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  • Articles  (4,473)
  • Springer  (4,473)
  • American Physical Society
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1990-1994  (4,473)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1994  (4,473)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (4,473)
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  • Articles  (4,473)
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  • 1990-1994  (4,473)
  • 1985-1989
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  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operator and integro-differential representations of conditional and unconditional stochastic subsurface flow (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 157-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Operator representations of stochastic subsurface flow equations allow writing their solutions implicitly or explicitly in terms of integro-differential expressions. Most of these representations involve Neumann series that must be truncated or otherwise approximated to become operational. It is often claimed that truncated Neumann series allow solving groundwater flow problems in the presence of arbitrarily large heterogeneities. Such claims have so far not been backed by convincing computational examples, and we present an analysis which suggests that they may not be justified on theoretical grounds. We describe an alternative operator representation due to Neuman and Orr (1993) which avoids the use of Neumann series yet accomplishes a similar purpose. It leads to a compact integro-differential form which provides considerable new insight into the nature of the solution. When written in terms of conditional moments, our new representation contains local and nonlocal effective parameters that depend on scale and information. As such, these parameters are not unique material properties but may change as more is learned about the flow system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589896
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Groundwater contaminant transport including adsorption and first order decay (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 185-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Contaminant transport ; adsorption ; decay ; random walk ; killing ; Kolmogorov equations ; contamination of a well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study deals with the transport of a contaminant in groundwater. The contaminant is subject to first order decay or linear adsorption. Its displacement can be modeled by a random walk process in which particles are killed at exponentially distributed times. Dirichlet problems are derived for the rate and mean time at which contaminated particles reach a particular part of the boundary of a certain domain. These Dirichlet problems are solved asymptotically for two types of 2D-flow patterns: flow parallel to the boundary of a domain and arbitrary flow towards a well in an aquifer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587234
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonequilibrium statistical mechanical derivation of a nonlocal Darcy's Law for unsaturated/saturated flow (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unsaturated ; nonlocal ; memory ; statistical physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As illustrated variously by wetting and drying scanning curves, flow in unsaturated porous media is inherently nonlocal. This nonlocality is also manifest in hysteresis in the classical Darcy conductivity. It is the authors' belief that most current theories of unsaturated/saturated flow are often inadequate, as they do not account for spatial nonlocality and memory. Here we provide a fundamental theory in which nonlocality of the flow constitutive theory is a natural consequence of force balances. The results are derived from general principles in statistical physics and under appropriate limiting conditions, the classical Darcy's Law is recovered for saturated flow. A notable departure in this theory from other nonlocal flow theories is that a classical Darcy type equation on a small scale need not exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589892
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution of stochastic groundwater flow by infinite series, and convergence of the one-dimensional expansion (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 139-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Porous media ; random media ; random fields ; groundwater flow ; stochastic hydrology ; stochastic partial differential equations ; perturbation methods ; Taylor expansions ; hierarchical systems ; Green's functions ; effective conductivity ; homogenization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates analytical solutions of stochastic Darcy flow in randomly heterogeneous porous media. We focus on infinite series solutions of the steady-state equations in the case of continuous porous media whose saturated log-conductivity (lnK) is a gaussian random field. The standard deviation of lnK is denoted ‘σ’. The solution method is based on a Taylor series expansion in terms of parameter σ, around the value σ=0, of the hydraulic head (H) and gradient (J). The head solution H is expressed, for any spatial dimension, as an infinite hierarchy of Green's function integrals, and the hydraulic gradient J is given by a linear first-order recursion involving a stochastic integral operator. The convergence of the ‘σ-expansion’ solution is not guaranteed a priori. In one dimension, however, we prove convergence by solving explicitly the hierarchical sequence of equations to all orders. An ‘infinite-order stochastic solution is obtained in the form of a σ-power series that converges for any finite value of σ. It is pointed out that other expansion methods based on K rather than lnK yield divergent series. The infinite-order solution depends on the integration method and the boundary conditions imposed on individual order equations. The most flexible and general method is that based on Laplacian Green's functions and boundary integrals. Imposing zero head conditions for all orders greater than one yields meaningful far-field gradient conditions. The whole approach can serve as a basis for treatment of higher-dimensional problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589894
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A probability-weighted moment test to assess simple scaling (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Probability weighted moment ; scaling in rainfall ; stable distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We present a statistically robust approach based on probability weighted moments to assess the presence of simple scaling in geophysical processes. The proposed approach is different from current approaches which rely on estimation of high order moments. High order moments of simple scaling processes (distributions) may not have theoretically defined values and consequently, their empirical estimates are highly variable and do not converge with increasing sample size. They are, therefore, not an appropriate tool for inference. On the other hand we show that the probability weighted moments of such processes (distributions) do exist and, hence, their empirical estimates are more robust. These moments, therefore, provide an appropriate tool for inferring the presence of scaling. We illustrate this using simulated Levystable processes and then draw inference on the nature of scaling in fluctuations of a spatial rainfall process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587233
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 156-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589895
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probabilistic assessment of travel times in groundwater modeling (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 19-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Indicator kriging ; stochastic simulation ; soft data ; Walker Lake ; sequential simulation ; scaling-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A Monte Carlo approach is described for the quantification of uncertainty on travel time estimates. A real (non synthetic) and exhaustive data set of natural genesis is used for reference. Using an approach based on binary indicators, constraint interval data are easily accommodated in the modeling process. It is shown how the incorporation of imprecise data can reduce drastically the uncertainty in the estimates. It is also shown that unrealistic results are obtained when a deterministic modeling is carried out using a kriging estimate of the transmissivity field. Problems related with using sequential indicator simulation for the generation of fields incorporating constraint interval data are discussed. The final results consists of 95% probability intervals of arrival times at selected control planes reflecting the original uncertainty on the transmissivity maps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581389
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Joint conditional simulations and the spectral approach for flow modeling (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 79-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic flow equations ; conditional simulation ; spectral representations ; joint conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The use of data to condition single random fields has a well-established history. However, the joint use of data from several cross-correlated random fields is not as well developed. For example, the use of both transmissivity and head data in a steady state 2-d stochastic flow problem is essentially an inverse problem that is very important for both flow and transport predictions. This problem is addressed here by using a combination of numerical simulation and analytical methods and its application illustrated. The type of information conveyed by the different data categories is explored. The results presented are especially interesting in that head and transmissivity each give different information: Head values would appear to constrain the geometry of the paths while transmissivity data yields information about travel times. The linearized model is expanded to an iterative procedure and the “true” conditional distribution at several locations is compared with the iterative solution. The problem mentioned above is one with a special transfer function specified by the flow equation. In the second part of the paper a Fast Fourier Transform method for generation and conditioning of two or more random fields is introduced. This procedure is simple to implement, fast and very flexible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581391
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effective hydraulic conductivity of nonstationary aquifers (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic diffusion equations ; effective hydraulic conductivity ; correlation scale ; heterogeneous aquifers ; spectral representation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Assuming that the ln hydraulic conductivity in an aquifer is mathematically approximated by a spatial deterministic “surface”, or trend, plus a stationary random noise, we treat the problem of finding what the effective hydraulic conductivity of that aquifer is. This problem is tackled by spectral methods applied to a type of diffusion equation of groundwater flow, together with suitable coordinate transformations. Analytical (exact) solutions in terms of elementary functions are presented for one- and three-dimensional finite and infinite domains. Stability criteria are obtained for the solutions, in terms of a critical parameter, that turns out to involve the product of correlation scale and trend gradient. For the case of finite and symmetrical domains, additional provisions to insure the stability of numerical calculations of effective hydraulic conductivity are provided. Effective hydraulic conductivity is an important property, with potential applications in the calibrations of groundwater and transport numerical models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581388
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MMO: An improved estimator for log-Pearson type-3 distribution (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 219-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Parameter estimation ; flood frequency analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A mixed method combining the method of moments and the method of optimization (MMO) was developed for estimating the parameters of the log-Pearson type 3 (LP3) distribution. The MMO estimates the parameters of mean and standard deviation by the method of indirect moments (MIM) and estimates the coefficient of skewness by minimizing both the relative root average square error (RRASE) and the relative average bias (RAB). Both the predictive capability and descriptive capability of six popular estimation methods were evaluated using 90 sets of observed flood data and six selected LP3 populations with 1000 samples for each selected sample size. The performance of the MMO was compared with those of five other selected estimation methods. A weighted ranking index (WRI) procedure was developed to help select the best combination of distribution and method for the Louisiana flood data. The WRI takes both the predictive capability and the descriptive capability into account in the evaluation. The combination of LP3/MMO was found to be the best combination for Louisiana flood data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587236
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unsaturated flows in soils with self-similar hydraulic conductivity distribution (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 281-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic analysis ; unsaturated flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this article, we are concerned with the statistics of steady unsaturated flow in soils with a fractal hydraulic conductivity distribution. It is assumed that the spatial distribution of log hydraulic conductivity can be described as an isotropic stochastic fractal process. The impact of the fractal dimension of this process, the soil pore-size distribution parameter, and the characteristic length scale on the variances of tension head and the effective conductivity is investigated. Results are obtained for one-dimensional and three-dimensional flows. Our results indicate that the tension head variance is scale-dependent for fractal distribution of hydraulic conductivity. Both tension head variance and effective hydraulic conductivity depend strongly on the fractal dimension. The soil pore-size distribution parameter is important in reducing the variability of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and of the fluxes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588758
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Entropy principles in the prediction of water quality values at discontinued monitoring stations (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 301-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Change ; discontinued stations ; entropy ; networks ; optimization ; prediction ; unbiased ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new methodology for predicting water quality values at discontinued water quality monitoring stations is proposed. The method is based upon the Principle of Maximum Entropy (POME) and provides unbiased predictions of water quality levels at upstream tributaries and on the mainstem of a river given observed changes in the distribution of the same water quality parameter at a downstream location. Changes in the values of water quality parameters which are known a priori to have occurred upstream, but which are not sufficiently large to account for all the observed change in the same water quality parameter at the downstream location are able to be incorporated in the method through the introduction of a new term in the basic entropy expression. Application of the procedure to water quality monitoring on the Mackenzie River in Queensland, Australia indicates the method has considerable potential for prediction of water quality at discontinued stations. The method also has potential for identifying the location of causes of observed changes in water quality at a downstream station.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588759
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sampling variance of a T-year flood estimated by curve-fitting (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 233-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Flood ; China ; river ; sampling variance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The sampling variance of a T-year flood when estimated using a curve-fitting method results from the errors in hydrologic observations, plotting positions, and model-fitting. This paper develops a method to quantify the contribution of plotting positions to the sampling variance of the T-year flood magnitude. Application of the method to 150 flood-flow data sets of 41 rivers in the People's Republic of China show that the errors due to plotting positions contribute more to the sampling variance than others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587237
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Determination of unit hydrographs by multiple storm analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 269-280 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unit hydrograph ; least square methods ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the derivation of a unit hydrograph by multiple storm analysis using least squares methods. Variations of least squares method was generalized using the framework of weighted ridge analysis. The paper also shows two theorems to support using multi-storm analysis to derive UH. In addition, an issue was addressed on the scaling effect in the conventional multi-storm analysis which could create potential bias toward large storms in deriving a multi-storm UH. For that, a simple scaling procedure was proposed to reduce such potential bias problem. Numerical investigations were conducted to examine the performance of the scaling procedure by comparing with the conventional multi-storm analysis (without scaling) and the HEC-1 weighing procedures. Based on various performance criteria using a total of 39 storms from three watersheds, the proposed scaling procedure was found to produce a quite desirable UH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588757
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Modeling of transport in groundwater for environmental risk assessment (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 57-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic transport ; risk assessment ; concentration CDF ; exceedance probabilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the principles underlying a recently developed numerical technique for modeling transport in heterogeneous porous media. The method is then applied to derive the concentration mean and variance, the concentration CDF, exceedance probabilities and exposure time CDF, which are required by various regulatory agencies for risk and performance assessment calculations. The dependence of the various statistics on elapsed travel time, location in space, the dimension of the detection volume, natural variability and pore-scale dispersion is investigated and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581390
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  • 16
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    Stochastic space transforms in subsurface hydrology — Part 2: Generalized spectral decompositions and plancherel representations (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 117-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic hydrology ; random fields ; space transformations ; generalized functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In earlier publications, certain applications of space transformation operators in subsurface hydrology were considered. These operators reduce the original multi-dimensional problem to the one-dimensional space, and can be used to study stochastic partial differential equations governing groundwater flow and solute transport processes. In the present work we discuss developments in the theoretical formulation of flow models with space-dependent coefficients in terms of space transformations. The formulation is based on stochastic Radon operator representations of generalized functions. A generalized spectral decomposition of the flow parameters is introduced, which leads to analytically tractable expressions of the space transformed flow equation. A Plancherel representation of the space transformation product of the head potential and the log-conductivity is also obtained. A test problem is first considered in detail and the solutions obtained by means of the proposed approach are compared with the exact solutions obtained by standard partial differential equation methods. Then, solutions of three-dimensional groundwater flow are derived starting from solutions of a one-dimensional model along various directions in space. A step-by-step numerical formulation of the approach to the flow problem is also discussed, which is useful for practical applications. Finally, the space transformation solutions are compared with local solutions obtained by means of series expansions of the log-conductivity gradient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589893
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  • 17
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    Comparative evaluation of Poisson partial duration models for mixed flood populations (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 207-218 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Partial duration ; Weibull ; nonhomogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Simple homogeneous formulations of two extreme value partial duration flood models are compared to more sophisticated compound formulations in terms of asymptotic performance of quantile estimates. The compound model formulations were developed to model flood series resulting from mixed climatological processes. It was found that only in the case of marked nonhomogeneity in the data samples did the compound formulation of the models offer significant advantages in terms of variance of quantile estimates. However, the estimates from the homogeneous model were significantly biased in the negative direction. This negative bias of quantile estimates from the simple model was even more pronounced when the more sophisticated Weibull model was used as the base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587235
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  • 18
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    A stochastic integral equation analog of rainfall-runoff processes for evaluating modeling uncertainty (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 259-268 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall ; runoff ; modeling ; uncertainty ; stochastics ; stochastic integral equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a very general rainfall-runoff model structure (described below) is shown to reduce to a unit hydrograph model structure. For the general model, a multi-linear unit hydrograph approach is used to develop subarea runoff, and is coupled to a multi-linear channel flow routing method to develop a link-node rainfall-runoff model network. The spatial and temporal rainfall distribution over the catchment is probabilistically related to a known rainfall data source located in the catchment in order to account for the stochastic nature of rainfall with respect to the rain gauge measured data. The resulting link node model structure is a series of stochastic integral equations, one equation for each subarea. A cumulative stochastic integral equation is developed as a sum of the above series, and includes the complete spatial and temporal variabilities of the rainfall over the catchment. The resulting stochastic integral equation is seen to be an extension of the well-known single area unit hydrograph method, except that the model output of a runoff hydrograph is a distribution of outcomes (or realizations) when applied to problems involving prediction of storm runoff; that is, the model output is a set of probable runoff hydrographs, each outcome being the results of calibration to a known storm event.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588756
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  • 19
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    Erratum (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 318-318 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588760
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  • 20
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    Realization of the concept of safety of hydraulic structures when working out standard legal documents (1994)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 5-7 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545092
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  • 21
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    Experience in constructing The Zagorsk pumped-storage station (1994)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 20-27 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545095
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  • 22
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    Physical characteristics of the performance and increase of the reliability of functioning of overflow dams with a “second limit state” of the rock foundation (1994)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 85-94 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545845
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  • 23
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    Boris Grigor'evich Gur'ev (1994)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 114-114 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545847
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  • 24
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    “Rosshelf” company and development of the arctic shelf of Russia (1994)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 130-131 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545924
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  • 25
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    Ice loads on arctic platforms (1994)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 156-160 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545931
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  • 26
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    Concept of the transport system in the Western part of the Arctic (1994)
    Springer
    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 138-142 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Industry safety inspection of hydraulic structures of electric power stations under conditions of the development of market relations and transformation of organizational and legal forms of power enterprises (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 1-4 
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    Safety criteria of hydraulic structures as the basis for monitoring their state (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 8-14 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Dam safety legislation in the United States of America (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 31-35 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Modeling deformation of rock masses under compression (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 49-52 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545101
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    Effect of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydropower complex on the environment (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 192-199 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Construction and operation of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydrostation did not introduce noticeable deviations in the land and aquatic ecosystems of the region with respect to the most important indices — climate and water quality. 2. It is necessary to continue monitoring the aquatic and land ecosystems for 10–15 years to accumulate a data bank on the effect of the hydropower complex on the environment.
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    Methods to map ice conditions, measure ice properties and quantify ice features (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 180-188 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Considering operations in icebound waters, the knowledge of ice conditions, ice properties, and the structure of ice features is of utmost importance. This paper describes the work done and the methods used during recent years on expeditions to the continental shelf of Russia. The work has been carried out by Finnish-Russian research teams. The sea areas in question are: the Sea of Okhotsk, the Barents Sea, and the Pechora Sea. The expedition should cover the sea area investigated as thoroughly as possible. The two main alternatives are to use a ship as the research platform or to carry out the work from a land base using a helicopter to move to ice. This paper will discuss in general the expedition arrangements, the execution, work deviation between the parties, results of the research, and utilization of the results.
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    Hydraulic analysis of channels with increased artificial bottom roughness (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 290-293 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusion As a result of processing of the test data for distribution of the averaged velocities, a method has been proposed for determining the zero plane of reckoning in channels with ribbed bottom roughness and recommendations are given for correction of the absolute bottom roughness obtained by the traditional mean-volume method.
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    Dynamic strength of concrete (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 313-316 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545463
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    Standard dynamic certificate of hydraulic structures of electric power stations (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 302-306 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions When keeping the certificate great importance should be given to the trends of the temporal change in the ratios of the actual parameters to the admissible. If this ratio increases, it is expedient to take measures to end this increase, not waiting until emergency situations, during planned stops.
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    Development of methods of calculating reinforced-concrete members in Russian standards (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 333-335 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545468
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    Adol'f Davidovich Al'tshul' (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 356-356 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545471
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    Criterion for variability of the hydrological regime of bodies of water (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 357-362 
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    Experience of operating the KAG-15, 75 generator equipment complex (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 375-377 
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    Pumping unit powered by solar batteries (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 378-382 
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    Organization of monitoring in structures of the zagorsk pumped-storage power plant (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 401-405 
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    Effect of economic activity on the hydrologic regime and dynamics of the Ili delta (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 416-420 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01487446
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    Steady-state vibrations of offshore structures (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 446-453 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Offshore structures subjected to the action of drifting ice floes may experience several kinds of interactions with the ice feature. This paper addresses the structural response to forces that arise when the ice floe fractures against a vertical structure. Special attention is paid to the steady-state vibrations which may arise at medium ice velocities. The paper describes a straightforward design procedure for the dynamic response of narrow structures. The applicability of simple design concepts is discussed in connection with the design problems of wide offshore structures. Reference is made to recent experimental findings to show that numerical models of dynamic ice-structure interaction provide a promising design tool for both quasi-static and dynamic response of wide offshore structures.
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    Block model of deformation of massive concrete and reinforced-concrete elements with macrocracks (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 526-532 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545854
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    Soil-intake process (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 511-519 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The movement of slurry during suction occurs through the center of the suction tip in the form of a vortex; moreover, the velocity of the vortex depends on the vacuum, and the cross-sectional area of the tip. 2. Vigorous suction of soil (slurry) takes place when the suction tip comes in contact with the surface of the soil or with the tip embedded into the stratum of soil. 3. With other suction conditions equal, the bulk consistency of the slurry remains the same for different tips to which the suction tip is embedded in the soil stratum. 4. The minimum suction velocity depends on the fineness of the soil. The coarser the soil, the higher the suction velocity required. The minimum suction velocity of soil is defined by the relationship $$V_{su_{min} } = V_{st} m,$$ where vs is the starting velocity of soil particles, and m is an experimental coefficient characterizing the start of soil suction and is equal to 1.1 for all sand fractions. 5. The volume of soil evacuated (slurry) is the same for suction tips of equal cross-sectional area, but different shape. 6. The maximum volume of evacuated soil corresponds to the suction tip, whose diameter is 1.2–1.6 times greater than the diameter of the suction pipe. 7. The suction height on the vacuum gage exerts a major influence on the volume of evacuated soil (slurry). The higher the vacuum, the greater the volume of soil evacuated.
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    The “ideal” guide vanes for a reaction turbine (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 540-546 
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    Notes: Conclusions 1. The “ideal” guide vanes of a reaction turbine realized in the form of dual-regulation guide vanes maintain impact-free entry of the flow into the runner's blading in a wide range of regulation of the turbine's flow rate. 2. On account of this, the optimum operating conditions (maximum values of efficiency and minimum hydraulic losses) will be maintained in practially the whole range of change in the turbine's power, since the conditions of impact-free entry, efficient passage of the flow in the runner's blade cascade, and normal exit from the runner characteristic of the optimum conditions will be maintained. 3. The use of dual-regulation guide vanes will make it possible to abandon use of dual-regulation (Kaplan) turbines and switch to the use of ecologically clean propeller (rigid-blade) turbines, which possess high speed and capacity while preserving their energy qualities; and in single-regulation turbines, to get a significant increase in average efficiency and generation of electricity at hydroelectric stations.
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    Improvement of the designs of hydropower plants' water-intake and outlet facilities (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 533-539 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. The designs of water-intake and outlet facilities, like the designs of other elements of water-delivery and discharge paths, are constantly improving. Their development is due to many factors, the most important of which are: the action of objective patterns of development and the influence of scientific and technical progress; new requirements imposed on them in connection with environmental protection, raising the reliability and safety of operation, and consideration of the social factor; and the use of new materials, technologies, and other achievements. 2. Analysis of new developments revealed the following basic directions of improvement in water intakes and outlets: 1) the use of new geometric forms and configurations, and of more efficient geometric parameters; 2) increasing dynamism and mobility; 3) the use of self-controlling operation; 4) splitting up of design elements; 5) the use of additional extraneous substances introduced into the flow; 6) the use of fields (mechanical, centrifugal, thermal, gravitational, magnetic, and electric). 3. Realization of new design solutions in specific objects of hydrotechnical construction is hindered by objective, as well as subjective factors, including the absence of a procedure for substantiating the use of these developments in designing and reconstructing facilities that would take into account their action on the environment, the reliability and safety of operation, social efficiency, specific local conditions, etc.
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    A summary of environmental legislation targeting disposable diapers and review of related literature (1994)
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 39-48 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Disposable diapers ; degradable plastics ; environmental legislation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In recent years state and local governments, as well as private citizens, have become very concerned about the mounting solid waste disposal problem facing our nation. Special concern has been expressed over the presence of disposable diapers in the solid waste stream. Responding to the concerns, legislators in at least 25 states proposed actions regarding disposable diapers between 1990 and 1992. Several factors contributed to the number of legislative proposals regarding disposable diapers over the past few years. First was the public's and legislators' misconception about the contribution of disposable diapers to the solid waste stream. Second was an erroneous assumption held by the public and some legislators that biodegradation readily occurs in landfills. Third was the desire to increase demand for agricultural products by requiring the use of “degradable” products. These contributing factors and other issues surrounding the proposal and passage of environmental legislation pertaining to disposable diapers are presented in this paper and the relevant literature is summarized. To provide the necessary context, the paper contains a review of the literature concerning disposable diapers, their composition and usage; and their environmental impact and fate and a comparison of their performance and cost to those of cloth diapers.
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    Novel malonate-type copolymers containing vinyl alcohol blocks as biodegradable segments and their builder performance in detergent formulations (1994)
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 89-97 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polycarboxylate ; methylene malonate copolymer ; biodegradation ; design ; poly(vinyl alcohol)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Poly[(disodium methylene malonate)-co-(vinyl alcohol)] [P(DSMM-VA)] and poly[(disodium ethoxymethylene malonate)-co-(vinyl alcohol)] [P(DSEMM-VA)] containing a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) block as a biodegradable segment were prepared and their biodegradability and functionality were evaluated and compared with those of the corresponding fumarate and maleate copolymers. It was found that the 1,1-dicarboxylate-type copolymers, P(DSMM-VA) and P(DSEMM-VA), showed better biodegradability than the corresponding 1,2-dicarboxylate-type copolymers, P(DSF-VA) and P(DSM-VA). This improved biodegradability of P(DSMM-VA) and P(DSEMM-VA) is probably attributable to their more expanded polymer chain in aqueous solution, which will be more accessible to the degrading enzymes. The minimum chain length of the PVA-block, which acts as a biodegradable segment in the polymer chain, is estimated to be 2–3 and 3–4 monomer units for P(DSMM-VA) and P(DSEMM-VA), respectively. On the other hand, the minimum PVA block is about 5 and 7 monomer units for the fumarate and maleate copolymers, respectively. It was confirmed that P(DSMM-VA) showed excellent builder performance compared to the corresponding fumarate copolymer.
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    Biodegradability: An assessment of commercial polymers according to the Canadian method for anaerobic conditions (1994)
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 121-127 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; polymers ; anaerobic conditions ; physical changes ; chemical changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The degradation of several “biodegradable” polymers was measured as a result of exposure to an anaerobic medium. The polymers investigated included materials based upon polylactic acid, polylactone, and poly(hydroxy butyrate/valerate) as well as those incorporating starch-based materials. The degradation was monitored by methane and carbon dioxide evolution. In addition, the physical and chemical changes were noted as a result of exposure. These measurements included changes in mass, dimension, and molecular weight. FTIR, UV-vis, proton, and13C NMR spectra were also recorded prior to and after exposure. The results clearly indicated that several biological and chemical degradation processes were occurring with the “biodegradable” polymers studied.
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    Studies on enhanced degradable plastics. III. The effect of weathering of polyethylene and (ethylene-carbon monoxide) copolymers on moisture and carbon dioxide permeability (1994)
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 161-167 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Permeability ; water vapor transmission rate ; water vapor ; weathering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Two enhanced-photodegradable polyethylenes were studied to determine the effect of photooxidative degradation upon transport properties. Water vapor permeability of LDPE films containing metal compound prooxidants, weathered to different extents under outdoor exposure was studied. A film made of LDPE blended with 20 wt% of polycaprolactone was also examined to determine if biodegradation over a 40-day period resulted in a measurable change in its water vapor transport characteristics. A gravimetric technique was used to study the effects of outdoor and weather-ometer exposures on the permeability of carbon dioxide of both the LDPE film and (ethylene-carbon monoxide) copolymer films. Generally, photooxidative degradation was seen to be accompanied by a change in transport characteristics of the polymer films.
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    The degradation of gel-spun poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) “wool” (1994)
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 185-194 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) ; gel-spinning ; fiber ; photoacoustic spectroscopy ; nonwoven
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The apparent biodegradability and biocompatibility of the microbially produced polyester, poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), has been the focus of much research by a number of authors with regard to its potential for use in packaging and medical implantation devices. PHB has recently been produced by gel-spinning into a novel form, with one possible application being as a wound scaffolding device, designed to support and protect a wound against further damage while promoting healing by encouraging cellular growth on and within the device from the wound surface. This new nonwoven form combines a large volume with a low mass, has an appearance similar to that of “cotton wool,” and has been called “wool” because of this similarity. The hydrolytic degradation of this wool was investigated in an accelerated model of pH 10.6 and temperature 70°C. It was determined that the PHB wool gradually collapsed during degradation. The surface area-to-volume ratio was concluded to be a primary influencing factor. Degradation was characterized by a reduction in the glass transition temperatures and melting points and a fusion enthalpy peak of maximum crystallinity, (88%), which coincided with the point of matrix collapse.
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    Biodegradable plastic made from soybean products. II. Effects of cross-linking and cellulose incorporation on mechanical properties and water absorption (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 211-217 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradable ; soybean ; protein ; cross-linking ; cellulose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Soy isolate was treated with formaldehyde and glyoxal at 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% (w/w isolate) and with adipic and acetic anhydrides. The materials were then compression-molded into plastic tensile bars and tested for tensile and yield strength, percentage elongation, Young's modulus, and water absorption. Treatment with 5% formaldehyde increased the tensile strength significantly, to 4.9 kg/mm2, compared with the untreated sample (3.7 kg/mm2). The yield strength increased slightly, to 0.68 kg/mm2. Elongation was significantly less after treatment with formaldehyde. Young's modulus increased after treatment and leveled off at 174 kg/mm2. Water absorption decreased as the formaldehyde concentration increased. Treatment with either glyoxal or adipic/acetic anhydride had a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the plastic specimens. Water absorption was decreased by glyoxal treatment but was not affected by adipic/acetic anhydride treatment. Long-fiber (lf), short-fiber (sf), and microcrystalline (mc) cellulose were incorporated into soy isolate at various levels. Cellulose addition decreased the percentage elongation and increased the rigidity of the plastic. All three cellulose additions increased Young's modulus. The tensile strength increased with the addition of sf-cellulose to soy isolate; lf-cellulose decreased the tensile strength, whereas the incorporation of mc-cellulose did not have a significant effect. The yield strength increased slightly with the addition of sf-cellulose and was less affected by the addition of lf- or mc-cellulose. All three types of cellulose slightly decreased water absorption at ca. 15% content.
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    Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in compost (1994)
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 177-183 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) ; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) ; poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) ; compost ; identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The microbial degradation of tensile test pieces made of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] or copolymers with 10% [P(3HB-co-10%3HV)] and 20% [P(3HB-co-20%3HV)] 3-hydroxyvaleric acid was studied in small household compost heaps. Degradation was measured through loss of weight (surface erosion) and changes in molecular weight and mechanical strength. It was concluded, on the basis of weight loss and loss of mechanical properties, that P(3HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV) plastics were degraded in compost by the action of microorganisms. No decrease inM w could be detected during the degradation process. The P(3HB-co-20%3HV) copolymer was degraded much faster than the homopolymer and P(3HB-co-10%3HV). One hundred nine microbial strains capable of degrading the polymersin vitro were isolated from the samples used in the biodegradation studies, as well as from two other composts, and identified. They consisted of 61 Gram-negative bacteria (e.g.,Acidovorax facilis), 10 Gram-positive bacteria (mainlyBacillus megaterium), 35Streptomyces strains, and 3 molds.
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    Biodegradation of thermally synthesized polyaspartate (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 225-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polyanion ; dispersant ; detergent ; poly(acrylic acid) ; adsorption ; 14C-polyaspartate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polyaspartate synthesized using thermal methods (thermal polyaspartate; TPA) has been shown to have dispersant and crystallization inhibition activities. These activities suggest that the polymer may be used in water treatment and paper processing and as a detergent and paint additive. The commercial potential for TPA is enhanced by the fact that it may be synthesized on a large scale. Therefore, a study of the biodegradation of the polymer was undertaken. TPA was produced by hydrolysis of a polysuccinimide synthesized by dry thermal polymerization of aspartic acid. The resulting polymer was a poly(α,β-dl-aspartate) having a 70% β structure and containing a racemic mixture of aspartic acid. TPA was incubated with both dilute effluent and activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant. Low-biomass effluent experiments showed changes in molecular size of TPA concomitant with oxygen demand induced by the polymer, suggesting susceptibility of TPA to at least partial biodegradation. Low-biomass sludge experiments (SCAS, modified Sturm) yielded approximately 70% mineralization of 20 mg L−1 TPA by 28 days, suggesting that a significant portion of the polymer was labile. High-biomass sludge experiments using14C-TPA at 1 mg L−1 revealed approximately 30% mineralization and 95% total removal of TPA carbon from solution in 23 days, with most of the mineralization and removal taking place in less than 5 days. Additional short-term studies using a variety of particulate substrates, including activated sludge, confirmed that TPA is subject to removal from solution by adsorption. From these studies with labeled TPA, it was concluded that TPA is subject to rapid removal and at least partial degradation in a wastewaster treatment plant. Using gel and thin-layer chromatography, it was determined that at least part of the unmineralized residue from the high biomass assays was polyaspartate. It is speculated that the unusual structure of TPA compared to natural proteins may limit the rate of proteolysis of the polymer and thus its overall degradation rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02071970
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    Proposed mechanism for bacterial metabolism of polyacrylate (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Acrylic trimer ; polyacrylate ; β-oxidation ; exogenous degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A possible aerobic degradative pathway for polyacrylate was examined with trimer (1,3,5-pentane tricarboxylic acid; PTCA)-utilizing bacteria. A few metabolic products from PTCA accumulated in culture filtrates and reaction mixtures of washed cells. Fraction A was detected as a main metabolite by high-performance liquid chromatography. A small amount of fraction B was concomitant with fraction A. Another fraction, C, was also detected. These compounds were suggested by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses to be 1,3,5-(1- or 2-pentene)tricarboxylic acid (fraction A or B) and 1,3,5-(2-oxopentane)tricarboxylic acid (fraction C). Fraction A was quickly further metabolized by washed cells, but fraction B was only gradually degraded. From these results, the metabolic pathway for polyacrylate is suggested to be quite similar toβ-oxidation for saturated fatty acids. The degradation of PTCA by washed cells was slower than that by growing cells and was inhibited by 5 mM NaN3. This suggests that the metabolism is linked to a respiratory chain or energy-producing system of bacteria which can aerobically assimilate PTCA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074774
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    Effects of biodegradable plastic components on metabolism of an estuarine benthos (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 271-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradable ; plastics ; marine ; effects ; benthic ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We examined the metabolic response of an estuarine benthic community to additions of three materials being considered for use in manufacture of biodegradable substitutes for plastics. Diver-collected cores containing benthos were dosed with 59 g/m2 of three test materials, cornstarch, a bacterial polyester (PHBV), and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), or left undisturbed as controls. Fluxes of dissolved nutrients (ammonia, nitrate + nitrite, phosphate, silica) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were similar in control cores and cores dosed with EVOH during a 1-month test period at 20°C. Fluxes in cores dosed with starch and PHBV differed significantly from controls but not from each other. After 2 weeks of incubation, production of DIC was higher in cores containing starch and PHBV, while efflux of ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite was reduced. After 4 weeks of incubation, production of DIC was similar among all treatments and controls, while efflux of ammonia was high in the starch- and PHBV-containing cores compared to controls and cores with EVOH. Fluxes of silica and phosphate were similar in all cores during the experiment. These results indicate that both starch and PHBV are carbon-rich substrates readily metabolized by the benthic community but that their presence significantly alters normal nutrient exchange patterns. This response is expected because of the high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of starch and PHBV and indicates that impacts of these two materials would be similar. However, the high biological oxygen demand of such materials and resulting disturbance of normal nutrient regeneration patterns of the benthos (delayed ammonia efflux and potential stimulation of denitrification) must be considered in developing strategies for their disposal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02071975
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    Degradation studies of novel degradable starch-polyethylene plastics containing oxidized polyethylene and prooxidant (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Degradable plastics ; oxidized polyethylene ; prooxidant ; thermal degradation ; photodegradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Linear low-density polyethylene films were prepared that contained native corn starch (7, 14, or 28%), low or high molecular weight oxidized polyethylene (15%), and a prooxidant mixture (18% POLYCLEAN II) that contains manganese and vegetable oil. For each mixture all components were first mixed at high temperatures in a twin-screw extruder and pelletized. The pellets were cast into films using a single-screw extruder. Oxidized-polyethylene addition did not impair the transparency and thickness of the films and did not reduce the percentage elongation, whereas significant reductions in film mechanical properties were observed. Thermal and photodegradation properties of each film were evaluated by 70°C forced-air oven treatment (20 days), by high-temperature, high-humidity treatment in a steam chamber (20 days), and by exposure to ultraviolet light (365 nm; 4 weeks). Changes in the mechanical properties of the films were determined by an Instron Universal Test Machine; in the carbonyl index, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; and in molecular weight, by high-temperature gel-permeation chromatography (HT-GPC). The addition of oxidized polyethylene, especially high molecular weight oxidized polyethylene, and up to 14% starch to the films significantly increased the rate of thermal and photodegradation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02073484
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    Application of recombinant gene technology for production of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids: Biosynthesis of poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) homopolyester (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHA) ; 4-hydroxybutyric acid ; homopolyester ; poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) ; biodegradable polyesters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Screening of a large number of bacteria revealed several strains, which utilize 1,4-butanediol and/or 4-hydroxybutyric acid (4HB) as a carbon source for growth and for synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (PHA) containing 4HB as one constituent among others (mostly 3-hydroxybutyric acid). However, none of the wild-type strains investigated in this study was able to produce a homopolyester consisting solely of 4HB. Only several poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-leaky mutants ofAlcaligenes eutrophus strain JMP222 synthesized poly(4HB) homopolyester, which amounted to approximately 10% (w/w) of the cellular dry matter. If the PHA synthase structural gene ofA. eutrophus strain H16 was expressed in these mutants, the amount of poly(4HB) was increased to approximately 30% (w/w). The occurrence of poly(4HB) was demonstrated by gas chromatographic as well as1H and13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074775
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    Storage stability of injection-molded starch-zein plastics under dry and humid conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 111-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Starch-zein plastic ; storage stability ; injection-molding ; anionic starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Corn starch and zein mixtures (4 : 1 dry weight) were extruded and injection-molded in the presence of plasticizers (glycerol and water). Tensile strength and percentage elongation of the molded plastics were measured before and after 1 week of storage under a dry or humid condition (11 or 93% RH). With 10–12% glycerol and 6–8% water, injection-molded plastics had relatively good tensile properties (20- to 25-MPa tensile strength and 3.5–4.7% elongation). But while exposed to dry conditions (11% RH), the molded plastics lost weight (0.5–1.5% in 7 days) and became very brittle, with significant decreases in tensile strength and elongation. Partial replacement (5–10%) of starch with a maltodextrin (average DE 5) reduced the glass transition and melting temperatures of the starch-zein mixture as well as the dry storage stability. Using potato starch instead of corn starch significantly improved the dry storage stability of the injection-molded starch-zein plastics (18- vs 11-MPa tensile strength). Anionic corn starches with a maleate or succinate group (DS〈0.01) produced injection-molded plastics with improved tensile properties and storage stability. Plastics prepared from the starch maleate and zein mixture retained the strength during 1 week of dry storage without a significant change (26-MPa tensile strength and 3.7% elongation after 1 week of storage).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074779
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    Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 129-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Cellulose acetate ; polymer degradation ; polymer biodegradation ; plastic film weight loss ; biodegradable polymers ; municipal solid waste ; compost simulation ; biodegradation testing ; moisture content ; synthetic compost mixes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074781
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    Synthesis of copolyesters containing poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) units and their susceptibility toPseudomonas sp. lipase (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 9-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) ; poly(ε-caprolactone) ; copolyester ; enzymatic degradation ; Pseudomonas sp. lipase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Copolyesters containing poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were synthesized from PET and PCL homopolymers by transesterification reaction at 270°C in the presence of catalyst. The copolyesters were characterized by13C-NMR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The degradation behavior of PCL byPseudomonas sp. lipase in buffer solution (pH 7) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) was investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and1H-NMR. From these experiments, it was found thatPseudomonas sp. lipase acted endoenzymatically on PCL. Using this lipase, degradation tests for PET/PCL copolyesters whose PCL content was below 50% by weight were also performed in buffer solution (pH 7). However, evenPseudomonas sp. lipase with high degradation activity on PCL did not easily degrade the PCL unit in PET/PCL copolyesters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02073482
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    Hydrolyzable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polyester ; poly(ethylene terephthalate) ; hydrolysis ; degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Due to the enormous annual increase in the volume of municipal solid waste, society's attention is focused on how to manage the solid waste problem. Plastic materials not only contribute a great deal to the litter problem but also create serious danger to the ecology. Every year, countless birds, sea turtles, and other marine mammals die from eating or getting entangled in plastic litter. Synthesizing degradable polymers can have a great impact on solving the problem of plastic litter. We have modified the structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) to make it degradable in typical environmental conditions in presence of water. The change of physical properties of modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), resulting from hydrolysis, has been monitored and compared with those of pure poly(ethylene terephthalate).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02073483
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    Biodegradability of blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) with cellulose acetate esters in activated sludge (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) ; cellulose acetate esters ; biodegradation ; activated sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Blends of the bacterially produced polyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with cellulose acetate esters (CAE) further substituted with propionyl or butyryl groups (degree of substitution: 2.60 propionyl and 0.36 acetyl or 2.59 butyryl and 0.36 acetyl, respectively) were exposed for 4 months to activated sludge to determine their biodegradability. Samples of such blends made by solution-mixing and solvent-casting had complex morphologies in which both individual components as well as a miscible blend phase were present. Additionally, the two opposite surfaces of solvent-cast films showed both physical and chemical differences. After 2 months, samples of pure PHBV had degraded by more than 98% (15 mg/cm2 of surface area), whereas a pure CAE sample had degraded less than 1% (〈0.2 mg/cm2). Samples containing 25% CAE lost less than 40% of their initial weights (6 mg/cm2) over the total 4-month period. Samples with 50% CAE lost up to 16% weight (2 mg/cm2), whereas those containing 75% CAE lost only slightly more weight than corresponding sterile control samples (1 mg/cm2). NMR results confirm that weight loss from samples containing 25% CAE resulted only from degradation of PHBV and that the surface of samples became enriched in CAE. Solvent-cast film samples containing equal amounts of PHBV and CAE degraded preferentially on the surface which formed at the polymer-air interface. Scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed this surface to have a rougher texture and a greater PHBV content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02073486
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    Infrared spectroscopy studies of the photooxidation of a polyethylene nonwoven fabric (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polyethylene ; photooxidation ; infrared spectroscopy ; photoacoustic spectroscopy ; nonwoven fabric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The photooxidation of a nonwoven polyethylene fabric was investigated using Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. The infrared spectroscopic data indicated that hydroperoxide, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, and anhydride groups were formed as the products of the photooxidation of the polyethylene fabric and that the relative amount of carboxyl among all carbonyls increased as the photooxidation progressed. The distribution of the photooxidation products was inhomogeneous between the two surfaces of the fabric. The highest degree of photooxidation occurred on the surface of the fabric facing the UV radiation source, whereas the lowest degree of photooxidation was on the back surface of the fabric. We also found that the polyethylene nonwoven fabric showed a slower photooxidation rate than the polypropylene nonwoven fabric. The UV radiation at 254 nm caused photooxidation of polyethylene. No photooxidation was observed in the fabric exposed to the UV radiation at 350 nm under the same conditions.
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    Aging properties of extruded high-amylose starch (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 99-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Starch ; high amylose ; amylomaize ; films ; mechanical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The structural and mechanical properties of extruded high-amylose and normal cornstarch were studied as a function of time and humidity to determine the suitability of high-amylose cornstarch for use in biodegradable plastic materials. After extrusion at 170°C and 20–30% moisture, high-amylose starch was mostly amorphous, with small amounts of V- and A-type crystal structures. Tensile strengths for the extruded high-amylose starch ribbons were rather stable with time (65, 50, and 35 MPa at 20, 50, and 80% RH) and were higher than those for normal cornstarch (25, 40, and 15 MPa after 84 days at 20, 50, and 80% RH). Elongations at break declined gradually with time for high-amylose starch (6, 11, and 11% after 84 days at 20, 50, and 80% RH), while rapid declines were seen for normal cornstarch at higher humidities (3, 9, and 3% after 84 days at 20, 50, and 80% RH). Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that normal cornstarch aged at a high humidity had much larger sub-T g endotherms than high-amylose cornstarch. These endotherms reflect decreases in enthalpy and free volume which occur in amorphous polymers due to structural relaxation. It appears, therefore, that plastic materials prepared from gelatinized or melted high-amylose cornstarch should have greater strength and flexibility and slower physical aging than those prepared from gelatinized normal cornstarch.
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    Pseudomonas lemoignei has five poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) (PHA) depolymerase genes: A comparative study of bacterial and eukaryotic PHA depolymerases (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 75-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradable polymer ; poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) ; poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) ; polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase ; Pseudomonas lemoignei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Four polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) depolymerases were purified from the culture fluid ofPseudomonas lemoignei: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), depolymerase A (M r , 55,000), and PHB depolymerase B (M r , 67,000) were specific for PHB and copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) as substrates. The third depolymerase additionally hydrolyzed poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHV) at high rates (PHV depolymerase;M r , 54,000). The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the three purified proteins, of a fourth partially purified depolymerase (PHB depolymerase C), and of the PHB depolymerases ofComamonas sp. were determined. Four PHA depolymerase genes ofP. lemoignei (phaZ1,phaZ2,phaZ3, andphaZ4) have been cloned inEscherichia coli, and the nucleotide sequence ofphaZ1 has been determined recently (D. Jendrossek, B. Müller, and H. G. Schlegel,Eur. J. Biochem. 218, 701–710, 1993). In this study the nucleotide sequences ofphaZ2 andphaZ3 were determined.PhaZ1,phaZ2, andphaZ4 were identified to encode PHB depolymerase C, PHB depolymerase B, and PHV depolymerase, respectively.PhaZ3 coded for a novel PHB depolymerase ofP. lemoignei, named PHB depolymerase D. None of the four genes harbored the PHB depolymerase A gene, which is predicted to be encoded by a fifth depolymerase gene ofP. lemoignei (phaZ5) and which has not been cloned yet. The deduced amino acid sequences ofphaZ1–phaZ3 revealed high homologies to each other (68–72%) and medium homologies to the PHB depolymerase gene ofAlcaligenes faecalis T1 (25–34%). Typical leader peptide amino acid sequences, lipase consensus sequences (Gly-Xaa-Ser-Xaa-Gly), and unusually high proportions of threonine near the C terminus were found in PhaZ1, PhaZ2, and PhaZ3. Considering the biochemical data of the purified proteins and the amino acid sequences, PHA depolymerases ofP. lemoignei are most probably serine hydrolases containing a catalytical triad of Asp, His, and Ser similar to that of lipases. A comparison of biochemical and genetic data of various eubacterial and one eukaryotic PHA depolymerases is provided also.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074776
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    Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance evidence of degradation in thermoplastics based on forest products (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 137-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Compostable ; graft copolymer ; lignin ; poly(1-phenylethylene) (polystyrene) ; spectral analyses ; thermoplastic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The degradation of lignin-(1-phenylethylene) graft copolymers (lignin-styrene graft copolymers) by white rot basidiomycete fungi was followed by monitoring aromatic absorption bands by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The FTIR of the graft copolymers shows a series of characteristic absorbance peaks from multi-substituted aromatic rings and a strong poly(1-phenylethylene) (polystyrene) absorbance peak from monosubstituted aromatic rings. Subtraction of copolymer spectra taken before incubation from spectra taken after 50 days of incubation with the four tested fungi shows the loss of functional groups from the copolymer. NMR spectra also show reduction of aromatic ring resonances from the copolymer and incorporation of peaks from fungi as a result of incubation with fungi. The biodegradation tests were run on lignin-(1-phenylethylene) graft copolymers which contained 10.3, 32.2, and 50.4% of lignin. The polymer samples were incubated with the white rot fungiPleurotus ostreatus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, andTrametes versicolor, and the brown rot fungusGleophyllum trabeum. White rot fungi degraded the plastic samples at a rate that increased with increasing lignin content in the copolymer sample. Both poly(1-phenylethylene) and lignin components of the copolymer were readily degraded. Observation by scanning electron microscopy of incubated copolymers showed a deterioration of the plastic surface. The brown rot fungus did not affect any of these plastics, nor did any of the fungi degrade pure poly(1-phenylethylene).
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    A carbon-13 method for evaluating degradation of starch-based polymers (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradation ; stable isotope ; starch-based polymer ; carbon-13
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new method for evaluating biodegradability of starch-based and certain other polymer blends uses the pre- and postexposure stable carbon isotope composition of material coupled with weight loss data to determine which components have degraded. The naturally occurring stable isotope of carbon.13C, is enriched in corn starch (δ13C, approx. −11‰) compared to petroleum-derived synthetic polymers (δ13C, approx. −32‰). Results on starch-synthetic polymer blends indicate that the δ13C signatures of these blends are near-linear mixtures of their component δ13C. Values of a δ13C for starch-synthetic polymer blends exposed to biologically active laboratory soil and artificial seawater conditions are depleted in13C compared to unexposed samples, suggesting loss of the starch component. Combined with weight loss data for the exposed samples, the δ13C values are statistically consistent with models requiring loss of the soluble component glycerin, followed by loss of starch, then petrochemical polymer, or simultaneous loss of starch and petrochemical polymer. Replicate δ13C analyses of starch-synthetic polymer blends increase the statistical power of this relatively inexpensive, accessible technique to discriminate between degrading components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067446
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    In Vitro digestibility of selected polymers (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 245-251 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: In vitro digestibility ; biopolymers ; biodegradable polymers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In vitro digestibility of 10 polymers was studied. Only starch, starch blend, gelatin, and silk were more than 10% digested by the enzyme cocktail. Cellophane, polyhydroxy-β-valerate, pullulan, levan, shellac, ethylene vinyl alcohol, and polyethylene were less than 10% digestible. The implications from these data are that these materials would act physiologically as dietary fiber or residue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02071972
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    A method for the isolation of microorganisms producing extracellular long-side-chain poly (β-hydroxyalkanoate) depolymerase (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly (β-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) ; extracellular PHA depolymerase ; degradation ; Pseudomonas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A simple method was developed for the preparation of an autoclavable, long-side-chain poly (β-hydroxyalkanoate) (LSC-PHA) colloidal suspension, which was used as a substrate for enzymatic degradation and to prepare agar overlay plates for the isolation of microorganisms producing extracellular LSC-PHA depolymerase. Six cultures producing extracellular LSC-PHA depolymerase were isolated from a composted hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. All were pseudomonads or related bacteria. All (with the possible exception ofXanthomonas maltophilia) could produce LSC PHA. Except forX. maltophilia none could hydrolyze poly (β-hydroxybutyrate). Screening of sevenPseudomonas strains known to accumulate LSC PHA showed that all were negative for extracellular LSC-PHA depolymerase production. It was concluded that extracellular LSC-PHA depolymerase producers are found mostly in the genusPseudomonas but that they are relatively uncommon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02073481
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    Enhanced degradable yard waste collection bag behavior in a field-scale composting environment (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 253-261 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Compost ; plastic ; yard waste ; disintegration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The degradation of four formulations of yard waste-filled collection bags was evaluated in a field-scale test of 15.5- or 31-m-long windrows at a community yard waste composting site. Variables of bag contents, bag chemical composition, and length of exposure were evaluated. Chemical compositions of the bags included (1) low-density polyethylene (LDPE) + 6% cornstarch + 2 levels of prooxidant, (2) LDPE + 9% cornstarch + prooxidants, and (3) LDPE without cornstarch but with photooxidation enhancers. Results showed that all products weakened and/or disintegrated to some extent. However, the bags with 6% starch disintegrated too slowly to allow timely processing of the compost. The bags with 9% starch and other additives to promote multiple degradation mechanisms degraded at the fastest rate of those evaluated here. The photodegradable bags with solar exposure during composting disintegrated rapidly, but when turned to expose new surfaces to light, further strength losses occurred slowly.
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    Characterization and enzymatic degradation of a cross-linked bacterial polyester (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 263-269 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Cross-linked poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate ; Pseudomonas lemoingei ; enzymatic degradation of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The bacterial polyester, poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/V), was cross-linked with 1, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30 wt% benzoyl peroxide by thermal decomposition reactions. Solvent extractions were carried out to determine the cross-linked fractions of the films. The sol/gel data were used to estimate cross-link densities. Films of PHB/V cross-linked with 10% benzoyl peroxide were placed in contact with purified depolymerase A secreted byP. lemoignei. These samples exhibited weight loss rates which were half that of un-cross-linked PHB/V, but the network was degraded completely by the enzyme. The results of this study suggest that anendo-type enzymatic degradation may occur, in addition to theexo-type activity, which is normally presumed to occur with theP. lemoignei depolymerase system.
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    Effect of complex nitrogen source on the synthesis and accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by recombinantEscherichia coli in flask and fed-batch cultures (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 169-176 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) ; defined medium ; complex nitrogen source ; fed-batch culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract When a recombinantEscherichia coli XL1-Blue harboring pSYL105 was cultured in a complex medium, a poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) concentration of 7.16 g/L was obtained in 48 h. However, a PHB concentration of only 0.91 g/L was obtained in 60 h by culturing in a defined medium. Also, fed-batch culture in a defined medium resulted in considerably lower PHB accumulation than in a complex medium. With the aim to produce a high concentration of PHB at a reduced medium cost, we examined 10 complex nitrogen sources for their ability to promote PHB synthesis in a defined medium. Tryptone, casamino acids, and casein hydrolysate promoted PHB synthesis to a higher extent than the others tested. PHB synthesis was also enhanced during fedbatch cultures when a defined medium was supplemented with various complex nitrogen sources. With tryptone supplementation a PHB concentration of 66.7 g/L could be obtained in 44 h. Yeast extract was less effective for promoting PHB synthesis than tryptone. Corn steep liquor, which did not enhance PHB synthesis significantly, could promote PHB synthesis considerably when supplemented together with yeast extract in both flask and fed-batch cultures.
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    Liquid crystallinity of levan/water/starch solutions (1994)
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 195-199 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Levan ; liquid crystal ; nematic ; polysaccharide ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Transmitted light measurements performed with a UV-visible spectrophotometer were used to characterize how starch affects the position of boundaries on the phase diagram for dilute aqueous solutions of levan (a branched polymer of fructose). Data were collected in the range 15 to 70°C; the minimum concentrations required for separation of a nematic phase and the minimum concentration required for a fully nematic solution were identified within this range. While “hard” interactions (repulsion between rod-like molecular segments) dictate the formation of a liquid crystalline phase at and above ambient temperature in the absence of starch, “soft” interactions become more significant as solutions are cooled toward ambient when starch is present. Small amounts of starch might be used as a filler to modify the mechanical properties (while retaining the process-related benefits) of levan films cast from liquid crystalline solution.
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    A user evaluation of biodegradable cutlery (1994)
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 219-223 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Biodegradable polymer ; product development ; environmental marketing ; consumer research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper summarizes a study evaluating the acceptance and perceived performance of disposable cutlery made from starch-based biodegradable resins relative to nondegradable polystyrene cutlery. Two hundred forty-three sailors onboard three U.S. Navy vessels ate their lunch using either biodegradable cutlery made with resins manufactured by one of two commercial companies or polystyrene cutlery. The cutlery was rated on several sensory and performance dimensions as well as for overall acceptability. Results indicated that sailors rated both the biodegradable and the polystyrene utensils as easy to hold. There were also no differences in the perceived ease of using each of the spoons. However, compared to the polystyrene utensils, both types of biodegradable utensils were viewed as less sturdy, as having a less attractive color, and as being less acceptable overall. The biodegradable forks and knives were also rated as more difficult to use for piercing and cutting food than the polystyrene ones. In addition, several significant differences emerged between the two types of biodegradable cutlery. The results are discussed in terms of the need for continued consumer testing of products developed from biodegradable polymeric materials.
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    Simulated marine respirometry of biodegradable polymers (1994)
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    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 237-244 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Respirometry ; biodegradable ; marine ; polymers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Eleven microorganisms were isolated from several temperate marine locations in the northeast Altantic coast of the United States and one tropical location in the Pacific Ocean (Hawaii) for the purpose of developing a rapid and accurate method of screening biodegradable materials for their susceptibility to mineralization. The materials evaluated in this study included chemically modified starch, amylose and pullulan, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), (PHB/V), cellulose acetate, and a modified lignin/styrene. Some of the soluble, unmodified, biologically produced substrates such as starch, pullulan, and amylose mineralized rapidly. In general, the synthetic, insoluble polymers and the chemically modified polymers, such as acetylated and chlorinated amylose and pullulan, mineralized more slowly, although the ultimate mineralization of some of the substituted polysaccharides equaled or exceeded that of the unmodified substrate. The insoluble bacterial polyester, PHB/V, degraded rapidly after a short induction period. Initial respiration rate data, in general, could not be used as a predictor of ultimate mineralization. It was found that the cumulative level of carbon dioxide evolved signifies the minimum extent of biodegradation of the substrate, and the oxygen consumed is a good indicator of the maximum extent of substrate degradation.
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    Problem of unity of measurements in ensuring safety of hydraulic structures (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 15-19 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545094
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    Results of modeling jet technology of stabilizing rocks (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 42-44 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Kinematic analysis of movements of an arch dam in a canyon (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 588-592 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Lateral contraction of a flow during its separation (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 597-601 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Determination of backwaters at intersections of open-channel flows (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 616-620 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Regrouting joints and its effect on the stress-strain state of the Inguri arch dam (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 569-580 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. Complete regrouting of the Inguri arch dam specified by a special project was a necessary and timely final general construction operation carried out with a high quality. 2. The high quality of grouting the dam was due to the combined use of new highly effective universal technologies for conditions of small, supersmall, and nonuniform opening of construction joints — high-penetrability cement grouts; for conditions of leaking sites — grouts with a regulated time of loss of fluidity 3. For the first time in domestic practice, reliable experience was obtained in second regrouting of joints 8 years after performing the first. Both groutings were carried out with high-penetrability dispersed grouts through the same reusable pipe system. 4. Regrouting of construction joints with the use of new technologies improved the stress-strain state of the arch dam by increasing its rigidity due to the creation of prestresses in the concrete. 5. Harsh operation of the arch dam for 15 years led to a gradual increase, starting in 1989, of deflections of the dam related to relaxation of prestresses in the concrete due to inadequate decompression of the rock foundation during these years. To maximally postpone this process, in our opinion, simultaneously with grouting the dam it was necessary to carry out blanket regrouting of the rock in the wall abutments of the dam, especially in their upper part.
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    Calculation of emptying inclined pipelines with consideration of unsteady-state effects (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 610-615 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Main points of the new standards for the design of concrete and reinforced-concrete dams (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 628-629 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Numerical investigation of a thermally inhomogeneous flow in a reservoir (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 59-65 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Creation of a standard size series of guide vanes of reversible mixed-flow pump-turbines (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 731-734 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Problems of creating high-capacity hydraulic turbines (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 739-741 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Improvement of turbine blade systems to reduce cavitation erosion (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 746-750 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. When designing new runners it is necessary to combine theoretical, experimental, and on-site investigations. 2. Various design modifications of runners were developed for reducing the rate of cavitation erosion of mixed-flow turbines and are being used successfully. The most prospective of them are: a rational form of the blade channel, which makes it possible to completely avoid or minimize cavitation erosion of the rear surfaces of blades in the region of the trailing edge near the lower rim; an increase of the radius of the fillet at the place of joining the leading edge of the blade with the lower rim for high-head runners (H=230–500 m) and moving the lower rim of the runner below the region of high meridian velocities for low-head runners (H=45–100 m) minimized cavitation erosion on the rear surface of the blades near the leading edge and lower rim. 3. Cavitation erosion of runner blades of adjustable-blade turbines can be substantially reduced by rational design of the blades, including the leading and peripheral edges and by machining and finishing the form of the blades on a model.
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    Effect of the content of free air on cavitation erosion (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 755-757 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Nikolai Vladimirovich Dmitriev (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 115-115 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Hydrometeorological support of shelf resources development and organization of environmental monitoring (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 132-134 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Combined methods of protecting saliferous foundation soils of hydraulic structures from dissolution (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 581-587 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Conclusions 1. In certain cases of constructing dams salt-containing soils serve as their foundation. 2. Under these conditions reliable operation of the structures can be provided only by developing special engineering measures to control dissolution. 3. All existing methods of protecting saliferous foundation soils of hydraulic structures from dissolution can be divided into passive, active, and combined. 4. The combined methods should be considered the most effective for preventing removal of salts from foundation soils by the seepage flow. 5. Large-scale field investigations of the work of the combined method of protecting saliferous foundation soils of the planned Lower Kafirnigan hydro development showed its high effectiveness even in the case of complex engineering-geological conditions at the construction site. 6. Individual elements of the set of dissolution protective measures investigated under field conditions can be used in hydrotechnical and hydropower construction practice.
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    Regularities of siltation of reservoirs and ponds (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 602-604 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Geodynamic effect on the state of high concrete dams (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 621-623 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Automation of calculation and analysis of hydropower indices in the process control system of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric station (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 637-641 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Removal and storage of ash of thermal power stations, variants and prospects of development (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 663-668 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Ways to increase the reliability and operating life of hydraulic turbine equipment when reconstructing hydroelectric stations (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 700-703 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Calculation of the axial hydraulic forces acting on the runner of mixed-flow reversible pump-turbines (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 704-708 
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    Results of energy and hydraulic investigations of a straight-flow outlet of a large pumping station (1994)
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    Power technology and engineering 28 (1994), S. 720-725 
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    ISSN: 1570-1468
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01545831
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