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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abnormal craniofacial development in cyclopic salmonid fishes (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Different types and degrees of “spontaneous” and artificially induced cyclopic malformation in fishes are defined. Symmetrical cyclopia ranges from approximation of the eyes, to partial merger of the eyes in the midline, to complete cyclopia with a single median eye. It is always associated with dorsal displacement of the rostral-nasal apparatus to the top of the head. Skeletal reorganization associated with symmetrical cyclopia is described for the first time, using hatchery material of Salmo gairdneri and S. trutta. Development of the nasal capsule is essentially normal, except for position; the trabeculae cranii remain in the normal position but show modified shape corresponding to the degree of cyclopia. The jaw apparatus is modified through anterior foreshortening, especially the upper jaws. The branchial apparatus is unaffected. The condition demonstrates that later morphogenesis of the nasal capsule and trabeculae cranii are independent of each other. Cyclopia appears to result from alteration of relative position and timing in developmental events in the head, especially the prosencephalon.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110104
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interrenal of a female gymnophione amphibian, Ichthyophis beddomei, during the annual reproductive cycle (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The interrenal (adrenal) of Ichthyophis beddomei lies on the ventral side of the kidney, distributed in four zones. It is separated from the renal tissue by a thin layer of connective tissue and contains both adrenocortical and chromaffin cells. Adrenocortical tissue constitutes a major portion of the interrenal islets; the chromaffin tissue consists of a few cells located at the peripheries of the interrenal islets. Histochemical studies demonstrate the presence of Δ53β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and sudanophilic lipids in the adrenocortical tissue, suggesting its steroidogenic potential. Annual histometric and histochemical studies show two peaks of interrenal activity: (1) during the breeding phase of the reproductive cycle (January and February) and (2) during the season of heavy monsoon rains (June and July) in the postbreeding phase.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110208
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110301
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  • 4
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    Functional osteology of the avian wrist and the evolution of flapping flight (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The avian wrist is extraordinarily adapted for flight. Its intricate osteology is constructed to perform four very different, but extremely important, flight-related functions. (1) Throughout the downstroke, the cuneiform transmits force from the carpometacarpus to the ulna and prevents the manus from hyperpronating. (2) While gliding or maneuvering, the scapholunar interlocks with the carpometacarpus and prevents the manus from supinating. By employing both carpal bones simultaneously birds can lock the manus into place during flight. (3) Throughout the downstroke-upstroke transition, the articular ridge on the distal extremity of the ulna, in conjuction with the cuneiform, guides the manus from the plane of the wing toward the body. (4) During take-off or landing, the upstroke of some heavy birds exhibits a pronounced flick of the manus. The backward component of this flick is produced by reversing the wrist mechanism that enables the manus to rotate toward the body during the early upstroke. The upward component of the flick is generated by mechanical interplay between the ventral ramus of the cuneiform, the ventral ridge of the carpometacarpus, and the ulnocarpo-metacarpal ligament.Without the highly specialized osteology of the wrist it is doubtful that birds would be able to carry out successfully the wing motions associated with flapping flight. Yet in Archaeopteryx, the wrist displays a very different morphology that lacks all the key features found in the modern avian wrist. Therefore, Archaeopteryx was probably incapable of executing the kinematics of modern avian powered flight.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110303
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  • 5
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    Histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the harderian gland of the snake Coluber viridiflavus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analyses of the histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructre of the Harderian gland of Coluber viridiflavus prove the gland to be compound acinar and to produce a seromucous secretion. Acinar cells (type I) contain secretory granules that are composite, consisting ultrastructurally of three distinct parts that are sharply separated. They are similar to the “special secretory granules” described in the cells of the Harderian gland of the lizard Podarcis s. sicula. Some acini of the most anterior and posterior parts of the gland are mucous. Acinar cells (type II) of this type contain secretory granules that are Alcian blue/PAS positve. At the ultrastructural level, they appear homogeneous and of low density, characteristic of mucous secretions. These mucus-secreting anterior and posterior parts of the Harderian gland may by considered as regions of intial differentiation of the anterior and posterior lacrimal galnds.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110209
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  • 6
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    Development of the subdigital adhesive pads of Ptyodactylus guttatus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Subdigital adhesive pads play an important role in the locomotion of many species of gekkonid lizards. These pads consist of integrated components derived from the epidermis, dermis, vascular system, subcuticular tendons, and phalanges. These components become intimately associated with each other during the developmental differentiation of the digits and the sequence of this integration is outlined herein in Ptyodactylus guttatus. The pads initially appear as paired swellings at the distal tips of the digits. Subsequently, a fan-like array of naked scansors develops on the ventral surface of each digit, at about the same time that scales differentiate over the surface of the foot as a whole. At the time of appearance of the naked scansors, the vascular sinus system of the pad also differentiates, along with subcuticular connective tissue specializations. At this stage the digits, along with the rest of the body, are clad in an embryonic periderm. Only after hatching and as the periderm is shed, do the epidermal setae and spines appear. The developmental sequence described here is consistent with predictions previously advanced about the evolutionary origin and elaboration of subdigital pads in gekkonid lizards. The paucity of available staged embryonic material leaves many questions unresolved.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110302
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  • 7
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    Histological, histochemical, and biochemical changes in the annual oviduct cycle of the agamid, Calotes versicolor (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histology, histochemistry, and biochemistry of the oviduct change seasonally in relationship to the annual ovarian cycle of Calotes versicolor. Histological changes show distinct changes in various components of the infundibulum, uterus and vagina of the oviduct. The active phase in the oviduct cycle of C. versicolor is relatively long, extending from April to October. Histochemical results of the oviduct during the breeding season show PAS-positive glycosaminoglycans in the mucosal epithelium as well as the presence of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, esterase, and intense acid phosphatase activity in the uterine glands. Biochemically alkaline and acid phosphatase show marked cyclic changes in the infundibulum and uterus respectively during the oviduct cycle. Greater activity was observed during the breeding season. β-Glucuronidase, on the other hand, shows an inverse relationship with the oviduct cycle being most active during the regressive phase and least at the time of reproductive phase.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120101
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  • 9
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    Patterns of peripheral innervation of the tongue and hyobranchial apparatus in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 37-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The innervation of the musculature of the tongue and the hyobranchial apparatus of caecilians has long been assumed to be simple and to exhibit little interspecific variation. A study of 14 genera representing all six families of caecilians demonstrates that general patterns of innervations by the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves are similar across taxa but that the composition of the “hypoglossal” nerve is highly variable. Probably in all caecilians, spinal nerves 1 and 2 contribute to the hypoglossal. In addition, in certain taxa, an “occipital,” the vagus, and/or spinal 3 appear to contribute fibers to the composition of the hypoglossal nerve. These patterns, the lengths of fusion of the contributing elements, and the branching patterns of the hypoglossal are assessed according to the currently accepted hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of caecilians, and of amphibians. An hypothesis is proposed that limblessness and a simple tongue, with concomitant reduced complexity of innervation of muscles associated with limbs and the tongue, has released a constraint on pattern of innervation. As a consequence, a greater diversity and, in several taxa, greater complexity of neuroanatomical associations of nerve roots to form the hypoglossal are expressed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120105
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  • 10
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    Functional stages in the interrenal cells of Rana perezi (Anura: Ranidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The electron density of the lipid droplets and mitochondrial matrix of the interrenal cells of Rana perezi differs during the year. This makes it possible to characterize the different stages of interrenal cell activity. A droplet/mitochondria index, based on their relative size, may provide an indicator of cellular activity.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120107
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  • 11
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    Development and differentiation of the eye in Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Polychaeta) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 71-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nereid polychaete, Platynereis dumerilii, possess two pairs of post-trochophoral eyes with one vitreous body each. The development of these eyes has first been observed in 2-day-old larvae. Whether the eye anlagen arise from stem cells or from undifferentiated ectodermal tissue was not determined. At first, the anlagen of the anterior and the posterior eyes adjoin each other. They separate in late 3-day-old larvae. The first separated eye complexes consist each of two supporting and two sensory cells. The supporting cells synthesize two different kinds of granules, the pigment granules of the pigment cup and the prospective tubules of the vitreous body. These tubules accumulate in the distal process of the supporting cell. The vitreous body is formed by compartments of the supporting cells filled with the osmiophilic vitreous body tubules. The short, bulbar photosensory processes bear microvilli that emerge into the ocular cavity. At the apex of each sensory cell process, a single cilium (or occasionally two) arises. The sensory cells contain a different kind of pigment granule within their necks at the level of the pigment cup. The rate of eye development and differentiation varies. New supporting cells are added to the rim of the eye cup. They contribute to the periphery of the vitreous body like onion skins, and sensory cells move between supporting cells. The older the individual compartments of the vitreous body are, the more densely packed is their content of vitreous body tubules. Elongation of the sensory and supporting cell processes of the older cells increases the volume of the eye. The eyespots of the trochophore are briefly described as of the two-celled rhabdomeric type with a single basal body with ciliary rootlet.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120108
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  • 12
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    Kinematics of the jaw and hyolingual apparatus during feeding in Caiman crocodilus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 141-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Movements of the neck, jaws, and hyolingual apparatus during inertial feeding in Caiman crocodilus were studied by cineradiography. Analysis reveals two kinds of cycles: inertial bites (reposition, kill/crush, and transport) and swallowing cycles. They differ in their gape profile and in displacement of the neck, cranium, and hyolingual apparatus.Inertial bites are initiated by an elevation of the neck and cranium; the head is then retracted backward, the prey simultaneously being lifted by the hyolingual apparatus. Next the lower jaw is depressed, and the prey is rapidly pushed further upward by the hyolingual apparatus. Thereafter fast mouth-closure occurs with the neck and cranium being abruptly depressed, the lower jaw elevated, and the hyolingual apparatus rapidly retracted ventrally. Depression of the neck and cranium thrusts the head forward and impacts the backward moving prey more posteriorly in the oral cavity.Swallowing cycles initially involve movement of the hyoid in front of the prey followed by rapid posteroventrad retraction of the hyoid, forcing the prey into the esophagus during opening and closing of the mouth. After mouth-closure, the hyoid apparatus is again protracted.Jaws, neck, tongue, and hyoid apparatus play an active role during intertial feeding sequences. At the beginning of a feeding sequence, the hyolingual apparatus mainly moves dorsoventrally, whereas toward the end of a sequence anteroposterior displacements of the hyoid are prominent. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120205
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  • 13
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    Morphology of the reproductive tract in a lizard exhibiting incipient viviparity (Sphenomorphus fragilis) and its implications for the evolution of the reptilian placenta (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 163-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the female reproductive tract and corpus luteum is examined in Sphenomorphus fragilis, a lizard from the lowland regions of New Guinea exhibiting incipient viviparity. Females oviposit eggs that hatch either immediately or within a few hours. Corpora lutea form from ovulated follicles and decrease in diameter as embryonic development progresses. The oviduct from vitellogenic females is sparsely populated with well developed uterine glands containing secretory granules. The eggs are covered with a relatively thin shell (10 μm thick) composed of an inner boundary layer and proteinacous fibers. The secreted shell is complete by early neurulation. Shell morphology does not change throughout the remainder of the in utero incubation period. A well vascularized uterus and chorioallantoic membrane provide simple placentation. These findings suggest that the reduction in shell thickness associated with the evolution of a placenta is due to a decrease in the number of shell glands in the uterus and is not a delay or inhibition of the shelling process per se. This hypothesis further suggests that the selective forces favoring shell gland loss act on the vitellogenic female during gland recruitment which occurs prior to ovulation and not on the pregnant female. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120207
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  • 14
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    Histology of the esophagus of the adult frog Rana perezi (Anura: Ranidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 191-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the esophageal microscopic morphology of adult Rana perezi by light and electron microscopy discloses some large folds throughout the esophagus that are in themselves ringed. Glandular ostia open in the furrows of the luminal surface. The esophageal wall is made up of a connective adventitia rich in melanocytes, a muscular tunica, a connective and glandular subepithelial layer, and a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. This epithelium basically consists of ciliated, goblet, basal, microvillous-apex, and migratory cells. Two types of goblet cells are distinguished with regard to the granular ultrastructure. The microvillous-apex cell has not been found in other amphibians. It shows a very differentiated morphology with a high number of mitochondria. The basal cells give the epithelium a pseudostratified morphology, and they have a proliferative function. Glands are branched and drain through an excretory duct that has a monolayered mucosecreting epithelium. The glandular units are formed by two principal types of cells: mucosecretory and serous. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120302
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  • 15
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    Spermiophagy by the spermathecal epithelium of the salamander Eurycea cirrigera (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 281-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermathecae of Eurycea cirrigera are exocrine glands in the cloaca that secrete a substance that bathes sperm stored in the lumen after mating and prior to oviposition. Many sperm remain in the spermathecae after oviposition, and the spermathecal epithelium becomes spermiophagic. Pseudopodia enclose sperm into endocytic vacuoles. The vacuoles become associated with primary lysosomes in the cytoplasm. Following formation of secondary lysosomes and resulting condensation of the sperm fragments, residual bodies are exocytized into the surrounding connective tissue stroma. By the start of the next breeding cycle, most sperm remaining from the previous mating have been degraded, but some sperm remain in the lumen, and the viability of these sperm is unknown. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120307
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  • 16
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    Basement membrane lectin binding sites are decreased in the esophageal endoderm during the arrival of presumptive muscle mesenchyme in the developing asteroid Pisaster ochraceus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 291-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basement membranes (BMs) of vertebrates and invertebrates have been shown to contain glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which include oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. Lectin binding sites were characterized in the BM of gastrulating embryos of the starfish, Pisaster ochraceus. In early and mid-gastrulae, the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-lectin conjugates of concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) reveal the presence of mannose/glucose and glucosamine/sialic acid residues in the BM of all regions of the embryos. However, in the late gastrula embryo, an apparent reduction of these components is observed over the esophageal BM. Ultrastructural studies using the lectin-gold conjugates Con A, Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA), specific for sialic acid, and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), specific for galactosamine, demonstrate that most mannose/glucose and galactosamine containing residues lie in the lamina densa, whereas most sialic acid residues are located over the lamina lucida. In addition, a statistical analysis of lectin binding in the late gastrula embryo reveals that the amount of labelling with both Con A and LFA is significantly reduced in the esophageal region, suggesting that mannose/glucose and sialic acid residuces are reduced in this region. These results confirm the observations of the FITC-lectin studies described above. They also confirm earlier studies that demonstrated a difference in BM morphology of the esophageal region (Crawford, '88). Mesenchyme cells, some of which arise from the forming coeloms (Crawford, '90), and which may represent a distinct population, colonize exclusively on this esophageal BM, where they later differentiate into muscle. Quantitative differences in BM glycoconjugates may act to direct the presumptive muscle cells to the region of the esophagus. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120308
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    Early development of the actinopterygian head. I. External development and staging of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 47-83 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A large sample of embryological material of the North American paddlefish Polyodon spathula (Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae) confirms that early development in Polyodon is very similar to that reported for the sister group of Polyodontidae, the sturgeons (Acipenseridae). Polyodon illustrates many basic aspects of acipenseriform (and actinopterygian) head development that have not been adequately described. In this paper, we provide an overview of external features of cranial development using scanning electron microscopy. The observations are correlated with staging schemes previously proposed for paddlefishes and other acipenseriforms. Events that occur after the start of neurulation (stage 19) to the start of feeding (stage 46) are emphasized. New information on the structure and folding of the mandibular and hyoid segments permits an understanding of the early development of the pharyngeal region. In addition, we offer new descriptions of the hatching gland, the olfactory organ, the sensory barbel, and the initiation of paddle outgrowth. We also comment on the mode of origin of the hypophysis, and refute the notion that it is derived from the lips of the anterior neuropore as suggested in older literature. This information sets the stage for future comparative and experimental studies of the embryology of basal actinopterygians. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052130106
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  • 18
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    Seminal receptacula in the female reproductive tract of Opisthopatus cinctipes purcell (onychophora, peripatopsidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 15-20 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The presence of seminal receptacula in the female reproductive tract of Opisthopatus cinctipes (Purcell, 1900) has been disputed (Choonoo, '47; Ruhberg, '85; Herzberg et al., '80). However, they do occur and are described here from observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). No spermatozoa are associated with the surface of the ovary; in contrast the ovary of Peripatopsis capensis is covered with spermatozoa and numerous small rounded cells. The seminal receptacula of O. cinctipes are formed from a loop in the proximal region of the uterus and contain remnants of spermatozoa in their lumens. The epithelial cells lining the seminal receptacula contain numerous vesicles and residual bodies. It is suggested that these cells absorb those spermatozoa not required for fertilization, and that the seminal receptacula in the Peripatopsidae act as short-term storage sites for spermatozoa. By contrast, the seminal receptacula of the Peripatidae are considered to act as long-term storage sites for spermatozoa. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052130103
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  • 19
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    Morphology of the antennae of two species of biting midge: Culicoides impunctatus (goetghebuer) and Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 85-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the antennae of Culicoides impunctatus and Culicoides nubeculosus show that males and females share five sensillum types. Sensilla chaetica resemble mechanoreceptors, each innervated by a single neurone whose dendrite terminates distally in a tubular body: the arrangement of sensilla on male antennae suggests that females are located by sound. The antennae have both sharp- and blunt-tipped sensilla trichodea, sharp-tipped sensilla on only the distal third and blunttipped sensilla on all subsegments. These sensilla are typical of olfactory receptors, having multiporous walls and being innervated by a number of neurones with bifurcating dendrites ascending the hair shafts. Sensilla basiconica occur on the distal five subsegments of the female antenna and the distal three subsegments of the male antenna. Sensilla coeloconica always occur on subsegment one and sometimes on a number of other subsegments, depending on sex and species. Both basiconic and coeloconic sensilla have double walls and unbranched dendrites and may be either olfactory or thermo- and/or hygroreceptors. All antennae except those of male C. impunctatus antennae have sensilla ampullacea, apparently deep-seated olfactory or thermoreceptors. Small peg sensilla fitting the description of contact chemoreceptors occur only at the tip of the male antenna. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Retinoic acid enhances monoclonal antibody WE3 reactivity in the regenerate epithelium of the adult newt (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Monoclonal antibody (mAb) WE3 recognizes an antigen that is developmentally expressed in the wound epithelium during adult newt limb regeneration. Experiments were designed to determine whether retinoic acid (RA), dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and administered by intraperitoneal injection, would enhance the temporal appearance of the WE3 antigen. RA given on days 1 or 4 after amputation, when the WE3 antigen is not yet detectable, resulted in moderate reactivity to mAb 2 days after injection and strong reactivity throughout the wound epithelium 4 days after injection. DMSO alone had no enhancing effect. RA also caused limb skin epidermis to exhibit reactivity to mAb WE3, initially near the amputation level, but then also more proximally. By 4 and 6 days after RA injection, epidermis of the flank, eye lid, and unamputated hind limbs also became strongly reactive to mAb WE3. Outer layers of skin epidermis were shed, resulting in an epidermis only one or two cells thick. Epidermis of newts given DMSO alone remained non-reactive to mAb WE3. When RA was given on days 7 and 10 after amputation, when a low level of mAb WE3 reactivity is already present in the wound epithelium, a considerable enhancement of mAb WE3 reactivity occurred through the next few days. No such enhancement was seen with DMSO alone. RA also greatly increased mAb WE3 reactivity in the wound epithelium of denervated limbs, in which case the wound epithelial reactivity to mAb WE3 is normally low. Retinol palmitate also increased mAb WE3 reactivity. The results raise the possibility that the WE3 antigen is a component of most if not all retinoid target tissues in newts. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Skull mechanics in the pigeon, Columba livia, a three-dimensional kinematic model (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 197-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanics of the skull of the pigeon are analyzed quantitatively, based on a three-dimensional kinematic computer model that considers the skull as a mechanism (Goodman, '60). The degrees of freedom at each cranial joint are defined and translated into geometric relations, using the method of Elshoud ('80). The model predicts the positions of cranial elements from three input variables: the positions of the upper and lower bills and the length of the M. protractor quadrati et pterygoidei. Simulations with the model suggest the presence of a locking mechanism for the lower bill, which prevents its depression. High speed films of feeding pigeons confirmed that locking can occur at different upper bill positions. The locking mechanism may permit feeding pigeons to use the elastic energy stored in the hinge of the upper bill during the grasp, producing simultaneous fast closing of the upper and lower bills. Simulation of jaw muscle activity suggests that these jaw muscles should not be divided into “openers” and “closers.” © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Neuronal maps of the frontal ganglion of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, prepared by heavy metal iontophoresis (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 287-294 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neurons in whole mount preparations of the frontal ganglion (FG) of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, were mapped with the aid of cobalt chloride staining and silver intensification techniques. Eighty-six neurons were counted in the FG after staining with reduced methylene blue. The cell size ranged between 20 to 35 μm in diameter. Of the somata located in the FG, 44 were found to contribute their fibers to the nervus recurrens, 26 to the right frontal commissure, 28 to the left frontal commissure, and 6 to the nervus connectivus. In addition, a few neurons presumably from the tritocerebral region also contribute their fibers in the formation of nervus connectivus. The present study has helped delineate the neuronal connections of the FG with the brain and neuroendocrine system (corpora cardiaca and corpora allata). This information will be useful in facilitating the positioning of microelectrodes in our future electrophysiological experiments. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Glomerular development and growth of the renal blood vascular system in Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura: Pipidae) during metamorphic climax (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 335-340 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microcorrosion casts of the renal vascular system of tadpoles of the Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis, were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Glomerular differentiation was studied qualitatively and quantitatively during developmental stages 56-66 (metamorphic climax). The general structure of the renal vascular system corresponds to the pattern commonly found in anurans; however, the arterial supply has conspicuous connecting vessels that supply groups of glomeruli. In the dorsal part of the kidney, qualitative differentiation of glomerular structures precedes quantitative growth. The ventral part of the kidney has larger, well-developed renal corpuscles of nearly adult appearance. Four developmental stages of glomerulogenesis are distinguished morphologically and their glomerular and vascular growth is analyzed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052140101
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    Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 1-41 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Postembryonic skeletal development of the pipid frog Xenopus laevis is described from cleared-and-stained whole-mount specimens and sectioned material representing Nieuwkoop and Faber developmental Stages 46-65, plus postmetamorphic individuals up to 6 months old. An assessment of variation of skeletogenesis within a single population of larvae and comparison with earlier studies revealed that the timing, but not the sequence, of skeletal development in X. laevis is more variable than previously reported and poorly correlated with the development of external morphology. Examination of chondrocranial development indicates that the rostral cartilages of X. laevis are homologous with the suprarostral cartilages of non-pipoid anurans, and suggests that the peculiar chondrocranium of this taxon is derived from a more generalized pattern typical of non-pipoid frogs. Derived features of skeletal development not previously reported for X. laevis include (1) bipartite formation of the palatoquadrate; (2) precocious formation of the adult mandible; (3) origin of the angulosplenial from two centers of ossification; (4) complete erosion of the orbital cartilage during the later stages of metamorphosis; (5) development of the sphenethmoid as a membrane, rather than an endochondral bone; and (6) a pattern of timing of ossification that more closely coincides with that of the pelobatid frog Spea than that recorded for neobatrachian species. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Anatomy of synganglia, including their neurosecretory regions, in unfed, virgin female Ixodes scapularis say (Acari: Ixodidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 349-364 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The central nervous system of Ixodes scapularis is fused into a single compact synganglion. The esophagus runs through the synganglion and divides it into supraesophageal and subesophageal parts. The supraesophageal portion contains a single protocerebrum with four pairs of glomeruli, paired optic lobes and cheliceral ganglia, and a single stomodeal bridge. The subesophageal portion contains a centrally located network of commissures and connectives, a pair of palpal ganglia, paired olfactory lobes of the first pedal ganglia, four pairs of pedal ganglia, and a single opisthosomal ganglion. A retrocerebral organ complex (ROC) in close vicinity of the digestive tract, as described in some other tick species, apparently is lacking. Perhaps the function of the ROC is performed by the paired, large, ganglion-like bodies that lie anterolaterad to the cheliceral ganglia.The rind, which is formed from the neuronal somata and glial cells, surrounds the central fibrous core or neuropile. Neurosecretory cells (NSC) are distinct among rind cells due to their large size and concentration of cytoplasmic neurosecretions. NSC are present throughout the synganglion, although the subesophageal portion contains larger groups of these cells. Histological serial sections, stained with Meola's (Trans Am Microsc Soc 89:66-71, '70) paraldehyde fuchsin (PAF) procedure revealed 24 PAF-stained, putative neurosecretory regions in the synganglion of virgin, unfed females. All of these regions appear to be connected and associated with the nearest ganglion and are correspondingly named. Eighteen PAF-positive regions occur in the synganglion. In addition, PAF-negative (green-stained) cells occupy 6 distinct regions in the synganglion of unfed, unmated females. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of sex steroid implants on reproductive tissues of female garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Female Thamnophis sirtalis were administered intraperitoneal implants of either estradiol 17β (E2), testosterone (T), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or empty silastic capsules for 3 weeks. Plasma levels of E2 and T, measured by specific radioimmunoassay, were significantly elevated in E2 and T-implanted females when compared to controls. T-implanted females did not have elevated circulating E2 levels, suggesting that E2 in the plasma normally is not derived from peripheral conversion of T to E2. Implantation of DHT did not significantly change circulating levels of E2, T, or DHT. All three sex steroid - treated groups of animals had increased oviductal mass compared to controls, while hepatic mass of only E2-treated animals was significantly greater. None of the steroid treatments influenced ovarian mass. Oviductal epithelial cell height and area were greater in the three steroid-treated groups. Testosterone increased myometrial area while DHT drastically altered oviductal morphology. Hepatic cell area and number increased significantly in E2-treated females. However, a small increase in both hepatic cell area and number was noted in T- and DHT-treated females as well. These results suggest that androgen in both an aromatizable and non-aromatizable form can affect the oviduct of females but that the liver primarily responds to estrogenic steroids. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Sensilla on the mouthparts and antennae of the elephant louse, Haematomyzus elephantis piaget (Phthiraptera: Haematomyzidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The labial palpus of the elephant louse Haematomyzus elephantis has six sensilla that represent three different types: trichoid, basiconic, and styloconic. Two rows of basiconic sensilla are situated on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the rostrum, and each row consists of three sensilla. Male and female antennae have 15-17 trichoid sensilla situated on the scape, pedicel, and three antennal annuli. Both sexes have two sensilla basiconica on the dorsal surface of the pedicel near the junction of the scape and pedicel. Two coeloconic (tuft) sensilla are situated on the antennae of both sexes, one sensillum on each of the last two annuli. There are three plate organs, two on the last annulus and one on the penultimate annulus of the male and female antennae. Sexual dimorphism is exhibited in the male and female antennae, in that the male has about twice as many sensilla basiconica on the apex of the last annulus as does the female. The total number of sensilla basiconica on the apex of the male antennae is at least two times the number that is known to be present in any other species of lice. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Morphology of the teeth of adult caudata and apoda: Fine structure and chemistry of enamel (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 341-350 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Representative functional teeth from Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis (Cryptobranchidae), Amphiuma means (Amphiumidae), Dicamptodon ensatus (Dicamptodontidae), Necturus maculosus (Proteidae), and Dermophis sp. (Costa Rica) (Caeciliidae) were prepared for transmission electron microscope and electron microprobe analysis of the trace elements of the enamel layer. The enamel layer of these species is very thin and the arrangement of enamel crystals variable. In particular, the outer part of the enamel layer in which hydroxyapatite elements (Ca, P) and trace elements (e.g., F, Fe, Mg) are concentrated, is most heavily mineralized. The concentrations and alignment of crystals in the outer and inner parts of the enamel layer differ among these species.The presence of collagen fibers in the inner part of the enamel layer of Cryptobranchus and Dermophis indicates that it is enameloid rather than true enamel. The presence of trace elements may be related to the pattern of mineralization of enamel or enameloid, as suggested for tetra-odontiform fishes by Suga et al. (J. Dent. Res. 68:1115-1123, 1989). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Functional implications of neural canal anatomy in recent and fossil marine carnivores (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 357-374 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A statistical and functional relationship between neural canal anatomy and locomotor mode is demonstrated in living marine mammals of the Order Carnivora. This relationship is interpreted to be the result of differential innervation and territory of musculature involved in generating the six locomotor patterns analyzed. This osteological reflection of a behavioral trait allows prediction of locomotor pattern in extinct genera of closely related taxa. The robust data allow such predictions even when a considerable number of presacral vertebrae are missing in the fossil specimens. In some cases, these predictions conflict with interpretations based solely on limb osteology. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Variations in the distribution of motor end-plates in the avian pectoralis (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 65-88 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Most avian muscles consist of serially arranged, overlapping fibers that do not extend the length of the muscle. This condition appears to be plesiomorphic with respect to diapsid reptiles. The presence of this serialfibered architecture is evidenced by bands of stained motor end-plates (meps) perpendicular to the columns of fibers and dividing each column into a series of “segments.” The avian pectoralis was chosen for a study of variation in the distribution of meps within a single muscle. We report the interspecific variation for 158 specimens in 63 species. We also use additional specimens to examine intraspecific variation.Setting aside hummingbirds, which have an unique and clearly derived condition, the number of mep bands along a column of fibers near the shoulder falls within a remarkably small range. The number of segments is not obviously related to phylogenetic relatedness or to any characteristic of flight or ecology and is only slightly related to size. The largest specimens do average more segments per column, but there are no trends among small to medium-sized species, suggesting that there is an upper limit to fiber length. However, the shape of the sternum and pattern of connective tissue in the pectoralis alleviate the need for additional fibers in many large birds. These findings suggest that the architecture of the avian pectoralis is subject to some as yet unexplained selection that stabilizes the number of myofibers and/or motor neurons. The findings provide few clues as to whether the significant factors are phylogenetic, functional, ontogenetic, or some combination of these. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052150201
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    Morphological and functional bases of durophagy in the queen triggerfish, Balistes vetula (Pisces, tetraodontiformes) (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 101-118 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tetraodontiform fishes are characterized by jaws specialized for powerful biting and a diet dominated by hard-shelled prey. Strong biting by the oral jaws is an unusual feature among teleosts. We present a functional morphological analysis of the feeding mechanism of a representative tetraodontiform, Balistes vetula. As is typical for the order, long, sharp, strong teeth are mounted on the short, robust jaw bones of B. vetula. The neurocranium and suspensorium are enlarged and strengthened to serve as sites of attachment for the greatly hypertrophied adductor mandibulae muscles. Electromyographic recordings made from 11 cranial muscles during feeding revealed four distinct behaviors in the feeding repertoire of B. vetula. Suction is used effectively to capture soft prey and is associated with a motor pattern similar to that reported for many other teleosts. However, when feeding on hard prey, B. vetula directly bit the prey, exhibiting a motor pattern very different from that of suction feeding. During buccal manipulation, repeated cycles of jaw opening and closing (biting) were coupled with rapid movement of the prey in and out of the mouth. Muscle activity during buccal manipulation was similar to that seen during bite-captures. A blowing behavior was periodically employed during prey handling, as prey were forcefully “spit out” from the mouth, either to reposition them or to separate unwanted material from flesh. The motor pattern used during blowing was distinct from similar behaviors described for other fishes, indicating that this behaviors may be unique to tetraodontiforms. Thus B. vetula combines primitive behaviors and motor patterns (suction feeding and buccal manipulation) with specialized morphology (strong teeth, robust jaws, and hypertrophied adductor muscles) and a novel behavior (blowing) to exploit armored prey such as sea urchins molluscs, and crabs. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Early development of the chick embryo (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 165-182 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the early chick embryo was investigated, using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Eggs were obtained from the shell gland by injecting hens intravenously with a synthetic prostaglandin or arginine vasopressin. Embryos were examined during late cleavage (stages IV-VI, Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, '76), formation of the area pellucida (stages VII-XI), and formation of the hypoblast (stages X-XIV). SEM highlighted the reduction in cell number at the underside of the embryo during formation of the area pellucida although it became apparent that the thickness of the embryo is not reduced to a single layer of cells at stage X. In addition, blastomeres at the perimeter of embryos (stages V-VI) project filopodial extensions onto a smooth membrane that separates the sub-embryonic cavity from the yolk. During hypoblast formation, epiblast cells generate stellate projections at their basal aspect, thus providing a meshwork for the advancing secondary hypoblast cells. By stage XII the epiblast was one cell thick and reminiscent of a columnar epithelium when viewed transversely. Cells of the deep portion of the posterior marginal zone were distinguished morphologically in the stage XII embryo by their many cell surface projections and ruffled appearance. Blastomeres at the perimeter of stage V-VI embryos projected filopodial extensions onto a smooth membrane which separates the sub-embryonic cavity from the yolk. This membrane is presumed to be confluent with the cytolemma. Evidence is presented demonstrating the presence of intracellular membrane-bound droplets which are hypothesised to contain sub-embryonic fluid. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Land crabs with smooth lungs: Grapsidae, Gecarcinidae, and Sundathelphusidae ultrastructure and vasculature (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 245-260 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The highly terrestrial grapsids and gecarcinids and the amphibious sundathelphusids all have large, expanded branchial chambers. The lining of the branchial chambers is smooth and well vascularized, and it functions as a lung. The respiratory membrane and the cuticle lining the lung are extremely thin (200-350 nm). The blood vessels within the lung are formed from connective tissue cells supported by collagen fibres and lined by a basal lamina. The major vessels in the lung are embedded deep in the branchiostegite and lie just beneath the thick outer carapace. These vessels branch towards the respiratory membrane, where they eventually lose their connective tissue coverings to form thin, flattened lacunae directly below the respiratory epithelium. The lacunae (exchange sites) are bordered by specialized connective tissue cells, which either bear microvilli on their apical surface (fimbriated cells) or are very smooth. The respiratory circulation in the lung is very complex, with two portal systems present between the afferent and efferent systems, producing a total of three lacunal exchange beds. Portal systems increase the surface area available for gas exchange. The major distributing vessel in the lung is the branchiostegal vein, which runs along the inner margin of the branchiostegite. The main venous supplies come anteriorly from the infraorbital and ventral sinuses and posteriorly from the procardial sinus. The main collecting vessel is the pulmonary vein, which arises anteriorly and which runs around the ventral perimeter of the branchiostegite before emptying into the pericardial sinus. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Naturally occurring diblastodermic eggs in the annual fish Cynolebias: Implications for developmental regulation and determination (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 301-312 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Annual fish development differs from that of other teleosts because a phase of blastomere dispersion-reaggregation spatially and temporally separates epiboly from embryogenesis. The fate of dispersed blastomeres was assessed in diblastodermic eggs of the annual fishes Cynolebias whitei and C. nigripinnis. In typical teleosts, blastomere determination and the events of primary embryonic induction occur prior to or during epiboly, so diblastodermic eggs produce partially or completely duplicated embryos. In the diblastodermic eggs of Cynolebias, the two blastoderms are completely separate from the one cell stage to the high blastula. Blastoderm fusion begins during midepiboly. By the end of epiboly, blastoderm fusion has been completed, and the deep, embryo-forming blastomeres of both blastoderms have completely dispersed and intermingled to form a single cell population. A typical annual fish dispersed blastomere phase ensues. Blastomeres reaggregate into a single mass, in which one embryo develops. When hatched, the young fish have no obvious structural or functional abnormalities. We suggest that the dispersed blastomeres of annual fish eggs are equivalent and that induction or determination takes place within the reaggregate. Alternatively, dispersed cells are partially determined but highly regulative, so that, when two populations fuse, the cells sort out according to tissue type and form a single embryo. In either instance, the formation of a single, normal embryo seems to corroborate the hypothesis that the dispersed cell phase of annual fishes is an adaptation that prevents environmentally induced developmental defects. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Morphological analysis of tendinous structure in the American alligator jaw muscles (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 171-181 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the American alligator, the jaw muscles show seven bundles of tendinous structure: cranial adductor tendon, mandibular adductor tendon, lamina anterior inferior, trap-shaped lamina lateralis, lamina intramandibularis, lamina posterior, and depressor mandibular tendon (originating from the musculus depressor mandibulae, m. pseudotemporalis, m. adductor mandibulae posterior, m. adductor mandibulae externus, m. intramandibularis, m. pterygoideus anterior, and m. pterygoideus posterior). These tendinous structures are composed of many collagen fibrils and elastic fibers; however, the distributions and sizes of the fibers in these tendinous components differ in comparison with those of other masticatory muscles. The differences of these properties reflect the kinetic forces or the stretch applied to each tendon by the muscle during jaw movements in spite of the simple tendon-muscle junctions. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The horizontal septum: Mechanisms of force transfer in locomotion of scombrid fishes (Scombridae, Perciformes) (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 183-204 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We describe the complex shapes of myomeres and myosepta in the mackerels and tunas (Scombridae: Teleostei), and we reveal the orientation of two major systems of collagen fibers in myosepta and horizontal septa with respect to points of attachment to skeleton and skin. Our goal is to identify the likely pathways of the transmission of muscle forces during locomotion. Our primary conclusions are (1) that the collagen fibers of myosepta, horizontal septa, and skin are the organs that transfer locomotor forces from the contraction of myomeres to the backbone and caudal fin during locomotion, and (2) that locomotor muscle pulls against a three-dimensional structure of tendons, septa, and skin that is kept in tension by the radial expansion of the contracting muscle. The main horizontal septum is formed by the convergence of myosepta and is likely to be the major transmitter of muscle force to the axial skeleton. The geometry of the myomeres, the position of red muscle, and particularly the geometric conformation of crossed-fiber arrays of collagen in the main horizontal septum suggest specific mechanisms for the transfer of muscle force to the backbone among scombrid fishes. Morphometrics and the construction of physical models help us to identify musculoskeletal mechanisms of locomotion, and we present two quantitative models of locomotor mechanics in fishes. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Oviductal morphology and eggshell formation in the lizard, Sceloporus woodi (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 205-217 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Despite a great deal of work in recent years on the structure of reptilian eggshells, few studies have examined the structure and regulation of the female reproductive tract in the formation of eggshell components, and none have examined the entire process from ovulation to oviposition. In this study, we examined oviductal structure in the oviparous lizard, Sceloporus woodi, followed changes in oviductal structure during gravidity, and determined uterine function in the formation of eggshell components. The endometrial glands of the uterus produce the proteinaceous fibers of the eggshell membrane mainly during the first 24 hours following ovulation, and the fibers are secreted intact and subsequently wrapped around the in utero eggs. Eggshell fibers of different thicknesses are layered around each egg, ranging from an inner layer of thick fibers that gradually become thinner medially and finally forms an outer layer of densely packed particulate matter. These changes in the fibrous layer are reflected by the thickness and length of fibers released from the endometrial glands. Calcium deposition occurs from 3 days following ovulation through day 14 (oviposition) and is accompanied by cellular changes in the luminal epithelium suggestive of secretory activity. Deposition of the eggshell components within the uterus occurs on all eggs simultaneously, rather than sequentially. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Morphogenesis and ductal development of the prostatic complex of the guinea pig (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 219-227 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphogenesis of glandular architecture of the three lobes of prostate gland of the guinea pig, lateral, dorsal, and coagulating gland was studied from 35 days gestation to 90 postnatal days. Epithelial ductal tubules of various lobes of the gland were microdissected after treatment by collagenase and displayed two dimensionally. The number of ductal tips was counted, and the volume of the ductal network was quantified using a graphic tablet. The results show that the growth and ductal morphogenesis fall into two phases: prenatal and postnatal. The first outgrowth of prostatic buds begins at 35 days gestation (gestational length is 65 days). Ductal growth and branching continues over the next 15-20 days and by 55 days gestation, approximately 60%, 79%, and 71% of the adult number of ductal tips of the lateral and dorsal lobes and coagulating gland respectively, are formed. The figures increase to 89%, 84%, and 106%, respectively, by birth. There is little increase in number of ductal tips thereafter. Postnatal growth is accomplished mainly by elongation of existing ductal network with a little additional branching but with an increase in size (volume) of the tubules. Canalization of ductal tubules occurs prenatally in all lobes but postnatal functional cytodifferentiation takes a slightly different pace among them. Ductal morphogenesis of the guinea pig prostate gland differs significantly in time-course from that of the mouse in which ductal development occurs mainly postnatally. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052170301
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    Structure of comblike teeth of the ayu sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis (Teleostei: Isospondyli): I. Denticles and tooth attachment (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 229-238 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and tooth attachment of the comblike teeth and denticles of the ayu sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis, were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The denticle is composed of a spoonlike crown with a spine pointed anteriorly, a triangular plate in the cervical region, and a root that curves laterally and tapers off to a point. The root apex is fused with a long thin pedicle that turns abruptly anteriad toward the jaw bone. Planes of the spine, the spoonlike crown, the triangle plate and the root of the denticle are varied, and the denticle is twisted in the region of the triangle plane.The superficial layer of the dentine is homogeneously calcified and is considered to be enameloid, because some of the inner dentinal epithelial cells in the tooth germ are columnar and possess cellular processes at their apical ends. The dentine is fibrous and fine dentinal tubules are visible in dentine treated with sodium hydroxide and observed by scanning electron microscopy. The upper half of the root is surrounded by a dense layer of collagen fibers running parallel to the tooth axis, and the lower half is encompassed by interlaced collagen fibers. The lower part of the root is open on its lingual side. The pedicle is a long rod which is homogeneously calcified and enmeshed by interlaced collagen fibers, and it curves mediad as it nears the jaw bone. The pedicles are interposed between a layer of gelatinous connective tissue and the jaw bone and terminate on the periosteum. Comparative aspects of ayu tooth morphology are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of juvenile hormone analogues upon soldier differentiation in the termite Reticulitermes santonensis (Rhinotermitidae, Heterotermitinae) (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 239-261 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Under the influence of juvenile hormone analogues (JHAs), termite workers are induced to differentiate into soldiers. In Reticulitermes santonensis, such induced differentiation is often incomplete, resulting in intercaste production. The morphology of the structures most affected during differentiation was analyzed descriptively and biometrically in normal workers, presoldiers, and soldiers, and in experimental intercastes. We observed that intercastes form a morphological and biometrical continuum between workers and presoldiers (presoldier intercastes), and between presoldiers and soldiers (soldier intercastes). We also compared the biochemistry of the normal individuals and of the intercastes; in contrast to workers, the intercastes possess a frontal gland secretion which differs from those of the presoldiers and soldiers. Besides intercaste characterization, we consider the mode of action of JHAs in termite differentiation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Microtopography of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda: Heligmosomatidae): Free-living larval stages (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 263-271 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microtopographic features of the various growth stages of the three free-living larval stages of the rat hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda) were surveyed by scanning electron microscopy. These worms have a rounded anterior end and an elongated tail. Cuticular annulations were observed along the body, which also bore two ribbon-like lateral alae. Two rings of six lip-like lappets were observed around the triradiate oral opening in all larval stages. The cephalic space contained two lateral amphidial pits. The excretory pore in the third anterior part was observed in a ventral view of the larvae. No deirids were observed. The anus with a crescent-shape opening was located posteriorly. Phasmidial apertures, only observed in the third-stage larvae, opened on the lateral alae in the tail region. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Two different patterns of interrupted spermatogenesis in winter diapause and summer quiescence in the desert beetle, Omorgus freyi (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 347-358 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spermatogenesis discontinues during both adult reproductive diapause and quiescence in the flightless males of Omorgus freyi. During both types of dormancy, spermatogenesis discontinuity is a dynamic process involving an uninterrupted supply of primary spermatocytes that undergoes partial development and lyses before spermatozoa can be formed. Notwithstanding this common feature, the pattern of discontinuity differs between the two kinds of dormancy. During reproductive diapause, spermatozoa and late spermatids are the first cells that lyse; after diapause break, spermatozoa are produced anew. During quiescence, in contrast, the first indication of discontinuity is the degeneration of late primary spermatocytes; spermatozoa apparently remain intact for a while but eventually degenerate as well. Therefore, males returning to sexual activity after a short period of quiescence may still have spermatozoa capable of fertilization. However, following a long period of quiescence, spermatozoa will be absent and must be produced anew, as in postdiapausing males. The existence of two different patterns of spermatogenesis discontinuity may indicate that each is controlled differently by the endocrine system, in response to the different environmental conditions inducing quiescence or diapause. Dual control of discontinuity may contribute to the high reproductive potential of these flightless beetles, under unpredictable and extreme desert conditions. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110101
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    Ovary of the golden crab, Chaceon fenneri: I. Post-spawning and oosorption (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oosorption has been considered an important strategy in many invertebrate species which occurs in response to behavioral, ecological, or physiological factors. In crustaceans, the early light microscopic studies of the ovary attributed a role in oosorption to follicle cells, hemocytes, or phagocytes. In this study, ovaries were collected from female golden crabs following spawning and processed for examination by electron microscopy.Following spawning, several unspawned oocytes which had become dissociated from their follicle cells were found in the ovaries. They appeared to be lodged within the lumen. Such oocytes were observed undergoing various stages of autolysis. At no time were hemocytes or recognizable phagocytes found in the lumen of the ovaries or in contact with the degenerating oocytes. Follicle cells which had surrounded the oocytes prior to the time of spawning exhibited disrupted membranes. Resorption of unspawned eggs appears to occur by autolysis of the individual oocytes.Several of the females who had recently spawned had numerous sperm in their ovaries. Such sperm may have been pressed into the lumen at the time of spawning or during the fixation process.
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    Liver ultrastructure of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 41-54 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and transmission electron microscopy of the liver of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reveals a tubular arrangement of parenchymal cells, with biliary passages typically located at the center of tubules. Hepatocytes generally contain a single nucleus surrounded by a cuff of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), with many round to elongate mitochondria associated with the perinuclear RER. Whereas glycogen deposits are common and usually lie at the cell periphery, parenchymal cells seldom contain lipid droplets. Golgi complexes and heterogeneous dense bodies also occur in many hepatocytes, often in close proximity to bile canaliculi. Numerous microvilli from hepatocytes extend into the subendothelial space of Disse, which is also the location of stellate fat-storing cells. Interhepatocytic macrophages, sometimes containing prominent phagolysosomes and residual bodies, are common in the liver. The intrahepatic biliary system consists of intercellular canaliculi, bile pre-ductules, ductules, and ducts. In contrast to some other teleosts, the liver of the Atlantic salmon contains no intracellular bile canaliculi or Kupffer cells. The hepatic endothelium, arterioles, and perivenous regions are also described.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110201
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    Trunk movements during locomotion in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica (didelphidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 137-146 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The small didelphid cmarsupial, Monodelphis domestica, uses a lateral sequence walk during slow treadmill locomotion and gradually shifts to a trot as speed increases. At higher speeds it changes abruptly to a half-bound. Cinematographic records suggest significant lateral bending but no sagittal bending of the trunk during the slow walk and a reduced amount of lateral bending during the fast walk. There is slight lteral, but no sagittal, bending during the trot. Sagittal bending is obvious during the half-bound, but no lateral bending is evident. Cineradiography confirms that the vertebral column of the trunk bends laterally during the slow walk. Bending occurs throughout the trunk region, but seems to be most pronounced in the anterior lumbar region. Associated with this bending of the trunk is substantial rotation of the pelvic girdle in the plane of yaw. Pelvic rotation is synchronized with the locomotor cycle of hindlimbs. Each side of the pelvis rotates forward during the recovery phase of the ipsilateral hindlimb and backward during the contact phase of this limb. Information on locomotor trunk movements in other limbed tetrapods is limited. The pattern of trunk bending found in Monodelphis, however, is consistent with that reported in the placental mammal Felis catus and in some lepidosaurian reptiles. This suggests that sagittal bending did not replace lateral bending during the evolution of mammals, as is sometimes suggested. Rather, bending in the vertical plane seems to have been added to lateral bleeding when the ancestors of extant mammals acquired galloping and bounding capabilities.
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    Fine structure of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue of the freshwater turtle, Geoclemys reevesii (Chelonia, Emydinae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 125-135 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy shows that lingual papillae occur all over the dorsal surface of the tongue of the freshwater turtle, Geoclemys reevesii. The surface of each papilla is composed of compactly distributed hemispherical bulges, each composed of a single cell. Microvilli are widely distributed over the surface of cells. Histological examination reveals that the connective tissue penetrates deep into the center of papillae and that the epithelium is stratified columnar. Under the transmission electron microscope, the cells of the basal and the deep intermediate layers of the epithelium appear rounded. A large nucleus lies in the central area of each cell. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The cell membrane form numerous processes. The shallow intermediate layer contains two types of cell. The cytoplasm of the first has numerous fine granules, in addition to mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. The other type of cell contains highly electron-dense granules. The surface layer shows two cell types. One type consists of typical mucous cells. The other type of cell contains fine, electron-lucent granules. The latter cells lie on the free-surface side, covering the mucous cells, and have microvilli on their free surfaces.
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    Morphology and glycoconjugate histochemistry of the palpebral glands of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 165-178 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The eyelids of the newt were studied in 10 μm serial paraffin and 1-2 μm plastic sections using standard histological stains and special stains for glycconjugates. The eylids contain four different glands. Simple acinar serous and simple acinar mucous glands occur in the skin; unicellular mucous glands occur in the conjunctiva; and convoluted tubular seromucous glands are present in connective tissue beneath the conjunctiva. The first two are identical to cutaneous glands found elsewhere on the head and body. The simple acinar serous glands are surrounded by myoepithelial cells and release their sectetion, which is composed largely of proteins with minimal glycoconjugate content, by a holocrine mechansm. The secretory product of the simple acinar mucous glands is composed of neutral glycoconjugates with a minor content of acidic glycoconjugates; the mucin exhibits strong PAS and PAPD staining and weak staining by AB and PAPS methods. The unicellular conjunctival mucous glands secrete both neutral and acidic glycoconjugates as shown by positive reactions with PAS, PAPD, PAPS, and AB methods. Convoluted tubular seromucous glands in the ventral eyelid synthesize both proteins and neutral glycoconjugates. The mucous secretions of the conjunctival glands probably provide lubrication and protection for the cornea.
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    The effects of silicate depletion and subsequent replenishment on the cytoplasmic fine structure of the silica-secreting testate amoeba Netzelia tuberculata in laboratory culture (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 285-293 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the absence of silicate in the growth medium, Netzelia tuberculata cells withdraw their feeding lobopodia, become quiescent, and cease to divide. Upon replenishment of silicate, growth resumes within 18-24 hours. Cytoplasmic changes produced by a low silicate medium result in a zonal arrangement, with siliceous particles at the outer periphery of the cytoplasm in a region rich in Golgi bodies (Region A), a more centrally located layer containing endoplasmic reticulum, lipid reserves, and finely granular cytoplasm (Region B), and a region of partially digested food and waste material fringed by fine rhizopodia extending into the central space of the test (Region C). The reserve siliceous particles in the outer peripheral cytoplasm are foreign particles that contain a fragile deposit of silica and appear to be incomplet. This may be a mechanism for conserving silica in the low-silicate medium by coating particles instead of making particles of solid silica de novo. Upon addition of silicate to the growth medium, new siliceous particles are synthesized within vacuoles in the region of the Golgi apparatus within 2-18 hours. Vacuoles containing fine silica deposits, characteristic of new particle production, are surrounded by Golgi-derived vesicles previously shown to be a source of membrane for the silica-secreting vacuoles. The newly synthesized particles are solid silica as is characteristic of de novo secreted test particles, in contrast to the numerous silica-coated foreign bodies found in quiescent cells produced in low-silicate medium.
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    An ultrastructural study of differentiatation of pyriform cells and their contribution to oocyte growth in representative squamata (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscopic study of the differentiation of pyriform cells and their contribution to oocyte growth in three lizards (Tarentola mauritanica, Cordylus wittifer, Platysaurus intermedius) and one colubrid snake (Coluber viridiflavus) revealed that pyriform cells differentiate from small follicle cells via intermediate cells after establishing an intercellular bridge with the oocyte (see also Hubert: Bull Soc Zool Fr 102:151-158, 1977; Filosa et al: J Embryol Exp Morphol 54:5-15 1979; Klosterman: J Morphol 192:125-144, 1987). Once differentiated, pyriform cells display ultrastructural features indicative of synthetic activity, including abundant ribosomes, Golgi membranes, vacuoles, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. These cellular components extend to the apex of the cell at the level of the intercellular bridge, suggesting that constituents of pyriform cells may be transferred to the oocyte. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that pyriform cells incorporate exogenous yolk. The yolk is segregated inside maturing yolk granules that form in the pyriform cell in the same manner as described for vitellogenic oocytes in non-mammalian vertebrates (see Wallace: Developmental Biology, A Comprehensive Synthesis 127-177, 1985). It is the first clear evidence that pyriform cells and the oocyte may fulfill similar vitellogenic functions. The establishment of an intercellular bridge may represent a crucial event in the development of an integrated system in which pyriform cells and oocyte cooperate.
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    Histology of the reproductive tract of hybrids between gonochoristic males and parthenogenetic females of Lepidodactylus lugubris in French Polynesia (Reptilia, Gekkonidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parthenogenetic populations of the gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris are widespread throughout Polynesia. They often occur parapatrically, and occasionally syntopically, with the increasingly rare bisexual populations. In these instances, a small number of hybrid individuals occur and include both “female” and “male” external phenotypes, both with greatly reduced gonads.Histological examination demonstrates that these hybrids possess small ovotestes. The differentiation of the cortical tissue is identical in both “male” and “female” hybrids, but the medullary tissue is more developed in “males.” The remainder of the genital tract in “females” resembles that of fertile females in the parthenogenetic and bisexual populations. By contrast, the “male” hybrids are markedly intersexual. In one of the two specimens autopsied, the hemipenes are more or less the same size as those of bisexual males, and the sexual segment of the kidney is hypertrophied and serous. In the other hybrid “male,” the hemipenes have a structure similar to that seen in females, and the sexual segment of the kidney is poorly differentiated. In both hybrid “males,” the ductus deferens is extremely narrow and further reduced in its middle portion; oviducts are present and resemble those of normal or hybrid females.Thus, embryonic-like gonads are associated with complete and normal female reproductive ducts in hybrid “females.” Hybrid “males” also have embryonic-like gonads and feminized genital ducts but associated with secondary sexual characters that match those of sexually active or quiescent normal males.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120201
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    Relationship of saccular ultrastructure to otolith growth in the teleost Oreochromis niloticus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 99-107 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sacculus of Oreochromis niloticus is anatomically separated from the utriculus and semicircular canals. The saccular wall is composed of the sensory epithelium, transitional epithelia, and squamous epithelium. Cellular granules are abundant in the sensory and transitional epithelia but scarce in the squamous epithelium. Over the dorsal side of the dorsal transitional epithelium there exists an oval patch of cells with distinctive microvilli. New finding is a shallow groove which extends from the anterior end of the sensory epithelium approximately halfway down along the ventral perimacular transitional epithelium. Small vesicles, which appear “empty” under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), are aggregated in the posterior region of the groove. These small vesicles are also present in both the sensory and transitional epithelia. A second kind of vesicle is comparatively large and appears filled with stainable contents. These vesicles are restricted to the sensory region. Both kinds of vesicles appear to be involved in apical secretion and possibly provide the otolithic membrane with fibers. The otolithic membrane is composed of a gelatinuous layer and subcupular meshwork. The meshwork appears to contribute to the formation of the otolith. The small empty vesicles appear to originate in sensory and transitional epithelial cells and may form the subcupular meshwork. The larger filled vesicles are derived predominantly from sensory cells in the sensory epithelium and appear to contribute to the gelatinuous layer of otoliths. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Announcement (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. A1 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120209
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    Ubiquitous perivenous smooth muscle cords in viscera of the teleost Rachycentron canadum, with special emphasis on liver (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 175-189 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The liver of the cobia, Rachycentron canadum, was examined by gross dissection, histological, and ultrastructural procedures. Other visceral organs were examined by histological techniques only. Unique perivenous smooth muscle cords are associated with veins in these systems, but they are particularly prominent in their association with the hepatic portal veins and their numerous intrahepatic branches. The perivenous smooth muscle cords accompany tributaries of the portal veins to the junction of the venules with the hepatic sinusoids. The reciprocal contraction and relaxation of various segments of the smooth muscle cords appear to result in pooling of blood in temporary reservoirs and in its transport to various regions of the organ. This process might apply to other organ systems as well. Possibly this unique relationship of the smooth muscle cords with veins functions in a diving reflex. Triads are occasionally encountered in the cobia liver. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Electron microscopic structure and innervation of the carotid baroreceptor region in the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 201-211 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Semi-thin plastic sections reveal that the carotid baroreceptor region in the rock hyrax comprising the origin of the internal carotid artery has a preponderantly elastic structure and a thick tunica adventitia. In contrast, the common carotid artery has a musculoelastic structure, whereas the cranial segment of the internal carotid artery (immediately distal to the baroreceptor areas) shows the features of a muscular artery. Electron microscopy discloses the presence of sensory nerve endings within the parts of the tunica adventitia adjoining the preponderantly elastic zone of the internal carotid artery. These nerve endings are characterized by varicose regions containing a large quantity of mitochondria. Bundles of collagen fibers in the tunica adventitia form convolutions or whorls around the nerve terminals and often terminate on the surface of the elastic fibers or into the basement membranes of the neuronal profiles. The large content of elastic tissue in the tunica media of the baroreceptor region may render the vessel wall highly distensible to intraluminal pressure changes. This, in turn, would facilitate the transmission of the stimulus intensity to the sensory nerve terminals located in the tunica adventitia. It is suggested that the stretching of elastic fibers may form the main mechanical event leading to the distortion of the associated nerve terminals. However, a change in the geometrical configuration of the bundles of collagen under the influence of the elastic fibers may provide a better insight into the mechanisms of distortion of the baroreceptors related to and/or in contact with collagen fibers. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Four forearm flexor muscles of the horse, Equus caballus: Anatomy and histochemistry (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 269-280 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two of the forearm flexors of the horse, the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles, are critical to support the digital and fetlock joints, exhibit differing insertions, and are passively supported by the proximal and distal check ligaments, respectively. These two muscles differ in histochemical composition and architecture. The differences are correlated with the different stress levels transmitted through their tendons, and the different frequencies of clinical breakdown that have been reported. Both muscles contain type I and type IIa fibers. A few type IIb fibers occurred in the deep digital flexor. The superficial digital flexor contained approximately 56% type I fibers, extremely short muscle fibers, and extensive connective tissue investment. In contrast, the deep digital flexor had three muscle heads: ulnar, radial, and “long” and “short” regions of the humeral head. The “long” and “short” regions of the humeral head contained 33% and 44% type I fibers, respectively, fiber lengths three to four times as long as those in the superficial digital flexor, and relatively less connective tissue investment. Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris compared most closely with the humeral head of the deep digital flexor. These data suggest a correlation of the unique architecture of superficial digital flexor with its proposed elastic storage properties during locomotion in horses, and an explanation for the frequent breakdown of the superficial digital flexor in athletic horses. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Neuromuscular organization of feline anterior sartorius: II. Intramuscular length changes and complex length-tension relationships during stimulation of individual nerve branches (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The feline anterior sartorius is a long strap-like muscle composed of short muscle fibers. Nerve branches that enter this muscle contain the axons of motor units whose constituent muscle fibers are distributed asymmetrically within the muscle. In the present study, twitch and tetanic isometric contractions were evoked by stimulating individual nerve branches while muscle force was recorded and intramuscular length changes were monitored optically by the movement of reflective markers on the muscle. Contractions elicited by stimulating the parent nerve produced little change in the positions of the surface markers. Contractions elicited by stimulating the proximally or distally directed nerve branches caused the muscle to shorten at the end closest to the nerve branch and lengthen at the opposite end. Some muscles were supplied by a centrally directed nerve branch whose stimulation produced variable effects: in some cases a portion of the muscle shortened whereas the rest lengthened, but in other cases, the positions of the surface markers showed little change. The intramuscular length changes produced by stimulating single nerve branches were greater during isometric contractions at short whole-muscle lengths than at long whole-muscle lengths. The twitch and tetanic length-tension relationships obtained by stimulating the individual nerve branches were not congruent with the length-tension relationship produced when the parent nerve was stimulated. At short whole-muscle lengths, stimulation of a single nerve branch generated only a small fraction of the force that could be generated by the muscle when the parent nerve was stimulated. As whole-muscle length increased, an increased fraction of total muscle force could be generated by stimulating a single nerve branch. The results suggest that a complex relationship between passive and active elements contributes to the total muscle force and depends on the distribution of active and passive muscle units throughout the muscle. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of oogenesis in Castrada viridis (platyhelminthes, rhabdocoela) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 241-250 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The heterocellular female gonad of the typhloplanoid Castrada viridis consists of a single germarium and two rows of vitellaria. The germarium, composed of a germinative zone and a growth zone, is surrounded externally by a layer of accessory cells the function of which is hypothesized in this study. The main feature of oocyte differentiation is the synthesis of small electron-dense inclusions produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (R.E.R.) and Golgi complex. The electron-dense content of the egg inclusions reacts positively to the cytochemical test used to detect polyphenols and is only partially extracted following incubation in protease. The genesis, composition, and peripheral location of egg inclusions in mature oocytes suggest that they could represent residual eggshell granules. The presumed function of eggshell granules is discussed and their fine morphology is compared with that observed in other neoophoran Platyhelminthes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The development of Caretta caretta, at 25-34°C, in artificial nests (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 251-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy has been used to enhance the description of a single species, Caretta caretta (the loggerhead turtle), staged according to Miller's system for the development of marine turtles. Incubation over a temperature range of 25°-34°C confirms previous observations that, under artificial conditions and at a constant incubation temperature, normal development is confined to a limited temperature range. Premature pipping is a feature of incubation at the lower end of this range; abnormal development, generated during the first third of the incubation period, occurs just above the normal range. Details of the external morphology of embryos from Miller stage 14 through to 25 are given together with an account of the developmental abnormalities produced at a high temperature of incubation. The data obtained confirm that Miller's scheme is generally applicable to C. caretta, provided that due regard is paid to the incubation temperature. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Jaw-muscle activity in ferrets, Mustela putorius furo (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 275-286 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electromyographical (EMG) activity was recorded bilaterally from the masseter and temporalis muscles of alert ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) during mastication and crushing. Electromyographic activity was also recorded during biting while a bite-force transducer placed between the carnassial teeth registered forces ranging from 1.5 to 48.8 N. Linear regression analysis demonstrates that temporalis and masseter EMG activity are linearly related to bite force. Electromyographic activity from the balancing-side muscles is nearly equal to EMG activity of the working-side muscles during bone crushing with the carnassial teeth. It is hypothesized that a high percentage of balancing-side muscle activity in ferrets can be recruited during carnassial biting because the postglenoid process prevents ventral displacement of the working-side mandibular condyle. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Ultrastructural qualitative and quantitative data on the sporogenesis of the protozoan Abelspora portucalensis (microspora, abelsporidae): A different approach to the study of microsporidia (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 295-303 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sporogenesis of the microsporidium Abelspora portucalensis was studied with electron microscopy. In qualitative terms, new aspects of the cytoplasmic ultrastructure of the schizont, sporont, and sporoblast are described: the presence of microtubules, of aggregates of small opaque vesicles, and of dispersed larger vesicles with clear matrix. The hypothesis that the opaque vesicles may represent the Golgi apparatus and the clear vesicles may correspond to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is discussed. The use of standard stereological and statistical techniques gives us a new perspective on the development of this microsporidium. The most relevant quantitative data display that the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (either in relative or absolute terms) presents significant differences among the three stages, with the sporont showing the highest values; that the absolute (but not the relative) volume of the large vesicles significantly changes during sporogenesis with the highest values presented by the sporont; that the surface-to-volume ratio of the schizont and sporont cells is similar and significantly greater than that of the sporoblast cell; that the surface density of the nucleus in relation to soma remains constant in the three stages (on the contrary, the surface-to-volume ratio of the nucleus increases and its volumetric density diminishes); and finally, that the nucleolus decreases its relative and absolute volumes. The functional significance of these results is analyzed and the application of similar methodology in quantifying the effects of drugs upon microsporidia is suggested. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Influence of web-monitoring tactics on the density of mitochondria in leg muscles of the spider family uloboridae (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 341-347 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From electron micrographs we determined the ratio of mitochondrial to myofibril cross sectional area in cells of the first leg anterior depressor muscles of adult females of four spider species, each from a different genus. Species with more active web-monitoring tactics and greater tracheal supplies to their first legs have muscle cells that are better supplied with mitochondria than those with less active tactics and less well-developed tracheal systems. These results demonstrate that, even in homologous tissues of closely related species, mitochondrial supply can change to accommodate changes in metabolic activity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Three nephromixial patterns in polychaete species currently assigned to the genus Pista (Annelida, Terebellidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 365-393 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative morphological study of nephromixial systems in three Californian terebellid polchaetes currently assigned to the genus Pista shows that P. fimbriata has all attributes of the generic type, but that P. pacifica and P. elongata differ markedly. The features of typical Pista include (among others): two pairs of usually unequal branchiae, long-handled anterior uncini (hooks) of crested avicular (bird-head-like) from, muddy, unornamented tubes, one pair of anterior excretory nephromixia (ENMX), and two pairs of separate thoracic reproductive nephromixia (RNMX) with genital papillae on segments VI and VII. A review indicates that P. fimbriata shares these typical features with practically all adequately described Pista species. However, P. pacifica and P. elongata possess three pairs of branchiae, long-handled uncini of distinctive crochet-like form, and membranous tubes with apertural hoods. Both have two pairs of ENMX, the first supplied by one pair of ciliated renal funnels, the second by two pairs of such funnels. But they differ in their RNMX: P. pacifica has three pairs of complex RNMX, those on each side united by a common duct. P. elongata has 11-13 pairs of simple RNMX united by common ducts. Although these species do not fit into Pista, no genus has been found to accommodate them. Generic placement is complicated by the fact that no instances of intra-generic nephromixial variation have been reported in the Terebellidae, although inter-generic variation is well known. If they are congeneric, this would be the first example of intrageneric RNMX variation in Terebellidae. But if assigned to separate genera or subgenera on the basis of their RNMX, their similarity of anterior uncini might be attributable to parallel or convergent adaptation to life in comparable tubes. More evidence, including molecular analysis, is needed for phylogenetic studies of Terebellidae. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The ear in subterranean insectivora and rodentia in comparison with ground-dwelling representatives. I. Sound conducting system of the middle ear (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 49-61 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Compared to acoustically unspecialized mammals (soricids and murids), the middle ear of subterranean insectivores and rodents (twelve species of six families examined) was clearly distinguished and characterized by many common features: rather round and relatively larger eardrum without a pars flaccida; reduced gonial; loose or no connection between the malleus and the tympanic bone; reduced and straightened transversal part of the malleus; enlarged incus; increased and rather flat incudo-mallear joint; rather parallel position of the mallear manubrium and incudal crus longum in some species (and their fusion in abthyergids); reduced or even missing middle ear muscles. Convergent occurrence of these structural features in taxa of different origin and their generally derived character suggest that they cannot be categorized as degenerative. The form of the stapes can be considered as a non-adaptive trait; it was taxon specific yet remarkably polymorphous in some species and exhibited no convergent features among subterranean mammals. Structural retrogression resulting in a columella-like stapes was observed in some species lacking the stapedial artery. The stapedial base was relatively larger than in unspecialized mammals. The subterranean mammals did not exhibit conspicuously enlarged eardrums as would be required for sensitive tuning to low frequencies. It is, however, argued that while selective pressures in the subterranean ecotope promoted hearing of low frequencies, hearing sensitivity did not have to be enhanced. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Differences in morphological features of the sacculus of the inner ear of two hakes (Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus, gadiformes) inhabits from different depth of sea (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 97-107 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the sensory epithelia of the sacculus in two species of hake, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus, was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sensory epithelia have two morphological features that are very different from other gadiform species. These include the presence of two large areas which are only linked by a narrow neck, and the larger proportion of hair cells oriented in the rostrocaudal axis than in other species. The deeper-dwelling species, M. paradoxus, has a larger proportion of hair cell with short ciliary bundles than does the shallower-dwelling species, M. capensis. These morphological specializations could improve the acoustic diserimination and localization capabilities of these species, possibly related to an increase in sensitivity to higher frequency sounds in the deeper-dwelling species. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    A study of ovarian foilicular kinetics, oviduct, fat body, and liver mass cycles in laboratory-maintained Rana cyanophlyctis in comparison with wild-caught frogs (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 123-129 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ovarian follicular dynamics and fluctuations in fat body, oviducal, and liver masses were studied in captive Rana cyanophlyctis in comparison with wild-caught frogs, sampled at monthly intervals over a period of 12 months. In both the captive and wil-dcaught frogs first growth phase (FGP) and second growth phase (SGP) or vitellogenic oocytes were produced throughout the period examined; however, changes in ovarian and oviducal weights were less marked in the former group.In the captive frogs SGP oocyte production was reduced by 50%, and, maximum ovarian weight and SGP oocyte number were attained 2-3 months earlier than in wild-caught controls. The FGP oocyte pool in laboratory-maintained frogs, however was comparable with that of the corresponding wild-caught frogs. Captivity caused a threefold increase in atresia and reduced the number of oocytes reaching SGP. The depletion of fat stores in fat bodies during the later phases of captivity suggests that the deposition of lipids into oocytes (for SGP) was given priority over storage in the fat bodies.The low oviducal weights of captive frogs was correlated with a reduced number of SGP oocytes, which are the source of estrogen. On the other hand, liver weight remained high, indicating adequate hepatic vitellogenin synthesis. Possible reduction in its output was not detected, possibly due to the reduced number of follicles reaching SGP. The findings indicate that stress of captivity decreases gonadotrophins and estrogen levels. Oviducal growth is reduced in captive frogs. It is hypothesized that in the frog oviducts respond to estrogen in a threshold-dependent manner, whereas the liver responds to it in relation to the length of exposure. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cytoplasmic droplets of painted turtle spermatozoa (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 153-158 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Epididymal sperm from the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) possess a cytoplasmic droplet which is located eccentrically on the sperm midpiece. The droplet contains a large quantity of lipid droplets in addition to hollow vesicles and degenerate mitochondrial fragments. Lipid droplets are closely associated with mitochondrial membranes and may function in the formation or degradation of mitochondria. Cytoplasmic droplets become detached from the sperm midpiece in a coordinated manner shortly before the commencement of fall mating and are not observed on sperm recovered from the oviduct of females. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052140301
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    Specialized veins in the submucosa of the equine lleocecal junction (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 261-267 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spirally arranged bundles of sub-endothelial smooth muscle enfold the small to medium-sized submucosal veins in the equine ileocecal junction. The muscle bundles, accompanied by the endothelial lining, bulge into the lumen of the vessels, partly occluding the latter. Transmission electron microscopy of the muscle cells reveals features consistent with vascular smooth muscle ultrastructure. It is proposed that the throttling effect of the muscle bundles causes engorgement of the submucosal venous plexus, which then assists in the closing of the ileocecal orifice. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Fine structure of the skin of the amphibious fishes, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Periophthalmus cantonensis, with special reference to the location of blood vessels (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 287-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skin of the amphibious fishes, Periophthalmus cantonensis and Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In both species the epidermis consists of superficial nonvacuolated epithelial cells, swollen epithelial cells with membrane limited cytoplasmic vacuoles, and basal epithelial cells in a single layer. Unicellular mucous glands, but no chloride cells are found in the epidermis of B. pectinirostris; in contrast there are chloride cells and no unicellular mucous cells in P. cantonensis. Intraepidermal blood vessels are a notable feature in the epidermis of P. cantonensis. Capillaries are distributed near the epidermal surface, offering an air-blood barrier of sufficient thinness (2-4 μm) for cutaneous respiration. The large blood vessels (arterioles and venules) are seen in the middle stratum of the epidermis and seem to be able to regulate blood flow in the skin. In B. pectinirostris, the dermal capillaries lie immediately below the superficial epithelial cells at the apex of a dermal bulge where the air-blood barrier is almost as thin as that of P. cantonensis despite locally different histology. In the spacious dermal bulges, the dermal tissue such as blood vessels, pigment cells, fibroblasts, and collagen fibers are scattered. Melanophores and two other types of chromatophores occur in the part adjacent to the blood vessel wall. The organization of the epidermis and blood vessels of the skin is discussed with regard to terrestrial life in these amphibious fishes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Sutural complexity in artificially deformed human (Homo sapiens) crania (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 321-332 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pattern of complexity of cranial sutures is highly variable both among and within species. Intentional cranial vault deformation in human populations provides a controlled natural experiment by which we were able to quantify aspects of sutural complexity and examine the relationship between sutural patterns and mechanical loading. Measures of sutural complexity (interdigitation, number, and size of sutural bones) were quantified from digitized tracings of 13 sutures and compared among three groups of crania (n = 70) from pre-European contact Peru. These groups represent sample populations deformed in (1) anteroposterior (AP) and (2) circumferential (C) directions and (3) an undeformed population. Intergroup comparisons show few differences in degree or asymmetry of sutural interdigitation. In the few comparisons which show differences, the C group is always more interdigitated than the other two while the AP group has more sutural bones. The sutures surrounding the temporal bone (sphenotemporal, occipitotemporal, and temporoparietal) most frequently show significant differences among groups. These differences are related to the more extreme binding of C type deformation and are consistent with hypothesized increases in tension at coronally oriented sutures in this group. The larger number of sutural bones in the AP group is consistent with the general broadening of the cranium in this group and with experimental evidence indicating the development of ossicles in areas of tension. We suggest that so few changes in sutural complexity occurred either because the magnitude of the growth vectors, unlike their direction, is not substantially altered or because mechanisms other than sutural growth modification are responsible for producing the altered vault shapes. In addition, the presence of fontanelles in the infant skulls during binding and the static nature of the binding may have contributed to the similarity in complexity among groups. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052150101
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    Structure of recent and fossil mysid statoliths (Crustacea, Mysidacea) (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 31-49 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Statoliths of 61 Recent species representing all subfamilies of Mysidae were studied with special emphasis on internal structure. In addition 5 samples of fossil statoliths from Miocene deposits were examined. Species of Boreomysinae and Rhopalophthalminae show simple roughly spherical organic statoliths, with setae originating from the sensory cushion and anchored in the statolith with distal branches extending shortly below the surface. All other subfamilies possess mineralized statoliths of greater structural complexity, with differentiation in core and mantle, where each part may consist of up to three layers. Habitus is hemispherical to discoidal. External gross structures are dorsal tegmen, ventral fundus, and the ambitus forming the outer toroidal to semi-toroidal circumference. Setae penetrate the mantle through mineralic canals and insert on the surface of the core. As suggested by congeneric species of Schistomysis, there is no principal structural difference between statoliths mineralized with fluorite compared to vaterite. However, vaterite statoliths tend to be more often of moruloid appearance and are exceptional by showing a central conical hole (the hilum) or a central cavity in certain forms. These structures are typical of fossil calcite statoliths. In vaterite and fluorite statoliths, the mantle shows radially arranged (= spherulitic) crystal aggregates. Such arrangements are badly preserved in fossil calcite statoliths. In large extant statoliths, concentric structures, mainly in the form of superficial striation and/or concentric microstrata, are visible in coexistence with radial aggregates. Stratification is possibly due to stratified deposition of the nonmineralized gland product, while the spherulitic structure is indicative of subsequent radial growth of crystal aggregates. The structure of accessory fluorite statoliths in the statocyst of Mesopodopsis slabberi leads to the hypothesis that mantle material is formed by secretions of the caudal statocyst gland. After demineralization of fluorite, vaterite and calcite statoliths, an organic template remains showing most essential morphological features of the statolith. From this we conclude that the structure of the statolith is (almost) entirely matrix mediated. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    An ultrastructural study of the dorsal lingual epithelium of the crab-eating frog, Rana cancrivora (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 89-100 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The amphibian tongue contains two types of papilla which are believed to function in gustation and in the secretion of salivary fluid. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that columnar, filiform papillae are compactly distributed over nearly the entire dorsal surface of the tongue of the frog, Rana cancrivora, and fungiform papillae are scattered among the filiform papillae. Microridges and microvilli are distributed on the epithelial cell surface of the extensive area of the filiform papillae. Light microscopy shows that the apex of each filiform papilla is composed of stratified columnar and/or cuboidal epithelium and its base is composed of simple columnar epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that most of the epithelium of the filiform papillae is composed of cells that contain numerous round electron-dense granules 1-3 μm in diameter. Cellular interdigitation is well developed between adjacent cells. On the free-surface of epithelial cells, microridges or microvilli are frequently seen. Between these granular cells, a small number of ciliated cells, mitochondria-rich cells and electron-lucent cells are inserted. In some cases, electron-dense granules are present in the ciliated cells. At higher magnification, the electron-dense granules appear to be covered with patterns of spots and tubules. Overall, the morphology and ultrastructure of the lingual epithelium of the three species of Rana that have been studied are quite similar, but they can be easily distinguished from those of Bufo japonicus. Therefore, it appears that lingual morphology is phylogenetically constrained among members of the predominantly freshwater genus Rana to produce uniformity of papillary structure and this morphology persists in Rana cancrivora despite the distinct saline environment in which it lives. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Pigment pattern formation in the larval salamander Ambystoma maculatum (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 151-163 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As part of an ongoing comparative study of pigment patterns and their formation in embryos and larvae of ambystomatid salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum from two differnt populations, one in the northern (New York) and one in the central (Tennessee) United States, were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study early neural crest development. Light microscopy in combination with markers for the two pigment cell types (xanthophores and melanophores) made it possible to follow pigment cell migration before the pigment cells were fully differentiated. A bilateral pigment pattern consisting of two horizontal melanophore stripes surrounding an interstripe area populated by xanthophores formed in the larvae. In both populations, some variation was present in the form of a continuum ranging from clear horizontal stripes to extreme cases with a random pattern. Unlike the other ambystomatids that have been investigated, the neural crest cells in A. maculatum do not form aggregates and no vertical bars are formed. Instead, both the pattern and its formation are very similar to what has been reported for salamandrids. If pattern formation mechanisms can act as developmental constraints we would expect the A. maculatum pattern to be the primitive condition in the Ambystomatidae, using the Salamandridae as the outgroup. There is no strong support for this when aggregate formation is used as a character and mapped onto phylogenies for the group. The aggregate formation mechanism, and the pigment pattern that it leads to, have most likely been secondarily lost in A. maculatum. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    A morphologic study of the ductus of the epididymis of Sus domesticus (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 183-193 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The head, body, and tail regions of the epididymal duct (or caput, corpus, and cauda epididymis) in two healthy and sexually mature Sus domesticus males were examined by light microscopy and by scanning or transmission electron microscopy. The epididymal duct is lined with a pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia and covered by a muscular-connective tissue sheath that is thickest in the tail region. Diameter of the epididymal duct and height of epididymal epithelium are maximal in the head region. Length of the sterocilia and spermatic density are higher in the head and body regions. Somatic cells are abundant in the tail region. The epididymal epithelium is made up of five cell types: basal cells, principal cells, clear cells, narrow cells, and basophilic cells. Abundant secretory units are observed in the supranuclear cytoplasm of columnar principal cells. Each mature secretory unit is constituted by electron-dense secretion granules covered by more than eight layers of cisternae of reticulum between which the mitochondria are intercalated. In the apical cytoplasm the isolated secretion granules become larger and less electron dense. The apical surface is covered by numerous sterocilia. Basal cells are pyramidal and less high than principal cells. The clear cells, arranged between the principal cells, are characterized by the presence of abundant vesicular elements and electron-lucid secretion granules, and by an apocrine secretory process. The narrow cells are characterized by their highly vacuolized cytoplasm. Intermediate cell typologies can be found among basal, principal, clear, and narrow cells, which could be four developmental stages of the same cell type. The basophilic cells are spheroidal and are found at different levels between the epithelial cells and in the connective tissue underlying the epithelium. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Testicular and androgen dependence of skin gland morphology in the anurans, Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 195-200 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In anuran amphibians, there is increasing evidence that exocrine glands dispersed throughout the general integument are secondary sex characters (SSC). Following the recent discovery of sexually dimorphic “breeding glands” in the dorsum of male Rana pipiens, we studied the effects of castration and testosterone treatment on the dorsal skin glands of male Xenopus laevis and R. pipiens to determine whether the dorsal breeding glands, or any other dorsal skin glands, are androgen dependent. The dorsal skin glands of X. laevis were unaffected by androgen status. By contrast, in R. pipiens, breeding, mucous, and seromucous glands responded to testosterone stimulation. Mucous glands were significantly (P 〈 0.05) larger in testosterone-treated frogs than in castrates. There was a large, but statistically insignificant, increase in the size of the dorsal breeding glands. Testosterone treatment also increased the epithelial cell height of breeding and seromucous glands (P 〈 0.05). In the skins of castrated and testosterone-treated frogs, there was a reciprocal relationship between the abundance of seromucous and breeding glands: in castrates, seromucous glands were abundant and breeding glands virtually absent, whereas in testosterone-treated frogs, breeding glands were abundant and seromucous glands less common. The total number of the two gland types was similar in both treatment groups. Glands that appeared to be intermediate in form between seromucous and breeding glands were observed in some frogs. These data suggest that seromucous glands may be the regressed form of breeding glands in the dorsal skin of R. pipiens and that the dorsal skin of R. pipiens is a SSC. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Development and fine structure of the bony scutes in Corydoras arcuatus (Siluriformes, callichthyidae) (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 215 (1993), S. 225-244 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development and the structure of the bony scutes have been studied in a growth series of the armored catfish Corydoras arcuatus using light and electron microscopy. Fibroblast-like cell condensations appear in the dermis, in the posterior region of the caudal peduncle, and these will constitute the scute papillae. Collagen bundles of the preexisting dermis colonized by the papilla cells are remodeled and incorporated in the papilla to form, in addition to newly synthesized woven-fibered bony material, the initium of the scute. This process of formation differs from that described for the dermal papilla of an elasmoid scale. During growth, the osteoblasts surrounding the scute constitute the scute sac in which the scute grows. Parallel-fibered bone is deposited on both sides of the initium, and osteoblasts are incorporated within the scute matrix. The remodeling and incorporation of collagen bundles of the preexisting dermis is maintained during growth only in the deep, anterior region of the scute. The posterior region and the upper surface of the scute are close to the epidermal-dermal boundary. When growth slows down in the upper part of the scute, a characteristic, well-mineralized tissue, composed of thin vertical fibrils and granules and devoid of typical striated collagen fibrils, is deposited on the scute surface. A new term, hyaloine, is introduced for this nonosseous, highly mineralized layer constituting the upper part of the scute. Hyaloine shows thin electron-dense lines, which probably correspond to periodic growth arrests. The structure and localization of the hyaloine are compared to other well-mineralized, similar tissues found on the surface of the dermal skeleton in lower vertebrates. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 216 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052160101
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    Ultrastructural variations in the spermiogenesis of Triatoma infestans induced by temperature changes (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 216 (1993), S. 17-27 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reproductive process in insects may be affected by several factors, among which environmental temperature is one of the most important because of the poikilothermic condition of insects. To determine the effect of suboptimal temperature on the spermiogenic process of Triatoma infestans, males were exposed to 12°C for 10 days. In order to determine the reversibility of such alterations, males were returned to 28°C for 10 days after exposure to 12°C. Low temperature caused abnormal changes in the spermiogenic cells such as lack of spermatid orientation, general cyst disorganization, and asynchrony in the development of contiguous cysts. Highly vacuolized areas and pseudomyelinic bodies enclosing isolated or clustered vesicles of different electrodensity were also observed. At the end of the recovery time, cysts with spermatids developed synchronously. However, some presented isolated and clustered vesicles of different size and electrodensity. Some supernumerary organelles were also observed. These abnormal structures were related to processes of autophagy and phagocytosis of degenerating sexual cells. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Regionalization of eccrine and spermiophagic activity in spermathecae of the salamander Eurycea cirrigera (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 217 (1993), S. 161-170 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermathecae of female Eurycea cirrigera are compound alveolar glands; narrow neck tubules connect the distal bulbs to a common tube that opens onto the roof of the cloaca. The common tube and neck tubules produce apical secretory vacuoles that contain a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)+ substance for merocrine export into the lumen. This substance is produced throughout the year, although secretory vacuoles are less numerous during the period of reproductive inactivity in the summer. When sperm are present, the product from the secretory vacuoles bathes sperm in the lumen. Sperm are in orderly arrays and never are embedded in the cytoplasm of the common tube or neck tubules. The distal bulbs do not produce PAS+ secretory vacuoles, and are actively spermiophagic as long as sperm are present. Sperm become embedded in the epithelium of the distal bulbs where lysosomes degrade sperm. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052180301
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    Ultrastructural study of the ovary of the sessile scyphozoan, Haliclystus octoradiatus (Cnidaria: Stauromedusae) (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 225-236 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An ultrastructural study of the ovary of the sessible jellyfish, Haliclystus octoradiatus, indicates that it is fundamentally different from that of other scyphozoans and is the most structurally complex within the class. Oocytes develop within a series of spherical, sac-like ovarian follicles consisting of an enlarged intercellular space between two layers of subumbrellar gastrodermis. Developing oocytes are largely restricted to a thin germinal epithelium at the periphery of each follicle and gradually migrate toward the lumen as they mature. Individual oocytes are surrounded by early germ cells and follicle-like accessory cells of presumed somatic origin. Similar folliclelike cells have not been described in the Cnidaria previously. Vitellogenesis appears to involve the combined activity of the Golgi complex and associated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ovarian morphology may be helpful in deciphering phylogeneitc relationships within the Cnidaria. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Rostrate pedicellariae: A morphologically distinct form of echinoid test appendage (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 237-247 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The term rostrate was introduced by Mortensen ('07) to describe a type of pedicellaria he found in spatangoids. These pedicellariae resemble tridentate ones but have arching valves. Unlike the main categories of echinoid pedicellariae, no clear diagnosis of the rostrate form exists. This work examines the detailed morphology of the valves of rostrate pedicellariae observed by light and scanning electron microscopy and compares the shapes and dimensions of their component parts with tridentate pedicellariae. The data reveal considerable differences between the two, which warrant the recognition of rostrate pedicellariae as a distinct form. A diagnosis is given. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Reproduction, placentation, and embryonic development of the Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 257-280 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Atlantic sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson) is a small carcharhinid that is a common year-round resident along the southeast coast of the United States. It is viviparous and its embryos develop an epithelio-vitelline placenta. Females enter shallow water to give birth in late May and early June. Mating occurs shortly after parturition, and four to seven eggs are ovulated. Fertilized eggs attain the blastoderm stage in early June to early July. Separate compartments for each egg are formed in the uterus when the embryos reach 3-30 mm. Embryos depend on yolk for the first 8 weeks of development. When embryos reach 72 mm their yolk supply is nearly depleted and they shift to matrotrophic nutrition. When the embryos reach 40-55 mm, placental development begins with the vascularization of the yolk sac where it contacts the uterine wall. Implantation occurs at an age of 8-10 weeks by which time the embryos reach 70-85 mm. The expanding yolk sac engulfs the maternal placental villi, and its surface interdigitates with the villi to form the placenta. The rest of the lumenal surface of the uterus is covered by non-placental villi that appear shortly after implantation. Histotrophe production by the non-placental villi begins just after their formation. The placenta grows continuously during gestation. The egg envelope is present throughout gestation, separating maternal and fetal tissues. Embryos develop numerous appendiculae on the umbilical cord. Young sharks are born at 290-320 mm after a gestation period of 11 to 12 months. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The interrenal gland of Triturus cristatus after insulin administration during the annual cycle (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The administration of insulin to Triturus cristatus confirms its action in depletion of the adrenalin (A) granules of the adrenal chromaffin cells and the subsequent activation of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Treatment was carried out in March, when noradrenalin (NA) and A granules are present in almost equal quantities in the chromaffin cells, and in June, when NA granules largely prevail. After insulin administration, adrenalin content of the specimens treated in March decreases from 2.44 granules/μm2 to 0.28 granules/μm2; on the other hand, adrenalin content of the specimens treated in June increases from 0.19 granules/μm2 to 0.31 granules/μm2. These results suggest that in T. cristatus insulin acts both as an adrenalin-releasing agent and as a stimulator of PNMT activity.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110110
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    The comparative myology of the thigh and crus in the salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum and Dicamptodon tenebrosus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 147-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Variation in myology of the hind limb among salamanders has been poorly characterized. Nineteen major hind limb muscles of Ambystoma tigrinum (Ambystomatidae) and Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Dicamptodontidae) were studied to provide baseline descriptive data on hind limb myology in salamanders and to generate hypotheses of hind limb muscle function. Most superficial muscles of the hind limbs span multiple joints, including a unique three-joint muscle, the ischioflexorius, that extends from the pelvic girdle to the plantar fascia. The deeper hind limb muscles spen single joints. No myological diffrences were observed between the hind limbs of A. tigrinum larvae and individuals that had just metamorphosed. Fully adult tiger salamanders that had been housed in terraria for many years had hypertrophied femorofibularis and ischiofemoralis muscles, a condition similar to that reported in Paramesotriton and Taricha, which engage in terrestrial locomotion. In contrast, adults of D. tenebrosus, which are also good walkers, possess a hypertrophied ischioflexorius muscle and a reduced femorofibularis. These regular myological diffences, and those described by previous workers for different salamnder taxa, may be associated with differences in life-history traits, and in the case of A. tigrinum, with patterns of muscle use.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110204
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    Histochemical study of jaw muscle fibers in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Seven jaw muscles of the American alligator have been analyzed for histochemical characteristics of their fiber types: Musculus depressor mandibulae (MDM), M. pseudotemporalis (MP), M. adductor mandibulae posterior (MAMP), M. adductor mandibulae externus (MAME, profound and superficial portions), M. intramandibularis (MI), M. pterygoideus anterior (MPta), and M. pterygoideus posterior (MPtp). Classification of muscle fibers in previous studies has been based on (1) the staining properties of myosin ATPase after alkaline and acid preincubations and (2) the staining reactions for SDH, α-GPDH, PAS, and myosin ATPase after alkaline preincubations. In this study fiber types in one group of muscles (MP, MAMP, profound portion of MAME and MI) are classified (1) as type I, IIa, or IIb fibers, according to the system of Brooke and Kaiser (Arch. Neurol. 23:369-379, '70) or (2) as fast twitch glycolytic (FG), fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG), slow oxidative (SO), and tonic (few in number) fibers, according to the system of Putnam et al. (J. Exp. Zool. 214:303-309, '80). A second group of muscles (MDM, MAME superficial portion, MPta, and MPtp) reacted differently in similar histochemical tests and are classified, respectively, as (1) types 1, 2, 3 or (2) types A, B, C. We have distinguished the fiber types as red, intermediate, white, and tonic in analyses on muscle sections. The highest percentage of red and intermediate fibers is found in the MI. All three fiber types are approximately equal in superficial and medial portions of the MDM and the MPtp. Three muscles (MP, MAMP, and MAME) have the highest white fiber composition. These results indicate a correlation between the histochemical profiles of individual muscles and their functions during masticatory movements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110207
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    Ultrastructure of somatic tissues in the ovaries of a chaetognath (Ferosagitta hispida) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 221-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the ovaries of Ferosagitta hispida contain four somatic tissues. A myoepithelial ovary wall, continuous with a thin layer of peritoneocytes lining the coelomic cavity, encloses a fluid-filled ovarian space in which oocytes develop. Lamellar extensions of a “follicular reticulum” branch throughout the ovarian space and ensheath developing oocytes. This tissue has been overlooked in most previous studies of chaetognath ovaries. A bipartite oviductal complex extends the length of each ovary just within the lateral ovary wall. It consists of a flattened, blindly ending cellular tube, herein referred to as the cellular sheath, and an enclosed syncytium. Sheath cells secrete an electron-dense product into the ovarian space. Those sheath cells directly bordering the syncytium are contractile and are joined to the to the syncytium by gap junctions and microvillar interdigitations. The syncytium contains a complex of membrane-bounded lumina. The latter sometimes enclose sperm received during mating or ovulated eggs. Thus the syncytium serves both as a seminal receptacle and as a duct for passage of eggs to the outside. Contrary to several classical reports, the cellular sheath and syncytium of the oviductal complex do not separate at ovulation to form a temporary oviductal lumen.
    Additional Material: 39 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110211
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    Praesomal nerves in Leptorhynchoides thecatus (Acanthocephala: Rhadinorhynchidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 275-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Investigated by light microscopy, the nerve pathways are described for the first time in the praesoma of a species of Rhadinorhynchidae. The pathways are described for 18 nerves, eight paired and two single, which originate from the cerebral ganglion and a post-ganglionic cell and terminate in the body wall musculature and the proboscis. The location of three commissures formed by these nerves is also described.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110305
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    The composite structure of quail pectoralis muscle (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The twitch fibers of the quail pectoralis muscle were found to have one neuromuscular junction each, located in the middle third of the fiber. The length of isolated fibers varied between 8.8 and 33.2 mm, with mean and median values of 16 and 15.6 mm, respectively. The lengths of the fascicles from which the fibers were isolated varied between 30 and 51 mm. The muscle fibers taper at both ends. The neuromuscular junctions, revealed after histochemically reacting the intact muscle for acetyl cholinesterase activity, were arranged in discrete bands, separated by intervals of between 0.94 and 6.70 mm, with a mean value of 3.14 mm. The quail pectoralis muscle is thus composed of discontinuous, tapered muscle fibers, arranged in an overlapping series. It is therefore a muscle in which tension is transmitted laterally between muscle fibers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120104
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    Functional morphology of the endomysium in series fibered muscles (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 109-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Many skeletal muscles, including the feline biceps femoris, are composed of short, tapered myofibers arranged in an overlapping longitudinal series. The endomysium of such muscles transfers tension between overlapping myofibers, and is thus an elastic element in series with them. The endomysium of the cat biceps femoris contains curvilinear collagen fibrils in an approximately isotropic (random) array. The collagen fibrils undergo only a modest reorientation as the myofibers shorten or lengthen within the physiological range. A geometrical model predicts no change in the thickness of the endomysium on changing muscle fiber length and quantifies the expected collagen fibril reorientation in the endomysium as a function of muscle extension. It is also demonstrated that a high proportion of the collagen fibrils will be curvilinear at all sarcomere lengths. The organization of endomysial collagen is appropriate for the transfer of loads between myofibers by means of shear. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120203
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    Comments on the morphology of the pre-oral spine in Argulus (Crustacea: Branchiura) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study of the pre-oral spine and associated structures in Argulus japonicus reveals that two exceptionally long and slender muscles casuse retraction of the spine into the spinal sheath. Originating from the body wall mid-dorsally the two muscles proceed through the nerve ring and the blood-filled lumen of the spinal sheath before being inserted on a bolster of tissue constituting the base of the spine. Movement of the spinal sheath is affected by two muscles originating from a common apodeme in the dorsal body wall, just posterior to the nauplius eye, and inserted on the lateral walls of the base of the spinal sheath.Two ducts, each leading from a glandular complex in the lateral parts of the carapace, proceed rostrally through the haemocoelic spaces. After passing the tritocerebrum laterally they accompany the retractor muscles of the spine on their course to the base of the spine. Passing through the bolster of tissue at the base of the spine the two ducts run all the way up to the tip of the spine where they open separately.The glandula praeboscoidalis is not associated with the pre-oral spine since its duct runs posteriorly in the wall of the proboscis. The labial spines are associated with giant glandular cells located beneath the optic tracts. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120206
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120301
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