financing. One of the pre-eminent objectives of EOCAP II is to make contributions to the US economy and job growth through the expansion of commercial uses of remotely sensed data. OCENS and the software products it is introducing into marine and coastal zone markets responds to this primary object*e. EOCAP II funding leveraged the market and technical know-how of OCENS founders into smart products that benefit marine and coastal zone users. Although technical difficulties and geopolitical shifts damaged the commercial feasibility of initial project objectives, the flexibility of the EOCAP II program now permits long-term business success. This in no small part stems from the fact that the EOCAP program recognizes the realities of small and start-up businesses and does not attempt to force these conditions to fit the apparent needs of big government. Instead, EOCAP works with those who know their market best in order to produce successful products and expanding businesses.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA/CR-97-112577 , NAS 1.26:112577
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  • 44
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    Shuttle Earth Views, 1994 (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: In this first part of a four-part video compilation of Space Shuttle Earth views, Canada, the western coastal states of the United States (from Oregon to southern California), and the southwestern and lower south central United States (from Texas to the Gulf of Mexico) geographical areas are presented from space observations. Each film clip has a heading that names the shuttle and the geographical location of the footage.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-111369 , CL-1383-Pt-1 , NONP-NASA-VT-96-1996031298
    Format: text
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  • 45
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    Shuttle Earth Views, 1994 (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: In this third part of a four-part video compilation of Space Shuttle Earth views, various geographical areas are shown, including both land and water masses. The views cover South America, Asia (North Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Java, various islands, Burma, Philippines, Taiwan, Guam), New Guinea, Australia, Morocco, Southern Europe (Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Former Republic of Yugoslavia, Tunisia), and parts of the Middle East (Libya, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Sinai, Cyprus, Lebanon, Iraq), the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean, Dead, Coral, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Ionian, Red, South China, Mindanao, Arafura, Sulu, Java, and China Seas. Each film clip has a heading that names the shuttle and the geographical location of the footage.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-111371 , CL-1383-Pt-3 , NONP-NASA-VT-96-1996031300
    Format: text
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  • 46
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    Shuttle Earth Views, 1994 (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: In this second part of a four-part video compilation of Space Shuttle Earth views, various geographical areas are shown, including both land and water masses. The views cover the southwestern, south central, and eastern United States, and the Caribbean area, Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, and South America (Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay). Each film clip has a heading that names the shuttle and the geographical location of the footage.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-111370 , CL-1383-Pt-2 , NONP-NASA-VT-96-1996031299
    Format: text
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  • 47
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    Satellite Snow-Cover Mapping: A Brief Review (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-06
    Beschreibung: Satellite snow mapping has been accomplished since 1966, initially using data from the reflective part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and now also employing data from the microwave part of the spectrum. Visible and near-infrared sensors can provide excellent spatial resolution from space enabling detailed snow mapping. When digital elevation models are also used, snow mapping can provide realistic measurements of snow extent even in mountainous areas. Passive-microwave satellite data permit global snow cover to be mapped on a near-daily basis and estimates of snow depth to be made, but with relatively poor spatial resolution (approximately 25 km). Dense forest cover limits both techniques and optical remote sensing is limited further by cloudcover conditions. Satellite remote sensing of snow cover with imaging radars is still in the early stages of research, but shows promise at least for mapping wet or melting snow using C-band (5.3 GHz) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Observing System (EOS) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data beginning with the launch of the first EOS platform in 1998. Digital maps will be produced that will provide daily, and maximum weekly global snow, sea ice and lake ice cover at 1-km spatial resolution. Statistics will be generated on the extent and persistence of snow or ice cover in each pixel for each weekly map, cloudcover permitting. It will also be possible to generate snow- and ice-cover maps using MODIS data at 250- and 500-m resolution, and to study and map snow and ice characteristics such as albedo. been under development. Passive-microwave data offer the potential for determining not only snow cover, but snow water equivalent, depth and wetness under all sky conditions. A number of algorithms have been developed to utilize passive-microwave brightness temperatures to provide information on snow cover and water equivalent. The variability of vegetative Algorithms are being developed to map global snow and ice cover using Earth Algorithms to map global snow cover using passive-microwave data have also cover and of snow grain size, globally, limits the utility of a single algorithm to map global snow cover.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Proceedings of the First Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Workshop on Snow and Ice; 15-22; NASA/CP-3318
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 48
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    Questions/Issues to be Discussed at the Snow/Ice Workshop (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-06
    Beschreibung: How soon after acquisition will you need the snow/ice maps? For the composite maps, which do you prefer, a composite of 7 days, 10 days, other, and why? What would be the most useful MODIS at-launch and post-launch snow and ice products? Specifically what would you use the products for? What metadata should be included with the data products? For example, quality control data are metadata. Image i.d.# and lat/long are also metadata. What improvements can you suggest to the snow and ice products as currently planned?
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Proceedings of the First Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Workshop on Snow and Ice; 59; NASA/CP-3318
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 49
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    Measurement of the Spectral Absorption of Liquid Water in Melting Snow With an Imaging Spectrometer (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-06
    Beschreibung: Melting of the snowpack is a critical parameter that drives aspects of the hydrology in regions of the Earth where snow accumulates seasonally. New techniques for measurement of snow melt over regional scales offer the potential to improve monitoring and modeling of snow-driven hydrological processes. In this paper we present the results of measuring the spectral absorption of liquid water in a melting snowpack with the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). AVIRIS data were acquired over Mammoth Mountain, in east central California on 21 May 1994 at 18:35 UTC. The air temperature at 2926 m on Mammoth Mountain at site A was measured at 15-minute intervals during the day preceding the AVIRIS data acquisition. At this elevation. the air temperature did not drop below freezing the night of the May 20 and had risen to 6 degrees Celsius by the time of the overflight on May 21. These temperature conditions support the presence of melting snow at the surface as the AVIRIS data were acquired.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Proceedings of the First Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Workshop on Snow and Ice; 67-70; NASA/CP-3318
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 50
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    Observations on the Circulation in the Alboran Sea Using ERS1 Altimetry and Sea Surface Temperature Data (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Data from the altimeter onboard the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS1) was used to study the circulation of the Alboran Sea between -6 to 0 degrees and 35 to 38 degrees North. The results indicate that combining sea surface temperature data and sea level data from altimetry hold promise for understanding the circulation of the Western Mediterranean.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Journal of Physical Oceanography
    Format: text
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  • 51
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    Monitoring, Classification, and Characterization of Interior Alaska Forests Using AIRSAR and ERS-1 SAR (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: This paper reviews research since 1988 into the capabilities of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for monitoring, classification, and characterization of the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest on the floodplain of the Tanana River and adjacent uplands.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Polar Record
    Format: text
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  • 52
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    Long Equatorial Wave Reflection. Comparison of TOPEX/POSEIDON Data and an OGCM Simulation (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The accuracy of TOPEX/Poseidon sea-level data allows investigation of some theoretical mechanisms suggested to be involved in the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. The delayed action oscillator scenario using the TOPEX/Poseidon data is tested. Sea-level data is projected onto long equatorial Kelvin and first Rossby waves. Other simulations, models, projections, and discrepancies are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 53
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    Monitoring Canopy Moisture Using an Inversion Algorithm Applied to SAR Data from Boreas (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: During several intensive field campaigns in 1993 & 1994, the JPL airborne synthetic aperture radar obtained multifrequency polarimetric radar data over various areas in the Canadian boreal forest designated as primary BOREAS study sites. These were part of a major remote sensing effort geared toward studying the interaction of the forest biome and the atmosphere to identify their role in global change.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 54
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    Measurement characteristics and Kinematics of Sea Ice Using Microwave Satellite Data (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Changes in sea ice conditions have major effects on the ocean and on weather, but visual observations miss periods of cloudiness and darkness. Microwave radar satellites are the only uninterrupted source of high resolution (30 m) data. Recent developments will allow high-resolution global sea-ice tracking at intervals of a few days.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 55
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    Mapping Alluvial Fan Surfaces in Western China with Remote Sensing Data (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: !.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: American Geophysical Union, 1995 Spring Meeting; Baltimore, MD; United States
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  • 56
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    Status of the Multi-Angle SpectroRadiometer Instrument for EOS- AM1 and Its Application to Remote Sensing of Aerosols (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) is being developed at JPL for the AM1 spacecraft in the Earth Observing System (EOS) series. This paper reports on the progress of instrument fabrication and testing, and it discusses the strategy to use the instrument for studying tropospheric aerosols.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 57
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    Preliminary Science Results from the SIR-C/X SAR Mission (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Quantitative results are to be provided (in the full paper) for two synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data missions from a space shuttle using the SIR-C/X-SAR in April and October 1994.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 58
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    Episodic Wind Forcing of a Tropical Warming Event (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The availability of coincident observations from four.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: EOS Trans. of American Geophysical Union
    Format: text
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  • 59
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    Imaging Spectrometry: A Strategy to Move From 'Remote Sensing' to 'Remote Measurement' for (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 60
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    Status of the Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer Instrument for EOS-AM1 and Its Application to Remote Sensing of Aerosols (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: The Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument is being developed at JPL for the EOS AM1 spacecraft, scheduled for launch in June 1998. The development status and strategy for observing atmospheric aerosols are described.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 61
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    Accuracy of Wet Troposphere Radio Path Delay (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Several radio science applications require determination of the excess radio-.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere; Salt Lake City, UT; United States
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  • 62
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    Measurement of Characteristics and Kinematics of Sea Ice Using Microwave Satellite Data (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Movement of sea ice was tracked with ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and validated with data from a drifting ice camp and by Argos buoys. Microwave data was better than visual data because it was not hampered by cloud cover.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 63
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    Revised Mapping of Lava Flows on Mt. Etna, Sicily (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Mount Etna in Sicily is the most active volcano in Europe, erupting.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing; Volume 62; no. 12
    Format: text
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  • 64
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    Polarimetric Brightness Temperatures of Sea Surfaces Measured (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Dual-frequency (19 and 37 GHz) multi-incidence measurements of.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing
    Format: text
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  • 65
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    Mapping Alluvial Fan Surfaces in Western China with SIR-C/X-SAR (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), 1995, Remote Sensing; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Mean Sea Level Derived from Altimetry and Wind-Driven Numerical Models in the Indian Ocean (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Wind-driven model skill in simulating sea level variations in the Indian Ocean depends on our knowledge of the mean ocean dynamic topography. This is demonstrated by running the nonlinear or linear version of a shallow-water model driven by observed winds over Geosat and TOPEX periods. Geosat variations are assimilated in the nonlinear shallow-water model with the objective of obtaining topography data.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Differential Interferometric Results for Long Valley California Using SIR-C and ERS-1 Measurements (1995)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: Data from SIR-C and ERS-1 were used in an attempt to measure uplift in the Long Valley area of northern California using differential inteferometric techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    New Techniques for SAR: The Validation Experiments of SIR-C/X-SAR (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IGARSS '95; Florence; Italy
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  • 69
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    Ground Operations Technology for the SIR-C/X-SAR Mission (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IGARSS '95; Florence; Italy
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  • 70
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    Mobile Robot Localization by Remote Viewing of a Colored Cylinder (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-08
    Beschreibung: A system was developed for the Mars Pathfinder rover in which the rover checks its position by viewing the angle back to a colored cylinder with different colors for different angles. The rover determines distance by the apparent size of the cylinder.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 71
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    Earth Sciences Data and Information System (ESDIS) program planning and evaluation methodology development (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: An Earth Sciences Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project Management Plan (PMP) is prepared. An ESDIS Project Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) consistent with the developed PMP is also prepared. ESDIS and related EOS program requirements developments, management and analysis processes are evaluated. Opportunities to improve the effectiveness of these processes and program/project responsiveness to requirements are identified. Overall ESDIS cost estimation processes are evaluated, and recommendations to improve cost estimating and modeling techniques are developed. ESDIS schedules and scheduling tools are evaluated. Risk assessment, risk mitigation strategies and approaches, and use of risk information in management decision-making are addressed.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-CR-200254 , NAS 1.26:200254
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  • 72
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    Spectrometric Estimation of Total Nitrogen Concentration in Douglas-Fir Foliage (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-18
    Beschreibung: Spectral measurements of fresh and dehydrated Douglas-fir foliage, from trees cultivated under three fertilization treatments, were acquired with a laboratory spectrophotometer. The slope (first-derivative) of the fresh- and dry-leaf absorbance spectra at locations near known protein absorption features was strongly correlated with total nitrogen (TN) concentration of the foliage samples. Particularly strong correlation was observed between the first-derivative spectra in the 2150-2170 nm region and TN, reaching a local maximum in the fresh-leaf spectra of -0.84 at 2 160 nm. Stepwise regression was used to generate calibration equations relating first derivative spectra from fresh, dry/intact, and dry/ground samples to TN concentration. Standard errors of calibration were 1.52 mg g-1 (fresh), 1.33 (dry/intact), and 1.20 (dry/ground), with goodness-of-fit 0.94 and greater. Cross-validation was performed with the fresh-leaf dataset to examine the predictive capability of the regression method; standard errors of prediction ranged from 1.47 - 2.37 mg g(exp -1) across seven different validation sets, prediction goodness of fit ranged from .85-.94, and wavelength selection was fairly insensitive to the membership of the calibration set. All regressions in this study tended to select wavelengths in the 2100-2350 nm region, with the primary selection in the 2142-2172 nm region. The study provides positive evidence concerning the feasibility of assessing TN status of fresh-leaf samples by spectrometric means. We assert that the ability to extract biochemical information from fresh-leaf spectra is a necessary but insufficient condition regarding the use of remote sensing for canopy-level biochemical estimation.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Geostatistical Approaches for Spatial Estimation of Vegetation Quantities Using Ground and Image Data (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-18
    Beschreibung: A major challenge in the study of the earth system is the mapping of vegetation quantities over large regions. Geostatistical methods, such as cokriging and stochastic simulation, have the potential to exploit more fully both remotely sensed data and ground information and improve the spatial estimation of vegetation variables over traditional regression methods. A synthetic example constructed from imaging spectrometer data allows a useful comparison among regression, cokriging and a simple probability-field method. A range of linear relationships between direct (sampled) and ancillary images is used. The lowest root-mean-square-error is achieved with cokriging until the correlation between direct and ancillary data exceeds .89, at which point regression is the superior estimator. Probability-field simulation gives a range of possible realizations, most more precise than those from regression. The relationship between ground measurements and image data is thus demonstrated to be one of the critical factors in the choice of a spatial estimation method.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Remote Sensing in Action Conference; Sep 11, 1995 - Sep 14, 1995; Southampton; United Kingdom
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  • 74
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    Mapping Fire Scars in the Brazilian Cerrado Using AVHRR Imagery (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-18
    Beschreibung: The Brazilian cerrado, or savanna, spans an area of 1,800,000 square kilometers on the great plateau of Central Brazil. Large fires covering hundreds of square kilometers, frequently occur in wildland areas of the cerrado, dominated by grasslands or grasslands mixed with shrubs and small trees, and also within area in the cerrado used for agricultural purposes, particularly for grazing. Smaller fires, typically extending over arm of a few square kilometers or less, are associated with the clewing of crops, such as dry land rice. A method for mapping fire scars and differentiating them from extensive areas of bare sod with AVHRR bands 1 (.55 -.68 micrometer) and 3 (3.5 - 3.9 micrometers) and measures of performance based on comparison with maps of fires with Landsat imagery will be presented. Methods of estimating total area burned from the AVHRR fire scar map will be discussed and related to land use and scar size.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Chapman Conference on Biomass Burning and Global Change; Mar 13, 1995 - Mar 17, 1995; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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    Contour Mapping (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-16
    Beschreibung: In the early 1990s, the Ohio State University Center for Mapping, a NASA Center for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS), developed a system for mobile mapping called the GPSVan. While driving, the users can map an area from the sophisticated mapping van equipped with satellite signal receivers, video cameras and computer systems for collecting and storing mapping data. George J. Igel and Company and the Ohio State University Center for Mapping advanced the technology for use in determining the contours of a construction site. The new system reduces the time required for mapping and staking, and can monitor the amount of soil moved.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Spinoff 1995; 96-97; NASA-NP-217
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    What is the Value of Space Exploration? - A Prairie Perspective (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-16
    Beschreibung: The symposium addresses different topics within Space Exploration. The symposium was fed, using satellite downlinks, to several communities in North Dakota, the first such symposium of its type ever held. The specific topics presented by different community members within the state of North Dakota were: the economic, cultural, scientific and technical, political, educational and social value of Space Exploration. Included is a 22 minute VHS video cassette highlighting the symposium.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA/CR-97-205930 , NONP-NASA-VT-1997082334 , NAS 1.26:205930 , What is the Value of Space Exploration? - A Prairie Perspective; Nov 01, 1995 - Nov 02, 1995; Grand Forks, ND; United States
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    An Analysis of the NOAA Satellite-Derived Snow-Cover Record, 1972 - Present (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-15
    Beschreibung: The large-scale distribution of snow cover over northern hemisphere lands has been a topic of increasing attention in recent years. This interest has been spurred, at least in part, by concerns associated with potential changes in the global climate system associated with anthropogenic and natural causes. Satellite observations using visible satellite imagery permit a hemispheric analysis of snow extent. For almost three decades the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been using visible imagery to produce weekly charts depicting the extent of snow cover over northern hemisphere lands. These charts constitute the longest satellite-derived environmental dataset available on a continuous basis and produced in a consistent manner. We will briefly describe the NOAA charts and then provide an update on the variability of snow extent over the hemisphere from January 1972 through August 1995. Concentration will be on snow kinematics.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Proceedings of the First Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Workshop on Snow and Ice; 61-65; NASA/CP-3318
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  • 78
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    Looking at Earth from Space: Teacher's Guide with Activities for Earth and Space Science (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: The Maryland Pilot Earth Science and Technology Education Network (MAPS-NET) project was sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to enrich teacher preparation and classroom learning in the area of Earth system science. This publication includes a teacher's guide that replicates material taught during a graduate-level course of the project and activities developed by the teachers. The publication was developed to provide teachers with a comprehensive approach to using satellite imagery to enhance science education. The teacher's guide is divided into topical chapters and enables teachers to expand their knowledge of the atmosphere, common weather patterns, and remote sensing. Topics include: weather systems and satellite imagery including mid-latitude weather systems; wave motion and the general circulation; cyclonic disturbances and baroclinic instability; clouds; additional common weather patterns; satellite images and the internet; environmental satellites; orbits; and ground station set-up. Activities are listed by suggested grade level and include the following topics: using weather symbols; forecasting the weather; cloud families and identification; classification of cloud types through infrared Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) imagery; comparison of visible and infrared imagery; cold fronts; to ski or not to ski (imagery as a decision making tool), infrared and visible satellite images; thunderstorms; looping satellite images; hurricanes; intertropical convergence zone; and using weather satellite images to enhance a study of the Chesapeake Bay. A list of resources is also included.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: EP-303
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    First Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Snow and Ice Workshop (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: This document is a compilation of summaries of talks presented at a 2-day workshop on Moderate Resolution maging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow and ice products. The objectives of the workshop were to: inform the snow and ce community of potential MODIS products, seek advice from the participants regarding the utility of the products, and letermine the needs for future post-launch MODIS snow and ice products. Four working groups were formed to discuss at-launch snow products, at-launch ice products, post-launch snow and ice products and utility of MODIS snow and ice products, respectively. Each working group presented recommendations at the conclusion of the workshop.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA/CP-3318 , Rept-96B00001 , NAS 1.55:3318 , First Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Snow and Ice Workshop; Sep 13, 1995; Greenbelt, MD; United States|First Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Snow and Ice Workshop; Sep 13, 1995; Reston, VA; United States|Arctic Climate Systems Study Workshop; Sep 13, 1995; Reston, VA; United States
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    Alaska Satellite Facility ASF5 SAR Processing System Performance Overview (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment; Mar 25, 1996 - Mar 29, 1996; Vancouver, British Columbia; Canada
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    Influence of ERS-1 Monsoon Currents Upon Sea Surface Temperature in the Arabian Sea (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: European Symposium on Satellite and Remote Sensing; Sep 25, 1995 - Sep 29, 1995; Paris; France
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    Remote Mapping of Alluvial Fan Surfaces in Western China (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: IGARSS ''95, Remote Sensing; Jul 10, 1995 - Jul 14, 1995; Florence; Italy
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    SIR-C/X-SAR Interferometry: The Next Step Toward Digital Global Topography (1995)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS) ''95, Remote Sensing; Jul 24, 1995 - Jul 28, 1995; Seattle, WA; United States
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    Spectroscopic Measurement of Leaf Water Status (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A leaf drying experiment was carried out in the laboratory in which simultaneous spectral reflectance in the 350-2450 nm region, and leaf weights, were measured at 10 second intervals over a 40 minute period. As the leaf water weight dropped from approximately 60 to 38%. a nearly-linear rise in reflectance at all wavelengths beyond 1000 nm was observed. A principal components analysis of the time series of spectra in the 2000-2500 nm wavelength region showed that over 99% of the variance in the spectra, that were individually scaled to have a sum equal to that of the mean spectrum and subsequently mean corrected, was in the first component. This result shows that it is feasible to determine leaf water content remotely with an imaging spectrometer independent of the surface irradiance effects caused by topography.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: GARSS 1995; Jul 10, 1995 - Jul 14, 1995; Florence; Italy|Proceedings GARSS 1995; 2; 978-980
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    Spacecraft Jitter Attenuation Using Embedded Piezoelectric Actuators (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Remote sensing from spacecraft requires precise pointing of measurement devices in order to achieve adequate spatial resolution. Unfortunately, various spacecraft disturbances induce vibrational jitter in the remote sensing instruments. The NASA Langley Research Center has performed analysis, simulations, and ground tests to identify the more promising technologies for minimizing spacecraft pointing jitter. These studies have shown that the use of smart materials to reduce spacecraft jitter is an excellent match between a maturing technology and an operational need. This paper describes the use of embedding piezoelectric actuators for vibration control and payload isolation. In addition, recent advances in modeling, simulation, and testing of spacecraft pointing jitter are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-111574 , NAS 1.15:111574 , International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics 1995, Confederation of European Aerospace Societies (CEAS); Jun 26, 1995 - Jun 28, 1995; Manchester, UK; United States
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    Spatial and Temporal Scaling of Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Data (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Although remote sensing has a central role to play in the acquisition of synoptic data obtained at multiple spatial and temporal scales to facilitate our understanding of local and regional processes as they influence the global climate, the use of thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing data in this capacity has received only minimal attention. This results from some fundamental challenges that are associated with employing TIR data collected at different space and time scales, either with the same or different sensing systems, and also from other problems that arise in applying a multiple scaled approach to the measurement of surface temperatures. In this paper, we describe some of the more important problems associated with using TIR remote sensing data obtained at different spatial and temporal scales, examine why these problems appear as impediments to using multiple scaled TIR data, and provide some suggestions for future research activities that may address these problems. We elucidate the fundamental concept of scale as it relates to remote sensing and explore how space and time relationships affect TIR data from a problem-dependency perspective. We also describe how linearity and non-linearity observation versus parameter relationships affect the quantitative analysis of TIR data. Some insight is given on how the atmosphere between target and sensor influences the accurate measurement of surface temperatures and how these effects will be compounded in analyzing multiple scaled TIR data. Last, we describe some of the challenges in modeling TIR data obtained at different space and time scales and discuss how multiple scaled TIR data can be used to provide new and important information for measuring and modeling land-atmosphere energy balance processes.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-111632 , NAS 1.15:111632 , Remote Sensing Reviews; 12; 255-286
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    Biodiversity of Saline and Brakish Marshes of the Indian River Lagoon: Historic and Current Patterns (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-11
    Beschreibung: The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) crosses a zone of climatic transition. Historically, marshes dominated saline and brackish environments in the north of the lagoon, while mangroves became important to the south. Distribution of marsh communities was influenced by hydrology, salinity, soil characteristics, and fire, as well as periodic freezes. Marshes of the IRL have been greatly modified since the 1940s. Despite significant modifications, marsh plant species have not been lost from the region, but community and landscape patterns have been greatly modified and ecosystem processes altered.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Surface ozone levels at Table Mountain during STOIC 1989 (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: As a part of the routine operations of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory atmospheric measurements program at the Table Mountain Facility, the surface ozone concentration is continuously monitored using a Dasibi photometer. The influence of the Los Angeles basin to the southwest of the facility and the height of the inversion layer cause large fluctuations in the ozone concentration. Peaks as high as 200 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) were observed during the Stratospheric Ozone Intercomparison Campaign (STOIC) compared to a normal background level near 50 ppbv. These measurements, made during STOIC, were important in assessing the impact of the surface ozone concentration on the various instruments participating in the campaign.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-CR-202690 , NAS 1.26:202690 , Rept-94JD02302 , Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 100; D5; 9301-9302
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    Observation of local cloud and moisture feedbacks over high ocean and desert surface temperatures (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: New data on clouds and moisture, made possible by reanalysis of weather satellite observations, show that the atmosphere reacts to warm clusters of very high sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific Ocean with increased moisture, cloudiness, and convection, suggesting a negative feedback limiting the sea surface temperature rise. The reverse was observed over dry and hot deserts where both moisture and cloudiness decrease, suggesting a positive feedback perpetuating existing desert conditions. In addition, the observations show a common critical surface temperature for both oceans and land; the distribution of atmospheric moisture is observed to reach a maximum value when the daily surface temperatures approach 304 +/- 1 K. These observations reveal complex dynamic-radiative interactions where multiple processes act simultaneously at the surface as well as in the atmosphere to regulate the feedback processes.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-CR-203120 , NAS 1.26:203120 , Journal of Geophysical Research; 100; D5; 8919-8927; 95JD00094
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    Ice Processes and Growth History on Arctic and Sub-Arctic Lakes Using ERS-1 SAR Data (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: A survey of ice growth and decay processes on a selection of shallow and deep sub-Arctic and Arctic lakes was conducted using radiometrically calibrated ERS-1 SAR images. Time series of radar backscatter data were compiled for selected sites on the lakes during the period ot ice cover (September to June) for the years 1991-1992 and 1992-1993. A variety of lake-ice processes could be observed, and significant changes in backscatter occurred from the time of initial ice formation in autumn until the onset of the spring thaw. Backscatter also varied according to the location and depth of the lakes. The spatial and temporal changes in backscatter were most constant and predictable at the shallow lakes on the North Slope of Alaska. As a consequence, they represent the most promising sites for long-term monitoring and the detection of changes related to global warming and its effects on the polar regions.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-CR-202676 , NAS 1.26:202676 , Polar Record; 31; 177; 115-128
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    Unmixing AVHRR Imagery to Assess Clearcuts and Forest Regrowth in Oregon (1995)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer imagery provides frequent and low-cost coverage of the earth, but its coarse spatial resolution (approx. 1.1 km by 1.1 km) does not lend itself to standard techniques of automated categorization of land cover classes because the pixels are generally mixed; that is, the extent of the pixel includes several land use/cover classes. Unmixing procedures were developed to extract land use/cover class signatures from mixed pixels, using Landsat Thematic Mapper data as a source for the training set, and to estimate fractions of class coverage within pixels. Application of these unmixing procedures to mapping forest clearcuts and regrowth in Oregon indicated that unmixing is a promising approach for mapping major trends in land cover with AVHRR bands 1 and 2. Including thermal bands by unmixing AVHRR bands 1-4 did not lead to significant improvements in accuracy, but experiments with unmixing these four bands did indicate that use of weighted least squares techniques might lead to improvements in other applications of unmixing.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-111945 , NAS 1.15:111945 , IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 33; 3; 788-795
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    Remote Sensing and Holocene Vegetation: History of Global Change (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Predictions of the future evolution of the earth's atmospheric chemistry and its impact on global circulation patterns are based on Global Climate Models (GCM's) that integrate the complex interactions of the biosphere, atmosphere and the oceans. Most of the available records of climate and environment are shortterm records (from decades to a few hundred years) with convolved information of real trends and short-term fluctuations. GCM's must be tested beyond the short-term record of climate and environment to insure that predictions are based on trends and therefore are appropriate to support long term policy making. An appropriate timeframe should extend over the Holocene period (the last 10,000 years) when most contemporary climate and environmental processes began. Since its inception in 1916, pollen analysis has successfully reconstructed the paleoecology of the last 10,000 years for many sites around the world, thus providing a powerful time-link between short- and long-term processes in the biosphere. However, pollen analytic results cannot be used in physiological models driven by remotely sensed data. Further, modern ecology and climate data are necessary to calibrate pollen analytical models. These are available for extensive regions in the northern hemisphere, particularly for eastern United States and Canada, and western Europe. In other parts of the world, weather stations are scattered, records extend over a period of only few years, and there are no systematic climate records for large portions of the globe. This is the case of Patagonia in Argentina where a few weather stations are located close to the Atlantic seaports, fewer stations are in towns located near the eastern Andean foothill, and fewer still are scattered on the extensive Patagonian plateau. This problem became evident after completion of the Argentine-German Program of Palynology (PROPAL), a cooperative effort of National University of Mar del Plata (Argentina) and University Bamberg (Germany) to produce a modern pollen database for the Pampa and Patagonia regions.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-111939 , NAS 1.15:111939 , World Resource Review; 7; 2; 282-288
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 93
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    Microwave Backscatter and Attenuation Dependence of Leaf Area Index for Flooded Rice Fields (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Wetlands are important for their role in global climate as a source of methane and other reduced trace gases. As part of an effort to determine whether radar is suitable for wetland vegetation monitoring, we have studied the dependence of microwave backscatter and attenuation on leaf area index (LAI) for flooded rice fields. We find that the radar return from a flooded rice field does show dependence on LAI. In particular, the C-band VV cross section per unit area decreases with increasing LAI. A simple model for scattering from rice fields is derived and fit to the observed HH and VV data. The model fit provides insight into the relation of backscatter to LAI and is also used to calculate the canopy path attenuation as a function of LAI.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-TM-112133 , NAS 1.15:112133 , IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; 33; 3; 807-810
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  • 94
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    Overview of the TOPEX/Poseidon Platform Harvest Verification Experiment (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: An overview is given of the in situ measurement system installed on Texaco's Platform Harvest for verification of the sea level measurement from the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite. The prelaunch error budget suggested that the total root mean square (RMS) error due to measurements made at this verification site would be less than 4 cm. The actual error budget for the verification site is within these original specifications. However, evaluation of the sea level data from three measurement systems at the platform has resulted in unexpectedly large differences between the systems. Comparison of the sea level measurements from the different tide gauge systems has led to a better understanding of the problems of measuring sea level in relatively deep ocean. As of May 1994, the Platform Harvest verification site has successfully supported 60 TOPEX/Poseidon overflights.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-CR-202689 , NAS 1.26:202689 , Marine Geodesy (ISSN 0149-0419); 18; 25-37
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  • 95
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    Ground-based grasslands data to support remote sensing and ecosystem modeling of terrestrial primary production (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-15
    Beschreibung: Estimating terrestrial net primary production (NPP) using remote-sensing tools and ecosystem models requires adequate ground-based measurements for calibration, parameterization, and validation. These data needs were strongly endorsed at a recent meeting of ecosystem modelers organized by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program's (IGBP's) Data and Information System (DIS) and its Global Analysis, Interpretation, and Modelling (GAIM) Task Force. To meet these needs, a multinational, multiagency project is being coordinated by the IGBP DIS to compile existing NPP data from field sites and to regionalize NPP point estimates to various-sized grid cells. Progress at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) on compiling NPP data for grasslands as part of the IGBP DIS data initiative is described. Site data and associated documentation from diverse field studies are being acquired for selected grasslands and are being reviewed for completeness, consistency, and adequacy of documentation, including a description of sampling methods. Data are being compiled in a database with spatial, temporal, and thematic characteristics relevant to remote sensing and global modeling. NPP data are available from the ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for biogeochemical dynamics. The ORNL DAAC is part of the Earth Observing System Data and Information System, of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-CR-199473 , NAS 1.26:199473 , DE96-005643 , CONF-9508202-4 , International Photosynthesis Congress; Aug 20, 1995 - Aug 25, 1995; Montpellier; France
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  • 96
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    Image applications for coastal resource planning: Elkhorn Slough Pilot Project (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-16
    Beschreibung: The purpose of this project has been to evaluate the utility of digital spectral imagery at two levels of resolution for large scale, accurate, auto-classification of land cover along the Central California Coast. Although remote sensing technology offers obvious advantages over on-the-ground mapping, there are substantial trade-offs that must be made between resolving power and costs. Higher resolution images can theoretically be used to identify smaller habitat patches, but they usually require more scenes to cover a given area and processing these images is computationally intense requiring much more computer time and memory. Lower resolution images can cover much larger areas, are less costly to store, process, and manipulate, but due to their larger pixel size can lack the resolving power of the denser images. This lack of resolving power can be critical in regions such as the Central California Coast where important habitat change often occurs on a scale of 10 meters. Our approach has been to compare vegetation and habitat classification results from two aircraft-based spectral scenes covering the same study area but at different levels of resolution with a previously produced ground-truthed land cover base map of the area. Both of the spectral images used for this project were of significantly higher resolution than the satellite-based LandSat scenes used in the C-CAP program. The lower reaches of the Elkhorn Slough watershed was chosen as an ideal study site because it encompasses a suite of important vegetation types and habitat loss processes characteristic of the central coast region. Dramatic habitat alterations have and are occurring within the Elkhorn Slough drainage area, including erosion and sedimentation, land use conversion, wetland loss, and incremental loss due to development and encroachnnent by agriculture. Additonally, much attention has already been focused on the Elkhorn Slough due to its status as a National Marine Education and Research Reserve and as part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. These destinations have resulted in a rich collection of prior spatial and temporal habitat data.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA-CR-200058 , NAS 1.26:200058
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  • 97
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    Measuring Geophysical Parameters of the Greenland Ice Sheet using Airborne Radar Altimetry (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-15
    Beschreibung: This paper presents radar-altimeter scattering models for each of the diagenetic zones of the Greenland ice sheet. AAFE radar- altimeter waveforms obtained during the 1991 and 1993 NASA multi-sensor airborne altimetry experiments over Greenland reveal that the Ku-band return pulse changes significantly with the different diagenetic zones. These changes are due to varying amounts of surface and volume scattering in the return waveform. In the ablation and soaked zones, where surface scattering dominates the AAFE return, geophysical parameters such as rms surface height and rms surface slope are obtained by fitting the waveforms to a surface-scattering model. Waveforms from the percolation zone show that the sub-surface ice features have a much more significant effect on the return pulse than the surrounding snowpack. Model percolation waveforms, created using a combined surface- and volume-scattering model and an ice-feature distribution obtained during the 1993 field season, agree well with actual AAFE waveforms taken in the same time period. Using a combined surface- and volume-scattering model for the dry-snow-zone return waveforms, the rms surface height and slope and the attenuation coefficient of the snowpack are obtained. These scattering models not only allow geophysical parameters of the ice sheet to be measured but also help in the understanding of satellite radar-altimeter data.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA/CR-95-207205 , NAS 1.26:207205 , Journal of Glaciology; 41; 139; 607-617
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  • 98
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    Comparison of Retracking Algorithms Using Airborne Radar and Laser Altimeter Measurements of the Greenland Ice Sheet (1995)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-15
    Beschreibung: This paper compares four continental ice sheet radar altimeter retracking algorithms using airborne radar and laser altimeter data taken over the Greenland ice sheet in 1991. The refurbished Advanced Application Flight Experiment (AAFE) airborne radar altimeter has a large range window and stores the entire return waveform during flight. Once the return waveforms are retracked, or post-processed to obtain the most accurate altitude measurement possible, they are compared with the high-precision Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) altimeter measurements. The AAFE waveforms show evidence of varying degrees of both surface and volume scattering from different regions of the Greenland ice sheet. The AOL laser altimeter, however, obtains a return only from the surface of the ice sheet. Retracking altimeter waveforms with a surface scattering model results in a good correlation with the laser measurements in the wet and dry-snow zones, but in the percolation region of the ice sheet, the deviation between the two data sets is large due to the effects of subsurface and volume scattering. The Martin et al model results in a lower bias than the surface scattering model, but still shows an increase in the noise level in the percolation zone. Using an Offset Center of Gravity algorithm to retrack altimeter waveforms results in measurements that are only slightly affected by subsurface and volume scattering and, despite a higher bias, this algorithm works well in all regions of the ice sheet. A cubic spline provides retracked altitudes that agree with AOL measurements over all regions of Greenland. This method is not sensitive to changes in the scattering mechanisms of the ice sheet and it has the lowest noise level and bias of all the retracking methods presented.
    Schlagwort(e): Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Materialart: NASA/CR-95-207160 , NAS 1.26:207160 , IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 33; 3; 700-707
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 128 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19951280101
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Tripodal Triamidostannates as Building Blocks in the Generation of Sn - M-Bonded Heterobimetallics (M = Fe, Ru) (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 128 (1995), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Tripodal ligands ; Triamidostannates ; Metal-metal bonds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: By in situ lithiation of the trifunctional amines H3CC(CH2NHSiMe3)3, PhC(CH2NHSiMe3)3, and HC{SiMe2NH(p-Tolyl)}3 and subsequent reaction with SnCl2 the corresponding triamidostannates were obtained. These were coupled with CpM(CO)2Cl (M = Fe, Ru) to yield the M - Sn-bonded heterobimetallics 9-14 of which H3CC(CH2NSiMe3)3SnFe(CO)2Cp (9) was characterized by a single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Of the in situ-generated amidostannates only [HC{SiMe2N(p-Tolyl)}3Sn][Li(THF)3] (8) could be isolated as a uniform product and characterized analytically and spectroscopically.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19951280105
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