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  • Articles  (118)
  • wheat  (55)
  • Coleoptera  (37)
  • stability
  • Springer  (118)
  • 1990-1994  (118)
  • 1991  (118)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability properties of proliferatively coupled cell replication models (1991)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 39 (1991), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Hematological diseases ; first order partial differential equations ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To address the possibility that proliferative disorders may originate from interactions between multiple populations of proliferating and maturing cells, we formulate a model for this process as a set of coupled nonlinear first order partial differential equations. Using recent results for the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions to this model, we demonstrate that there exists a region of coupling coefficients, maturation rates, and proliferation rates that will guarantee the stable coexistence of coupled cellular populations. The analysis shows that increases in the coupling between populations may ultimately lead to a loss of stability. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that increases (decreases) in the maturation and/or proliferation rates above (below) critical levels will lead either to instability in the populations or the destruction of one population and the persistence of the other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046404
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of washing and of heat-treatment conditions on the thermal stability of VPI-5 (1991)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 10 (1991), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: VPI-5 ; stability ; molecular sieve ; post-synthesis treatments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thorough washing of a VPI-5 synthesized with n-dipropylamine as template improves greatly its thermal stability while no major change is observed in the template content. A detailed study of the influence of the pretreatment conditions shows that in order to obtain a high thermal stability (up to at least 960 °C) two parameters are of importance. The removal of both the template and the adsorbed water requires either a low heating rate at atmospheric pressure or a low pressure (less than 3 Torr) when the heating rate is 300 ° per hour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00772075
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Method for screening female sex pheromone extracts of the Colorado potato beetle (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; female sex pheromone ; screening method ; mating behaviour ; tactile stimuli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187968
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of larval density on development and induction of reproductive diapause in Bruchidius atrolineatus (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Bruchidius atrolineatus ; larval crowding ; post-embryonic development ; intracotyledonary mortality ; weight of emerging adults ; reproductive diapause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez Bruchidius atrolineatus, l'accroissement de la densité larvaire à l'intérieur de la graine entraîne une augmentation de la mortalité alors que la réduction de poids des individus à l'émergence est relativement limitée. L'accroissement de la densité larvaire provoque une augmentation du taux d'adultes en diapause reproductrice, dans certaines conditions thermopériodiques. Dans d'autres conditions, permenttant l'émergence d'un fort taux d'adultes diapausants, l'effet de la densité larvaire est nul. Lorsque l'on analyse l'effet de la densité chez les individus d'une souche ne présentant pas de phénomène de diapause, il n'y a pas de corrélation entre la durée de développement et le poids des adultes. Par contre, lorsqu'il y a émergence d'adultes sexuellement actifs et diapausants, il existe une corrélation entre la durée de développement et le poids des adultes émergeants. Cette corrélation est due au fait que les adultes diapausants, qui présentent les durées de développement les plus longues, sont ceux qui ont les poids les plus faibles.
    Notes: Abstract In Bruschidius atrolineatus (Pic), an increase in larval density inside the seed led to a reduction in the survival rate during post-embryonic development, with only a limited decrease in the weight of adults. A high larval density increased the proportion of adults in reproductive diapause under certain thermoperiodic conditions. Under other conditions that already promote the emergence of a high proportion of diapausing beetles, an increase in larval density had no effect on diapause. There was no correlation between the larval developmental time and the weights of adults in a strain with a very low incidence of diapause. However, such a correlation was observed when both sexuallyactive and diapausing beetles emerged. This correlation was explained by the longer developmental times and lower weights of diapausing beetles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187729
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Multivariate exploratory data analysis in chemical industry (1991)
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 104 (1991), S. 467-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: prediction ; stability ; multivariate methods ; graphical analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sizeable data bases are now being routinely generated in a variety of contexts in chemical industry. Statistical investigations of such data bases are aimed both at initially uncovering structure and eventually proposing models, in particular for predicting product quality by the mix or characteristics of the chemical compounds. “Online Multivariate Exploratory Graphical Analysis” (OMEGA) stands for a structured exploratory study of the relationships in a multivariate data set, where, rather than testing for one specific property, as many clues as possible for interesting structures are searched for by different dimension reductions and succeeding interactive graphical analyses. The stability of the projections obtained by the different dimension reduction methods is assessed by simulation producing graphical displays particularly supporting the identification of influential points. The variation of the predictions obtained by the different dimension reduction methods is assessed by cross-validation delivering misclassification rates or cross-validated R2 values. The interpretation of the new coordinates corresponding to dimension reduction is supported by loading simplifications and graphical displays for judging its adequacy. The OMEGA strategy has been found to be an effective tool for routine searching for structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245532
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Nonabelian K-theory: The nilpotent class of K 1 and general stability (1991)
    Springer
    K-Theory 4 (1991), S. 363-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0514
    Keywords: Nonabelian K 1 ; noncommutative homotopy ; general linear group ; superspecial linear groups ; descending central series ; stability ; relative normal subgroups ; nilpotent sandwich classifications ; quasi-finite algebras
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A functorial filtration GL n =S−1L n $$ \supseteq$$ S0L n $$ \supseteq$$ ⋯ $$ \supseteq$$ S i L n $$ \supseteq$$ ⋯ $$ \supseteq$$ E n of the general linear group GL n, n ⩾ 3, is defined and it is shown for any algebra A, which is a direct limit of module finite algebras, that S−1 L n (A)/S0L n (A) is abelian, that S0L n (A) $$ \supseteq$$ S1L n (A) $$ \supseteq$$ ⋯ is a descending central series, and that S i L n (A) = E n(A) whenever i ⩾ the Bass-Serre dimension of A. In particular, the K-functors k 1 S i L n =S i L n /E n are nilpotent for all i ⩾ 0 over algebras of finite Bass-Serre dimension. Furthermore, without dimension assumptions, the canonical homomorphism S i L n (A)/S i+1 L n (A)→S i L n+ 1(A)/S i+1 L n + 1 (A) is injective whenever n ⩾ i + 3, so that one has stability results without stability conditions, and if A is commutative then S0L n (A) agrees with the special linear group SL n (A), so that the functor S0L n generalizes the functor SL n to noncommutative rings. Applying the above to subgroups H of GL n (A), which are normalized by E n(A), one obtains that each is contained in a sandwich GL′ n (A, ρ) $$ \supseteq$$ H $$ \supseteq$$ E n(A, ρ) for a unique two-sided ideal ρ of A and there is a descending S0L n (A)-central series GL′ n (A, ρ) $$ \supseteq$$ S0L n (A, ρ) $$ \supseteq$$ S1L n (A, ρ) $$ \supseteq$$ ⋯ $$ \supseteq$$ S i L n (A, ρ) $$ \supseteq$$ ⋯ $$ \supseteq$$ E n(A, ρ) such that S i L n (A, ρ)=E n(A, ρ) whenever i ⩾ Bass-Serre dimension of A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00533991
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  • 7
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    Effect of the incubation conditions on the production of patulin by Penicillium griseofulvum isolated from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 115 (1991), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Penicillium griseofulvum ; patulin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixty-four wheat samples from Spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. None of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. On the other hand, Penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). Mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (YES) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure the amounts of toxin produced during 40 day's incubation at 20 and 28°C. The highest yield rate of patulin was obtained between the 20th and 30th day of incubation; such a rate, however, was very low throughout the vigorous growth phase, during the first 20 days of incubation. The more appropriate temperature for incubation and patulin production was 28 °C. We also investigated the influence of other incubation conditions in the yield and found stationary dark cultures to be more efficient that shaken or fermentation cultures in YES medium. The best patulin yield achieved was 11.9 mg in the culture broth and 6.3 mg in the mycelium from 100 ml of medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00462220
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  • 8
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    The effect of level of application on the residual value of superphosphate on a sandy soil in south-western Australia (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 163-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Superphosphate ; residual value ; sandy soil ; leaching of phosphorus ; lupins ; barley ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field experiment on deep, yellow, sandy soil near Badgingarra, Western Australia, the residual value of superphosphate applied one and two years previously was measured relative to freshly-applied superphosphate using yields of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), barley and wheat. In addition, soil samples were collected for measurement of bicarbonate-extractable soil P. This was also used to estimate the residual value of the superphosphate. For lupins and wheat, and for bicarbonate-extractable soil P, the residual value decreased with increasing level of application. For barley grain, the residual value was not significantly affected by the level of application. The decrease in residual value of superphosphate with increasing level of application is attributed to increased leaching of applied phosphorus (P) down the profile of the sandy soils as the level of application increases. This may reduce subsequent plant yields due to the delay in seedling roots reaching the P in the soil during the crucial early stages of plant growth. For lupins, the relationship between yield and the level of superphosphate applied was markedly sigmoidal. The relationship for wheat and barley was exponential. Consequently, at suboptimal levels of P application, lupins required about two to three times more P than wheat or barley to produce the same yield. However, lupins required less P to achieve near-maximum yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048956
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemical defence in ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae). I. Distribution of coccinelline and individual variation in defence in 7-spot ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata) (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; mimicry ; reflex bleeding ; variation ; alkaloid ; coccinelline ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Coccinella septempunctata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 7-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (coccinelline)-rich fluid (reflex blood) from leg joints as a defence mechanism against predators. A technique is described that enables the collection and accurate quantification of reflex blood produced, and the amount of coccinelline therein. Coccinelline was found distributed throughout the body, although concentrated in the reflex blood. Reflex blood was collected from a large set of beetles at several time points. Significant variation was found among beetles in the amount of reflex blood produced (for males and for females corrected for body weight) and the coccinelline concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to automimicry and the maintenance of variation through energy trade-offs. The relationships between tendency to aggregate, ability to reflex bleed and the possession of aposematic coloration are also considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240660
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  • 10
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    Chemical defence in ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae). II. Amount of reflex fluid, the alkaloid adaline and individual variation in defence in 2-spot ladybirds (Adalia bipunctata) (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 15-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; mimicry ; reflex bleeding ; variation ; alkaloid ; adaline ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 2-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (adaline)-rich defence fluid (reflex blood) in response to predator attack. Reflex fluid was collected from individual ladybirds and weighed and the alkaloid content measured by GC. The amount of fluid produced built up rapidly following winter hibernation in animals feeding on aphids. The concentration of adaline in the fluid was highest in the first bleeding after winter hibernation. A large sample of beetles was reflex bled several times. Significant among beetle variation was found in the amount of fluid produced and the concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that 2-spot ladybirds are Batesian mimics of 7-spot ladybirds and to the possible functions of adaline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240661
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  • 11
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    Chemical defense of a primitive Australian bombardier beetle (Carabidae):Mystropomus regularis (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: defensive secretion ; hot secretion ; elytral flanges ; evolution ; benzoquinones ; hydrocarbons ; bombardier beetle ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Paussinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Australian bombardier beetle,Mystropomus regularis, sprays a mixture of quinones (1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and hydrocarbons (principallyn-pentadecane). The defensive fluid ist generated explosively in two-chambered glands, and is ejected audibly and hot (maximal recorded temperature = 59°C).Mystropomus is a member of the paussoid lineage of bombardiers. In common with other members of the group, it has a pair of elytral flanges (flanges of Coanda), associated with the gland openings, that serve as launching guides for anteriorly-aimed ejections of spray. It is argued thatMystropomus may be the least derived of flanged paussoids, and the closest living relative of the most primitive of extant bombardiers (Metriini).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240663
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  • 12
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    Sequestration of plant pyrrolizidine alkaloids by chrysomelid beetles and selective transfer into the defensive secretions (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides ; alkaloid sequestration ; defensive secretion ; host plant ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Oreina ; Asteraceae ; Adenostyles alliariae ; Senecio fuchsii ; Petasites paradoxus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oreina cacaliae andO. speciosissima (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) sequester in their elytral and pronotal defensive secretions pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as Noxides (PA N-oxides). The PA N-oxide patterns found in the beetles and their host plants were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Of the three host plantsAdenostyles alliariae (Asteraceae) is the exclusive source for PA N-oxide sequestration in the defensive secretions of the beetles. With the exception of O-acetylseneciphylline the N-oxides of all PAs ofA. alliariae, i.e. senecionine, seneciphylline, spartioidine, integerrimine, platyphylline and neoplatyphylline were identified in the secretion. PA N-oxides typical ofSenecio fuchsii (Asteraceae) were detected in the bodies of the beetles but not in their secretion. No PAs were found in the leaves of the third host plant,Petasites paradoxus (Asteraceae). The results suggest the existence of two distinctive storage compartments for PA N-oxides in the beetle: (1) the defensive secretion, containing specifically PA N-oxides acquired fromA. alliariae; (2) the body of the beetle, sequestering additionally but less selectively PA N-oxides from other sources,e.g. S. fuchsii or monocrotaline N-oxide fed in the laboratory. The concentration of PA N-oxides in the defensive secretion is in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 mol/1, which is more than 2.5 orders of magnitude higher than that found in the body of the beetle. No significant differences exist in the ability of the two species of beetles to sequester PA N-oxides fromA. alliariae, althoughO. speciosissima, but notO. cacaliae, produces autogenous cardenolides. A negative correlation seems to exist between the concentrations of plant-derived PA N-oxides andde novo synthesized cardenolides in the defensive secretion ofO. speciosissima.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240665
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  • 13
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    Response of the predatorRhizophagus grandis to host plant derived chemicals inDendroctonus micans larval frass in wind tunnel experiments (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae, Scolytidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: larval frass ; predator ; prey ; biological control ; kairomones ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Dendroctonus micans ; Coleoptera ; Rhizophagidae ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Adults of the predatory beetleRhizophagus grandis are strongly attracted to both adult and larval frass of its specific prey,Dendroctonus micans, in walking bioassays. Spruce bark and resin are relatively unattractive. Solvent extracts of larval frass that were attractive toR. grandis adults in a flight wind tunnel contained a mixture of monoterpenes of host plant origin. A synthetic mixture of these monoterpenes, (+)—α-pinene, (−)—β-pinene, β-phellandrene,dl limonene and 3-carene, was responsible for 70–80% of the activity of the most attractive extract. We suggest that a blend of monoterpenes in frass acts as a kairomone forR. grandis but that attraction to monoterpenes is only the first of a sequence of behavioural responses that ensures successful host location and identification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240667
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  • 14
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    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 15
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    Analysis of stable two-dimensional patterns in contractile cytogel (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of nonlinear science 1 (1991), S. 289-311 
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    ISSN: 1432-1467
    Keywords: cytogel ; mechanochemical ; two-dimensional patterns ; cellular differentiation ; pattern formation ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Contractile actomyosin systems play a central role in the generation of intracellular patterns. Models for pattern formation have benefited greatly from the application of mechanochemical theory. However, investigations of the patterns have been primarily qualitative in nature; the two-dimensional nature of the evolving patterns has not yet been addressed mathematically, nor has the evolution of stable heterogeneous steady-state solutions. We consider these issues, supporting our analytical predictions with numerical simulations in one and two spatial dimensions. We show how, for certain gels, the two and three-dimensional tensor equation which describes a balance of forces can be reduced to a reaction-diffusion equation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01238816
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  • 16
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    Male-produced aggregation pheromone of the american palm weevil,Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): Collection, identification, electrophysiogical activity, and laboratory bioassay (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2127-2141 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rhynchophorus palmarum ; American palm weevil ; (2E)-6-methy1-2-hepten-4-ol ; synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male American palm weevils (APWs),Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) produced two sex-specific compounds, which were disclosed by volatile collections on Supelpak-2 and gas chromatography. One was a minor compound, not always detected. The major male-produced volatile was identified as (2E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol through coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and rational synthesis. We propose the trivial name rhynchophorol for this new molecule, which proved to be the essential component of the APW aggregation pheromone by electroantennography, coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography and behavioral bioassays.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987996
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  • 17
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    Response ofDendroctonus brevicomis andIps paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to combinations of synthetic pheromone attractants and inhibitors verbenone and ipsdienol (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2163-2176 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetle ; verbenone ; ipsdienol ; pheromones ; inhibitors ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract DendroctonusBrevicomis andIps paraconfusus are sympatric bark beetle species colonizingPinus ponderosa in western North America. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for resources is, in part, mediated through semiochemicals. The response ofD. brevicomis to its attractant pheromone was significantly reduced by simultaneous release of either verbenone or racemic ipsdienol. Trap catch was significantly further reduced by including both inhibitors with the attractant pheromones. However, although the response ofIps paraconfusus was significantly inhibited with the addition of either verbenone or racemic ipsdienol, both compounds together did not result in a significant further reduction in trap catch. There was a trend for greater reduction in response ofD. brevicomis to attractant pheromones with increased release rates of either 69% (+)-/31% (−)-verbenone or 84% (−)-/16% (+)-verbenone. Response of associates to attractants and inhibitor combinations was also determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987999
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  • 18
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    Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against four major stored-product insects (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 499-504 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus oryzae ; Curculionidae ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; Bostrichidae ; Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Cucujidae ; Tribolium castaneum ; Tenebrionidae ; Coleoptera ; essential oils ; fumigant toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The fumigant toxicity of 28 essential oils extracted from various spice and herb plants and some of their major constituents were assessed for adult coleopteransRhyzopertha dominica, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum, andSitophilus oryzae. Three groups of active materials were distinguished: (1) The compounds terpinen 4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and the essential oils of three-lobed sage, sage, bay laurel, rosemary, and lavender were most active againstR. dominica; (2) The compounds linalool,α-terpineol, and carvacrol and the essential oils of oregano, basil, Syrian marjoram, and thyme were most active againstO. surinamensis; and (3) the compound 1,8-cineole and the essential oils anise and peppermint were active againstT. castaneum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982120
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  • 19
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    Variation in semiochemical-mediated prey-predator interaction:Ips pini (Scolytidae) andThanasimus dubius (Cleridae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 515-524 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips pini ; Thanasimus dubius ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bark beetleIps pini (Say) displays variation in its response to and production of enantiomeric blends of its pheromone ipsdienol. One of the principal predators ofIps pini isThanasimus dubius (F.), which uses ipsdienol as a kairomone for prey location. During 1988 and 1989, in Wisconsin and Michigan, the response of both species to a range of enantiomeric blends of ipsdienol was investigated. Blends tested had the following ratios of the (S)-(+) to (R)-(−) enantiomers: 3%∶97%, 25%∶75%, 50%∶50%, 75%∶25%, and 97%∶3%. Either75% (+) ∶ 25% (−) or 50% (+)∶ 50% (−) ipsdienol captured the mostIps pini in both years at both sites. The 25% (+)∶75% (−) blend also caught moreIps pini than the control during both years at both sites. All blends tested were attractive toThanasimus dubius in both years at both locations. Blend preferences of both species were variable and labile at both sites. Response patterns of both species in Wisconsin were different from those in Michigan each year. Furthermore, response patterns of both species to the ipsdienol blends changed from 1988 to 1989 at both locations. A genetic component to this variation would permit predator-prey coevolution, as well as the development of resistance byIps pini to management strategies based on mass-trapping with single blends.
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    (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one does not appear to be responsible for resistance to adult alfalfa weevil feeding exhibited byMedicago rugosa (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 535-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Hypera postica ; alfalfa weevil ; Medicago rugosa ; Medicago sativa ; insect resistance ; (Z)-oxacyclotridec10-en-2-one ; cis-9-dodecen-12-olide ; (Z)-12-hydroxydodec-9-enoic acid lactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Steam distillate prepared from leaves ofMedicago rugosa Desr. could inhibit feeding by adult alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica (Gyll.) on membrane filters, whereas an equivalent amount of steam distillate prepared usingM. sativa L. had no effect on weevil feeding. Earlier work established that a 12-carbon lactone, (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one, was responsible for the feeding deterrent properties of the steam distillate fromM. rugosa. The concentration of this volatile varied with plant age and leaf position. The maximum concentration in leaves ofM. rugosa (area basis) was estimated, on the basis of tests using an inert substrate, to be too low to cause a detectable inhibition of feeding. No correlation between lactone content and weevil feeding was detected when leaves from similar positions on plants of different ages were used in a multiple choice bioassay. Although small amounts (〈 12.5μg) of (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one can inhibit adult alfalfa weevil feeding on 13-mm-diameter membrane filters, because leaf concentrations (area basis) of this compound are lower than required to cause a detectable inhibition of feeding on the inert substrate, and because concentrations do not correlate with weevil feeding, it is unlikely that this lactone is responsible for resistance to adult alfalfa weevil feeding exhibited byM. rugosa.
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    1-Octen-3-ol, attractive semiochemical for foreign grain beetle,Ahasverus advena (Waltl) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 567-580 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ahasverus advena (Waltl) ; foreign grain beetle ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; 1-octen-3-ol ; volatile attractant ; aggregation pheromone ; population density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles were captured on Porapak Q from foreign grain beetles,Ahasverus advena (Waltl), feeding on rolled oats at various population densities. At low population density, males, females, and mixed-sex beetles four to six weeks posteclosion and older produced 1-octen-3-ol. Mixed-sex beetles emitted almost pure (R)-(−) enantiomer. Weekly production rates of 1-octen-3-ol by males were at least four times greater than those of females. Production of 1-octen-3-ol was barely detectable in volatiles from mixed-sex adults maintained at the highest population density. Laboratory bioassays in a two-choice, pitfall olfactometer modified to retain responding beetles revealed that 1-octen-3-ol serves as an aggregation pheromone forA. advena. Both racemic and chiral 1-octen-3-ols were good attractants for mixed-sex adults in the pitfall olfactometer.
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    Ipsenol: an aggregation pheromone forIps latidens (Leconte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1517-1527 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; chirality ; Ips latidens ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; predator ; kairomone ; Enoclerus sphegeus ; Thanasimus undatulus ; Cleridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ipsenol was identified from the frass of male, but not female,Ips latidens from British Columbia, feeding in phloem tissue of lodgepole pine,Pinus contorta var.latifolia. The responses ofJ. latidens to sources of ips-enol andcis-verbenol were determined with multiple-funnel traps in stands of lodgepole pine in British Columbia. Ipsenol attracted both male and femaleI. latidens, verifying that it is a pheromone for this species. MaleI. latidens showed a slight preference for (S)-(−)-ipsenol.cis-Verbenol was not produced by beetles of either sex and, in contrast to an earlier report, both enantiomers inhibited attraction to ipsenol-baited traps. The predators,Enoclerus sphegeus andThanasimus undatulus (Cleridae), were attracted to traps baited withcis-verbenol and ipsenol.
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    Allelochemicals produced during glucosinolate degradation in soil (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2021-2034 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rapeseed ; Brassica spp. ; isothiocyanate ; thiocyanate ; defatted ; seed meal ; allelochemicals ; Limonius infuscatus ; wireworms ; Coleoptera ; Elateridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant pests are suppressed by the incorporation of cruciferous plant material into soil. Although this effect is attributed to decomposition of glucosinolates into toxic products, little is known concerning glucosinolate degradation in the soil environment. Arenas (30 × 18 × 8 cm) that contained soil amended with 30 g defatted winter rapeseed meal (Brassica napus L.)/kg soil on one half and unamended soil on the other were constructed. Isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil were measured using infrared analysis of CC14 extracts, and ionic thiocyanate (SCN−) using ion chromatography on aqueous extracts. Quantities were monitored during a 100-hr time period in conjunction with a wireworm bioassay. Isothiocyanate production reached a maximum of 301 nmol/g soil at 2 hr, but decreased by 90% within 24 hr. Production of SCN− reached a maximum of 180 nmol/g soil at 8 hr but persisted longer than isothiocyanate. Separate late instar wire-worms (Limonius infuscatus Mots.) were repelled by the presence of rapeseed meal in less than 24 hr even though the meal was shown in separate experiments not to be toxic. We propose that rapidly produced isothiocyanates are responsible for this repellency, but other products such as SCN− may play a role.
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    Characterization of members of a pseudogene subfamily of the wheat α-gliadin storage protein genes (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 335-337 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Triticum ; wheat ; endosperm ; gliadin ; pseudogene ; duplication ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020565
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    Wheat ubiquitin gene exhibits a conserved protein coding region and a diverged 3′ non-coding region (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 907-908 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ubiquitin ; wheat ; heat shock protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015082
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    Site-directed mutagenesis and expression inEscherichia coli of WMAI-1, a wheat monomeric inhibitor of insect α-amylase (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1005-1011 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: α-amylase inhibitor ; expression inE. coli ; glycosylation versus activity ; insect α-amylase ; mutagenesis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat monomeric inhibitor WMAI-1 (syn. 0.28) produced inEscherichia coli using the pT7-7 expression ventor has the correct N-terminal sequence and the same electrophoretic mobility and specific activity towards the α-amylase from the insectTenebrio molitor as the native WMAI-1 isolated from wheat. This confirms that the native inhibitor is not glycosylated and contradicts claims that a putative glycosyl moiety was essential for inhibition. Thirteen mutants have been obtained at six different sites. Substitution of the highly conserved N-terminal S by the sequence ARIRAR increased the pre-incubation time required for maximum activity. A similar result was obtained by insertion of GPRLPW after position 4, while insertion of EPRAPW at the same position rendered the inhibitor inactive. The substitution D/EGPRL and insertions DGP or D, at position 58, produced complete inactivation. All other mutations had only minor effects on activity.
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    A Triticum aestivum cDNA clone encoding a low-molecular-weight heat shock protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 273-275 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tahsp17.3 ; low-molecular-weight HSP ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039504
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    Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding a pathogen-induced putative peroxidase of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 329-331 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pathogen-induced ; peroxidase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the complete amino acid sequence of a pathogen-induced putative peroxidase from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as deduced from cDNA clones representing mRNA from leaves infected with the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe graminis. The protein consists of 312 amino acids, of which the first 22 form a putative signal sequence, and has a calculated pI of 5.7. Sequence comparison revealed that the putative wheat peroxidase is most similar to the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase, with which it shares 57% identical and 13% conserved amino acids.
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    Sequence and tissue-specific expression of a putative peroxidase gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 171-174 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: peroxidase gene ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used a cDNA clone encoding a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase to screen a genomic libary of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Cheyenne) and isolated one positive clone, lambda POX1. Sequence analysis revealed that this clone contains a gene encoding a putative peroxidase with a calculated pI of 8.1 which exhibits 58% and 83% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the turnip (Brassica rapa) peroxidase and a pathogen-induced putative wheat peroxidase, respectively. The two introns in the wheat gene are at the same positions as introns in the peroxidase genes of tomato and horseradish. Results of S1-mapping experiments suggest that this gene is neither pathogen-nor wound-induced in leaves but is constitutively expressed in roots.
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    Sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a Group 3 LEA mRNA inducible by ABA or dehydration stress in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1073-1076 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (pMA2005) of a Group 3 LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) protein has been sequenced from wheat. The wheat cDNA clone codes for a protein with ten tandem repeats of an 11 amino acid sequence and has homology to other Group 3 LEAs reported in barley, carrot, cotton and rape (L. Dure et al., Plant Mol Biol 12: 475–486, 1989). The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that the wheat protein has a molecular weight of 23 000 and is a basic, hydrophilic protein. Northern analysis with the cDNA clone shows that dehydration of wheat shoot tissue results in increased transcript levels that correlate with increases in endogenous ABA.
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    A novel proline-rich protein from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 663-670 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; proline-rich protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA (WPRP1) encoding a wheat proline-rich protein has been isolated and sequenced. The amino acid composition shows 45% proline, with high levels of methionine, lysine and glutamic acid. The derived 378 residue amino acid sequence has a highly repetitive structure which is unlike those of other proline-rich proteins. The WPRP1 cDNA clone was used to determine the copy number and chromosomal location of the WPRP1 gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of wheat inbred lines. Although WPRP1 is encoded by a single-copy gene it is also a representative of a larger family of related sequences. RNA gel blot analysis showed that expression of WPRP1 is highest in rapidly growing tissue which together with its amino acid composition suggests a structural role for the encoded protein.
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    A wheat glutathione-S-transferase gene with transposon-like sequences in the promoter region (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1089-1091 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; glutathione-S-transferase ; transposon-like sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016083
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    Nucleotide sequence of a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cDNA clone encoding the waxy protein (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 1099-1101 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; waxy protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016086
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    Structure and sequence of a wheat phosphoribulokinase gene (1991)
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    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 167-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; monocot gene ; phosphoribulokinase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036823
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    Nucleotide sequence of a Triticum aestivum cDNA clone which is homologous to the 26 kDa chloroplast-localized heat shock protein gene of maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 255-258 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tahsp26.6 ; chloroplast-localized HSP ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039500
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    Stability analysis for two kinds of equations in two-species population dynamics (1991)
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 12 (1991), S. 1017-1021 
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    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: predator ; prey ; patch ; population ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the stability for equilibrium points of equations in two-population dynamics. We discuss two predator-prey-patch models. Model 1 is described by a differential equation. Model 2 is described by an integral differential equation. We obtain the conditions for the stability of their equilibrium points. The results show that the overall population stability despite local extinction is realizable.
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    The theorem of the stability of linear nonautonomous systems under the frequently-acting perturbation and its application in the stability analysis of robot (1991)
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 12 (1991), S. 1057-1063 
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    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: stability ; nonautonomous system ; frequently-acting perturbation ; state transition matrix ; robot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The necessary and sufficient condition of the stability of linear nonautonomous system under the frequently-acting perturbation has been given and proved on the basis of [1] and [2], and the theorem of the equivalence on the uniform and asymptotical stability in the sense of Liapunov and the stability under the frequently-acting perturbation of linear nonautonomous system has been given in this paper. Besides, the analysis of the dynamic stability of robot has been presented by applying the theorem in this paper, which is closer to reality.
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    The linear stability of plane Poiseuille flow under unsteady distortion (1991)
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 12 (1991), S. 539-545 
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    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: fluid flow ; stability ; unsteady ; plane Poiseuille flow ; multiple scale method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the linear stability behaviour of plane Poiseuille flow under unsteady distortion by multiscale perturbation method and discusses further the problem proposed by paper [1]. The results show that in the initial period of disturbance development, the distortion profiles presented by paper [1] will make the disturbances grow up, thus augmenting the possibility of instability.
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    Remarks of some problems for rectangular thin plates with free edges on elastic foundations (1991)
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 12 (1991), S. 415-420 
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    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: bending ; flexural function ; stability ; vibration ; critical force ; frequency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For the bending, stability and vibrations of rectangular thin plates with free edges on elastic foundations, in this paper we give a flexural function which exactly satisfies not only all the boundary conditions on free edges but also the conditions at free corner points. Applying energy variation principle, we give equations defining parameters in flexural function, stability equation, frequency equation, and general formulae of minimum critical force and minimum eigenfrequency as well.
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    The stability on the solution of the initial value problem (1991)
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 12 (1991), S. 1001-1008 
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    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: stability ; initial value problem ; differentiability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, using the differentiability of the solution with respect to the initial value and the parameter, we present a method which, different from Liapunov's direct method, will determine the stability of the non-stationary solution of the initial value problem when the non-stationary solution remains unknown.
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    Role of bacterial cyanide production in differential reaction of plant cultivars to deleterious rhizosphere pseudomonads (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 93-100 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivars ; growth inhibition ; hydrogen cyanide ; lettuce ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; volatile metabolites ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lettuce and wheat cultivars, differing in reaction to root inoculation with plant growth-inhibitory bacteria, were tested for sensitivity to (i) gaseous metabolites produced by deleterious, cyanogenic isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens, and to (ii) pure cyanide. Reactions were read as shoot and/or root elongation after exposure of seedlings to the volatiles in vitro. Lettuce cultivar Salad Bowl was significantly less sensitive than cv. Montana, both to bacterial volatiles and to pure cyanide, and a similar difference between these cultivars was also obtained in greenhouse experiments where bacteria were inoculated directly on the roots. Cultivar differences were, however, not recorded, either in vitro or in the greenhouse, when the bacteria were grown on a medium which did not support cyanide production. In wheat, a difference in sensitivity to bacteria-produced volatiles was recorded between two cultivars (Drabant and Besso) differing in reaction to bacterial inoculation, but in contrast to lettuce cultivars, the wheat cultivars tested did not react differentially to pure cyanide. The results suggest that in lettuce differential sensitivity to cyanide is one factor behind cultivar differences in reaction to the bacteria tested, even though bacterial metabolites other than cyanide may contribute to the plant growth inhibition recorded. In wheat, however, differential cultivar responses to these bacteria could not be shown to be related to cyanide.
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    Variation for root traits and their genetic control in spring wheat (1991)
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    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; root ; combining ability ; correlation ; dry matter ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat root characters which influence vital plant processes have scarcely been explored for their genetic control. This study was conducted to i) examine the diversity of root traits and associated shoot traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars; ii) study the nature of genetic control of selected traits; and iii) examine associations among root and shoot traits. Three experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with plants grown in the vermiculite medium in clear plastic tubes. In the first experiment, 42 spring wheat cultivars were grown for three weeks and measurements were taken on root length, leaf length, root number, leaf number, root dry weight, and top dry weight. In the second study, 15F1's originating from a partial diallel mating of six cultivars along with the parents were evaluated for 4 weeks. The data on root length, leaf length, and root number were subjected to diallel analysis according to Griffing's method 4, fixed model. A third experiment consisted of studying 2 F2 populations with 141 plants per population. In the first study the 42 cultivars exhibited a wide range of variation for all six traits. Diallel analysis revealed significant effects of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for root length, leaf length, and root number. Parents with high GCA estimates were identified. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found among root and shoot traits. Analysis of F2's for root length indicated quantitative nature of inheritance of root length.
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    Hybridization barriers between wheat and rye: In vitro pollen assays and electrophoretic survey (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 147-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; hybridization ; pollen-tube-growth ; wide-crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five- to seven-day-old ovaries from Triticum aestivum vars Hope (non-crossable), Chinese Spring (CS, crossable) and the chromosomal substitution line Chinese Spring/Hope 5B (CS/H5B) were used to test the hypothesis that an ovarian substance inhibits rye (Secale cereale var Wrens) pollen tube growth. In vitro assays on a semi-solid medium demonstrated that a soluble, dialyzed lysate from Hope or CS/H5B ovaries inhibited rye pollen tube elongation significantly more than a similar lysate from CS ovaries (26%, 13% and 5% respectively compared to controls). When only the 20 longest tubes from each sample were included in the analysis the relationship was maintained (33%, 22% and 15% for Hope, CS/H5B and CS respectively). Heating the Hope lysate at 100° C for 10 min reduced the inhibition from 26% to 14% for all pollen tubes measured (n = 51 per sample) and from 33% to 20% when only the 20 longest pollen tubes per sample were analyzed. Isoelectric focusing followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis (IEF/SDS-PAGE) and non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE) revealed several differences in the polypeptide profiles of soluble lysates from vars Hope, CS and CS/H5B. While two striking differences were observed, a 50 kilodalton (kD) polypeptide with an isoelectric point (pI) of approximately 8.5 and 100 kD polypeptide (pI∼4) from CS lysates which were considerably reduced in lysates of Hope and CS/H5B, none were obviously associated with the Hope 5B chromosome and therefore cross-incompatibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029390
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    Crossability of some bread wheat landraces and improved cultivars from western Himalayas with rye (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability ; Himalayas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of 62 bread wheat accessions (14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh and 48 others) was examined with rye. The 3 rye cultivars did not differ in their relative crossability with 4 of the wheat accessions studied. On the other hand, the wheat cultivars differed greatly among themselves in their crossability with rye. Most of the wheat cultivars showed poor (〈10%) crossability. Two of the 14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh were found to be free from the crossability inhibitors as they showed very high (〉50%) crossability, whereas none of the other 48 cultivars studied was so.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023794
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    Major gene control of tolerance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to high concentrations of soil boron (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: boron ; inheritance ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic control of tolerance of wheat to high concentrations of soil boron was studied for five genotypes. Each genotype represented one of five categories of response to high levels of boron, ranging from very sensitive to tolerant. Tolerance to boron was expressed as a partially dominant character, although the response of an F1 hybrid, relative to the parents, varied with the level of boron applied. The F1 hybrids responded similarly to the more tolerant parent at low B treatments and intermediate to the parents at higher treatments. Ratios consistent with monogenic segregation were observed for the F2 and F3 generations for the combinations (WI*MMC) × Kenya Farmer, Warigal × (WI*MMC) and Halberd × Warigal. The three genes, Bo1, Bo2 and Bo3, while transgressive segregation between two tolerant genotypes, G61450 and Halberd, suggested a fourth locus controlling tolerance to boron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021242
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    Pedigree analysis of the origin of manganese tolerance in Canadian spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Canada ; genotypic differences ; manganese toxicity ; manganese tolerance ; origin ; pedigree ; screening ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Breeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for tolerance to manganese (Mn) might be in some cases more feasible and economical than use of soil amendments. As part of research on the heritability of Mn tolerance, a study on the level of Mn tolerance in Canadian wheat cultivars and its probable origin was accomplished by analysis of cultivar pedigrees and drawing phylogenetic maps to discern filial relationships. Cultivar tolerance to Mn was determined by relative root weight (RRW) in solution culture in the presence of 500 μM Mn. A total of 91 cultivars were screened, 76 of which were Canadian. These data, together with data from another 28 cultivars reported in the literature, were used to draw two pedigree maps, a map for Canadian cultivars only, and a map for the Mn-tolerant Canadian cultivars Norquay and Laura. Results indicated a range of tolerance to Mn among Canadian cultivars. Manganese tolerance, found in either Canadian or foreign germplasm, and of either recent or older selection or origin, seems to have originated from land races from Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. Tolerance may have been introduced into Canadian germplasm directly by the use of Brazilian cultivars as parents, or indirectly by the introduction of Mexican germplasm with Brazilian parentages. This information will help the plant breeder to develop plant breeding systems, and may also help in the study of the mechanisms for Mn tolerance in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042053
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    Breeding for yield stability in unpredictable environments: single traits, interaction between traits, and architecture of genotypes (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 169-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Analytical breeding ; barley ; drought resistance ; landraces ; Hordeum vulgare ; stability ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Attempts to identify individual traits to use as an indirect measure for grain yield have shown some degree of success in environments where crop yields are affected by no stress or only by predictable stresses. However, analytical breeding has been largely unsuccessful in the case of a) stressful environments characterized by low yields due to high variability in the frequency, timing, duration and severity of a number of climatic stresses, and b) breeding programs where the major objective is greater yield stability defined as a reduction in the frequency of crop failures. Experimental evidence suggests that, when environmental variability is high due to unpredictable differences in frequency, timing and severity of various climatic stresses, each time different combinations of several traits are likely to confer ‘drought resistance’. Interaction among traits in determining overall crop response to variable stresses is expected to occasionally enhance the importance of a specific trait in a specific stress situation. In this context it becomes difficult to consider ‘drought resistance’ as a character with its own identity in terms of inheritance. Assessment and verification of traits based on the use of isogenic lines tends to oversimplify the interactions between traits, as the approach provides information on the effect of a specific trait only in a specific genetic background. At the population level of organisation, the dilemma between selection for individual traits and specific combinations of traits can be translated into the dilemma between selection for individual genotypes and specific combinations of genotypes. The evidence that natural selection under stress conditions has not been able to identify either a single trait or a single genotype with a given ‘adapted’ architecture of traits, is discussed in relation to germplasm development philosophies to stabilize yield in unpredictably stressed environments.
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    Greenhouse evaluation of red winter wheats for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Diuraphis noxia ; Russian wheat aphid ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko) (RWA) is responsible for significant economic damage to cereal crops in arid and semi-arid environments. In this research 20 red winter wheats originating from Iran were evaluated for resistance to RWA. Leaf rolling, leaf folding, and leaf chlorosis were measured using 0 to 3 scales. An overall mean damage score was calculated as the average of the three measured damage symptoms. Plants from seven central Asian accessions (PI222666, PI222668, PI225226, PI225267, PI225271, PI243630, and PI243642) had mean damage scores significantly lower (p 〈 0.001) than ‘Stephens’ wheat (RWA susceptible) and not significantly different from ‘Border’ oat (RWA resistant). These results are consistent with previous studies which found a high frequency of resistant wheats collected from the central Asian region.
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  • 49
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    Breeding for hard red winter wheat cultivars adapted to conventional-till and no-till systems in northern latitudes (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; cold hardiness ; cultivar x tillage interaction ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Conservation tillage in the Great Plains of North America has increased in recent years, in part, to control soil erosion, increase soil water storage and reduce production costs. No-till production is recommended for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in northern latitudes for the purpose of trapping snow and protecting the crop from freezing temperatures. A 5 year field study was conducted at four North Dakota locations from 1984–85 through 1988–89 to determine if significant cultivar x tillage interactions existed for grain yield of winter wheat. Fourteen hard red winter wheat cultivars were planted in both conventional-till and no-till systems. Significant cultivar x tillage interactions were obtained for grain yield from both a weighted analysis across all environments and from individual analyses of 12 of the 16 environments in which wheat survived under both tillage systems (P〈0.05). Regression of cultivar yield on mean environment yield produced b values that varied little between conventional till and no-till for 10 of the 14 cultivars. The top five yielding cultivars were the same for both tillage systems and had b values 〉 1.0. Although the cultivar x tillage interaction may be a result of differential winter survival rather than tillage per se, this study suggests that selection for winter wheats with superior yield performance can be conducted under either no-till or conventional-till systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035340
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    Genes for resistance to stripe rust in four spring wheat varieties (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; host plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in origin and reaction in the seedling stage to pathotype CDL-6 (extant in California) were intercrossed and examined in greenhouse conditions in F1, F2, and F3 generations. Digenic and transgressive segregation was found in all crosses. The four varieties each had infection types (1 immune, 9 susceptible) and putative resistance genes as follows: ‘Anza’, IT 7, YrA; ‘Glennson 81’, IT 2, Yr9; ‘Yecora Rojo’, IT 6, YrC; and ‘Ollanta’, IT 4–6, YrL. ‘Anza’ was classified as susceptible, ‘Yecora Rojo’ and ‘Ollanta’ as intermediate in seedling resistance, and ‘Glennson 81’ as resistant in the seedling stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022818
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    In vitro culture variation of wheat and rye caused by genes affecting plant growth habit in vivo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1991), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; day-length insensitivity ; semi-dwarfness ; tissue culture response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of genes affecting the ‘plant growth habit’ in wheat (Rht8 and Ppd1) and rye (ct1 and ct2) on tissue culture response was studied using immature embryos. Whereas the semi-dwarfing gene Rht8 seems to promote only a minor effect, the day-length sensitive allele ppd1 determined a major increase in callus growth and regeneration ability. With regards to their tissue culture efficiency, the four alleles studied could be ranked as follows: ppd1〉Rht8〉rht8〉Ppd1. In contrast to wheat, the GA insensitive semi-dwarfing genes of rye (ct1 and ct2) appear not to influence in vitro response.
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    Organic nitrogen content and nitrate and nitrite reductase activities in tritordeum and wheat grown under nitrate or ammonium (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 251-256 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate reductase ; nitrite reductase ; organic nitrogen ; tritordeum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tritordeum is a fertile amphiploid derived from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. conv. durum) × a wild barley (Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schultz.). The organic nitrogen content of tritordeum grain (34 mg g-1 DW) was significantly higher than that of its wheat parent (25 mg g-1 DW). Leaf and root nitrogen content became higher in tritordeum than in wheat after four weeks of growth, independently of the nitrogen source (either NO3 - or NH4 +). Under NO3 - nutrition, tritordeum generally exhibited higher levels of nitrate reductase (NR) activity than wheat. Nitrite reductase (NiR) levels were however lower in tritordeum than in its wheat parent. In NH4 +-grown plants, both NR and NiR activities progressively decreased in the two species, becoming imperceptible after 3 to 5 weeks of growth. Results indicate that, in addition to a higher rate of NO3 - reduction, other physiological factors must be responsible for the greater accumulation of organic nitrogen in tritordeum grain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010913
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    Chlorophyll content and leaf elongation rate in wheat seedlings as a measure of manganese tolerance (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; genotypic differences ; leaf elongation rate ; Mn toxicity ; Mn tolerance ; screening ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract After aluminum toxicity, manganese (Mn) toxicity is probably the second most important growth limiting factor in acid soils. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using chlorophyll content and leaf elongation rate (LER) for regrowth of Mn stressed seedlings as a rapid seedling based screening bioassay for Mn tolerance in segregating populations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In one experiment, chlorophyll was determined for the cultivars Norquay (Mn-tolerant) and Columbus (Mn-sensitive) subjected to twelve Mn levels (2 to 2000 μM) in nutrient solutions. As Mn concentration increased, chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ contents of the Mn-tolerant cultivar decreased up to 9%, while in the Mn-sensitive cultivar it was reduced by as much as 43%. The chlorophyll ‘a/b’ ratio did not differ among Mn concentrations for either cultivar. In a second experiment, chlorophyll content and LER for regrowth of Mn stressed seedlings (1000 μM) was determined for Columbus and Katepwa (Mn-sensitive), Oslo (Mn-intermediate), and Norquay and Laura (Mn-tolerant). Manganese tolerance as assayed by chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ and LER was significantly correlated with Mn tolerance as assayed by the relative root weight methodology (RRW). Thus, chlorophyll content of Mn-stressed seedlings and LER of seedling regrowth appear to be suitable techniques for screening unreplicated selections of segregating populations for tolerance to Mn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465214
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    Distribution of magnesium in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to supply (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 183-193 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diagnosis ; distribution ; magnesium deficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this study were to describe the distribution of magnesium (Mg) and its retranslocation within wheat, in order to develop diagnostic procedures for Mg deficiency. Plants were grown in solution culture with both constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 μMMg) and discontinued supply (40 μM and 160 μM decreased to nil). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was halted. However, initial deficiency symptoms occurred on young leaves under constant but inadequate supply, contrasting with previous reports. Magnesium concentrations were also lower in young leaves compared to old leaves. Symptoms of yellowing and necrosis occurred if the leaf tissue contained 〈1194 μgg−1, irrespective of leaf age. The minimum Mg concentration in whole shoots associated with maximum shoot weight was 932 μgg−1; for the youngest emerged blade (YEB) it was 861 μgg−1. Symptoms were apparent on the young leaf before a reduction in shoot weight was measurable. The concentration of Mg in the YEB and whole shoot were better related to solution Mg concentration than was the Mg concentration in the old leaf.
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    The fate of carbon in pulse-labelled crops of barley and wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 205-213 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; carbon ; 14C ; exudates ; partitioning ; respiration ; rhizodeposition ; root ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (cv. Gutha) and barley (cv. O'Connor) were grown as field crops on a shallow duplex soil (sand over clay) in Western Australia with their root systems contained within pvc columns. At four stages during growth, the shoots were pulse-labelled for 1.5h with14CO2; immediately prior to labelling, the soil was isolated from the shoot atmosphere by pvc sheets. After labelling, the soil atmosphere was pumped through NaOH to trap respired CO2 and after 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 24 h from the start of labelling, columns were destructively sampled to recover14C from the roots, soil and shoot. Both species showed similar patterns of14C distribution and changes in distribution through the growing season. During early tillering, 15–25% of the14C recovered after 24 h had been respired by the roots and rhizosphere, 17–27% was retained in the roots, 0.4–1.8% was recovered as water-soluble14C in the soil and the remainder (45–67%) was present in the shoot. These percentages changed during growth so that during grain filling only 2–3% of the14C recovered after 24 h was as respired CO2, 2–6% was in the roots, 0.2% was in the soil and over 90% was in the shoot. The distribution of14C in components of the soil-plant system changed during the 24 h after labelling with the most rapid changes occurring generally during the first 7.5 h after labelling. Using growth measurements from adjacent plots, the amounts of C added to the soil were estimated for the whole season. Carbon input to the soil was about 48 gC m−2 for wheat and 58 gC m−2 for barley; the crops produced total shoot dry matter of 494 (wheat) and 735 g m−2 (barley). Of the C input to the soil, 27.8% (wheat) and 40.3% (barley) was as respired C and only 3.3 (wheat) and 4.1% (barley) was collected as exudate (water-soluble material).
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    Components of variation, heritabilities and correlations for indices of sprouting tolerance and seed dormancy in Triticum spp. (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 221-229 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum ; wheat ; sprouting tolerance ; dormancy ; variation ; heritability ; correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Germination of wheat (Triticum spp) kernels prior to harvest reduces the economic value of grain. Losses attributable to pre-harvest sprouting could be reduced by developing sprouting tolerant (ST) cultivars if heritable variation exists for this trait. Objectives of this study were to compare various assays that measure ST, seed dormancy (SD), and alpha-amylase activity, and to divide the total variation for these traits into parts relating to genetic differences, genotype-year interaction, and residual variation. Twenty-six hexaploid wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) (eight red-kernelled and eighteen white-kernelled), and three white-kernelled tetraploid wheat genotypes (T. turgidum L. var. durum) were subjected to various assays that measure ST, SD, and alpha-amylase production using artificial wetting treatments. Genotype effects accounted for 44% to 90% of the phenotypic variation. The genetic component of variation, when expressed as a proportion of the total variation, was 2 to 6 times greater than the proportion attributable to error. Heritability expressed on a genotype mean basis was highly significant for all variables and ranged from 0.59 to 0.93. The phenotypic correlation for any ST or SD trait or alpha-amylase activity measured on samples collected at two dates (T1 and T2 = T1+14 days) was highly significant and positive. The phenotypic correlation matrix among assays performed on the unthreshed spikes, germination tests and alpha-amylase activity at both T1 and T2 were positive and highly significant. Increased ST is an attainable objective, and direct selection for ST using an artificial wetting treatment is an appropriate breeding strategy.
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    A comparison of methods for identifying and surveying the presence of 1BL.1RS translocations in bread wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 45-53 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triucum aestivum ; wheat ; storage protein ; bread-making quality ; N-banding PA ; subtilisin inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four methods for detecting 1BL. 1RS translocations in bread wheat have been compared winter wheat cultivars: N-banding of mitotic metaphase chromosomes, sodium lactate electrophoresis at pH 3.1, sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophorests under conditions, and a recently characterised protein, subtilisin inhibitor, separated by isoelectric N-banding was much the most labour intensive method, and, of the three electrophoretic recommend the use of subtilisin inhibitor, which is at least as easy to interpret as the other is often faster for screening purposes. The sources of the 1BL. 1RS translocation in this matenal Avrora. Kavkaz and Skorospelka 35, which have been extensively used as parents in breeding programmes. Out of 59 cultivars that include a line carrying the 1BL. 1RS pedigree. 23 of them did not carry the translocation; thus the effect on plant phenotype of insufficient to guarantee its selection during breeding.
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    Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; drought resistance ; yield ; selection ; grain filling ; kernel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis. Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F2 through F1 when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F2 base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation. Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.
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    Gliadin allele composition of Yugoslav winter wheat cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gliadins ; APAGE ; multiple allelism ; variation ; Yugoslavia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The complete gliadin allele composition of 57 Yugoslav common winter wheat cultivars was studied. Large differences were found in gliadin genotypes among cultivars bred at different Yugoslav breeding centres as well as between early and recent wheats bred in the Novi Sad breeding centre. Yugoslav wheats have limited variation in gliadin alleles, of which Gli-A1a, Gli-B1b, Gli-B1l, Gli-D1b, Gli-A2e, Gli-B2b, Gli-D2a are shown to be the most frequent. Examples of favoured alleles to new cultivars are described. 40% of the studied wheat cultivars have natural biotypes differing in gliadin allele composition. The frequency of cultivars with the biotypes differs greatly among breeding centres.
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    Comparison of resistance of triticale, wheat and spelt to septoria nodorum blotch at the seedling and adult plant stages (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adult plant resistance ; seedling resistance ; Septoria nodorum ; septoria nodorum blotch ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. spelta ; spelt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary On average, the cereal species studied were susceptible to septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), except for spring triticale on leaf and head and winter titicale on leaf, that appeared to be significantly more resistant, than the other ones. In all three species the SNB response of the adult plants was to a limited extent only predicted by the reaction on first leaf seedlings. In most cases it was impossible to predict the response to SNB of adult plants on the basis of seedling reaction. Correlations between the adult plant stage and the seedling stage, or detached seedling leaves, appears not to be sufficient for use in practical breeding work. A reversal of reaction to SNB was even found between the above growth stages in studied spring and winter wheat varieties.
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    Combining ability analysis for harvest index in winter wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 229-234 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; harvest index ; diallel analysis ; genotypic and phenotypic correlations ; assimilate partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cereal breeders have used harvest index (HI) as a selection criterion in segregating generations to identify physiologically superior lines with improved partitioning of total assimilate into grain. Information on combining ability for HI of the hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of the Southern Great Plains is not available. A study was undertaken to examine HI of seven genetically diverse winter wheat parents, evaluate their general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, and study correlations of HI with several agronomic traits. The seven parents were crossed in a half-diallel mating design to produce 21 crosses. The F1's, their F2 progenies, and the parents were evaluated in replicated field tests at Stillwater and at Lahoma, OK. The combining ability analysis was performed using Griffing's Method 4, Model 1. The results showed significant variation among parents for HI. The GCA and the SCA effects were mostly inconsistent between generations and between environments. However, parents with consistently high HI and positive GCA estimates were identified. The progeny with high HI mostly resulted from parents with high GCA estimates. The correlations between HI and agronomic traits indicated that improvement in HI should also result in high grain yield, early maturity, and short plant height.
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    Additive and epistatic effects of allelic variation at the high molecular weight glutenin subunit loci in determining the bread-making quality of breeding lines of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 55 (1991), S. 277-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: HMW glutenin subunits ; bread-making quality ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; epistasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation has been studied between the high molecular weight glutenin (HMWg) subunit alleles and the bread-making quality of 226 lines of winter wheat (T. aestivum L.), grown in The Netherlands. The lines represented a wide range of genetic backgrounds, and had not been selected for quality, in contrast to the established varieties used by other authors. The variation in HMWg subunit genotypes accounted for about 20% of the total variation in loaf volume among the lines. Most important was the allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus. The Glu-D1 allele encoding the subunits 5+10 was superior to its allelic counterpart, encoding 2+12. The difference in average of loaf volume between groups of lines containing 5+10 or 2+12 was negatively related with protein content of the flours. When protein content was below 9.2%, no effect of allelic variation at the Glu-D1 locus was present. Epistatic effects between the Glu-I loci also contributed to the variation in loaf volume of the lines: i.e. the effect of allelic variation at Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 depended on the allele present at the Glu-D1. The contribution of the epistatic effects was about half the contribution of the additive effects, and should therefore be included in predictive models for bread-making quality.
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    Wheats with purple and blue grains: a review (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 243-258 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum species ; wheat ; grain colour ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In addition to white and red grains, wheats with purple and blue grains may occur. Purple grain colour is caused by anthocyanins in the pericarp whereas blue colour is caused by anthocyanins in the aleurone layer. Purple grains occur in tetraploid wheats from Ethiopia, and in one bread wheat accession apparently native to China. Although the use of the purple and blue grain characters as markers has been suggested, their expression is often erratic, especially when heterozygous. No hexaploid wheat with blue grains was described prior to the artificial introgression of genes from diploid wheat and Agropyron species. The number of different sources of blue aleurone gene(s) from Agropyron elongatum is unknown. It is possible that with exchange between researchers the same or related accessions have been used at several research stations. Accessions of diploid wheats are known to possess blue aleurone. The breeding history of a number of purple and blue grained accessions is described. Research should indicate the source species of the gene for blue aleurone of the blue-grained Barevna.
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    Genes for leaf rust resistance in Indian and Pakistani wheats tested with Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 27-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita tritici ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; slow rusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici in 71 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars from India and Pakistan were postulated. In total, 9 known and one unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combination: Lr1 (in 20 cultivars), Lr3 (5), Lr10 (21), Lr11 (1), Lr13 (43), Lr17 (5), Lr23 (14), Lr26 (2), Lr27 + Lr31 (2), and the unknown gene in 2 cultivars. Additional temperature-sensitive seedling resistance appeared to occur in 27 cultivars. This resistance in at least 15 cultivars appeared to be due to Lr34. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for these 27 cultivars indicated variable levels of adult plant resistance. Several other cultivars with high seedling infection types to one or more of the predominant field pathotypes were also partially resistant in the field. High levels of adult plant resistance occurred in some cultivars even in the absence of known seedling resistance genes with major effects.
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    Influence of race and post infection temperature on two components of partial resistance to wheat leaf rust in seedlings of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Adult plant resistance ; infection frequency ; latency period ; partial resistance ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; race-specificity ; temperature sensitivity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; wheat leaf rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Components of partial resistance, infection frequency and latency period, were determined in 71 winter and spring wheat genotypes in the seedling stage, after infection with three races of leaf rust (‘Felix 3B’, ‘Clement B’ and ‘Betuwe 85C’) at three different day/night temperature regimes (24/18°C, 18/12°C and 12/6°C). The genotypes were split into two groups and two separate experiments were carried out. Five genotypes, SVP 84039, Akabozu, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso, conferred a low infection frequency and a long latency period and Westphal 12A a long latency period, indicating a relatively high level of partial resistance. The correlation coefficient between infection frequency and latency period was low. Race-specificity was not found. There was a significant temperature effect on the latency period. In the second experiment the temperature x genotype interaction was significant. Temperature-response functions of transformed data demonstrated that the latency periods of four relatively resistant genotypes, Westphal 12A, Banco, BH 1146 and Orso and of Sarno and Mirela were most sensitive to temperature. The range between the genotypes with the longest and the shortest latency period was highest at 12°C. Therefore, low temperature regimes are preferred to distinguish differences in level of partial resistance.
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    An investigation of the relationship between the F1 potential and the measures of genetic distance among wheat lines (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 165-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; choice of parents ; distance analysis ; standardized potence ; character selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three groups of characters selected using three methods were used to calculate genetic distance among two groups of winter wheat lines using Euclidean distance based on principal components. These wheat lines were then clustered by the unweighted pair-group arithmetic average method. The relationship between genetic distance and standardized potence was seemingly influenced by genetic materials. In order to obtain promising crosses, it is advisable to select parents from intercluster rather than intracluster materials. The results suggested that the repeatability method was better than the conventional and weighting methods for selecting characters for distance analysis.
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    Inhibition of tillering in cereals by substituted 2-phenoxypropionic acids (1991)
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    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 205-214 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: tillering ; wheat ; barley ; rice ; 2-phenoxypropionic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The properties of various mono- and di-substituted analogues of 2-phenoxypropionic acid as inhibitors of tillering were investigated on wheat, barley and rice. Highest levels of activity were shown by (R)2-Cl,5-Cl, (R)2-Cl,5-F, and (R)2-Cl,5-methyl analogues. Few or no signs of phytotoxic effects (leaf chlorosis or necrosis) were evident on wheat or barley following spray application of these compounds. Rice was both more susceptible to inhibition of tillering and phytotoxic effects. However, almost complete inhibition of tillering was achieved by application of some compounds to rice with little or no phytotoxicity. Comparisons were made between the properties of these compounds and commercially used phenoxyacetic and phenoxypropionic herbicides and plant growth regulators. Dichlorprop inhibited tillering in rice, fenoprop in wheat and rice, and fluroxypyr in wheat, all without phytotoxic effects.
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    Wheat anther culture: effect of genotype and environmental conditions (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 233-236 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; cultivars ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-two cultivars and lines of winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied, most for the first time, for their anther culture response. The response was genotype dependent. Plants grown in the field gave higher callus induction frequency than those grown in the greenhouse and the controlled environment chamber. Donor plants grown in a season of low drought stress as compared to a season of severe drought stress resulted in a higher frequency of callus induction. Spherical microcalli were observed in two wheat genotypes in some of only those anthers that were placed with only one loculus in contact with the medium. Wheat lines that were more responsive to anther culture were identified.
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    Adherence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to the cells of immature wheat embryos (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; enzymatic digestion ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium attached to wheat embryos in vitro. This attachment was plasmid independent, and occurred on both wounded and unwounded cell surfaces. The pattern of attachment clearly demonstrated that bacterial attachment to cereal cells follows the same trends observed for dicotyledonous plants. During the inoculation period the bacterial cells attach to the plant cell walls either with lateral or polar orientation. Wounding (mechanical or enzymatic) preferentially promoted adherence of the bacteria at the wound site, however, attachment was not wound dependent.
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    Agrobacterium tumefaciens-gene transfer into wheat tissues (1991)
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 25 (1991), S. 209-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; cocultivation ; tissue culture ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA can be transferred by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to wheat, albeit at very low frequencies. Transfer of agrobacterial DNA occurred in cultures where the embryos had been subjected to partial enzymatic digestion prior to cocultivation with the bacteria. It is unclear whether this is by the normal process mediated by the Ti virulence genes and the border repeats of the T-DNA. The Southern hybridization patterns indicate that in one cell line the T-DNA had undergone extensive rearrangements, and might indicate that the process of T-DNA transfer and integration might differ in the case of cereals. This could suggest the method of transfer and ultimately the expression of these genes in cereal cells may be different to that observed in other monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species.
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    3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol: An aggregation pheromone of the four-eyed spruce bark beetle,Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1989-2002 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polygraphus rufipennis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; aggregation pheromone ; bark beetle ; black spruce ; 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Porapak Q-captured volatiles of malePolygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) boring in black spruce and white spruce from Newfoundland and British Columbia, respectively, contained 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol. Volatiles from logs in which the males had been joined by females contained the compound in reduced quantities. Hindgut extracts from male and femaleP. rufipennis disclosed no male-specific volatiles, but 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol was detected in extracts of male-produced frass. The compound was not present in extracts from fresh phloem tissue.P. rufipennis of both sexes responded strongly in the field to traps baited with 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol released at 4390 μg/day. There was little response to unbaited traps, fresh uninfested black spruce logs, or to 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol released at lower rates. Combination of 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol with either one of five terpenes prevalent in black spruce did not enhance beetle catch. Approximately half of 20 black spruce trees baited with 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol were attacked, compared to 20.0% of 10 unbaited control trees. This new aggregation pheromone could be used to monitor or manageP. rufipennis populations.
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    Volatile compounds in the larval frass ofDendroctonus valens andDendroctonus micans (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in relation to oviposition by the predator,Rhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2003-2019 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus micans ; Dendroctonus valens ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Rhizophagidae ; Scolytidae ; oviposition stimuli ; biological control ; monoterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract During a laboratory study evaluatingRhizophagus grandis (a specific native predator of the Eurasian bark beetle,Dendroctonus micans), as a potential biocontrol agent against the North American bark beetle,Dendroctonus valens, it was found that feeding larvae and laboratory-produced frass of the potential prey elicited very high oviposition responses in the predator. Comparative chemical analysis of this laboratory-produced larval frass revealed that one major volatile compound, (-)-fenchone, is associated with the larvae of bothDendroctonus species.D. micans also generated pinocamphone while oxygenated monoterpenes in the frass ofD. valens were camphor,cis-4-thujanol, fenchol, terpinen-4-ol, myrtenal, pinocarvone, borneol, verbenone, piperitone, campholenaldehyde,trans-myrtanol,cis-myrtanol,p-cymen-8-ol and 5-oxo-camphor. This range of prey-produced compounds with a possible biological effect onR. grandis was narrowed down subsequent to comparative analysis of field-collected larval frass. (-)-Fenchone, pinocamphone, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, borneol, fenchol, and verbenone were found to be common to both prey species. A mixture of these seven components was tested in a bioassay, where it elicited as much oviposition as did larval frass ofD. micans. The oviposition stimulants forR. grandis are thus clearly among the mixture's constituents.
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    Chemical characterization of fruit and fungal volatiles attractive to dried-fruit beetle,Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1253-1272 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Carpophilus hemipterus ; dried fruit-beetle ; host-finding ; yeast ; wind tunnel ; attaction ; volatiles ; headspace
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical basis underlying orientation to fruit and fungal odors was investigated for the dried-fruit beetle,Carpophilus hemipterus (L.). In wind-tunnel bioassays of walking and flight response from 1.8 m, beetles were attracted to odors of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae on agar, aseptic banana, or banana inoculated withS. cerevisiae, although both banana substrates elicited greater response than the yeast alone. When presented in a two-choice bioassay, the yeast-inoculated banana attracted approximately twice as many beetles as did the aseptic banana. GC-MS analysis of the headspace volatiles above these odor sources revealed a somewhat more complex and concentrated volatile profile for yeast-inoculated banana than for aseptic banana. The odor from yeast on agar had fewer components, and these were present at lower concentrations than the odors of either banana substrate. By blending mineral-oil or aqueous solutions of the 18 components of inoculated-banana odor in varying concentrations, it was possible to mimic closely the headspace profile of the natural odor. This synthetic odor also elicited beetle attraction in the wind tunnel at levels comparable to the inoculated banana. Through a series of bioassays in which individual components were subtracted from or added to a synthetic odor blend, it was determined that ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, 2-pentanol, and 3-methylbutanol comprised the simplest blend of compounds evoking full behavioral response. However, 2-methylpropanol or butanol were apparently interchangeable with 3-methylbutanol in this blend, and comparable response could also be elicited by replacing acetaldehyde with a combination of both 2-pentanone and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Thus, our results suggest that this generalist insect herbivore locates its hosts by a long-range response to a variety of blends of common fruit volatiles, whose concentrations are enhanced by fungi.
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    Anthraquinones in different developmental stages ofGaleruca tanaceti (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2323-2332 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Galeruca tanaceti ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; anthraquinones ; eggs ; larvae ; hemolymph ; ovaries ; Tanacetum vulgäre ; Achillea millefolium ; feeding deterrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The overwintering eggs and the larvae of the leaf beetleGaleruca tanaceti (L.) contain hydroxylated anthraquinones. In both developmental stages, l,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (= chrysophanol) and 1,8-di-hydroxyanthraquinone (= chrysazin) were detected by GC-MS and GC-FTIR analyses. In the eggs, chrysazin was found only in traces. Anthraquinones were also present in ovaries and hemolymph of gravid females, which were investigated in order to examine the incorporation of these substances into the eggs. Neither in acidified nor in nonacidified extracts of the host plantsTanacetum vulgäre L. andAchillea millefolium L. were anthraquinones found. The activity of these anthraquinones as chemical defense substances was proved in bioassays with the antMyrmica ruginodis NYL. Further possible biological significances of anthraquinones are discussed.
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    Role of steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine in host-plant resistance of tomato to colorado potato beetle (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 989-1005 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; host-plant selection ; glycoalkaioids ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Lycopersicon ; α-tomatine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of the steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine in the hostplant resistance of tomato to the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was examined in short- (24 hr; using first- and fourth-instar larvae) and long-term (first-instar larvae reared through the prepupal stage) feeding experiments. Consumption rate, growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body mass, and survival were compared forL. decemlineata provided foliage from susceptible (Lycopersicon esculetum Mill. cv. Walter), resistant (L. hirsutum f.Glabratum C.H. Mull accession PI 134417), and F1 hybrid plants. Values obtained for dietetic indices were regressed against corresponding values for α-tomatine content of foliage provided to larvae. Differences in dietetic indices could not be attributed to variation in foliar α-tomatine content despite a long-standing literature showing theex planta α-tomatine inhibits feeding and growth byL. decemlineata.
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    Identification of food volatiles attractive toGlischrochilus quadrisignatus andGlischrochilus fasciatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2469-2480 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Glischrochilus quadrisignatus ; Glischrochilus fasciatus ; field traps ; volatile attractants ; host volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Seven volatile compounds identified from the headspace of whole wheat bread dough were investigated for their role in attractingGlischrochilus quadrisignatus andG. fasciatus in the field. Traps baited with either whole wheat bread dough or a synthetic seven-component bread dough odor caught similar numbers of these beetles, suggesting that the seven-compound combination could simulate the behavioral effect of bread dough. A series of trials using traps baited with various combinations of these chemicals showed that five compounds were significantly active in attractingG. quadrisignatus andG. fasciatus, but not all were essential for maximum response. The simplest blend eliciting a level of response comparable to the seven-component combination included ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, ethanol, and racemic 2-methylbutanol, of which ethyl acetate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde were essential and 2-methylbutanol was replaceable with 2-methylpropanol forG. quadrisignatus attraction. Ethyl acetate and ethanol were essential for comparable attraction ofG. fasciatus. The chemical mediation of food finding in G.quadrisignatus andG. fasciatus is discussed in the context of volatile blends characterized for other nitidulid species.
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    Electroantennogram responses of the southern pine beetle parasitoidDinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to potential semiochemicals (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2527-2538 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dinotiscus dendroctoni ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; parasitoid ; kairomone ; electroan-tennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In two studies using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique, bark beetle- and tree-produced semiochemicals were presented toDinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead), a larval parasitoid ofDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. In the first study, 20 test compounds and a standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes were presented individually at one concentration to the parasitoids. In the second study, the nine compounds that elicited the greatest EAGs in study 1 were then tested as serial dilutions of 10 to 0.0001μg/ul. The individual compounds did not elicit responses greater than the standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes. Males and females exhibited similar dose responses, although females showed lower thresholds of response than males to frontalin, terpinen-4-ol,E,Z-chalcogran, andexo-brevicomin. In both studies, pino-/isopinocamphone elicited the greatest responses at high concentrations. Tests of different ratios of the camphone mixture indicated that pinocamphone elicited the greatest response. Most of the test compounds elicited similar responses which suggests that several of the compounds may be used together byD. dendroctoni in habitat and/or host community location.
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    Heat and mass transfer in unsaturated porous media at a hot boundary: I. One-dimensional analytical model (1991)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 6 (1991), S. 281-298 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Seasonal heat storage ; heat transport ; unsaturated soils ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a model of heat and mass transfer in an unsaturated zone of sand and silty clay soils, taking into account the effects of temperature gradients on the advective flux, and of the enhancement of thermal conduction by the process of latent heat transfer through vapor flow. The motivation for this study is to supply information for the planned storage of thermal energy in unsaturated soils and for hot waste storage. Information is required on the possibility of significant drying at a hot boundary, as this would reduce the thermal conductivity of a layer adjacent to the boundary and, thus, prevent effective heat transfer to the soil. This study indicates the possibility that the considered system may be unstable, with respect to the drying conditions, with the occurrence of drying depending on the initial and the boundary conditions. An analysis performed for certain boundary conditions of heat transfer and for given soil properties, disregarding the advective flux of energy, indicated that there are initial conditions of water content for which heating will not cause significant drying. Under these conditions, fine soils may be better suited for heat transfer at the hot boundary, due to their higher field capacity, although their heat conduction coefficients at saturation are lower than those of sandy soils. At present, these conclusions are limited to the range of 50–80°C. Potential effects of solute concentration at the hot boundary are indicated.
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    Phosphate sorption approach for determining phosphorus requirements of wheat in calcareous soils (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 28 (1991), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphate adsorption ; external P requirement ; wheat ; fertilizer requirements ; calcareous soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five field experiments involving P application rates from 0 to 66 kg P ha−1 were conducted on irrigated wheat at Tandojam, Pakistan. The soils belonged to two great soil groups, Torrifluvent and Camborthid. All soils were calcareous. Olsen-P contents ranged from 3.5 to 6.3 mg P kg−1. Phosphate sorption curves were developed for soils from control (no P) plots at each site. Concentrations of P in solution established by fertilization in the field as estimated from the sorption curves ranged from 0.008 to 0.16mg P L−1. Actual grain yields were converted to relative grain yields and plotted against corresponding concentrations of P in solution. Yield response to P application was obtained in each experiment. Control plot yields ranged from 57 to 89% of maximum yield of respective experiments. Phosphorus requirements of wheat were 0.032 mg L−1 for 95% yield as determined from a composite yield response curve. Predicted quantities of P required to attain 0.032 mg P L−1 ranged from 18 to 29 kg P ha−1. The results of the study suggest that the P sorption approach can be used as a rational basis for making P fertilizer recommendations for various soil-crop combinations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048857
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    Selenium content of wheat as affected by selenate and selenite contained in a Cl- or SO4-based NPK fertilizer (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 30 (1991), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Chloride ; pH ; residual effect ; sandy soil ; selenate ; selenite ; sulphate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In areas where soils supply inadequate Se to crops to meet animal nutritional needs, it may be necessary to supplement Se in some fashion. This greenhouse experiment was designed to study the effect of selenate and selenite, incorporated with a Cl- or a SO4-based NPK (16-5-12) fertilizer added to a low-Se soil, on the Se concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The sandy soil was limed to pH 5.5 and 6.5 prior to receiving 0, 0.03, or 0.06 mg Se kg−1 of soil with each NPK source each year for two years. The SO4-based NPK fertilizer treatment was used only at the 0.06 mg Se kg−1 rate. In the third year, the residual effect of the Se applied in the first 2 years was studied. The grain yield among treatments differed significantly but the effects of the rate or source were not consistent in all the years. However, significantly higher yields were obtained at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.5. Selenium concentration and uptake in wheat grain increased in proportion to the applied selenate but not selenite. However, selenite increased the Se concentration and uptake over the control. The concentration and uptake of Se were higher from selenate than from selenite. The effect of the Cl- and SO4-based NPK fertilizers was different on selenate and selenite. Selenium accumulation in wheat grain was greater from the Cl-based NPK fertilizer when selenate was used but it was greater from the SO4-based NPK fertilizer when selenite was used. The Se concentration in wheat, especially from selenate, was generally higher at the higher pH level except in the first year where it was higher at the lower pH level. The uptake of Se from the Se-enriched NPK fertilizers was generally as high as from the Se applied separately. The residual effect of both sources of Se applied in the first 2 years was very poor in the third year. The results suggest that the Se concentration in wheat grain can be increased by incorporating the Se salts in the NPK fertilizers but more selenate is recovered than selenite. Selenate should, however, be incorporated in a Cl-based NPK fertilizer to avoid the ionic competition from SO4 ions in the SO4-based NPK fertilizer. The uptake of Se is generally higher at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.5.
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    Statistical properties of aggregation with injection (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 65 (1991), S. 725-745 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Aggregation ; injection ; power law distribution ; stability ; relaxation ; stable distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study a generalized aggregation process in which charged particles diffuse and coalesce randomly on a lattice. For one-dimensional and mean-field models, we show that there exists a statistically-invariant steady state when randomly charged particles are continuously injected. The steady-state charge distribution obeys a power law with the exponent depending both on the type of the injection and on the spatial dimension. The response of the system to a perturbation (i.e., relaxation) is characterized by either a power law decay (t −β ,β⩽1) or a compressed exponential decay [exp(−t α ),α〉1].
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    Effects of a long chain aliphatic alcohol mixture on growth and solute accumulation in water stressed wheat seedlings under laboratory conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 223-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: moisture stress ; polyethylene glycol ; long-chain aliphatic alcohols ; seedling growth, solute accumulation ; hydrolases ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress adversely affected the germination and seedling growth of Sonalika and WL2265 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Application of a mixture of long-chain aliphatic alcohols having the composition C-24 Tetracosanol (10%), C-26 Hexacosanol (16%), C-28 Octacosanol (15%), C-30 Tricontanol (30%), C-32 Dotriacontanol (15%) and C-34 Tetratriacontanol (14%), partially ameliorated these effects and promoted both percent germination and seedling growth. Application also stimulated the activities of the hydrolases α- and β-amylase and acid invertase, so increasing free sugar accumulation. A role for long chain aliphatic alcohols in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is suggested. The alleviation of moisture stress by application of this mixture suggest that long chain aliphatic alcohols may be most effective at low water potentials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024413
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    Characterization of stem rust resistant derivatives of wheat cultivar Amigo (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Introgression ; leaf rust ; Puccinia spp. ; rust resistance ; species-specific probes ; stem rust ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Originally developed for resistance to greenbug derived from Insave rye, Amigo wheat carries two genes for resistance to stem rust. One of these genes is associated with a rye chromosome 1RS segment carrying the Sec-1 protein marker and presumably greenbug resistance. The second gene which is genetically linked to leaf rust resistance is associated with an Agropyron-derived segment. Rust tests in Canada confirmed that these genes were Sr24 and Lr24. In contrast to Agent and certain 3D/Ag derivatives from Dr. E.R. Sears, the Amigo source of Sr24/Lr24 freely recombined with white seed colour during backcrossing.
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    Transport of Rb and Sr to the ear in mature, excised shoots of wheat: Effects of temperature and stem length on Rb removal from the xylem (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: internode ; phloem ; rubidium ; solute transfer ; strontium ; temperature ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat ; xylem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Arina’) shoots grown in the field were excised post-anthesis and incubated in the laboratory for 72 h standing in 2 mM RbCl+2 mM SrCl2. Strontium is a phloemimmobile, xylem-mobile element and indicates the distribution of the xylem sap in the plant. Rubidium is easily transported in the phloem and behaves similarly to the highly mobile K as far as the redistribution within the plant is concerned, although Rb cannot substitute physiologically or biochemically for K. The Sr contents in the ear were hardly affected by stem length or by steam-girdling (phloem-interruption). Rubidium on the other hand accumulated in the stem. A peduncle length of 5 cm was sufficient to decrease the Rb concentration in the xylem by more than 50% at 25°C. Only a minor quantity of Rb reached the ear after passing through 20 cm of stem without nodes and this transport was prevented by steam-girdling. A remarkable flux of Rb into the ear was observed in shoots with a vascular connection between the flag leaf lamina and the ear. Our results suggest that Sr was transported with the transpiration stream, while Rb was rapidly eliminated from the xylem and reached the ear via the phloem. The temperature optimum for the removal of Rb from the xylem was around 35°C. The nodes may further contribute, but are not prerequisites for this redistribution. The observed transfer processes could allow a solute specific transport via the xylem and phloem of maturing cereals and may be an important factor influencing the nutrient economy in the field.
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    Tolerance to high concentrations of boron for the amphiploid of Triticum aestivum × Agropyron elongatum (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 297-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agropyron ; amphiploid ; boron toxicity ; tolerance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response to high concentrations of B in soil was compared for Triticum aestivum L. (vars. Chinese Spring and Halberd) and the amphiploid of Chinese Spring × Agropyron elongatum (Host). The tolerance of the three genotypes, with respect to yield at the high B treatments, was amphipolid〉Halberd〉Chinese Spring. The concentration of B in whole shoots was similar for the amphiploid and Halberd and significantly higher for Chinese Spring. The mechanism for tolerance to B appears to be the same for the amphiploid and wheat and is related to reduced accumulation of B in shoots.
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    In vitro techniques for selecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Fusarium-resistance. I. Double-layer culture technique (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium resistance ; Fusarium spp. ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; double-layer technique ; in vitro selection ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Calluses of spring and winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) were selected for Fusarium resistance in vitro, using the double-layer culture technique. Potato-dextrose agar medium in vials was inoculated with mycelia of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. After one week, fungal cells were killed by autoclaving and the agar medium containing the thermostable toxic metabolites was overlayered with MS callus-growing medium. Later, wheat calluses were placed on the upper medium for 4–5 weeks, and from the surviving calluses plants were regenerated. R2 seedling populations from self-fertilized R1 plants of 4 varieties were tested for Fusarium resistance by artificial infections in the greenhouse, and 3% of the regenerated R2 plants have been found to be more resistant than the original cultivars.
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    Production and cytogenetic analysis of the intergeneric hybrids between nine Elymus species and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Elymus species ; genome ; germplasm resources ; intergeneric hybridization ; meiosis ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybridizations were performed between Triticum aestivum L. (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and twelve Elymus species, ten tetraploids (2n=4x=28, SSYY) and two hexaploids (2n=6x=42, SSHHYY and SSYY??), namely, E. pendulinus (Nevski) Tzvelev, E. altissimus (Keng), Löve, E. anthosachnoides (Keng) Löve, E. brevipes (Keng) Löve, E. dolichatherus (Keng) Löve, E. parviglumis (Keng) Löve, E. pseudonutans (Keng) Löve, E. tibeticus (Melderis) G. Singh, E. semicostatus (Nees ex Steud.) Melderis, E. caucasicus (C. Koch) Tzvelev (tetraploids), and E. tsukushiensis Honda and E. tschimganicus (Drobov) Tzvelev (hexaploids). The hybrid seed sets in different combinations varied from 4.8%–72.2%, and embryo yields ranged from 3.2%–36.7%. Nine combinations produced adult hybrid plants, eight pentaploids and one hexaploid, through embryo rescue. The production of hybrid plants varied from 1.2%–30%. Chromosome pairing was analysed at metaphase I in the parental species and the hybrids. Average meiotic configurations of 33.51 I+0.74 II+0.03 III+0.001 IV were observed amongst the pentaploid hybrids although there was a large variation, and 31.42 I+5.21 II+0.04 III was recorded in the hexaploid hybrid. It is concluded from the study that: 1) very little pairing occurred between the ABD genomes in T. aestivum and the different genomes in the tetraploid Elymus species. even though the pairing behaviour varied in different combinations; 2) the hexaploid combination had distinctly higher chromosome pairing than the other pentaploid combinations, which could be due either to a low degree of homoeology between the T. aestivum and E. tschimganicus genomes or that the latter species contains, certain gene(s) which increase the meiotic pairing between genomes from the same parental species.
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    Selection environment and environmental sensitivity in barley (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 157-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; stability ; subsistence agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Groups of 10 barley genotypes were selected for high grain yield under either high yielding (two groups) or low yielding conditions (two groups). The genotypes had a similar average grain yield across a wide range of yielding conditions, but differed in their linear response over environments (environmental sensitivity). The genotypes selected for high grain yield under low yielding conditions were less sensitive to changing environments than genotypes selected for high grain yield under high yielding conditions. The higher stability of genotypes selected under low yielding conditions was shown by both the linear regression analysis and the comparison of coefficients of variation. The use of a safety-first index showed that the probability of a crop failure of genotypes selected for high grain yield under high yielding conditions was between 1.8 and 2.7 times higher than for genotypes selected for high grain yield under low yielding conditions. The development of new cultivars for areas where a large proportion of the crop is grown by subsistence farmers should therefore be based on selection under low yielding conditions.
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    Zinc deficiency and the formation of white structures in immature embryo cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 24 (1991), S. 9-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: culture medium ; embryo culture ; microelements ; wheat ; zinc ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of microelements on the induction of embryogenic callus from epiblast and scutellum of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryos was studied by the sequential omission of each of the microelements from Murashige & Skoog medium. Omission of iron caused a marked decrease in yield and poor shoot formation from embryogenic callus. The yield of embryogenic callus on medium without added manganese was also reduced. Omission of boron, copper-cobalt, iodine, and molybdenum had little effect on the induction of embryogenic epiblast callus. By contrast there was a marked increase in the formation of white structures on the medium without any microelements or, specifically without addition of zinc. Since the formation of typical embryoids of wheat is associated with the formation of white structures, our result highlights the importance of certain microelements on somatic embryogenesis of wheat.
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    Stability of laminated composite circular conical shells under external pressure (1991)
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 12 (1991), S. 1153-1161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: composites ; circular conical shells ; stability ; potential energy variation principle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, based on the mixed-type theory developed by the same authors[1], a theoretical analysis is presented for the stability of laminated composite circular conical shells under external pressure. The formulas for critical external pressure are obtained by using the potential energy variation principle. Very good agreement is shown between the theoretical prediction of critical external pressure and the experimental data. Finally, the influence of some parameters on critical external pressure is discussed numerically. The mixed-type theory developed by the same authors[1] and the results obtained in this paper are very useful in aerospace engineering design.
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    Water-Soluble, Solution-Stable, and Biolabile N-Substituted (Aminomethyl)benzoate Ester Prodrugs of Acyclovir (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 1087-1093 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: acyclovir ; prodrugs ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; lipophilicity ; solubility ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Various N-substituted 3- or 4-(aminomethyl)benzoate esters of acyclovir were synthesized and evaluated as water-soluble prodrug forms with the aim of improving the delivery characteristics of acyclovir, in particular its parenteral administration. The esters showed a high solubility in weakly acidic solutions and, as demonstrated with the 3-(N,N-dipropylaminomethyl)benzoate ester, a high stability in such solutions, allowing storage for several years. The esters combine these properties with a high susceptibility to undergo enzymatic hydrolysis in plasma. The half-lives of hydrolysis in 80% human plasma ranged from 0.8 to 57 min, the rate being highly dependent on the position (3 or 4) of the aminomethyl group relative to the ester moiety. All esters were more lipophilic than acyclovir in terms of octanol–pH 7.4 buffer partition coefficients. These properties make N-substituted (aminomethyl)-benzoate esters a promising new prodrug type for acyclovir to enhance its delivery characteristics.
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    Effect of 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on the Ocular Absorption of Dexamethasone and Dexamethasone Acetate (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 1495-1499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: dexamethasone ; dexamethasone acetate ; complexation ; 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin ; solubility ; stability ; ocular bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Complexation of dexamethasone (DX) and dexamethasone acetate (DXA) with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) was investigated with an ultimate goal of formulating a topical ophthalmic solution of DXA. Aqueous solubility of DX and DXA was markedly increased due to formation of soluble inclusion complexes with HPCD. Based on characterization of complex formation by phase solubility and UV-spectroscopy methods, a stoichiometry of 1:1 and 1:1, 1:2 was assumed for DX-HPCD and DXA-HPCD complexes, respectively. The stability constants for complex formation estimated by phase solubility and UV-spectroscopy methods, respectively, were as follows: for DX-HPCD complex, Kl :l = 2193 and 2221 M−1; and for DXA-HPCD complex, K 1:1 = 2240 and 2445 M −l and K l:2 = 3 and 17 M −1. K l :l of 2266 M −l and K l :2 of 20 M −l were also estimated for the DXA-HPCD complex by kinetics. The kinetics of DXA degradation in pH 7 phosphate buffer at 25°C followed pseudo first order. The addition of HPCD decreased the rate but the order of reaction remained unchanged. Free DXA degraded at a faster rate than complexed DXA. Ocular bioavailability in conjunctiva, cornea, iris, and aqueous humor postadministration of a 25-µl dose of formulations containing an equivalent of 0.1% (w/v) DX followed a rank-order of DXA-HPCD solution 〉 DXA suspension 〉 DX-HPCD solution 〉 DX suspension.
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    The Cryopreservation of Liposomes. 1. A Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study of the Thermal Behavior of a Liposome Dispersion Containing Mannitol During Freezing/Thawing (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 1021-1026 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: liposome ; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) ; stability ; freezing/thawing ; cryopreservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal behavior of water in liposome dispersions and in liposome dispersions containing mannitol at subzero temperatures was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The cooling curves from 20 down to - 60°C for a liposome dispersion (bilayer composition PL100H/DCP), monitored at cooling rates of 5 and 10°C/min, showed several heat flows related to water crystallization. All lipid-containing dispersions showed water crystallization at temperatures below −40°C. The magnitude of this heat flow strongly depended on the experimental variables. Cooling rate, particle size, lipid concentration, and location and nature of the cryoprotectant all influenced the water crystallization behavior as shown in the DSC cooling curve. Different fractions of water–presumably related to their location in the dispersion–could be distinguished. It is concluded that DSC provides a valuable tool for the detection of changes in the physical state of water in liposome dispersions during freezing/thawing. The insights gained from these DSC studies may make it possible to select–on the basis of rational considerations rather than by trial and error–optimum conditions for the cryopreservation of liposomes containing water-soluble drugs.
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    Physicochemical Stability of Nitrofurantoin Anhydrate and Monohydrate Under Various Temperature and Humidity Conditions (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 1066-1068 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: nitrofurantoin ; anhydrate ; monohydrate ; stability ; hydration ; kinetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015825628530
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    Quantification of Imipenem’s Primary Metabolite in Plasma by Postcolumn Chemical Rearrangement and UV Detection (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: imipenem ; metabolite ; assay ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Imipenem (thienamycin formamidine) is an antibiotic active against a broad spectrum of bacteria. Its primary metabolite arises from cleavage of the lactam ring. The metabolite can be formed in-vitro by acid-catalyzed or enzymatic hydrolysis. In animals and man, this metabolite can be generated systemically as well as in the kidneys following the excretion of imipenem into the urine. In man, this dehydropeptidase-catalyzed renal metabolism is minimized by the coadministration of cilastatin, a competitive inhibitor. A specific HPLC assay has been developed to evaluate the disposition of this metabolite in humans having normal or end-stage renal function. The assay employs ion-pair, re versed-phase chromatography, and post-column acid treatment of the analyte for ultraviolet detection.
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    Examination of Arrhenius Kinetics for an Antiarrhythmic Compound (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 123-126 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: nonlinear ; Arrhenius ; degradation ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015855012291
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    Racemization of Ibutilide in Solution: A Factor to Consider When Choosing to Develop the Racemate or a Single Enantiomer (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 1444-1447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: ibutilide ; shelf life ; stability ; Arrhenius analysis ; nucleophilic substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015869627563
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis and Stability Study of Hydrocortisone 17-Butyrate in Cream Preparations (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 547-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: hydrocortisone 17-butyrate ; steroids ; stability ; topical cream ; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015879901755
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as a Solubilizing and Stabilizing Excipient for Protein Drugs (1991)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 8 (1991), S. 792-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin ; ovine growth hormone ; interleukin-2 ; insulin ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A chemically modified, amorphous β-cyclodextrin, namely, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD), was examined as a solubilizing and stabilizing agent for protein drugs. The aqueous solubility of ovine growth hormone at pH 7.4 was increased through the use of HPCD. This effect was manifested by higher UV transparency at 600 nm. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is rendered insoluble upon lyophilization in the absence of stabilizers. Use of aqueous HPCD provides a clear solution, as indicated by fluorometric light scattering, and inhibits aggregate formation, as shown by ultracentrifugation and Western blot analyses. In addition, there were no major conformational changes of IL-2 in HPCD formulation as indicated by fourth-derivative ultraviolet spectroscopy. Finally, IL-2 retained 100% of its biopotency when prepared in HPCD solutions. Aggregation of insulin was also suppressed by HPCD. These data, as well as the i.v. safety of HPCD and its well-characterized chemical composition, suggest that this starch derivative may be a potentially useful excipient for protein drugs intended for parenteral use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015870521744
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduced conservatism in stability analysis of interval matrices (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 70 (1991), S. 597-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Interval matrices ; stability ; robustness ; iterative algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents new sufficient conditions for the stability of interval matrices. An iterative algorithm, based on the Lyapunov stability approach, is developed. In this way, the stability bounds are increased substantially over the ones recently reported in the literature. Three numerical examples are given to demonstrate the merits of the proposed approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00941304
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