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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (50)
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  • 1993  (50)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (50)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 105-105 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 149-150 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 156-156 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 207-209 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 233-236 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Polyaniline ; Device processing ; Photolithography ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Solvent-cast polyaniline films have been deposited by spin coating and photolithographic techniques used to pattern the films to a resolution of 15-20 μm. This approach is then used successfully to deposit the polymer on the gate areas of an array of silicon field effect transistors.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Polyalkylthiophenes ; Transmission spectroscopy ; Polymer films ; Thermochromism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyalkylthiophene thin films have been prepared to enable the characterisation of the films with transmission spectroscopy and profilometry for the first time. The optical properties of the films as a function of annealing temperature are discussed. The changes in absorption with time are related to thermochromism.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 245-268 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Electron diffraction ; Non-linear optics ; Organic thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The experiments described in this paper were undertaken in order to obtain information about the relationship between the structure and non-linear optical properties (second-harmonic generation) of organic thin films. For this purpose, two closely related dyes, diones and tetrones, were compared, both of which are shown to have large hyperpolarisabilities. Their microscopic properties are investigated by conformational analysis and electron diffraction. It could be shown that detailed knowledge about the structure and the adjacent neighbour packing can be obtained from conformational analysis and electron diffraction in order to understand the non-linear optical properties of the two dyes.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 301-312 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Remote PECVD ; Capacitive coupling ; Silane ; Nitrogen ; Silicon nitride ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we describe the growth of silicon nitride from nitrogen and silane for the first time by capacitively coupled remote PECVD. We report on the effect of process parameters on the composition and properties of the deposited films and we show that by adjustment of these parameters it is possible to produce high-quality material which could be of interest for electronic applications. Of particular note is that the growth rate is about one order of magnitude higher than any previously reported for nitride growth with remote PECVD using molecular nitrogen as the nitrogen source. We also discuss the mechanism of growth and propose that electron excitation of nitrogen and silane occurs in the gas phase, producing SiHx species which are adsorbed on the growing surface. The nitrogen is then incorporated into the layer by heterogeneous reaction.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Amphiphilic indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine derivatives ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; Simulation of electronic structure ; Optical properties ; Second-harmonic generation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of a new polar amphiphilic derivative of indandione-1,3 pyridinium betaine (IPB) with different lengths of the aliphatic tail, containing 11 (C11IPB) and 17 (C17IPB) carbon atoms respectively, is described. The electronic structure (charge distribution, energy spectra, dipole moments in ground and excited states) of the IPB molecule has been calculated in the framework of the MO CNDO methods. Studies of compression π-A isotherms of these compounds show that C17IPB forms two stable phases of monolayer on the water surface, one in the 10-30 mN m-1 and the other in the 35-50 nM m-1 surface pressure region. The corresponding areas A0 per molecule are 37 and 33 Å2 respectively. Techniques for the preparation of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) multilayers of C17IPB in the high-pressure region (π = 40 mN m-1) on glass, quartz or sapphire substrates are described. C17IPB forms LB multilayer films of Z-type configuration with oriented dipole moments. Ellipsometric data, luminescence spectra and results of preliminary studies of second-harmonic generation in these LB films are presented.
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  • 10
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 43-51 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Plasma processing ; Plasma deposition ; Plasma oxidation ; Dielectrics Semiconductor/insulator interfaces ; Metal-oxide-semiconductor devices ; Multilayer dielectrics In situ processing ; Oxides ; Nitrides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In the conventional high-temperature thermal oxidation and rapid thermal oxidation processes used to fabricate commercial SiO2/Si structures at ∼850-1050°C, the SiO2/Si interface and the bulk oxide are formed at the same time. We have developed a low-temperature process for the formation of SiO2/Si structures at 200-300°C that separately controls and optimizes the properties of the SiO2/Si interface and the bulk SiO2. This has been accomplished by separating interface formation by plasma-associated oxidation from bulk oxide plasma-assisted deposition. The oxidation step (i) removes residual C contamination from the Si surface, (ii) prevents N incorporation at the interface from the O atom source gas N2O and (iii) forms an oxide layer ∼0.6 nm thick and an SiO2/Si interface with a trap density, Dit ≈(1-4) × 1010 cm-2 eV-1. This type of process has also been extended to the deposition of multilayer oxide-nitride-oxide dielectrics.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 289-293 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Lead phthalocyanine ; Optical properties ; Gas sensor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The optical transmittance and absorption of thin films of monoclinic lead phthalocyanine have been studied as a function of exposure to chlorine and air. The effect of chlorine on the refractive index and dielectric constant of freshly prepared films was estimated from reflectivity data in the photon energy range 2.1-2.6 eV. Responsivity and recovery from gaseous exposure were studied with regard to the applicability of lead phthalocyanine to the fabrication of an optical chlorine sensor.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 3-17 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The pyrolytic LCVD of high-purity gold tracks from the organogold(I) complex MeAuPMe3 is reported. The tracks were deposited onto (100) n-type single-crystal silicon with a thermally grown oxide layer (3000 Å), single-crystal GaAs with an intact native oxide layer and polycrystalline diamond films upon (100) silicon using the output from an argon ion laser (Coherent Innova 100-10) at 514.5 nm. Deposits were grown at a range of scan speeds from 0 to 200 μm s-1 and characterised by SEM, SIMS, LIMA and scanning profilometry. Electrical resistivities as low as 7.04 μΩ cm, within a factor of three of that of bulk gold, were achieved at scan speeds below 156.3 μm s-1. These are consistent with deposit purities of better than 99% (LIMA) without the need for a post-deposition annealing step.The relationship between power density, beam residence time and deposition rate was measured. The morphology of the deposit from the onset of detectable nucleation through to the formation of continuous tracks was analysed by SEM micrographs of deposits grown at successively increasing power densities. The nucleation process was found to be substrate-dependent. Changes in deposit morphology with power density and scan speed were observed. These include periodicity in track width and at high power densities the development of ‘volcano’-shaped profiles.The formation of a phosphorus-based interfacial layer, exclusive to laser deposition upon GaAs, is evidence for a reaction between the PMe3 and GaAs.
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  • 14
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Particulate ; Contamination ; Laser-induced removal ; Particle removal ; Laser cleaning ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Pulsed-laser-induced removal of particles from surfaces is a new cleaning technique. This laser cleaning can be performed on dry surfaces as well as on wet surfaces with a micron-thick liquid film during pulsed laser irradiation to provide enhanced removal efficiency. Using the latter technique, to be called ‘steam laser cleaning’ here, we are able to remove epoxy, alumina, silicon or gold particles with diameters in the range 0.1-10 μm from silicon and other surfaces.
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  • 15
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The machining of several materials such as polymers, metals and ceramics using excimer lasers (193, 248 and 308 nm) was investigated. By photoablation, micrometer resolution can be achieved for polymers if the wavelength and fluence are chosen properly. High-definition processing of metals is complicated by the occurrence of surface melting. An interaction between the ablation plume and the walls of the laser-drilled holes leads to hole widening in the case of polymers at high fluences. For small structures (〈100 μm) all materials investigated show a size-dependent ablation rate. This effect has to be taken into account if a precise ablation depth is required for a pattern with structures of different sizes.
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  • 16
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Organic ; LEDS ; Electroluminescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electroluminescent behaviour of films of poly(phenylphenylenevinylene) (PPPV), of PPPV blended with polystyrene (PS) and of PS doped with oligo(phenylenevinylene) sandwiched between indium-tin oxide (ITO) and Al contacts has been investigated. Polymer blending increases the relative quantum efficiency by up to two orders of magnitude. Studying the cell performance under application of rectangular voltage pulses as a function of temperature indicates that (i) hole injection at the ITO contact occurs by tunnelling, (ii) tunnel injection of electrons at the cathode is promoted by a space charge field across an interfacial Al2O3 layers and (iii) leakage of holes through the cathodic barrier is the main loss mechanism for holes.
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  • 17
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 211-220 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Optical signals ; Electrical signals ; Bacteriorhodopsin ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; Proton kinetics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The decay of the M intermediate and the recovery kinetics of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) were detected optically in dry and wet bR Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films and electrically in dry films. From the electrical signals the kinetics of the proton motion was distinguished from the cell function and it was found to be equal to that determined optically for the M intermediate decay. The rate-determining step for the recovery rate of bR was found to be the M state.
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  • 18
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 19
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 271-288 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Superconducting metal oxides ; Precursors ; Copper ; Barium ; Calcium ; Strontium ; Yttrium ; β-Diketonates ; Alkoxides ; Amides ; Carboxylates ; Halides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The advent of high-temperature superconducting metal oxides (SMOs) has prompted an increasing number of studies aimed at the development of new routes to their syntheses, in particular in the form of thin films. The preferred method in this regard has been that of chemical vapour deposition (CVD); however, significant difficulties have been associated with the efficacy of commercial precursors for the group 2 metals, in particular those of the bis(β-diketonates) of barium, whose co-ordinative unsaturation leads to cluster formation. The development of alternative β-diketonate precursor systems has focused upon the synthesis of stable Lewis acid-base complexes by either inter- or intramolecular stabilisation. The results of these studies are described herein, along with a review of the research to date on non-β-diketonate derivatives of the group 2 metals, including organometallic, halide, amide, carboxylate and alkoxide compounds. On the basis of the results to date, a series of goals for the synthesis of the ideal precursor are discussed.
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  • 20
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 21
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Thin films ; Laser ablation ; X-ray mirrors ; Plasma sources ; UHV deposition equipment ; Ni/C multilayer structures ; SNMS depth profiling ; TEM cross-section ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The conventional thin film deposition equipment of LPVD has been modified for the preparation of nanometre-layer stacks of uniform thickness at reduced target/substrate separation. Therefore the planar target was replaced by a cylindrical one and the target motion regime has been modified.During thin film deposition a substrate translation is preferred instead of the usual rotation technique. With this arrangement the emission characteristic of the plasma source can be computer controlled and tailored via a stepper-motor-driven manipulator for the desired layer thickness profile across an extended substrate. Thus, for example, a homogeneous film thickness is obtained even for lower target/substrate distances, and an appropriate deposition rate can be maintained.First applications of the equipment are explained and compared with typical results of the conventional technique.
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  • 22
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) ; Tip ; HOPG ; Nanofabrication ; In situ processing ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The STM tip shape was found to change when nanofabrication using a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) was attempted by applying voltage pulses between the tip and the sample. This change, which is considered to be caused by the voltage pulses, was studied systematically to investigate the thermal contribution to nanofabrication using STM tips. The tips become easily damaged as the pulse amplitude and pulse width increase or the tunnelling gap decreases. Thermal reaction, including thermochemical reaction, is considered to play an important role in such nanofabrication.
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  • 23
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 133-141 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdS ; Chemical deposition ; Photodetector ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Very interesting behaviour is shown by chemically deposited CdS thin films for optoelectronic applications after air and vacuum (10-5 Torr) annealing. Vacuum annealing of samples at about 100°C caused the dark conductivity to improve by five orders of magnitude. The dark and photoconductivity of air-annealed (at around 200°C) samples increased by seven and two orders of magnitude respectively. Air-annealed (at 350°C for about 2 min) samples exhibited a very quick photoresponse (〈2 s for two decades of photocurrent decay) with σp/σd ≈ 105 for a bias of 10 V, which may be exploited for photodetector applications. Air or vacuum annealing of samples for a minimum of 10-15 min caused the optical transmittance above the band edge to increase by 10%-15% and annealing the sample at 200°C caused the absorption edge to shift towards the longer-wavelength region compared with the as-prepared and 100 and 350°C annealed films.
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  • 24
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 151-151 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 25
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 26
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Electro-optic modulator ; Pockels effect ; Dispersion of electro-optic coefficients ; Molecular ionic crystal ; Non-linear optical material ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The linear electro-optic (Pockels) effect in a series of alkali metal acid phthalate crystals has been studied. Single electro-optic coefficients r113T and r333T for sodium (NaAP), potassium (KAP) and rubidium (RbAP) acid phthalates have been measured by employing the modified Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique. The best electro-optic crystal in this series is RbAP with r113T = 9.10 × 10-12 m V-1, r333T = 3.05 × 10-12 m V-1 and a sizable figure of merit for electro-optic phase retardation, comparable with that of KDP. The dispersion properties of the electro-optic coefficients for KAP are discussed in detail.
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  • 27
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Neural network ; Polarisability ; Aromatic hydrocarbon ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A standard back-propagation neural network is used to correct input semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations of polarisability tensors to fit experimental data for aromatic hydrocarbons. The method readily yields the correct component normal to the molecular plane but is restricted by a small training set. The network is also used to predict polarisability components for structures input as the pattern of rings fused to a central benzene ring. Semi-quantitative predictions are obtained depending on the size and method of presentation of the training set.
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  • 28
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Laser chemical vapour deposition ; Al deposition ; Photolysis ; Pyrolysis ; Trimethylamine alane ; Laser direct writing ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Aluminium microstructures (dots or strips) have been photodeposited on GaAs substrates via the decomposition of a solid precursor, the 2:1 hydride adduct of Al, called trimethylamine alane (TMAA).The dissociation of TMAA, the vapour pressure of which can be varied between 0.4 and 1 mbar by dilution in hydrogen carrier gas, has been achieved via a pyrolytic process using a CW Ar+ laser operating in the visible range (488-514 nm). This decomposition reaction occurs at laser powers higher than 0.3 W, i.e. at laser-induced temperatures higher than 130°C, and leads to the formation of high-purity aluminium strips as observed from Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) data. The deposition rates are in the range 50-1400 Å s-1. The minimum of line resistivity measured versus scanning speed and laser power is 6.5 μΩ cm.The photolytic decomposition of TMAA has been performed at room temperature within the laser spot area using a CW UV laser (intracavity frequency doubler emitting at 257 nm). The formation of aluminium clusters has been observed at very low deposition rates (20 Å s-1). However, these tiny clusters react quickly with oxygen and are transformed into alumina clusters.All these results have been tentatively explained on the basis of the surface reactivity of H2 and TMAA regarding GaAs or Al, as obtained by other workers through surface science techniques and mass spectrometry.
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  • 29
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Metallorganic inks ; Laser writing ; Laser processing ; Gold interconnects ; Spin-on precursors ; Metallisation ; Pyrolytic decomposition ; Resistivity ; Laser beam applications ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Laser deposition of gold lines from spin-on metallorganic (MO) precursors has been studied. A readily available and relatively low-cost commercial MO ink has been used to write gold interconnects on different substrates. The physical properties of the ink, its laser-firing process on oxidised silicon substrates and its electrical characterisation are presented here, together with the experimental procedure needed for obtaining low-resistivity deposits.
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  • 30
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 31
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 107-113 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Biosensors ; Bilayer lipid membranes ; Dopamine ; ‘Organic metals’ ; Biomolecular electronic device ; Redox electrodes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Suitably modified bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) offer exceptionally good opportunities for probing the electric field effects on charge transfer and redox reactions in biosensor and molecular electronics research and development. This work presents an attempt to form an ultrathin electron-conducting matrix for a biosensing redox device on the basis of a BLM modified with tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ), a well-known compound forming charge transfer complexes of ‘organic metal’ behavior. The rationale behind the choice of membrane modifier was the reports of its unusual rectifying current-voltage characteristics when incorporated into BLMs alone or as part of an σ-bridged donor-acceptor molecule of C16H33-Q3CNQ (Z-β-(1-hexadecyl-4-quinolinium)-α-cyano-4-styryldicyano methanide) deposited in the form of a Langmuir-Blodgett film.
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  • 32
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Semiconductivity ; Mesotetrakis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin ; Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) ; Toluenesulphonic acid (TSA) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Conductivity measurements demonstrate that in the presence of toluenesulphonic acid, 1:1 mixtures of mesotetrakis(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin and its two-electron oxidation product give materials whose degree of semiconductivity is dependent on the toluenesulphonic acid concentration in the solid.
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  • 33
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 34
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 35
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 221-232 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Dimethylaminobenzylidene ; 1,3-indandione crystals ; Non-linear optical effects ; Electronic structure ; Absorption and luminescence spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A novel non-linear fluorescence (NLF) effect in polar dimethylaminobenzylidene 1,3-indandione (DMABI) crystals is presented and discussed. A single crystal or vacuum-evaporated layer of DMABI excited in the IR region at 1064 nm (by a Q-switched YAG laser) emits red light in the visible region of the spectrum at 600-740 nm depending on the DMABI crystalline modification. This anti-Stokes luminescence shows a quadratic dependence on the exciting light intensity which transforms to a linear dependence at very high excitation intensities. The observed NLF effect under IR excitation is determined by optical transitions into intermolecular charge transfer (CT) states. It has been suggested that the photoexcited singlet 1CT excitations may either interact in a quadratic singlet-singlet (1CT + 1CT) annihilation reaction or, more probably, form long-lived triplet 3CT excitons via a hyperfine interaction effect which may subsequently annihilate in a similar bimolecular fusion reaction (3CT + 3CT). In both cases the excited molecular singlet state S1 is formed and thus the NLF effect is due to singlet-singlet or triplet-triplet fusion of CT excitons. A detailed energy diagram and kinetic description of the model are presented. Quantum chemical calculations of the electronic structure of the DMABI molecule illustrate the dipolar nature of its ground and excited states.
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  • 36
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Polysilicon ; Crystallinity ; Boron-doped ; LPCVD ; In situ doping ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Results are presented for the degree of crystallinity, determined by Raman spectroscopy, of in situ B-doped LPCVD polysilicon as a function of deposition temperature. The results are compared with those reported in the literature for P-doped polysilicon and it is found that for B doping full crystallinity of the layer is achieved at a significantly lower deposition temperature than is required for P doping. An attempt to understand this effect is made in terms of a quantitative model which allows an estimation of values for silicon self-diffusivity and which is in accord with the experimental observations.
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  • 37
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 149-149 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 39
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 115-122 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Photovoltage ; Bacteriorhodopsin ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The photoresponse of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) has been studied in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films bR was deposited by vertical dipping as x- or z-type monolayers and as z-type multi layers between stearic acid LB films. The electrodes used were a transparent vacuum-deposited ITO on a quartz substrate and an InGa metal alloy. The signals were observed from samples containing a single bR layer or five bR layers both at room humidity and in water-saturated conditions. The photoelectric signals of x- and z-type monolayers had opposite polarities and both had two exponential kinetics on a microsecond time scale with time constants of about 10 and 70 μs. The amplitude of the fast negative component of the signal of a bR monolayer was 0.4 mV, in the opposite direction to that in which protons were pumped. The amplitude due to five layers was five times as high as that due to a monolayer. The ratio between the amplitudes of the fast negative component and the slow positive part of the signal, in the proton-pumping direction, was 1:3. The photoresponse signal saturated with a light intensity of about 1.7 mJ cm-2, which is equivalent to a photon density of 0.5 Å-2. The activation energy of the bR photovoltage was 75 ± 5 kJ mol-1 in the temperature range between 17 and 35°C.
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  • 40
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Pulsed laser deposition ; II-VI compounds ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of materials is a growing field with applications to many systems. With many materials, however, a major problem is particulate formation due to splashing of molten droplets or ablation of solid clusters from the target. For the case of II-VI semiconductors we have found that careful selection of the laser power density and appropriate mastering of the beam could reduce particulate formation to a negligible level even with the use of pressed targets. In this work we have deposited a number of II-VI semiconductors and their alloys, using XeCl and Nd:YAG lasers, from pressed and bulk targets onto various substrates in high vacuum. The ternaries of ZnTe and ZnSe as well as of ZnTe and CdTe were studied in detail. We determined the optimum growth temperatures and deposition rates for the growth of optical quality films. X-ray diffraction, optical absorption, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and Raman scattering were used to characterise these films or grain size and orientation, optical band gap and alloy effects on photon bands.
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  • 41
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Buffer layers ; Laser ablation ; Superconducting films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Ceramic thin films of yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ), SrTiO3(STO) and CeO2 have been deposited on Si(100) substrates by laser ablation. The films have been characterized by X-ray diffractometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The effects of the oxygen partial pressure during deposition and the substrate temperature were studied. All the films have preferential orientation: (h00) and (hh0) for STO and (hhh) for CeO2 and YSZ. The films show a low density of particulates and a very smooth surface. SIMS profiles indicate a low interdiffusion between film and silicon. One of the applications of these materials is their use as a buffer layer for the growth of YBCO on silicon. Because both materials are highly reactive, it is necessary to put a barrier between YBCO and silicon. For this purpose we used the ceramic films previously deposited in order to obtain superconducting YBCO films. The deposited YBCO films present good superconducting properties with zero resistance at temperatures between 80 and 85 K.
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  • 42
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Thermal oxidation ; Kinetics ; Electrical properties ; Trichloroethane (TCA) ; Hydrogen chloride (HCl) ; Hydrogen/oxygen (H2/O2) ; VLSI ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The oxidation of single-crystal silicon wafers has been investigated using an industrial thermal oxidation system. The growth characteristics and electrical properties of the oxides resulting from pure hydrogen/oxygen (H2/O2), trichloroethane/oxygen (TCA/O2) and hydrogen chlorid/oxygen (HCl/O2) mixtures have been investigated and compared. The addition of both HCl and TCA to oxygen produces higher growth rates and improved electrical characteristics. It is shown that the oxidation rate for TCA/O2 is approximately 30%-40% higher than for HCl/O2 and that comparable electrical properties can be readily obtained. A TCA/O2 ratio of 1 mol% gives the optimum process for VLSI applications, though 3 mol% HCl/O2 gives comparable results. It is suggested that the overall mechanisms governing the processes are similar. However, the TCA process is a safer and cleaner alternative because it generates HCl in situ in the oxidation chamber.
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  • 43
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 183-189 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Excimer lasers ; Oxide ceramics ; Electroless deposition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: UV excimer laser irradiation of oxides such as SrTiO3, PbTi1 - xZrxO3 (PZT) and Al2O3 results in the formation of colour centres. These colour centres mediate catalytic activity for electroless plating from Cu and Ni solutions. The adherence of the metal deposits to the as-sintered ceramic surfaces is excellent.
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  • 44
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 205-206 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Laser dyes ; Bifluorophoric compounds ; Thiazolyl derivatives ; Crystal structure ; Molecular conformation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have determined the structure of 2-(iminocouma-3-yl)-4-(coumar-3-yl)-thiazole, C21H14N2O3S, Mr=372.4, λ = 0.71073 Å, monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 9.472(2) Å, b = 11.284(2) Å, c = 15.821(3) Å, β = 86.50(2)°, V = 1687.9(6) Å3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.465 Mg m-3, μ(Mo Kα) = 0.207 mm-1, F(000) = 768, S = 1.91, R = 3.82%, wR = 3.26% for 1251 observed reflections (F 〉 6σF). In the observed conformation of the molecule the imino group forms an intramolecular H…S bond of length 2.26 Å and the carbonyl oxygen makes a short contact with the hydrogen atom of the thiazolyl cycle. The molecule is planar. In the crystal structure a particular disorder of about 20% of molecules is observed with respect to the pseudo-mirror plane which is perpendicular to the molecular plane and passes through the thiazolyl N atom and the middle of the S—CH bond. The disagreement found between the observed conformation and that predicted by molecular mechanics calculations is explained by the tendency of the molecule to have the lowest value of dipole moment due to minimisation of the electrostatic contribution to the energy.
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  • 46
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993) 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 47
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 269-270 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 48
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 295-299 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Scanning tunnelling microscopy ; Self-assembly ; Monolayer ; Poly(alkyl-thiophene) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The self-assembly technique experimented for the deposition of alkanes and alkyl derivatives on layered compounds at the liquid/solid interface has been successfully extended to the adsorption of poly(3-decyl-thiophene) on graphite. The molecular films so obtained have been investigated using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Images taken in both the constant-current and constant-height modes show highly packed arrays of molecules characterised by an average length and an average spacing that are in good agreement with results obtained by X-ray diffraction investigations. Constant-current images allow one to observe domain formations in preferential directions coincident with the main axes of the graphite lattice, while constant-height imaging, performed on small areas, allows one to resolve atomic structures within the polymer backbone. In particular, periodic, 0.71 nm spaced features have been identified along the side of the polymer backbone; they can be associated with the length of two monomer units and are attributable to imaging of sulphur atoms in the backbone.
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  • 49
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 313-318 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: MOCVD ; MAS-NMR ; CARS ; Quantum effects ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has been utilised to monitor the decomposition of trimethylgallium (TMGa) on the reactive internal surface of the protonated form of zeolite Y under metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) conditions designed to produce GaP deposits that exhibit quantum-size effects. The CARS data clearly reveal the facile room temperature decomposition of TMGa in the zeolite, as evidenced by the detection of increasing levels of methane with increasing reaction time. In addition, the zeolite samples were analysed by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance with magic angle spinning (MAS NMR) before reaction, after reaction of TMGa and after subsequent reaction with phosphine at 300°C. These data reveal that TMGa reacts with acid sites in the zeolite 12-rings, resulting in species containing methyl groups. Subsequent exposure to phosphine removes these methyl group protons, leaving various, as yet not fully characterised, phosphorus species. Exposure to phosphine does not appear to regenerate the acid sites on the zeolite.
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  • 50
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    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 2 (1993), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Lasers ; Threshold fluence ; Materials ; Metals and ceramics ; Atomic-scale processing ; Species deposition and removal ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Atomic-scale material-processing tools must be developed to allow the in situ synthesis of complex, nanometre-scale, multilayer structures. These processing tools must be cost-effective, extendible to large-area surfaces and adaptable to realistic manufacturing equipment. Presented here are experimental results on the photophysical processes in low-fluence UV laser radiation of surfaces. The results suggest that atomic-level synthesis/modification of materials is possible by the laser-induced desorption by electronic excitation (LIDEE) process. The processing action employs resonance behaviour to gain species selectivity in the products desorbed. It naturally lends itself to automation (pulsed processing) and is designed for manufacturing laser systems currently used in materials processing. In addition, no potential limitations exist on the surface area which can be processed. Presented are the experimental data using crystalline Al and Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 targets along with supporting results from Ag and W targets. The results are interpreted in the light of photodesorption models which best support the data. As a conclusion we present an outline of how the LIDEE process might be used as a nanometre-scale material-processing tool.
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