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  • Articles  (202)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (202)
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  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • 1995-1999
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  • 1950-1954
  • 1993  (202)
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  • Articles  (202)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (202)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequential observations followed by acid etching on the enamel surfaces of human teeth under scanning electron microscopy at low vacuum (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 429-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Low vacuum specimen chamber ; No dehydration ; No coatings ; Backscattered electrons ; Enamel structures ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A scanning electron microscope equipped with a low vacuum specimen chamber and a Robinson's backscattered electron detector was employed to observe the natural surfaces of human buccal enamel before and after 30 percent phosphoric acid etching sequentially up to 90 sec at the same sites with no coatings. Furthermore, successive etching patterns were compared between deciduous and permanent teeth. On the imbrication lines of young permanent teeth, prismend pits surrounded with a “prismless” structure occasionally disappeared after acid etching and became a prismless enamel. Sequential etching caused the prismless areas and the areas of a type 1 etching pattern to decrease, and a cone-shaped prism structure and a complex type of the type 1 and type 2 etching pattern (type 1-2) to appear. The former was a transitional type between the prismless enamel and type 2 prisms. These etched surfaces show type 2 prisms after deeper etching. Small dome-shaped structures, slightly elevated on the attrited enamel surfaces, were found only in deciduous teeth. After acid etching, such areas which retained the prismless enamel rose to the underlying surfaces of cone-shaped prisms. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240508
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Preservation of antigenic reactivity after cryofixation, cryosubstitution, and cryoembedding in Lowicryl HM23: Application to alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila fat body (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 453-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240511
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240601
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  • 4
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    Application of cryotechniques in cartilage tissue preservation an immunoelectron microscopy: Potentials and problems (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Proteoglycans ; Collagen ; Structure ; Freeze substitution ; Immunohistochemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Cryotechnical processing of cartilage has the potential to solve many of the tissuespecific problems associated with various routine chemical fixation protocols. This is particularly the case with respect to extracellular matrix architecture, the distortion or destruction of which (caused by extraction and/or precipitation of proteoglycan molecules) may be prevented. Adoption of such techniques also permits high-sensitivity immunoelectron-microscopy of the extracellular matrix space (carbohydrate epitopes). However, a number of difficulties still remain to be resolved, particularly that of matrix-cell interface separation occurring during freeze substitution and low temperature embedding. These problems are briefly addressed and possible solutions outlined. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240602
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  • 5
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    Improved preservation of ultrastructure in difficult-to-fix organisms by high pressure freezing and freeze substitution: I. Drosophila melanogaster and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 465-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: High pressure freezing ; Freeze substitution ; Drosophila ; Sea urchin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In this study, we have applied the techniques of high pressure freezing and freeze substitution to embryonic cell types which are usually difficult to fix properly for electron microscopy. In both Drosophila and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, we see improved preservation of both membrane systems and cytoskeleton when compared to published results on the same cells using conventional electron microscope (EM) fixation methods. Finally, we have seen that postembedding labelling of sections is possible even after light osmium fixation during freeze substitution. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240603
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  • 6
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    Freeze substitution after fast-freeze fixation in preparation for immunocytochemistry (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 474-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Immunogold labeling ; Antigenic preservation ; Bioluminescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: As compared to classical chemical fixation, the physical immobilization of ultrastructures by fast-freeze fixation (FFF) and the subsequent exchange of water in its solid state by freeze substitution (FS) improve the preparation procedure for immunogold labeling (IGL).FFF-FS results in a morphological preservation of unchallenged quality, as well as in a better preservation of antigenic reactivity, thus allowing remarkable precision of labeling on sections.However, FFF, particularly over a cooled metal plate, requires a heavy and expensive machine. It is not suitable for all biological specimens and in the best conditions, which remain difficult to standardize, the thickness of the well-preserved portion of the specimen does not exceed a few μm for compact tissues, and exceptionally 30-40 μm for isolated cells.The FS procedure is long and must be adjusted empirically for every new specimen and antigenic detection. The preservation of a given antigen's reactivity in the presence of fixative agents and embedding resins remains unpredictable. The action of fixative agents is different and milder in FS than when they are used classically in chemical fixation. By chance, one of the best FS procedures for the preservation of both ultrastructure and antigenicity appears to be by using acetone alone, together with a molecular sieve to improve the water exchange process. A large choice of embedding resins usually allows us to find a compromise between ultrastructural and antigenic preservation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240604
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  • 7
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    Freeze-Substitution for morphological and immunocytochemical studies in insects (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 488-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cryofixation ; Cryosubstitution ; Olfactory sensilla ; Thermo-/hygroreceptive sensilla ; Pheromone-binding protein ; Bombyx mori ; Antheraea polyphemus ; Poecilocampa populi ; Boreus hiemalis ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Methods of plunge freezing and freeze-substitution (FS) for insect antennae and similar body appendages are described. In these more or less cylindrical specimens, usually a layer below the cuticular surface of 10-15 μm thickness is well preserved without freezing damage, further inwards ice-crystal ghosts of increasing size are encountered, but in the very centre of antennal branches (diameter ∼80 μm) of the silkmoth, Bombyx mori, freezing damage is usually reduced again. The frost-hardy species, Poecilocampa populi and Boreus hiemalis, exhibit regions free from freezing damage up to 40 μm below the cuticular surface. Secondary freezing damage in silkmoth sensory hairs is observed only after deliberately warming the specimens to -43°C for 〉〉10 min before FS. Secondary artefacts due to the substitution process are investigated by comparison with freeze-etching and by comparing different FS media and protocols. Methanol is not recommended as a substitution medium for insect specimens. Structures particularly liable to substitution damage are the stimulus-conducting pore tubules of olfactory sensilla and the receptor cell membrane. Extraction of soluble components is more likely with pure organic solvents without added chemical fixing agents and with prolonged substitution at elevated temperatures. Such extraction may also be a possible artefact with soluble antigens in immunocytochemical studies. A review is given of the major achievements attained with these techniques in insect functional morphology and immunocytochemistry. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240605
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  • 8
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    Discrepancies in kinematic calculations of HOLZ lines (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 509-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Convergent-beam diffraction ; Lattice parameter ; Computer simulation ; Electron wavelength ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have found significant differences between the results of computer simulations of HOLZ line patterns. The computations in question are made in the kinematical approximation. After trivial errors are eliminated the programs fall into two groups. There is a discrepancy between the two that increases with distance from the zone axis. The difference is small but not negligible at the level of precision used in determining lattice parameters or strain.We show which of the two is correct in the kinematic approximation and that the discrepancy between the two groups is of the order of the error introduced by dynamical interaction. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240607
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  • 9
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    Ultrastructural evidence for the axonal localization of caudodorsal cell hormone mRNA in the central nervous system of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 12-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: In situ hybridization ; Digoxigenin ; Electron microscopy ; Cryosections ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The technique of in situ hybridization has been used to evaluate the expression of an ovulation hormone mRNA (caudodorsal cell hormone; CDCH) in the central nervous system (CNS) of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Hybridization with radioactive as well as with nonradioactive labeled oligonucleotide and plasmid probes revealed a specific labeling on cell bodies of caudodorsal cells (CDCs), which are known to produce CDCH, on the light microscopical level. In addition, specific labeling was observed outside the cell bodies, as far as the cerebral commissure, where CDCH is released in the haemolymph. To investigate whether these signals represent an axonal localization of the CDCH mRNA, we performed in situ hybridization at the electron microscopical (EM) level. The results showed an intraaxonal localization of CDCH mRNA with digoxigenin labeled oligonucleotide and plasmid probes. Gold labeling was observed in secretion granules, and double labeling experiments showed that these granules also contain CDCH. This specific intragranular localization suggest that CDCH mRNA is transported through the axon and released by exocytosis in the haemolymph. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250104
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  • 10
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    mRNA structure, in situ, as assessed by microscopic techniques (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: In situ transcription ; IST ; Translational control ; Stem-loop sequence ; RNA-binding proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The secondary and tertiary structure of RNA, in situ, is thought to be involved in distinct functions such as directing association of the RNA with the cytoskeleton, enzymatic activity of some RNAs, and the control of translation. In situ transcription (IST), a procedure by which cDNA is synthesized in situ, has been used to assess mRNA structure in situ using fixed cells or tissues. Distinct banding patterns were noted for mouse and rat POMC. Unique IST banding patterns were observed when an oligonucleotide complementary to a putative POMC stem-loop structure was used to prime IST. Indeed local changes in banding patterns could be elicited by pharmacological agents which modulate POMC translation. Inhibition of POMC synthesis with NaF or dexamethasone decreased the number of POMC mRNAs in the polysome fractions and increased the intensity of high molecular weight IST-derived bands. Forskolin, a stimulator of POMC synthesis, had the opposite effect. One mechanism by which translational control is thought to occur is by regulation of ribosome movement down the mRNA by specific binding of cytosolic proteins to RNA structure. Cytosolic protein fractions from AtT20 pituitary cells have been shown to specifically bind to the IST-predicted RNA structure. These findings suggest that 1) mRNA structure can be assessed in situ, 2) translation may be altered by the secondary and tertiary structure of mRNAs, and 3) a predicted stem-loop structure exists in situ in the 5′-end of POMC mRNA. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250105
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  • 11
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    Protocol of electron microscope in situ nucleic acid hybridization for the exclusive detection of double-stranded DNA sequences in cells containing large amounts of homologous single-stranded DNA and RNA sequences: Application to adenovirus type 5 infected Hela cells (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 2-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Double-stranded viral DNA ; Electron microscopy ; HeLa cell ; In situ hybridization ; Lytic infection ; S1 nuclease ; Replication ; Viral Ad5 genomes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In order to gain a further insight into the relationships of the complex process of replication of adenovirus genomes to the substructures which occur in the nuclei of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) infected HeLa cells, we have visualized directly, at the electron microscopic level, viral double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in late infected nuclei by the use of a post-embedding in situ hybridization technique with a biotinylated specific DNA probe. The procedure is based on the removal of single-stranded (ss) nucleic acids by S1 nuclease. The highest levels of signal density for viral dsDNA were detected over the fibrils of the large, centrally located viral genome storage site and over the viral nucleoids of both clustered and isolated viruses. Lower but significant signals were observed over the fibrillo-granular network of the peripheral replicative zones, where both transcription and replication of viral DNA occur. On the other hand, the labeling of the enclosed viral ssDNA accumulation sites, also involved in viral replication but not transcription, was negligible, which suggests that, in the latter, the newly synthesized viral dsDNA immediately extends into the adjacent peripheral replicative zone to be transcribed and/or replicated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250103
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  • 12
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    Intracellular injection in fixed slices in combination with neuroanatomical tracing techniques and electron microscopy to determine multisynaptic pathways in the brain (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 15-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Lucifer Yellow ; Photoconversion ; Retrograde tracing ; Anterograde degeneration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Intracellular Lucifer Yellow filling in fixed tissue has been recently introduced as a novel neuroanatomical approach to reveal the detailed morphology of individual neurons in isolated preparations of the central nervous system. Since dye injections are performed under visual control, the method is characterized by a high degree of inherent staining selectivity, thus circumventing the element of randomness often considered to be the crux of classical Golgi-impregnation techniques. Moreover, the opportunity to optically monitor the injection procedure renders fixed slice preparations highly advantageous to be used in combination with retrograde fluorescent tracing. Subsequently, dye-filled neurons may be subjected to a simple photoconversion procedure leading to the intracellular formation of a stable polymer thus obtaining permanent specimens for light microscopy purposes. Due to the osmiophilic nature of the precipitate the photoconverted material is equally suitable for correlated electron microscopy, thus enabling the analysis of neuronal microcircuitry. At the ultrastructural level, sources of afferent input to identified projection neurons may be revealed by lesion-induced anterograde degeneration of synaptic terminals, therefore enabling the direct demonstration of multisynaptic links. Finally, morphologically identified neurons may be immunocytochemically characterized at the pre- and postembedding levels. It is therefore suggested that their methodological versatility and relative technical ease render intracellular fixed-slice injections a promising complement to the catalogue of anatomical techniques. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240104
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  • 13
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    Photoconversion of diaminobenzidine with different fluorescent neuronal markers into a light and electron microscopic dense reaction product (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 2-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Lucifer Yellow ; DiI ; Fluorescent neuronal tracers ; Retrograde transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This article describes methods for photoconverting diaminobenzidine (DAB) into a stable, light and electron microscopically visible dark reaction product in neurons which contain a fluorescent dye. Photoconversion of DAB has been achieved so far with the following fluorescent dyes: rhodamine labeled latex microspheres (RLM), 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), 5,7-di-hydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), Fast Blue (FB), Nuclear Yellow (NY), Diamidino Yellow (DY), Evans Blue (EB), acridine orange (AO), ethidium bromide (EBR),1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindolcarbocyanine perchlorate, D-282 (DiI), propidium iodide (PI), and intracellularly injected Lucifer Yellow (LY). The dye is introduced into the neurons by tinctorial staining, retrograde transport, or intracellular injection. Photoconversion is conducted by incubating the tissue with the fluorescent substance-containing cells in a DAB solution under simultaneous strong illumination with ultraviolet (UV) light. During the formation of the reaction product, the fluorescence disappears from the cell. In all cases, photoconversion provided a stable, nonfading DAB reaction product for light microscopy. In addition, at the electron microscopic level, it appeared that the photoconversion results in a homogeneously distributed, fine granular, dark, intracellularly located reaction product. With most of the retrograde tracers tested, photoconversion led only to staining of the cell bodies and the proximal portions of primary dendrites. Following photoconversion with intracellularly LY-filled neurons and cells labeled retrogradely with DiI, DiO, and 5,7-DHT, the reaction product was present throughout the cells, extending from the cell bodies into dendrites and dendritic appendices, and into axons. The high selectivity and methodological simplicity of photoconversion of DAB with fluorescent dyes into a stable, light and electron microscopical dense reaction product provide a promising alternative to classical neuroanatomical techniques and a new useful application of fluorescent neuronal tracers to light and electron microscopy. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240103
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  • 14
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    Identification of synaptic interactions of intracellularly injected neurons in fixed brain slices by means of dual-label electron microscopy (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Intracellular injection ; Fixed slice ; Dual-label immunocytochemistry ; Silver-gold enhancement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The injection of the dye Lucifer Yellow (LY) into neurons in slices of fixed brain is used to associate cells displaying a particular dendritic geometry with a specific pattern of neuronal connectivity. In the present report we expand on this technique by combining it at the electron microscopic level with immunocytochemistry and/or degeneration for the study of synaptic relationships. As a model we use the projection neurons of nucleus accumbens. These neurons were retrogradely labeled in vivo with injections or a fluorescent tracer. Fast Blue, into the ventral mesencephalon. Using epifluorescent monitoring, these neurons were located in perfusion-fixed brain slices and intracellularly injected with LY. They were visualized in the light and electron microscope using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method. Certain afferent connections of these neurons were identified in the same tissue through the use of either dual-label immunocytochemistry or anterograde degeneration combined with a single-label immunoreaction. In the dual-label procedure, a silver-gold intensification of the diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction product for the first antigen (LY) was contrasted with a nonintensified reaction product for the second antigen (tyrosine hydroxylase [TH]). Ultrastructurally, metallic gold particles appeared to be dispersed over the immunolabeled perikarya, dendrites, and, occasionally, axonal terminals of LY-injected neurons whereas the flocculent DAB reaction product was present in TH-containing axons and terminals. Following lesions of the ventral subiculum in the hippocampal formation, degenerating axon terminals were detected in nucleus accumbens along with immunoreacted, LY-injected neurons. The techniques outlined in this report should prove invaluable for the study of the synaptic interactions of identified neurons. They can be reliably reproduced with a high yield per experiment. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240105
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  • 15
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    Application of environmental scanning electron microscopy in the development of detergents and personal products (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 424-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Conventional scanning electron microscopy ; Adhesives ; Microcapsules ; Enamel ; Pellicle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Environmental scanning electron microscopy enables the observation of samples in their natural state with no preparation. Unilever Research employs this technology in the research and development of detergents and personal products with much success. The results presented are from various studies which demonstrate the versatility and utility of the technique. Vacuum sensitive samples such as microcapsules were successfully characterized, the efficacy of dental products was shown by monitoring an enamel surface before and after treatment, and the performance of an adhesive was assessed by dynamic experimentation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250512
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  • 16
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    Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) evaluation of crystal and plaque formation associated with biocorrosion (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 429-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Biocorrosion ; Sulfate-reducing bacteria ; Biofilm ; Desulfovibrio ; Electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The biofilm attributed to Desulfovibrio vulgaris growing in the presence of ferrous metals was examined with an environmental scanning electron microscope. This novel microscope produced images of iron sulfide colloids and other iron containing structures that had not been reported previously. A plaque composed of iron sulfide enveloped the surface of the corroding metal while crystals containing magnesium, iron, sulfur, and phosphorus were present in the culture where corrosion was in progress. A structure resembling the tubercule found in aerobic corrosion was observed on stainless steel undergoing biocorrosion and the elements present in this structure included sulfur, iron, chloride, calcium, potassium, and chromium. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250513
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  • 17
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    Morphology of nitric acid and water ice films (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 434-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: ESEM ; Surface reaction ; Polar stratospheric clouds ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Ice films have been used to simulate stratospheric cloud surfaces in order to obtain laboratory data on solubilities and heterogeneous reaction rates. To obtain intrinsic uptake and surface reaction probabilities which can be applied to atmospheric models, it is necessary to carefully characterize these films. In the present study, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) is used to study thin films of both water ice and nitric acid ice near the composition of the trihydrate. The ices are formed by vapor deposition onto aluminum or borosilicate-glass substrates cooled to about 200 K. Micrographs are recorded during the deposition process and during subsequent annealing at higher temperatures. The results show that the ice films are composed of loosely consolidated granules, which range from about 1 to 20 μm in size at temperatures between 197 and 235 K. Cubic water ice is sometimes observed at 200 K and converts to the hexagonal form at slightly higher temperatures. The loose packing of the granules confirms the high porosities of these films obtained from separate bulk porosity measurements. Average surface areas calculated from the observed granule sizes range from about 0.2 to 1 m2 g-1 and agree with surface areas obtained by gas-adsorption (BET) analysis of annealed ice films. For unannealed films, the BET areas are about an order of magnitude higher than the ESEM results and imply that the unannealed ices contain microporosity which is lost during the annealing process. The present results have important implications for the extraction of intrinsic reaction probabilities from laboratory rate data. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250514
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  • 18
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    Application of ESEM to environmental colloids (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Microscopy ; Groundwater ; Pollution ; Radioactive waste ; Transport ; Remediation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Environmental colloids are toxic or radioactive particles suspended in ground or surface water. These hazardous particles can facilitate and accelerate the transport of toxicants and enhance the threat to humans by exposure to pathogenic substances. The chemical and physical properties of hazardous colloids have not been well characterized nor are there standard colloid remediation technologies to prevent their deleterious effects. Colloid characterization requires measurement of their size distribution, zeta potential, chemical composition, adsorption capacity, and morphology. The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) by ElectroScan, Inc., analyzes particle sizes, composition, and morphology. It is also used in this study to identify the attachment of colloids onto packing or rock surfaces in our development of a colloid remediation process.The ESEM has confirmed the composition of groundwater colloids in our studies to be generally the same material as the surrounding rock. The morphology studies have generally shown that colloids are simply small pieces of the rock surface that has exfoliated into the surrounding water. However, in general, the source and chemical composition of groundwater colloids is site dependent. We have found that an ESEM works best as a valuable analysis tool within a suite of colloid characterization instruments. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Oil sorption behavior of various sorbents studied by sorption capacity measurement and environmental scanning electron microscopy (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 447-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cotton ; Milkweed ; Kapok ; Polypropylene ; Bicomponent fiber ; Biconstituent fiber ; Adsorption ; Absorption ; Capillary action ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Oil sorption capacities of various natural and man-made fibrous sorbents were compared in a simulated seawater bath containing oil. Natural sorbents such as milkweed, kapok, cotton, and wool showed higher sorption capacities than man-made sorbents such as polyester, polypropylene, viscose rayon, nylon 6, nylon 66, and acetate. Sorption capacities of the natural sorbents were over 30 g oil/g fiber. No definite advantages were observed using man-made bicomponent and biconstituent fibers over regular man-made fibers with respect to their sorption capacity.Analyses of sorption mechanisms using an environmental scanning electron microscope revealed that an oil deposit disappeared from the fiber surface after a certain time interval in milkweed, kapok, and cotton. This suggested that the sorption of oil in these fibers occurred through capillary action, probably due to their hollow lumens. Contrarily, adsorption, a surface phenomenon, would be the most prominent mechanism for oil sorption of wool fibers due to large amounts of surface wax, irregular scaly surfaces, and crimp. Effects of both adsorption and absorption were shown in the oil sorption of man-made fibers, depending upon the type and shape of the sorbent. Dumbbell-like oil deposits were seen on the fiber surface in certain oleophilic man-made fibers, because of a partial wetting of oil on the fiber surface. For some hydrophilic man-made fibers such as polyvinylalcohol and copolymer of isobutylene-maleic anhydride, the physical configuration of the fiber was a decisive factor in determining oil sorpton capacity of the sorbents. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Proposed healing and consolidation mechanisms of rock salt revealed by ESEM (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 456-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Crushed rock salt ; ESEM ; Deformation ; Healing mechanism ; Consolidation mechanism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The grain boundary healing behavior of crushed rock salt was mainly studied by employing the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) to study the consolidation mechanism of rock salt backfill. Dedicated miniature round rock salt specimens were prepared for observation of the water trapping effect by using a cold stage in the ESEM to reach saturation conditions. Comparable high pressure pellets were prepared for measuring the crystal growth. Consolidation tests using materials made at different pressures and containing different moisture levels were conducted in order to construct the proposed mechanism. Direct observation of specimens in the ESEM resulted in viewing water trapped on the surface and the formation of a water meniscus between two particles. The concentration of brine at the grain boundary was observed as contributing to the amount of recrystallization. From aforementioned observations, a schematic drawing of the dissolution and recrystallization process may be redrawn. The amount of water therefore has a great effect on the consolidation of rock salt and is possibly due to the sliding, rotation, or crushing of the contact zone of the granular material. From such a study, tentative healing and consolidation mechanisms can be deduced. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Imaging fluid/solid interactions in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 465-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: ESEM ; Liquid hydrocarbons ; Hydrocarbon reservoirs ; Clay minerals ; Chlorite ; Illite/smectite ; Calcite ; Fluid sensitivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) has been used to image liquid hydrocarbons in sandstones and oil shales. Additionally, the fluid sensitivity of selected clay minerals in hydrocarbon reservoirs was assessed via three case studies: HCl acid sensitivity of authigenic chlorite in sandstone reservoirs, freshwater sensitivity of authigenic illite/smectite in sandstone reservoirs, and bleach sensitivity of a volcanic reservoir containing abundant secondary chlorite/corrensite. The results showed the suitability of using ESEM for imaging liquid hydrocarbon films in hydrocarbon reservoirs and the importance of simulating in situ fluid-rock interactions for hydrocarbon production programmes. In each case, results of the ESEM studies greatly enhanced prediction of reservoir/borehole reactions and, in some cases, contradicted conventional wisdom regarding the outcome of potential engineering solutions. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Examples of evolution of microstructure in ceramics and composites (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 474-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Coatings ; Copper thick films ; Crystallization ; Hydroxyapatite ; Propellants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In this article we describe a number of studies involving the direct observation of microstructural evolution. In general these investigations were carried out to establish the mechanistic paths involved. The materials studied range from fibers being evaluated for use in high-temperature ceramic composites to energetic materials used as propellants. In particular we discuss the room temperature imaging of materials difficult to image by conventional means and the use of the chamber atmosphere to influence microstructural evolution. Imaging of hydroxyapatite formed by chemical means is briefly described as an example of a difficult microstructure. Microstructural evolution during calcium aluminate cement hydration relies on the chamber atmosphere to control moisture loss from the hydrating specimens. In some instances microstructural evolution with heating occurred independently of the chamber atmosphere. Grain growth in PZT films formed by sol-gel processes depends strongly on temperature but does not appear to depend on the chamber atmosphere. This is also the case for the combustion of nitroamine propellants in that their combustion does not depend on access to an external source of oxygen. In other studies, the chamber atmosphere played an indirect role in determining microstructure. However, the mechanistic path driving microstructural evolution in copper-based inks used as conductive paths on electronic substrates is atmosphere dependent. These inks are formulated from copper powder, glass, and an organic binder, and the interaction of the binder with an oxidizing atmosphere allows it to be burned out before significant interaction occurs between the copper powder and the glass. Finally, the microstructural variations during the oxidation of structural composites at high temperature were used to allow assessments of their likely failure mechanisms. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Application of ESEM to fluxless soldering (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 493-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Solder joining ; Ambient effects ; Solder oxidation ; Solder microstructure ; Solder morphology ; Atmosphere effects ; Solder ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ESEM is ideally suited to study soldering processes. We have used it to observe solder reflow and joining in ambient gases. It reproduces effects of atmospheric pressure reflow in a hot stage light microscope, but with much better clarity and depth of field. Compared to a regular SEM, the ESEM offers advantages of atmosphere control and ability to observe the solder samples without carbon or gold coating. These coatings could interfere with the oxidation/reduction reactions which occur at the solder/ambient gas interface. Very thin surface films, especially oxide layers dramatically influence the flow of liquid solder and the ability of solder to wet or join to another surface. Fluxless processes in particular are ideally suited for study in the ESEM. We have used the ESEM to observe dynamic fluxless soldering and have recorded events on videotape for later stop-action still pictures and slow motion photography. Examples of these processes are shown to illustrate the ESEM capability. Included are solder deformation structure, balling reflow of eutectic solder in hydrogen, balling reflow of eutectic solder in nitrogen, joining of two solder disks in nitrogen, and dynamic melting and freezing of an off-eutectic dendritic alloy. All of these are observed in the absence of flux. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Copper/Solder intermetallic growth studies (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 503-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Intermetallic compounds ; ESEM ; SEM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Copper samples, hot solder (eutectic) dipped and thermally aged, were cross-sectioned and placed in an environmental scanning electronic microscope (ESEM). While in the ESEM the samples were heated for ∼ 2.5 h at 170°C to stimulate the growth of additional Cu/Sn intermetallic compound. The intent of the study was to obtain a continuous real-time videotape record of the diffusion process and compare the observations to static SEM images reported to represent long-term, naturally aged intermetallic growth. The video obtained allows the observation of the diffusion process and relativistic growth phenomena at the Cu, Cu3Sn, Cu6Sn5, and solder interfaces as well as effects on the bulk Cu and solder. Effects contrary to earlier reports were observed; for example, growth rates of Cu3Sn were found to greatly exceed those of Cu6Sn5. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Concrete - pathology - secondary precipitations (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 179-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250213
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    Programmable freeze-substitution and cryo-embedding device (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cryoelectron microscopy ; Cryofixation ; Freeze-substitution ; Low temperature embedding ; Vitrification ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The construction and performance of a modular and fully controlable freeze-substitution device are described. The core of the device consists of a heavy brass block providing a large, stable thermal mass. The block is composed of two perforated plates and a base plate forming nine deep wells, which enable the concomitant substitution of several samples in various substitution fluids, and in large volumes. The wells are surrounded by an isometric network of tunnels through which either liquid nitrogen or hot air can flow. The isometric network enables heat transfer across short uniform distances throughout the entire block's volume, thus minimizing temperature gradients and differences. The temperature of the substitution fluid, rather than that of the metal block, is monitored by a programmable controller, enabling the presetting of any freeze-substitution regime. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cytokines and growth factors in implantation (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 201-207 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cytokines ; Growth factors ; Blastocyst ; Implanatation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A variety of cell types at the blastocyst implantation site produce cytokines and growth factors that could play an important role in the implantation process. Furthermore, receptors for cytokines and growth factors have been detected on embryonic and trophoblastic cells. The purpose of the article is to review the published literature on the effect of cytokines and growth factors on implantation events, and to present recent data from our laboratory on effects of growth factors and cytokines on mouse blastocyst implantation events in vitro. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Immunohistochemical markers of uterine receptivity in the human endometrium (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 208-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Endometrium ; Implantation ; Biological markers ; Uterine receptivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The factors responsible for the initial interaction between maternal and fetal epithelium leading to the establishment of pregnancy remain poorly understood. Temporal and spatial expression of specific endometrial peptides in response to ovarian steroids is thought to contribute to the development of a period of uterine receptivity, whereby the endometrium becomes hospitable to the implanting blastocyst. The failure to establish receptivity may account for a significant percentage of the cases of infertility in the female, especially affecting women with luteal phase deficiency, leiomyomata uteri, endometriosis, habitual abortion, and unexplained infertility. In addition, despite increasing global experience with advanced reproductive technologies, the majority of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) attempts remain unsuccessful, most likely on the basis of implantation failure. In this article, we review the concepts involved in the study of uterine receptivity in the human, highlight potential immunohistochemical (IHC) markers that have recently been discovered, and discuss how IHC assessment of the endometrium is a potentially valuable method for the evaluation of the receptive endometrial state. Using this approach we have examined several new potential markers of uterine receptivity. Endometrial progesterone receptors and one of the integrin cell adhesion molecules appear to undergo changes in expression around the time of implantation, and may be sensitive indicators of the receptive state. Further, these markers are delayed in women with infertility and luteal phase deficiency. These studies illustrate the utility of IHC diagnosis for the evaluation of endometrial function. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250401
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    Controlled-Depth and cross-section preparation techniques for transmission electron microscopy subsurface studies in metals (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Thin film preparation ; TEM ; Austenitic stainless steel ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Thin film specimen preparation from bulk material at a controlled depth below the surface and cross-section thin film preparation for transmission electron microscope investigations of electrically conducting materials are described. Both techniques are illustrated by austenitic stainless steel, where they have been used complementary to each other for microstructural studies of subsurface ion irradiation damage. The advantages and limitations of both techniques are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Three-dimensional detection of the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the high endothelial venule (HEV) of the rat lymph node (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 264-265 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Endometrial adenocarcinoma (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 246-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma ; Curettage ; Cytogenetics ; Endometrium ; FIGO staging ; Hormone receptors ; Hyperplasia ; Immunochemistry ; Oncogenes ; Prognostic factors ; Risk factors ; Screening tests ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States, accounting for some 36,000 cases of invasive cancer each year. Hyperplastic lesions of the endometrium follow a continuum, with the risk of progression to carcinoma being related to the severity of the disorder. Risk factors associated with the development of adenocarcinoma include hyperplasia, obesity, menstrual abnormalities, diabetes, hypertension, prior pelvic irradiation, sequential oral contraceptive use, diet, and exogenous estrogen use. There is also some evidence of genetic predisposition, and some data indicating the possibility of specific genetic abnormalities and activation of oncogenes as factors determining the etiology of the disease. At this time there is no accepted screening test for endometrial carcinoma, though the role of immunochemistry techniques for screening and follow-up has just begun to be realized. Dilatation and curettage along with hysteroscopy remain the major means of diagnosis. A variety of prognostic variables including tumor cell type, histologic grade, depth of myometrial invasion, status of peritoneal cytology, presence of disease in preformed vascular spaces, presence of adnexal metastases, and presence of cervical involvement have been defined. Although the treatment plan for each patient must be individualized, the mainstay of treatment remains total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Metastatic and recurrent disease is usually treated with hormonal therapy and systemic chemotherapy. Radiation therapy like surgery in recurrent disease is only applicable for the treatment of local recurrences. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Characterization of agarose as an encapsulation medium for particulate specimens for transmission electron microscopy (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Agarose encapsulation ; TEM specimen preparation ; Bacteria ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Agarose, agar, and gelatin were initially compared as encapsulation media for 3 structurally diverse particulate specimens: bacteria, yeast, and mitochondria. Agarose proved superior to both gelatin and agar for ease of handling and overall image quality (minimum background). All sample types exhibited high quality fixation and structural detail with no heat damage from the agarose medium. Based on this finding, we further characterized agarose encapsulation as affected by post-fixation, en bloc staining and resin type. Osmium tetroxide post-fixation, followed by en bloc uranyl acetate staining, could be performed without an increase in the electron density of the encapsulation medium. Agarose proved successful as an encapsulation medium regardless of the resin type or preparation protocol, thus providing flexibility in experimental design and excellent results over a range of variables. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Rapid primary microwave-glutaraldehyde fixation preserves the plasma membrane and intracellular structures of the protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 286-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Microwave fixation ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Protozoan ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Tritrichomonas foetus, a pathogenic protozoan, was used as a model to analyse microwave-stimulated fixation as a procedure of preparation of biological samples for electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. Good preservation of the protozoan structure was achieved by microwave-stimulated fixation and Epon polymerization. The membrane structure, as visualized in freeze-fracture replicas, was well preserved. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Gastrulation in the mouse embryo: Ultrastructural and molecular aspects of germ layer morphogenesis (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 301-328 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Ectoderm ; Endoderm ; Mesoderm ; Egg cylinder ; Mouse embryo ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Ultrastructural studies and lineage analyses of gastrulating mouse embryos have revealed that differnt morphogenetic tissue movements are involved in the formation of the three definitive germ layers. Definitive ectoderm is formed by epibolic expansion of the pre-existing progenitor population in the embryonic ectoderm. Formation of the mesoderm and the endoderm is initiated by cellular ingression at the primitive streak. The mesodermal layer is established by cell migration and cell sheet spreading, but the endoderm is formed by replacing the original primitive endodermal population. To this date, genes that are expressed during mouse gastrulation mostly encode cell surface adhesion or signalling molecules, growth factors and their receptors, and putative transcriptional factors. Their precise role during gastrulation remains to be investigated. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993) 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070260501
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    Immunohistochemistry of a human type I pneumocyte-associated protein in lung (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 357-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Surfactant ; Squamous cells ; Plasma membrane ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A mouse monoclonal antibody to a human lung lavage protein was raised using proteins, with the potential ability to bind surfactant, as the immunogen. The proteins were isolated from cadaver lung lavage. The antibody was tested for its reactivity with lung and other organs. It reacted with type I pneumocytes and some of the nonciliated cells in the surface epithelium of distal bronchioles. Staining was also seen in the cells surrounding the glandular structures, superficial keratinocytes of the skin, endothelium, and nerve sheath cells. With the exception of bronchiolar cells, the stained cells have a squamous morphology, and this protein may serve as a marker or determinant of this characteristic of cells. In pathologic lungs some of the cells in air spaces with “bronchiolarization” of the epithelium exhibited staining for the protein. It could not be ascertained whether the stained cuboidal cells were reactive type II pneumocytes or distal bronchiolar cells. The intraalveolar material in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis did not show remarkable staining for the protein. Even though the protein is not unique to type I pneumocytes, it may serve as a marker for these cells in the study of their development and biology. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Interaction of lung surfactant protein a with alveolar macrophages (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 374-380 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: C1q ; Calcium ; Specific binding ; SP-A ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We analyzed the binding mechanism of human recombinant lung surfactant protein A (SP-A) to rat alveolar macrophages using anti-SP-A antiserum and protein A coated onto gold particles. Results were compared with our recent data on binding and uptake of SP-A-coated colloidal gold particles. The rationale for the current approach was to avoid any possible steric effects on SP-A binding to the cell surface. Binding of unlabeled SP-A depends on the presence of calcium ions in the medium and involves a mannose-specific mechanism. Binding is partly inhibited by the collagenase-resistent fragment of SP-A, representing mainly the globular part of SP-A. Taken together, these facts indicate binding of SP-A via the carbohydrate binding site on the globular region of SP-A. On the other hand, a partial inhibition of SP-A binding by fragments of C1q (representing the collagenous region of C1q) indicates a second binding site for SP-A by the collagen-like portion to the C1q receptor of macrophages. We conclude that two different mechanisms are probably involved in SP-A binding to alveolar macrophages. Specificity of the binding was shown with fluorescein-labeled SP-A. Binding was inhibited by an excess of unlabeled SP-A. Binding and uptake of SP-A are seen only with alveolar macrophages and not with other macrophage populations isolated from rat, such as liver macrophages (Kupffer cells), resident peritoneal macrophages, and peritoneal macrophages activated by Corynebacterium parvum. Therefore, binding sites for SP-A occur exclusively on alveolar macrophages. In addition, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of the lung macrophages was determined by using the fluorescent dye fura-2/AM. Intracellular [Ca2+] increased immediately after addition of SP-A. This indicates immediate activation of macrophages by SP-A. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Ultrastructural features of alveolar epithelial cells in the late fetal pulmonary acinus: A comparison between normal and hypoplastic lungs using a rat model of pulmonary hypoplasia and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 389-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Alveolar type II cells ; Surfactant ; Nitrofen ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the ultrastructural features and functional maturity of alveolar epithelial cells in hypoplastic and normal fetal rat lungs. Pulmonary hypoplasia in association with congenital diaphragmatic hernia was induced in fetuses by administration of 2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenylether (Nitrofen) to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats (100 mg on day 10 of gestation). Lung tissue of Nitrofen-exposed and control fetal rats aged 19-22 days (vaginal plug day 1, birth day 23) was embedded in Epon. Semithin (1 μm) toluidine blue-stained sections were examined by light microscopy; ultrathin sections (∼80 nm) were studied via transmission electron microscopy. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from control and Nitrofenexposed fetuses (day 22), phospholipid fractions and surfactant protein A content were measured semiquantitatively. On day 19 both control and Nitrofen-exposed lungs contained only cuboid alveolar epithelial cells; from day 20 there were cuboid, low cuboid, and thinner epithelial cells. The (low) cuboid cells contained large glycogen fields, some precursory stages of multilamellar bodies (MLBs), and just a few mature MLBs on day 19 and 20; smaller glycogen fields, more precursory stages, and more mature MLBs on day 21; and little or no glycogen but many precursory stages and mature MLBs on day 22. The thinner cells contained little or no glycogen and a few precursory stages of MLBs on days 20-22; very thin cells on day 22 contained neither glycogen nor any precursory stages of MLBs. MLBs and tubular myelin were seen in the lumens of future air spaces from day 20 onward. Nitrofen-exposed lungs differed from control lungs in that inclusion bodies (IBs) were less numerous in (low) cuboid alveolar cells on days 19 and 20, and more glycogen was seen on day 22. In addition intra- and extracellular “MLBs” in exposed lungs more often had an unusual appearance, i.e., a confluent structure and higher electron density. However, despite morphologic differences, there was no clear difference in phospholipid composition and SP-A content per mol phospholipid in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We conclude that morphologically hypoplastic lungs are less mature near term, without an apparent effect on surfactant composition. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Surfactant and inhaled particles in the conducting airways: Structural, stereological, and biophysical aspects (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 423-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Surface forces ; Mucus ; Sol phase ; Airway macrophages ; Microscopy ; Fractionator ; Surface balance ; Video bronchoscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have investigated the displacement into the sol phase of inhaled particles deposited in the intrapulmonary conducting airways. Hamsters inhaled an aerosol of monodisperse polystyrene particles of 6 μm diameter. Their lungs were fixed by intravascular perfusion, and light and electron microscopy was used to study the epithelial coating. The surfactant film at the wall-air interface was investigated by measuring its surface tension. The number of particles retained was determined stereologically. In addition we investigated the displacement of spherical particles in vitro on a DPPC monolayer in a Langmuir-Wilhelmy surface balance and determined the surface tension in vivo in the horse trachea by video bronchoscopy, applying the droplet spreading method. We found that particles deposited onto a surfactant film were pulled into the aqueous subphase, and we concluded that surface forces due to the airway surfactant likely displace deposited particles into the periciliary fluid (sol phase). Comparing lungs fixed immediately after inhalation with lungs fixed 24 hr after inhalation revealed that 86% of the particles retained in the intrapulmonary conducting airways immediately after inhalation had been cleared within 24 hr. One-third of the particles of the lungs fixed immediately after inhalation was phagocytized. The combination of structural and stereological analyses with in vitro and in vivo measurements has led to new insights into the role of airway surfactant with respect to the fate of inhaled particles, which may have important consequences regarding the effects of hazardous particles, which may have important consequences regarding the effects of hazardous particles. These studies may also help to evaluate the deposition pattern and clearance of therapeutic particles, with important implications for their therapeutic use. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Role of alveolar macrophage chemotaxis and phagocytosis in pulmonary clearance responses to inhaled particles: Comparisons among rodent species (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 412-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Complement activation ; Lung clearance ; Carbonyl iron particles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Alveolar macrophages (AM) play an important role in clearing inhaled particles from the lung. The mechanisms through which macrophages identify particles that have been deposited in the alveolar regions is not well understood, although macrophage motility and phagocytic functions appear to be prerequisites for efficient clearance of inhaled materials. In previous studies, we assessed the mechanisms of macrophage-mediated clearance of inhaled particles using a rat model. In this regard, it appears that one mechanism by which rat alveolar macrophages are recruited to sites of particle or fiber deposition is through complement activation and consequent generation of chemotactic factors by the inhaled particulates. Whether this mechanism is operative in other rodent species remains an unanswered question. The current studies were undertaken to compare pulmonary clearance responses in several rodent species exposed to carbonyl iron (CI) particles. In vitro and in vivo pulmonary clearance responses were evaluated using one strain each of mouse, hamster, rat, and guinea pig. In vitro studies showed that hamster AM had the greatest phagocytic activity and that rat AM migrated best to complement-dependent chemotactic factors. Subsequently, groups of animals from each species were exposed to CI particles for 1 or 6 hr at aerosol concentrations of 100 mg/m3. Particle deposition patterns in the distal lung were nearly identical for all species, although enhanced numbers of CI particles were deposited on alveolar duct bifurcations of either rats or mice compared to hamsters, and particle deposition in guinea pigs was substantially lower. Time course studies showed that enhanced numbers of rat AM migrated to deposition sites and phagocytized particles, and this correlated with increased numbers and percentages of phagocytic macrophages recovered by lavage (P 〈0.01). In vivo phagocytic rates were the lowest in the mouse, and this correlated with reduced phagocytic rates in vitro. It is concluded form these studies that the rat may be the most efficient rodent species in clearing inhaled iron particles. In addition, it is conceivable that hamster AM are recruited to sites of particle deposition by a noncomplement-mediated mechanism. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    A step section method for full histopathological assessment of carcinogen-affected target tissue during respiratory carcinogenesis (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 466-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Hamster lung cancer ; Experimental bronchial carcinogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Studies of carcinogenesis that are not limited to overt neoplasms but also involve evaluations of preneoplastic stages require histopathological assessment of the entire carcinogen-affected tissue so that the true nature and sequence of the progressive process can be determined. The customary serial sectioning approach achieves this goal, but at an inordinate logistic cost. In studies of hamster bronchial carcinogenesis, a step section method was compared to a quasi-random approach and to the customary serial section method. The step section method achieved the same diagnostic completeness as serial sectioning, but at a two orders of magnitude reduction in costs. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Acute lung injury during bacterial or fungal sepsis (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 444-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; Candida albicans ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Bacteremia ; Candidemia ; Cytokines ; TNF ; Adult respiratory distress syndrome ; Pulmonary edema ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We compared physiological and ultrastructural indices of acute lung injury (ALI) during septic shock caused by taxonomically diverse pathogens to distinguish ALI due to endogenous inflammatory mediators vs. microbial exotoxins or other factors. Conscious rats were infected i.v. with gram-negativeEscherichia coli(EC, serotype 055:B5), exotoxin-C producing gram-positiveStaphylococcus aureus (SA), or yeast-phaseCandida albicans(CA, a clinical isolate). Viable inocula of 1010 EC, 1010 SA, or 109 CA caused lethal shock in 〈24 h, but distinct types of ALI were noted after bacteria vs. fungi. Within 0.5 h of EC infection, leukocytes marginated in the lung vasculature; by death at 6-14 h, animals were hyperoxemic but not acidemic, and showed slight interstitial edema with increased wet/dry weight ratios (W/D = 5.22 ± 0.10, mean ± SE, vs. 4.86 ± 0.07 in controls, P 〈0.05). Similarly mild ALI occurred after 1010 SA. In contrast, within 0.5 h of CA infection, yeast were visible within lung intravascular leukocytes. By death at 6-12 h, CA animals showed hyperoxic acidemia and moderate ALI with capillary obstruction, interstitial hemorrhage, and elevated lung W/D (5.52 ± 0.13, P 〈0.05 vs. controls) associated with yeast-mycelial transformation. Prior neutropenia accelerated mortality and worsened ALI after CA, with hypoxemic acidemia, increased lung W/D (7.23 ± 0.34, P 〈0.05 vs. other groups), capillary occlusion, perivascular and alveolar hemorrhage, and septal disruption by mycelia. Bacteremia induced large increases in serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and interleukin-1α within 1.5 h, but these cytokines remained low in CA animals, even at death. Neither survival nor ALI after EC or CA was altered by pentoxifylline, which attentuated TNF production, or by cyclooxygenase inhibition with ibuprofen. Thus, overall ALI severity correlated with physiological indices of pulmonary function, but ultrastructural changes correlated better with pathogen type than circulating cytokine or eicosanoid mediators. Whereas lethal bacteremia induced early cytokinemia and mild ALI with or without bacterial exotoxins, moderate ALI apparently was mediated by fungal exotoxins during lethal candidemia, which worsened during neutropenia due to enhanced mycelial proliferation.© 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Comparison of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), Peldri II, and critical-point drying methods for scanning electron microscopy of biological specimens (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 489-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Tissue preparation ; Animal ; Plant ; Leaf ; Cuticle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Three different drying methods, critical-point drying (CPD), Peldri II, and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), were compared using representative animal( rat kidney, trachea, duodenum, lung, and red blood cells) and plant( leaves from ten species of monocotyledons and dicotyledons) specimens. All three drying methods produced identical results with animal specimens. Plant specimens showed signs of shrinkage regardless of which drying method was employed. The order of preservation quality from best to worst for leaves was CPD 〉 Peldri II 〉 HMDS, with the CPD method providing substantially better results in all but one case. Postfixation of leaves with osmium tetroxide resulted in poorer preservation in all instances. Peldri II caused complete extraction of leaf cuticular wax, while both both CPD and HMDS showed minimal extraction compared with samples air dried directly from acetone. These results indicate that HMDS provides a time-saving and inexpensive alternative to CPD for animal specimens. Plant specimens, particularly those containing cells with large central vacuoles, are adequately preserved only with the CPD method. In addition, postfixation with osmium should be avoided when processing plant specimens for scanning electron microscopy. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Transcellular and paracellular pathways in lingual epithelia and their influence in taste transduction (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 196-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Tight junctions ; Amiloride ; Na-K-ATPase ; Trigeminal ; Chorda tympani ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The lingual epithelium is innervated by special sensory (taste) and general sensory (trigeminal) nerves that transmit information about chemical stimuli introduced into the mouth to the higher brain centers. Understanding the cellular mechanisms involved in eliciting responses from these nerves requires a detailed understanding of the contributions of both the paracellular and transcellular pathways. In this paper we focus on the contribution of these 2 pathways to the responses of salts containing sodium and various organic anions in the presence and absence of amiloride. Electrophysiological recordings from trigeminal nerves, chorda tympani nerves, and isolated lingual epithelia were combined with morphological studies investigating the location (and permeability) of tight junctions, the localization of amiloride-inhibitable channels, and Na-K-ATPase in taste and epithelial cells. Based on these measurements, we conclude that diffusion across tight junctions can modulate chorda tympani and trigeminal responses to sodiumcontaining salts and rationalize the enhancement of taste responses to saccharides by NaCl. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Morphometric and immunocytochemical assessment of fungiform taste buds after interruption of the chorda-lingual nerve (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Atrophy ; Keratin ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Regeneration ; Reinnervation ; Tongue ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Unilateral interruption of the chorda-lingual nerve led to a loss of most epithelial axons and to the deterioration of fungiform taste buds in the anterior portion of the tongue of albino rats, mongolian gerbils, and golden hamsters. By three weeks after surgery the following percentages of fungiform taste buds had completely disappeared: 71% in gerbils, 28% in rats, and 26% in hamsters. Residual taste buds were classified into two groups: atrophic taste buds and taste bud remnants. Atrophic taste buds were smaller than normal and typically had no visible taste pore, although they retained the characteristic oval shape of a taste bud and numerous elongated cells. Taste bud remnants were non-oval fragments of taste buds with few elongated cells. Specific markers for elongated taste cells (monoclonal antibodies to keratin 19) confirmed that atrophic taste buds, as well as some taste bud remnants, had elongated taste cells. By 180 days after chorda-lingual nerve transection, 44% of rat fungiform taste buds had disappeared; morphometric analysis of the 311 residual taste buds established that 241 atrophic taste buds and 69 taste bud remnants were, respectively, 50% and 75% smaller than the average volume of 480 normal taste buds. The aggregate loss of gustatory tissue, calculated from the shrinkage of residual taste buds and the volume lost by the outright disappearance of many taste buds, was 88% for gerbils, 72% for rats, and 65% for hamsters. Evaluation in gerbils of the co-occurrence of taste buds and axons suggests residual taste buds were neurotrophically supported. Every gerbil fungiform papilla that lacked axons lacked a taste bud. Every fungiform papillae that had a residual taste bud had axons; axons were absent from 22% of empty fungiform papillae. Diminished numbers of gustatory neurotrophic axons could account for both the loss of fungiform taste buds and the reduced volume of residual taste buds. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Specimen preparation for transmission electron microscopy of materials - III, by Ron Anderson, Bryan Tracy, and John Bravman. Materials Research Society, Volume 254, 1992, $62.00, MRS Member Price $52.00 (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 525-525 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070260609
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    The application of the OsO4 maceration method to the study of human bioptic material. A procedure avoiding freeze-fracture (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 526-527 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of glutamate-containing nerve fibers in the taste bud of mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Gustation ; Neurotransmitters ; Ultrastructure ; Amphibia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The presence of glutamate immunoreactivity (glu-IR) in the nerve fibers of the mudpuppy taste bud was investigated by electron microscopy. Pre-embedding staining with avidinbiotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) and post-embedding staining with 5 mm colloid gold conjugates were used separately to identify immuno-stained structures. We have found the following: 1) the majority of the nerve fibers innervating the mudpuppy taste bud are unmyelinated; 2) about 85% of nerve fibers located at the base of the taste bud and about 60% of the nerve fibers located between the taste cells show glu-IR by pre-embedding staining; 3) there is a preferential staining of the glu-IR in the nerve fibers of the mudpuppy taste bud; and 4) the distribution of the colloidal gold particles in the nerve fibers is 1.5 to 2 times denser than that of the staining in the connective tissue background or cellular profiles of taste cells. From the distribution and pattern of the nerve fibers obtained in the thick and thin sections, we conclude that the mudpuppy taste bud is innervated by glutamate-containing unmyelinated nerve fibers. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Organization of the nucleus of the solitary tract in the hamster: Acetylcholinesterase, NADH dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 231-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Chorda tympani ; Glossopharyngeal nerve ; Spinal trigeminal nucleus ; Taste ; Salivatory nuclei ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), NADH dehydrogenase (NADHd), and cytochrome oxidase (CO) was determined in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) in the golden hamster. Histochemical staining was compared to cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the NST (Whitehead: J. Comp Neurol. 276:547-572, 1988) and to terminal fields of primary afferents of the nerves that innervate the tongue. These three histochemical methods resulted in differential staining patterns within the NST that were related to certain subdivisions. Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to determine the central projections of the chorda tympani (CT), the lingual branch of the trigeminal (L-V), and the lingual-tonsilar branch of the glossopharyngeal nerves (L-IX). Alternate or the same brain sections were processed to reveal transported HRP, and NADHd or AChE levels. Increased staining of the neuropil with NADHd and AChE was coincident with the dense part of the afferent terminal fields of all three nerves in the NST and the laterally adjacent dorsomedial part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. CO showed this pattern only for the most rostral part of the CT field. The densest AChE staining coincided with gustatory afferent terminal fields. The histochemical staining facilitated the interpretation of the organization of the NST. For example, at caudal levels of the gustatory NST, it is suggested that taste processing is localized predominately in the medial part of the rostral central, and somatosensory processing in the rostral lateral subdivision. AChE or NADHd staining should facilitate studies of connections, topography, and neuroplastic changes of the gustatory NST. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Advantages of digitonin extraction to reveal the intracellular structure of rat glomerular podocytes for high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 260-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Microtubules ; Intermediate filaments ; Membranous organelles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Kidneys of anesthetized rats were perfused with digitonin to extract cytosolic proteins of glomerular podocytes so that the remaining intracellular structures could be examined by three-dimensional stereo high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). Cytoskeleton, consisting of microtubules and intermediate filaments, was preserved with each applied concentration of digitonin. High concentrations of digitonin (1.0 mg/ml) produced a corrugated appearance in plasma membranes likely due to the formation of digitonin-cholesterol complexes. At 1.0 mg/ml digitonin, the Golgi complex became vesicularized, and mitochondria were well extracted and their ultrastructure preserved. Lower concentrations of digitonin (0.1 and 0.2 mg/ml) were less disruptive to both the plasma membrane and the Golgi complex. Mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, nuclear membrane, and chromatin were well preserved. Extraction with digitonin, at the optimal concentration and perfusion time, simultaneously maintains both the cytoskeleton and membranous organelles inside the cell and provides a method to elucidate the interactions between these two components. Furthermore, digitonin extraction should preserve antigenic sites, thereby allowing the localization of intracellular proteins by backscattered electron imaging of immunogold labels in the scanning electron microscope. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070260401
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    Cellular organization and growth-related plasticity of the crayfish olfactory midbrain (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 231-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Glomerulus ; Olfactory lobe ; Accessory lobe ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Little knowledge is available concerning the detailed anatomy of the crusctacean central olfactory pathway. We are using radiolabeling, Golgi and biocytin/neurobiotin tracer methodologies, at the correlated light and electron microscopical levels, to study the olfactory midbrain of the freshwater crayfish. We have found that primary afferent fibers from the antennular olfactory receptor cells branch extensively throughout the length of the glomerular columns within the olfactory lobes in the midbrain. Globuli cells of the lateral cell clusters ramify as dendritic arborizations within both the olfactory and accessory lobes; their axons project out the olfactory-globular tracts to the lateral protocerebrum, often branching to both sides. Developmental plasticity involving the connections made by afferent fibers within the olfactory lobes may permit detailed examination of organizational changes within the midbrain as the animal grows and adds new afferent input from the periphery. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Use of freeze-substitution and molecular distillation drying in the preparation of Dunaliella parva for ion localization studies by X-ray microanalysis (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 395-399 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Ion compartmentation ; Salinity ; Cryomicroscopy ; Fixation methods ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The determination of ion concentrations within cells and sub-cellular compartments remains a difficult procedure, as the volumes to be analyzed are rather small. X-ray microanalysis is sufficiently sensitive, and has adequate resolution, to measure these concentrations. The major difficulties are related to the preparation of material for analysis. We have compared the measurement of sodium, potassium, and chloride contents in a salt tolerant unicellular alga, Dunaliella parva, following either freeze-substitution (using two different resins) or molecular distillation drying. All three procedures gave similar results: after freeze substitution, ion contents were marginally (but not significantly) higher following embedding in Nanoplast MUV 116 resin than in Spurr resin. Since the Nanoplast can be polymerised at low temperatures, it has advantages over the Spurr resin. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Fine structure of transverse tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum at the myotendinous junction of stretched muscle fibers of the rat (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: T system ; SR ; Myotendon ; Lanthanum nitrate ; Intermediate voltage EM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The transverse (T) tubules and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) at the myotendinous junction of stretched rat skeletal muscle were examined by conventional and intermediate voltage electron microscopy. Stretching induced a large cytoplasmic space devoid of myofibrils at the ends of lengthening fibers. In this space, irregularly running tubular elements were seen. They were connected both with subsarcolemmal caveolae and with T tubules traversing to the A-I junctional level of the preexisting myofibrils. The SR was arranged at regular interverals which were narrower than those of the adult sarcomere. This orderly spacing of the SR seems to indicate that they may play some role(s) in myofibril assembly and/or T tubule arrangement. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cross-sectional AEM preparation technique for ceramic-coated WC-Co cutting tools (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 505-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cross-sectional specimen ; Interface ; AEM ; Coatings ; Cutting tools ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The preparation of cross-sectional specimens for AEM studies of materials such as ceramic coated tungsten carbide presents some unique problems. Pieces joined by the use of epoxies often separate at the interface between the WC and ceramic coating during the initial mechanical grinding and subsequent thinning process as a result of the vibration and physical strain placed on the sample. These problems have been overcome through the use of a preparation process which essentially encapsulates the sample within the confines of an epoxy filled quartz tube. This preparation process has allowed for facile AEM cross-sectional analysis of TiN/TiCN coatings on WC-Co substrates, and has revealed two distinct grain morphologies within the TiCN coating. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Rapid fixation and embedding method for immunocytochemical studies of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) in plant and insect tissues (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 514-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Microwave energy ; Immunolabelling ; Antigenicity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A new rapid fixation and embedding technique using microwave energy was evaluated for immunolabelling and examination of ultrastructure of plant and insect cells. Tissues in gluteraldehyde-paraformaldehyde were fixed for fifteen seconds in a microwave at 100% power, and dehydrated. Microwave energy was then used to polymerize the London Resin White (LR White) acrylic resin during the embedding process. Embedded specimens were then thin sectioned (90 nm) and treated with anti-tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) antiserum followed by protein A-gold label, or antisera against a TSWV encoded nonstructural protein followed by goat anti-rabbit gold label. Using this technique, structural and nonstructural proteins of TSWV were readily detected and specifically labelled in cells of the insect vector, the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and in infected cells of the plant species, Emilia sonchifolia L. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Electron microscopy of interfaces in metals and alloys, by C.T. Forwood and L.M. Clarebrough. Adam Hilger, Bristol, UK, 1991, 424 pp, $150.00 (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 537-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240611
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    Rapid freezing replica studies of membrane specializations in the proximal tubules of mouse kidney (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 521-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Membrane particle ; Freeze-fracture ; Deep-etch replica ; Apical tubule ; Kidney ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The membrane specializations of the fresh unfixed kidney cortex of adult and neonatal ICR mice were examined by using rapid freezing replica methods. In proximal tubular cells, numerous apical intracellular tubules exhibited helical patterns on the E face with a pitch of about 12 nm. This regular pattern was often continuous with similar striped indentations on the edge of the vacuoles connecting with the tubules. On the luminal surface (ES) of these vacuoles, membrane surface particles were arranged regularly in striped patterns with a center-to-center spacing of about 12 nm. We could not identify differentiations on the PF or PS of the same membrane systems. Another membrane specialization was a plaque or patch of clear pits in tilted lattice alignments on the P face of the large vacuoles with a center-to-center spacing of about 20 nm. This type of specialization was often observed in the neonatal mice proximal tubular cells. These membrane specializations may indicate the active membrane functions in the proximal tubules and suggest the functional continuity and structural relationship of these apical endocytic membrane systems. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Electron microscopy I, edited by K.H. Kuo and Z.H. Zhai, World Scientific, Singapore, 1992, 660 pp, $78.00 (USA) (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 538-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240612
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    Quantitative analysis and cartography in scanning electron microscopy: Application to the study of bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelium (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 527-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Image analysis ; Respiratory cells ; SEM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This paper describes the coupling between a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an image analysis workstation. The system was designed in order to drive the SEM and to analyse any sample. It allows automatic (edge detection) or semiautomatic (pointing, marking, drawing) object detection. Two types of data can be obtained: (1) topographical information, such as the location of the object within a region of interest drawn at any magnification of the microscope, or (2) quantitative data, such as morphometric characteristics of objects. In addition, high resolution maps of the section, regions of interest, and objects can be obtained with a laser printer. This software was first applied to quantitate the adhesion of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human respiratory epithelial cells in culture. P. aeruginosa was shown associated with ciliated cells. The second application concerned the study of the distribution of specific carbohydrate residues at the surface of the respiratory cells. The gal residues were revealed using the lectin Ricinas communis agglutinin II, adsorbed to colloidal gold particles. A relationship between the presence of adherent bacteria and labelling was shown. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993) 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250101
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    Introduction (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250102
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993) 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240101
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    Introduction (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    The use of in situ hybridization to study erythropoietin gene expression in murine kidney and liver (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Messenger RNA ; Transgenic mice ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In situ hybridization has been used to localize erythropoietin (EPO)-producing cells in murine kidney and liver. Peritubular interstitial cells were the only cell type that produced EPO in the kidney. The EPO-producing cells were primarily concentrated in the inner cortex but were also seen in the outer medulla and outer cortex. EPO-producing cells represented less than 10% of the total interstitial cell population. The number of EPO-producing cells per square centimeter of cortex directly correlated with the amount of renal EPO mRNA and varied in an inverse exponential manner with hematocrit. These results suggest that EPO is expressed in an all-or-none fashion in peritubular interstitial cells and that the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is the major regulator of renal EPO production. Peritubular interstitial cells were also identified as the renal source of human EPO in transgenic mice that expressed human EPO mRNA in a regulated fashion in the kidney. Transgenic mice exhibiting inducible supranormal liver expression of human EPO were used to identify EPO-producing cells in the liver. Hepatocytes surrounding central veins produced human EPO in these mice. Individual hepatocytes were able to modulate their production of human EPO depending upon the severity of anemia to which they were subjected. Two types of widely scattered cells produced EPO in severely anemic nontransgenic mice. Eighty percent of EPO-producing cells were hepatocytes and 20% were classified as being nonepithelial based on their nuclear morphology and location in venous sinusoids. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Assessment of gene expression and peptide secretion from individual cells (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 40-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Reverse hemolytic plaque ; In situ hybridization ; mRNA ; Pituitary lactotroph ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have developed an assay that allows one to monitor gene expression in and peptide secretion from individual cells. By combining the reverse hemolytic plaque with in situ hybridization, investigators can quantitate simultaneously the level of gene expression and the level of secretion of a peptide. The method can be used in any system in which an appropriate antibody for the reverse hemolytic plaque assay and probes complementary to the mRNA of interest are available. It can be used to monitor the level of mRNA and secretion of the peptide product, or expression of one gene and the secretion of another peptide. In this paper we will describe the major steps of the method. We have used the pituitary lactotroph as a model to demonstrate the power of this technique. However, we believe that this method may be an important approach to answer many questions regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the coupling of peptide secretion and gene expression at the single cell level. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    An assessment of the efficacy of in situ hybridization as a quantitative method by variance components estimation (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Morphometry ; Quantitative autoradiography ; mRNA ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Oxytocin ; Nested factorial design ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: One serviceable feature of in situ hybridization is its potential for assessing relative levels of mRNA in specific regions of tissues and organs. To determine its efficacy as a quantitative technique, we applied a nested factorial design to a multifactorial experiment. Estimates of the magnitude of variance components then allowed an assessment of variation over samples of sections from the same tissue source, variation in label over 2 anatomical sites within the same section of tissue, as well as experiment-to-experiment variation. We found ∼ 51% of the total variance arose from experiment-to-experiment variation, while ∼ 21% of the total variance was due to variation in autoradiography grain density over neurons in the same brain region. Rat-to-rat variation accounted for approximately 11%. About 10% of the variance was due to variation between sections of tissue that were derived from the same tissue source and were hybridized in the same hybridization experiment. Variation between 2 homologous, bilaterally located brain regions located on the same tissue section (the right and left supraoptic nucleus), accounted for ∼ 5% of the total variance. The remaining unaccounted error variance was ∼ 2% of the total variance. Since an expected change in cellular content of a particular mRNA was observed as a function of experimental treatment, results suggest in situ hybridization is a useful quantitative method. Findings also indicate, however, the importance of experimental design: the use of multiple samples of tissue from the same tissue source, a sufficient number of tissue sources (animals, batches of cultured cells) to account for variations in sample sources, and the need to assess experiment-to-experiment and rat-to-rat variations. Results suggest the utility of analyzing the data of in situ hybridization experiments from the perspective of experimental design. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Characterization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in organotypic slice explant cultures (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 46-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Gastrin releasing peptide ; GABA ; In vitro ; In situ hybridization histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Circadian pacemaker ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) from hypothalami of postnatal rats were maintained for 18-39 days in vitro as organotypic slice explants. Neuronal subtypes containing vasopressin (VP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastrin releasing hormone (GRP), and GABA were immunocytochemically identifiable in these cultures. In situ hybridization histochemistry was compatible with these SCN slice explant cultures, and mRNA encoding for VP was detected bilaterally within these nuclei. After 18 days in vitro, both VP mRNA and VP immunoreactivity increased from levels present on postnatal days 4 (the earliest age from which the explanted tissue was derived) to levels typical of adult SCNs. In contrast, the GRP expression remained low, characteristic of early postnatal animals and far lower than adult levels. This suggests that the developmental cues or programs necessary for enhanced VP expression are maintained in these cultures, while those affecting GRP expression are absent or inhibited. VIP-containing neurons were numerous in the cultures. Culture slices appeared healthy, and similar numbers and distributions of identifiable neurons within the SCN were observed, whether or not the slices were grown in the presence of serum. EM analysis revealed that the SCN in vitro is composed of tightly packed neurons, processes, and abundant synapses containing both clear and dense core vesicles, closely resembling the SCN in vivo. Vasopressinergic neuronal somata contained extensive Golgi systems and labeled secretory granules, the latter organelle being present also within processes and synaptic terminals. GABA-immunopositive processes and synaptic profiles were abundant, with labeling occurring particularly over secretory vesicles and mitochondria. This slice culture system effectively maintained much of the intrinsic organization and cellular components of the SCN for long periods in vitro and should be an excellent model system for studying the intrinsic molecular mechanisms and extrinsic cues which regulate neuronal phenotype in this circadian pacemaker. Published 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    In situ hybridization in HIV research (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 78-84 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Lentivirus ; HIV ; AIDS ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In situ hybridization (ISH) for HIV is an arduous, demanding means of detecting viral genetic material in cells and tissues. Good ISH requires broad technical skills and devotion to controls for every step of the process as well as a critical eye when interpreting results. ISH may be used to detect HIV in three ways: by hybridizing to viral RNA, by hybridizing to proviral mRNA being produced for virion packaging, and by hybridizing to proviral DNA in the cytoplasm or integrated in the nucleus of an infected cell. Here we discuss the technical considerations involved and the problems encountered in using ISH to study the pathobiology of HIV infection. Published 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Differences of size and shape of active and inactive X-chromosome domains in human amniotic fluid cell nuclei (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 68-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Female cell nuclei ; Xa ; CISS ; Confocal microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: It is a widely held belief that the inactive X-chromosome (Xi) in female cell nuclei is strongly condensed as compared to the largely decondensed active X-chromosome (Xa). We have reconsidered this problem and painted X-chromosome domains in nuclei of subconfluent, female and male human amniotic fluid cell cultures (46, XX and 46, XY) by chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS) hybridization with biotinylated human X-chromosome specific library DNA. FITC-conjugated avidin was used for probe detection and nuclei were counterstained with propidium iodide (PI). The shape of these nuclei resembling flat ellipsoids or elliptical cylinders makes them suitable for both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analyses. 2D analyses of Xi- and Xa-domains were performed in 34 female cell nuclei by outlining of the painted domains using a camera lucida. Identification of the sex chromatin body in DAPI-stained nuclei prior to CISS-hybridization was confirmed by its colocalization with one of the two painted X-domains. In 31 of the 34 nuclei the area AXi for the inactive X-domain was smaller than the area AXa for the active domain (mean ratio AXa/AXi = 1.9 ± 0.8 SD, range 1.0-4.3). The signed rank test showed a highly significant (P 〈 .0001) difference both between AXa and AXi and between the ratios r(Xa) and r(Xi), calculated by dividing the maximum length L of each X-domain by its maximum width W. In most nuclei (26/34) we found r(Xa)〉r(Xi) demonstrating a generally more elongated structure of Xa. For 3D analysis a confocal scanning laser fluorescence microscope (CSLFM) was used. Ten to 20 light optical sections (PI-image, FITC-image) were registered with equal spacings (approx. 0.4 μm). A thresholding procedure was applied to determine the PI-labeled nuclear and FITC-labeled X-domain areas in each section. Estimated slice volumes were used to compute total nuclear and X-domain volumes. In a series of 35 female nuclei most domains extended from the top to the bottom nuclear sections. The larger of the two X-chromosome domains comprised (3.7 ± 1.7 S.D.)% of the nuclear volume. A mean ratio of 1.2 ± 0.2 SD (range 1.1-2.3) was found for the volumes of the larger and the smaller X-domains in these female nuclei. In a series of 27 male amniotic fluid cell nuclei the relative X-chromosome domain volume comprised (4.0 ± 2.6 S.D.)%. These findings indicate that differences in the 3D expansion of active and inactive X-chromosome domains are less pronounced than previously thought. A current model suggests that chromosome domains consist of a compact core surrounded by loosely coiled outer chromatin fiber loops. The latter fraction may be considerably larger in Xa- as compared to Xi-domains. We suggest that the interactive outlining procedure used in the 2D analyses included the loosely structured domain periphery more accurately, while the threshold algorithm applied to light optical sections delineated the more compact core of the domains, leading to smaller and more similar volume estimates of Xa and Xi. Present limitations of nuclear and chromosome domain volume measurements using confocal laser scanning microscopy are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993) 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250201
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    Ultrastructure of the normal menstrual cycle: A review (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 91-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Endometrial maturation ; Ovarian steroids ; Hormonal interrelationships ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    Hormonal influence on ionic channels in myometrium (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 134-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Patch clamp ; Immunofluorescence ; Uterus ; Sodium ; Potassium ; Calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Smooth muscle cells in culture isolated from myometrium were characterized by scanning microscope and immunohistochemistry. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, and the single channel bilayer technique, the properties of ionic channels expressed in both non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium have been described. The predominantly expressed potassium channel changes from a transient inactivating outward current seen before puberty, to a calcium sensitive delayed outward current present in the adult stage. A change in the calcium channel population occurs from the nonpregnant to the pregnant state. Finally, sodium channels are expressed with greater frequency towards the end of gestation suggesting that these channels may play a role in labor. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The study of partially ordered \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 1 \frac{1}{2} 0 $\end{document} alloys by HREM (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 169-170 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250208
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    Announcement (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 188-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250218
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    Principles of specificity and redundancy underlying the organization of the olfactory system (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 106-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240203
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    Glial cells in the nerve fiber layer of the main olfactory bulb of embryonic and adult mammals (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 113-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Astrocytes ; Schwann cells ; Ensheathing cells ; Nerve entry zone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This article provides a detailed description of the glial cell types in the nerve fiber layer of the main olfactory bulb during embryonic development, in adult mammals, and at the nerve entry zone of the first cranial nerve. In adult mammals, the glial cell types of the olfactory nerve fiber layer include intrafascicular ensheathing cells, which have the exclusive role of ensheathing the olfactory axons in both the PNS and CNS, and interfascicular astrocytes, which occupy the spaces between adjacent olfactory fascicles. The ensheathing cells are particularly interesting because they possess a mixture of Schwann cell and astrocytic phenotypic features, are more likely to be of placodal than of CNS origin, and have the exclusive role of forming the glia limitans at the PNS-CNS transitional zone. It is proposed that one important function of ensheathing cells is to modulate the growth of olfactory axons within the CNS; this modulation is probably mediated by selective cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix molecules, and chemotropic agents. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Molecular and cellular properties of mammalian primary olfactory axons (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cell-cell interaction ; Neural recognition ; Glomerulus ; Olfactory receptor axons ; Axon guidance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: How are the axonal projections of olfactory and vomeronasal receptor neurons to the olfactory bulb formed during development? How are the primary olfactory axonal connections functionally organized? With progress in molecular biological techniques and histochemical methods, it became possible to study cellular strategies and molecular mechanisms which guide the primary olfactory axons of the main and accessory olfactory systems to the target glomeruli in the bulb. In addition, new methodologies have begun to elucidate various subsets of the primary olfactory axons with distinctive central connections. The aim of the present paper is to review (1) the characteristic organization of the projection of the primary olfactory axons, (2) projection patterns of histochemically defined subsets of primary olfactory axons, and (3) information on molecules expressed by the surface membrane of the primary olfactory axons. This knowledge gives insight into the functional organization of the primary olfactory axon projection, which is indispensable for understanding signal processing in the olfactory system. This knowledge also underscores the notion that the primary olfactory axon projection provides an excellent model system in which to study axonal guidance and the formation of specific synaptic connections. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Are there structural and functional modules in the vertebrate olfactory bulb? (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 157-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Information processing ; Odors ; 2-Deoxyglucose ; Voltage-sensitive dyes ; Mouse ; Salamander ; Odor response modules ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A number of different recording methods have shown that odorants elicit patterns of neuronal activity widely distributed across cells of the olfactory receptor epithelium, olfactory bulb, and piriform cortex in the vertebrate olfactory system. These findings suggest that the physicochemical properties of odorant molecules are processed by distributed coding mechanisms activated in parallel in olfactory circuits in order to characterize a single, “monomolecular” odorant. These findings also suggest that the response patterns seen at higher levels are set up by differential responses in peripheral receptor cells of the olfactory epithelium. One requirement for understanding the details of this proposed encoding scheme is correlation of odor-generated patterns with the components of these circuits. In this paper, results from 2-deoxyglucose and voltage-sensitive dye studies suggest that certain components of these responses may relate to patterns established in reproducibly identifiable aggregates of bulbar cells. These findings are consistent with previous observations suggesting that columnar groups of periglomerular, mitral/tufted and granule cells, oriented perpendicular to the laminae of the bulb, are functionally related to one another. Such cell groups or modules, when activated in parallel, could serve as building block components of the complete ensemble response. According to this hypothesis, different sets of such modules would be activated with different odorant stimuli and modules could be shared to the degree to which the physicochemical properties of the different stimuli overlap. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The effect of aluminium coating on elemental signals in X-ray microanalysis (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 168-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Charge dissipation ; Absorption ; Attenuation ; Electron beam ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: It has been determined that, in the normal range of aluminium coating thicknesses used to remove charge from non-conducting specimens in the electron microscope, no detectable influence on the elemental signals obtained in X-ray microanalysis is observed. This is in contrast to a previous report (Hopkins et al., J. Electron Microsc. Tech., 18:176-182, 1991) of a reduction in elemental signal with increasing aluminium coating thickness. An explanation of errors in the previous interpretation is provided. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Functional organization of the main olfactory bulb (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 142-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Sensory processing ; Olfactory coding ; Olfaction ; Odor stimulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Complete understanding of the role of the mammalian main olfactory bulb in sensory processing has remained elusive despite many detailed studies on its anatomy and physiology. Several lines of recent evidence viewed in the context of earlier knowledge have provided new insights into the bulbar mechanisms of olfactory coding. The output cells of the olfactory bulb receive a localized olfactory nerve input and interneuronal input via dendrodendritic synapses on distinct sets of dendrites. The spatial arrangement of granule cell contacts on output cell basal dendrites suggests that lateral inhibitory interactions may occur between neighboring output cells. The input from olfactory receptor cell axons to the bulb also has spatial order, but does not represent a precise map of the receptor surface. Recent studies with antibodies and lectins suggest that different groups of axons from chemically similar receptor cells collect into certain glomeruli, even if the axons originate from cells that are not contiguous in the mucosa. Electrophysiological studies have begun to explore the participation of spatially organized circuits in olfactory processing. The degree to which neighboring output cells respond similarly to odor stimulation, for example, depends on the distance between the cells, with those further apart showing complementary responses. Also, a single output cell can show 2 or more different temporal response patterns when different odors are presented. Intracellular recordings indicate that these responses are shaped by IPSPs. Electrical stimulation during such recordings shows that some mitral cells are excited by nerve inputs close to their glomerular tufts, while they are inhibited by nerve inputs to other parts of the bulb. Finally, recordings from granule and periglomerular cells indicate their potential in mediating components of output cell odor responses. These considerations suggest that the olfactory bulb performs a spatially based analysis on the information coming from the receptor cells. While the spatial organization of the olfactory bulb is probably not faithfully represented in the projections to the olfactory cortex, bulbocortical projections are not random. The fact that spatial factors exist at each of these levels in the olfactory system must be considered in developing models of central olfactory processing. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Disorder in Al-Mn-Fe icosahedral alloys introduced by iron (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 183-184 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250215
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250301
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    Elementary dislocation theory, by Johannes Weertman and Julia R. Weertman, 1992. Oxford University Press, $16.95 (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 187-187 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250217
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    Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry: Principles and practice, edited by J.M. Polak and J.V. Priestley, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 1992, 288 pp, $60.00 (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 193-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240212
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    Simulation of dislocations imaged moiré fringe contrast (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Epitaxy ; Dislocations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Transemission electron microscope (TEM) images of dislocations as produced via moiré fringe contrast are simulated using many-beam diffraction theory. The effect of edge dislocations on both parallel and rotational moiré fringe patterns is considered. For the parallel moiré fringe pattern, images of dislocations both perpendicular to the film plane and those inclined to the film plane are produced. The effect of an inclined dislocation is shown to cause a distortion of the dislocation image. Finally, a comparison between predicted and experimentally observed images is made, with the results indicating that threating dislocations in the FeAl/GaAs system have line directions nearly perpendicular to the (001)FeAl/GaAs film plane. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    An introduction to process visualization capabilities and considerations in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 487-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Non-destructive techniques ; SEM, FE-SEM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Process visualization can be a very powerful tool for understanding dynamic processes. Process visualization requires a non-destructive technique that can be monitored in real time. In this paper various methods of non-destructive inspection will be described and compared. The applicability of these non-destructive inspection methods to process visualization will be compared and contrasted. Particular attention will be paid to a recent development in this area, the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) which is inherently a non-destructive inspection technique with the advantages of electron microscopy for superior magnification and depth of field capability. The ESEM offers a unique platform for process visualization studies. The majority of process visualization is currently done using optical microscopes with hot stages for observing morphological effects top down (optical microscopes) or from the side (contact angle). Major limitations of these optical methods include lack of magnification, poor depth of field, and clouding of optics.Process visualization is best carried out utilizing a non-destructive technique, such as the ESEM, since invasive sample preparation techniques such as conductive coatings alter the sample and make interpretation more difficult. Common process variables such as thermal profiling and the effect of ambient conditions have been examined using the ESEM. Other process variables that could be of interest in the future will be discussed. There are limitations in the ability of the ESEM to reproduce actual process conditions, such as pressure and mass flow rate trade-offs. The ESEM can also be combined directly and indirectly with other analytical techniques to determine the composition of the sample and/or byproducts of a reaction that is being monitored.This paper will serve as an overview and introduction for several papers which deal in depth with specific process visualization applications which utilize the ESEM. A series of illustrative examples of previous work will be referenced and briefly discussed. The examples will emphasize the importance of non-destructive testing techniques in material science and semiconductor applications. The application window of the ESEM for process visualization will be explored, including trade-offs in process conditions that can be examined. Observation of dynamic processes include examples such as corrosion studies of various materials such as stainless steel and thermal studies of industrially relevant processes such as ceramic processing, soldering, and sealing. Morphological and compositional process visualization applications will be presented. An example of morphological applications observed is solder reflow and intermetallic formation as a function of the materials used and the atmosphere during processing. Morphological coupled with compositional applications include monitoring outgassing products from solder paste and Ag/glass die attach material. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Clara cell differentiation in the mouse: Ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry for surfactant protein A and clara cell 10 kD protein (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 400-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Bronchiolar epithelium ; Lung development ; SP-A ; SP-B ; SP-C mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The morphologic and functional differentiation of the nonciliated columnar (Clara) cell, one of two secretory cell types in distalmost bronchioles in mammals, was studied in the mouse. Lungs from embryos (16-19 days of developmental age, dDA; birth on day 19), postnatal animals (5-20 days postnatally dPN), and adult animals were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, using standard staining procedures and immunogold (GAR-Au10) labeling for SP-A and Clara cell 10 KD antigen (CCA). At 16 dDa, all the columnar epithelial cells lining prospective distalmost bronchioles lacked distinctive features. By 17 dDa, some cells displayed a few cilia or apical dense granules. At 18 dDa, many nonciliated columnar cells had apical protrusions, as are seen in adult Clara cells. Apical concentrations of glycogen observed in nonciliated columnar cells perinatally were absent by 5 dPN, whereas apical dense granules became more abundant. Profiles of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which had been randomly distributed, exhibited a selective, adult distribution at 20 dPN (apical vs. basal cytoplasmic domains). Labeling for SP-A and CCA, which was almost absent between 17 and 19 dDa, reached adult levels at the same time. The two proteins differed in distribution. SP-A predominated in adluminal cytoplasmic areas, where it was found over dense granules, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies; it was also present in bronchiolar lumens and intercellular spaces but not in rough ER or Golgi apparatus. In contrast, CCA showed a more uniform distribution; it was present over the same structures as SP-A and in the synthetic organelles. Ciliated columnar cells were virtually devoid of SP-A and CCA. We conclude that mouse Clara cells acquire a mature phenotype by 20 dPN. They are likely to be involved in recycling and/or degradation of SP-A that is internalized from airway lumens through their apical or lateral cell borders; furthermore, they synthesize the Clara cell 10 kD protein. These two Clara cell functions (first detectable late prenatally) reach mature levels by 20 dPN. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Aerosolized fluorescent microspheres detected in the lung using confocal scanning laser microscopy (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 437-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Particle deposition ; Nebulization ; Albumin-coated microspheres ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Aerosolized fluorescent microspheres were used to study particle deposition in site-specific regions of the lung with confocal laser scanning microscopy. A nebulizer was used to aerosolize microspheres followed by passage through a heated discharging column to reduce static charge and to remove water surrounding each microsphere. Precoating of microspheres with albumin helped to minimize displacement during vascular fixation of the lungs. Confocal laser microscopy facilitated visualization of microspheres throughout the bronchial tree, ducts, and alveoli of the lungs. The use of fluorescent microspheres and confocal laser imaging provided distinct advantages compared with other methods to study lung particle deposition due to (1) the generation of single microspheres of uniform size by nebulization, (2) easy detection of microspheres in large slabs of microdissected lung tissues, (3) excellent resolution of tissue surfaces and microspheres for an infinite number of orientations and planes of section, and (4) the ability to visualize microspheres below fluid lining layers and on surfaces that could not easily be done by other methods of microscopy.© 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070260601
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    In vivo effects of endotoxin on DNA synthesis in rat nasal epithelium (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 457-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cell proliferation ; Nose ; Nasal transitional epithelium ; Neutrophils ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Airway inflammation in bacterial infections is characterized by the presence of neutrophils and often epithelial injury and repair. Release of endotoxin from bacteria may contribute to these processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo effects of repeated endotoxin exposure on DNA synthesis in rat nasal epithelium in the presence and absence of neutrophilic influx. Rats were intranally instilled, once a day for 3 days, with endotoxin or saline (controls). Before the first and third instillations, half of the saline and endotoxin-instilled animals were depleted of circulating blood neutrophils by administering a rabbit anti-rat neutrophil antiserum. Rats were sacrificed 6 or 24 h after the last instillation. Two hours prior to sacrifice, rats were intraperitoneally injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), an analog of thymidine that is incorporated in the nucleus of cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Nasal tissues were processed for light microscopy and immunohistochemical detection of BrdU in nasal epithelial cells. The numbers of nasal epithelial cells, BrdU-labeled epithelial nuclei, and neutrophils per millimeter of basal lamina in the epithelium lining the nasal turbinates in the proximal nasal passages were determined by morphometric analysis. We did not observe a neutrophilic influx in the nasal tissues of neutrophil-depleted rats at 6 or 24 h after the last endotoxin instillation; however, the numbers of nasal epithelial cells and the BrdU-labeling index were significantly increased compared to salineinstilled controls. In controls. In contrast, non-neutrophil-depleted rats instilled with endotoxin had a marked neutrophilic influx, but no significant differences in the number of nasal epithelial cells at 6 or 24 h, compared to controls. In addition, the BrdU-labeling index in neutrophil-sufficient rats was increased only 6 h after the last instillation, compared to controls. These results indicate that 1) endotoxin induces an increase in epithelial DNA synthesis that is neutrophil-independent, and 2) without a neutrophilic influx, there is sustained epithelial proliferation, resulting in a hyperplastic epithelium after repeated endotoxin exposure. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. *This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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    A method to detect areas high in sulfhydryl groups in mouse epithelium (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 513-516 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: CF1 ; Hair ; Skin ; Oral mucosa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have recently modified a non-fluorescent, non-radioactive histochemical method to detect sulfhydryl (S-H) groups in tissues. This method was originally intended to detect chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in transgenic mice. Temporal developmental differences in the keratinization of mouse digits can be seen in the staining pattern of the skin about the toes of neonatal mice. The basal cells of the epidermis exposed to the air show intense staining while the epidermis that is still attached to an adjacent toe shows no staining. The degree of S-H presence can be determined by the tissues' resistance to blocking of the S-H groups by iodoacetic acid. Areas that contain very high numbers of S-H groups still show staining following blocking by iodoacetic acid. We have found that this method shows clear differences in the S-H distribution of various epithelium, including skin, hair, nails, and tongue epithelium. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Introduction to crystallography (revised edition), by C. Hammond. Royal Microscopical Society, Microscopy Handbooks 19, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1992, 132 pp, $19.95 (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 523-523 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070260607
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    A novel cell culture technique for electron microscopy (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 517-522 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Beem capsule ; Monolayer cell growth ; In situ embedding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A simplified technique for the monolayer growth of cultured cells and their in situ embedment on the inner surface of the pyramidal portion of the Beem capsule for electron microscopy has been developed. The results demonstrated that the cell monolayers grew well on the surface of the Beem capsule and could be embedded in situ. Electron micrographs showed cells in their natural state of contact with one another. The plasma membrane and intracellular organelles were well preserved. This method minimizes many difficult steps and eliminates the disruption of cells by scraping, pelleting, or enzymatic reaction to remove them. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070260101
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    Bibliography of environmental scanning electron microscopy (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 529-534 
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    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: ESEM ; Survey of ESEM ; Review of ESEM ; Development of ESEM ; Uses of ESEM ; Applications of ESEM ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Two updated lists of publications on environmental scanning electron microscopy are compiled. One list contains mainly those papers dealing with the development and instrumentation, while the other deals mainly with the applications of the technique. A brief introductory summary of the field is presented. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Environmental scanning electron microscopy for dynamic corrosion studies of stainless steel piping used in UHP gas distribution systems (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 523-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: ESEM ; In situ ; Microelectronics ; Stainless steel tubing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: An ElectroScan ESEM was used for in situ corrosion studies on cold drawn electropolished 316L stainless steel tube surfaces in the as-received and passivated conditions. Corrosion product was removed as it formed and the tube surface was viewed before, during, and after corrosive attack. The corrosion process was followed in situ, and the sample features most susceptible to corrosion (draw lines, inclusions, etc.) were identified. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the changes in surface chemistry after corrosive attack. This information provided clear evidence of relevant corrosion mechanisms and relative corrosion susceptibility. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250525
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    Introduction to mammalian salivary glands (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 26 (1993), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070260102
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    Copper thick film sintering studies in an environmental scanning electron microscope (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 518-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: ESEM ; Sintering ; Copper ; Thick film ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The significance of the ElectroScan environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) as a processing tool for studying dynamic morphological changes under controlled temperature/atmosphere conditions was evaluated. The ability to observe dynamic processes in situ, which cannot be achieved by other means, is critical to understanding microstructural formation.Processing of printed copper thick films on ceramics was used as a test case, wherein morphological changes associated with the steps of organic binder removal and sintering of copper particles were observed/examined in real time. Good agreement was seen between microstructures obtained in the ESEM and those achieved in a belt furnace when similar process variables were used. When processed in atmospheres which were proven to induce sintering in a conventional belt furnace, sintering was evident in both cases, and the microstructural changes were documented on videotapes in real time. Determination of critical event temperatures was achieved - that is, binder burnout occurring between 270° and 350°C, onset of oxidation at 520°C, and sintering starting at 770°C.It was thus verified that the microstructural changes during the copper thick film sintering process can be observed in situ using an ESEM. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250524
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