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  • taxonomy  (37)
  • Hymenoptera  (36)
  • Springer  (73)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (73)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1991  (73)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; parasitoid ; host searching ; allelochemicals ; plant synomones ; leaf damage ; frass ; flight tunnel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'hyménoptèreC. marginiventris Cresson, parasite solitaire, est connu comme étant attiré par les odeurs liées à l'hôte émises par un complexe de chenilles consommant des feuilles. La source exacte de ces substances attractives restait encore à déterminer. Pour cela, des expériences en tunnel de vol ont été réalisées dans lesquelles différents composés du complexe plante et hôte ont été testés individuellement et en combinaisons diverses. Les 3 composés testés ont été: 1) des plantules de maïs endommagées par des chenilles deSpodoptera exigua (BAW); 2) des excréments produits par les chenilles de BAW consommant du maïs; 3) des chenilles de BAW en l'absence de plantes et d'excréments. Les plantes endommagées ont été significativement plus attractives que les excréments ou les chenilles. En expériences de choix, les excréments étaient plus attractifs que les chenilles. Différentes combinaisons de ces 3 composantes principales ont montré que l'attractivité augmentait quand les chenilles étaient associées à des feuilles endommagées. Ajouter des excréments n'augmentait pas significativement l'attractivité. Quand des chenilles étaient associées avec des feuilles endommagées, mais en présence d'écran les empêchant de consommer les feuilles, l'attractivité était celle des feuilles endommagées seules. Des feuilles de maïs n'ayant jamais été exposées aux dégâts des chenilles étaient à peine attractives. On peut en conclure que les feuilles endommagées par les chenilles sont la principale source de substances volatiles qui orientent le parasitoïdeC. marginiventris vers le voisinage de ses hôtes. La consommation active par les chenilles augmente probablement la quantité de substances émises par les plantes, ce qui se traduit par une attractivité accrue. Les substances volatiles des plantes jouent un rôle dans la découverte de l'habitat de l'hôte par les parasitoïdes. De plus en plus d'éléments suggèrent qu'une interaction sophistiquée entre hôte, plante et parasitoïde sera éventuellement révélée.
    Notizen: Abstract Single and dual choice tests in a flight tunnel revealed that plants damaged by host larvae are the main source of the volatiles that attract females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) to the microhabitat of its hosts. Frass and host larvae, the other two major components of a complete plant-host complex, were significantly less attractive than the damaged seedlings; frass alone was more attractive than larvae alone. However, a recombination of larvae with the damaged seedlings was significantly more attractive than the damaged leaves alone, or damaged leaves with frass. This was due to the additional feeding damage done by the larvae. The role of plants in the host-finding behaviour of parasitoids is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire et des observations concernant le comportement de ponte de Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) ont montré que, immédiatement après la ponte, les femelles déposent une phéromone de marquage de l'hôte en trainant le bout de leur abdomen sur la surface de l'amande. Cette phéromone les rends capable de distinguer les fruits infectés des non-infectés dt de sélectionner pour la ponte les derniers. Apparemment, la fonction principale de cette phéromone est la prévention de la répétition des ovipositions dans les fruits déjà infectés et la répartition uniforme des oeufs dans les amandes, contribuant ainsi à la meilleure utilisation des ressources disponsibles pour le développement des larves. Des expériences de deux choix entre des fruits de différents traitements ont montré que la phéromone pouvait être perçue par les femelles par le direct contact et, quand elle était à hautes concentrations, par olfaction d'une courte distance. La phéromone était présente dans l'abdomen et dans le thorax des femelles, et bien qu'elle soit soluble à l'eau, elle ne pouvait pas s'éloigner entièrement par lavage des amandes sérieusement infectées à l'eau. Les observations ont démontré qu'après un numéro de 3.7 visites successives sur des amandes portant de la phéromone les femelles s'éloignaient du lieu de ponte en marchant ou, le plus souvant, en s'envolant, ce qui suggère que la phéromone contribue à la dispersion des femelles.
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory experiments and observations on the oviposition behaviour of the almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) revealed that the females of this species deposit a host-marking pheromone, immediately after an oviposition, by dragging the tip of their abdomen on the fruit surface. This pheromone enables them to discriminate between the infested and uninfested fruit and to select for oviposition the latter. Its primary function is apparently the prevention of repeated ovipositions in already infested fruit, thus contributing to the optimal utilisation of the available resources for larval development. The responses of individual females to different treatments of almonds, in a series of two-choice tests, revealed that the pheromone can be perceived by the females on direct contact and, when at high concentrations, also olfactorily from a short distance. The pheromone was present inside the abdomen and thorax of females but not of males, and, although water soluble, could not be entirely removed from heavily infested almonds when rinsed with water. Direct observations revealed that after an average of 3.7 successive visits to pheromone-bearing almonds, females were induced to walk or, most often, fly away from the experimental set-up. This suggests that the pheromone may also contribute to the dispersion of the wasps.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; host microhabitat ; synomones ; wind tunnel ; experience
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The host microhabitat location behavior of females of the generalist parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in a wind tunnel. Visual cues associated with the host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were important and significantly more parasitoids completed flights to a damaged 4-leaf cotton plant bearing a Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva and frass than to a similarly damaged single leaf with frass and a larva. This difference in completed flights was not due to differences in amounts of volatiles released by the two stimuli. Both naive and experienced parasitoids responded differently to an undamaged cotton leaf, a mechanially damaged leaf, a naturally damaged leaf with the host removed and a naturally damaged leaf with a host larva. Parasitoids completed significantly fewer flights to the undamaged sources of volatiles than to damaged sources of volatiles. Experienced females responded strongly to all types of damage. The number of flights completed by naive females to the three types of damage differed but not significantly and was less than the number completed by experienced females. Components of the preflight experience were varied to determine which factors were responsible for the higher response of experienced females to the host/plant complex. Oviposition was the most important component of this experience. Contact with host frass or plant damage followed by oviposition did not increase the response over that exhibited by females allowed oviposition only. When frass or damaged plant material were contacted without subsequent oviposition, females completed fewer flights than naive females.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 743-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; olfactometer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We studied odor learning in Leptopilina boulardi,a specialist larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.The behavioral responses of differently experienced females to an artificial odor (Must de Cartier, Paris) were analyzed using a fourarmed airflow olfactometer. The responses of females with an oviposition experience in the presence of the perfume were compared with those of four control groups. As controls we used naive females, females with an oviposition experience in the absence of odor, females which had been previously exposed to perfume but without an oviposition experience, and females with an oviposition experience which also had been exposed to perfume but not at the same time. The results demonstrate that a specialist such as L. boulardican learn very well to respond to an artificial odor by associating this odor with a reward, i.e., an oviposition. The four control groups responded more or less in a similar way.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 489-500 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Dacnusa sibirica ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza bryoniae ; foraging behavior ; volatile infochemicals ; wind tunnel ; anemotaxis ; learning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Previous investigations suggested that the leafminer parasitoid Dacnusa sibirica Telenga does not use a volatile hostrelated infochemical in foraging for hosts. Parasitoids landed with equal frequencies on an uninfested tomato plant and on a tomato plant infested with larvae of the leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae (Kalt.) (Hendrikse et al., 1980). In contrast, we found that volatile infochemicals emitted by uninfested and leafminer-infested tomato plants differently affected the parasitoid 's foraging behavior in a windtunnel. This was obvious from the proportion of wasps flying upwind but not from the proportion of wasps landing on the leaves. Latency time on an uninfested tomato leaflet and proportion of latency time devoted to preflight antennal behavior were influenced by the presence of upwind infested or uninfested tomato leaves. However, these parameters were not affected by odors in the absence of visual plant stimuli. Our data provide a new view on foraging behavior of Dacnusa sibirica.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 727-742 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): postemergence learning ; early-adult experience ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Exposing newly emerged females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to wild cherry, an inherently unattractive plant, and their host larvae at 0–4 h after adult emergence induced a positive searching response to wild cherry and an inhibited response to cabbage, an attractive plant. Inherent responses were not affected when females were exposed to their hosts at 0–12 h and to cherry at 8–12 h after emergence. The induced response to cherry was constant until its disappearance at 6–7 days;inhibition of the response to cabbage was released at 4–5 days after emergence. Postemergence exposure to cherry and parasitoid cocoons induced similar but weaker searching responses. Induced searching responses exhibit features of associative learning and receptor modification. In addition to its presumed role in foraging, postemergence experience with plants may encourage assortative mating of C. congregatawithin suitable host habitats and, thus, facilitate local adaptations to specific plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 6 (1991), S. 257-260 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): Chrysophyceae ; stomatocysts ; biogenic silica deposition ; polymer gels ; surface pattern ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The utility of classifying chrysophyte stomatocysts by their characteristic honeycomb and ridge patterns is questioned, because a strikingly similar expanding pattern appears on the surface of ionized polymer gels during osmotical swelling as a result of simple physical forces. The rapid accumulation of silicate into a spherical cyst inside a chrysophyte cell appears to be as a physical process sufficiently similar to result in an analogous pattern in microscopic scale. Chrysophyte stomatocysts that possess honeycomb or ridge patterns could be regarded as ‘frozen moments’ of the pattern evolution during the silicate gel phase. As a consequence, such structures should have little taxonomical value.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): scent-marking ; tarsal glands ; hydrocarbons ; Insecta ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Bombus terrestris
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Scent-marking of artificial food sources by workers of the bumblebee,Bombus terrestris, was investigated. Odour marks deposited on artificial flowers were subsequently collected and chemically analysed. Alkanes and alkenes were identified as the main components. The behaviour mediating capacity of synthetic mixtures of the identified compounds was bioassayed using an artificial flower system. A mixture of alkanes and alkenes, close to natural proportions, released regular foraging behaviour. The reaction proved to be dose-dependent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; ants ; inquilinism ; chromosome polymorphism ; hybridization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The workerless, inquiline ant,Doronomyrmex kutteri has isolated populations with a haploid chromosome number ofn=23 both in the Alps (Swiss and South Tyrolean Alps) and in Sweden, and a population withn=25 in southern Germany. Crossbreeding of sexuals from all populations proved successful. Backcrosses of F1-females with males from the parental populations produced F2-females, and hybrid males withn=23, 24, or 25 chromosomes. The chromosome polymorphism is not due to B-chromosomes. Probably then=25 karyotype originated from then=23 karyotype by two Robertsonian fissions (2 ¯M → 4 ¯A), since then=25 karyotype was found in only one of the populations. Diploid males occurred frequently in colonies from four out of five sites investigated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Thaumatomyrmex ; taxonomy ; comparative morphology ; predation ; Polyxenidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We describe, for the first time, the predatory behaviour ofThaumatomyrmex ants on millipedes of the family Polyxenidae, based on field observations ofT. atrox and a field and laboratory study ofT. contumax. The capture of the prey and the removal process of its body-covering setae by the ants before they eat the millipede are described. This specialized behaviour in at least two species of the genus, belonging to two distinct groups of species, indicates a general trend inThaumatomyrmex. We coupled this study with a comparative morphological analysis of the mouthparts and digestive tube of these and otherThaumatomyrmex species. Also, we report the first case of sympatry in the genus, which suggests thatThaumatomyrmex includes several species, and not only one highly variable taxon, as hypothetized earlier.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; sociotomy ; behaviour ; Ropalidia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Females of an Australian polistine wasp,Ropalidia plebeiana, often use their mandibles to cut their nest-comb in spring, dividing it into two or more completely independent nests. Prior to the division, each of the major egg layers, often with some subordinates, tended to occupy a different part of a single comb. These females gnawed cells in the intermediate zone between such “territories”, and ultimately divided the comb. Many other females also built new nests near the nest aggregations, but addition of new nests by comb cutting represented 34.8 % of the increase in nest number. This method of colony fission is so far unknown in any eusocial Hymenoptera.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; Polybia ; prey capture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Polybia sericea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) prey foraging was studied by following individual foragers as they hunted in the field, by observing how wasps handled prey once they had captured it, and by observing wasps as they returned to the nest with prey. Wasps were most likely to forage for prey between 0700 and 1300 hours and between 1600 and 1700 hours. The prey foraging sequence consisted of the behaviours high flight, search, touch, land, groom, walk, bite and malaxate. Captured small prey were malaxated and carried to the nest. Wasps removed the gut from large prey and dragged the meat up a twig or grass stem. A load of the meat was then bitten off and malaxated; the remainder was cached while the wasp made an orientation flight and returned to the nest. The forager returned within minutes for the remainder of the prey. Experiments demonstrated that caching the prey remains above the ground rather than close to the ground, where the prey are generally captured, reduces the chance that the prey will be found and expropriated by ants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; ants ; Messor ; pleometrosis ; queens
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Starting colonies of the desert seed-harvester antMessor pergandei are clumped in the field and face severe intraspecific competition through brood raiding. Single foundress laboratory colonies ofM. pergandei are more likely to succeed at brood raiding with conspecific colonies if they are given additional workers and mature pupae several days prior to brood raiding. Per foundress fecundity remains constant across laboratory starting colonies established with 1, 3 and 5 foundresses. These results suggest that the selective advantage of cooperative colony foundation (pleometrosis) in this and similar species may derive directly from the ability of multiple foundresses to produce a larger brood raiding force.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 200 (1991), S. 330-335 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Oogenesis ; Oocyte polarity ; Accessory nuclei ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The progressive establishment of anteroposterior and dorsoventral polarity in developing oocytes ofCosmoconus meridionator is described. In fully grown oocytes, the asymmetrical (polar) organization is apparent in the localization of the oocyte nucleus (germinal vesicle) and oosome, and in the uneven (graded) distribution of lipid droplets, yolk spheres and specific organelles termed accessory nuclei (AN). The latter structures occur preferentially within the anteroventral periplasm. The developmental significance of AN is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 557-566 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Bee ; Nomada lathburiana ; nest parasite ; cephalic secretion ; terpenoids ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; cuckoo
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A series of new sesquiterpene ketones and norsesquiterpene ketones could be identified from the cephalic secretion of females of the cuckoo bee,Nomada lathburiana (K.). The major component proved to be 2,6,10-trimethylundeca-(5E)-2,5,9-trien-4-one. Large amounts of high-boiling-point straight-chain hydrocarbons serve as solvents for the volatile, unstable ketones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1811-1819 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Atta cephalotes ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; attine fungus ; fungal performance ; condensed tannin ; hydrolyzable tannin ; polyphenol oxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The leaf-cutting antAtta cephalotes is a generalist herbivore of the neotropics and collects leaf material to cultivate a fungus. It appears that this fungus, a Basidiomycete, is responsible for the ability of the ants to utilize most of the available woody plant species. Tannins and other phenolics are ubiquitous secondary chemicals in woody plants, and Basidiomycete fungi produce enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, that are capable of polymerizing and inactivating the phenolics. This study evaluates the effects of a condensed and a hydrolyzable tannin on the activity of polyphenoi oxidase and the growth of the fungus. I hypothesized that low concentrations of tannin would not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but high concentrations would inhibit the enzyme. Consequently, I predicted that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit fungal growth. Laboratory assays with the fungus indicated that hydrolyzable tannin (tannic acid) and condensed tannin (quebracho tannin) differ in the mechanism of inhibition. Tannic acid does not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but does inhibit fungal growth. Quebracho tannin, however, inhibits both polyphenol oxidase activity and fungal growth. As predicted, both tannic acid and quebracho tannin primarily inhibit the fungus at high concentrations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 255-260 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; social bees ; wasp ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In only 1 bee species(Tetragona clavipes) of 24 sampled in 145 colonies (0.69%) did we detect the presence of more than one allele for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), an enzyme that is involved in flight. In 34 colonies containing 9 wasp species, 5 colonies of only 2 species(Polybia paulista andP. sericea) showed variation in larval G-3-PDH (14.7%). The small amount of variation observed for theG-3-PDH-1 locus in the bee and wasp species analyzed in the present study agrees with that reported for the G-3-PDH system in other insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 6 (1991), S. 255-274 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): Classification ; diagrams ; evolution ; history ; natural history ; natural system ; ornithology ; phylogeny ; representation ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract ‘The Natural System’ is the abstract notion of the order in living diversity. The richness and complexity of this notion is revealed by the diversity of representations of the Natural System drawn by ornithologists in the Nineteenth Century. These representations varied in overall form from stars, to circles, to maps, to evolutionary trees and cross-sections through trees. They differed in their depiction of affinity, analogy, continuity, directionality, symmetry, reticulation and branching, evolution, and morphological convergence and divergence. Some representations were two-dimensional, and some were three-dimensional; n-dimensional representations were discussed but never illustrated. The study of diagrammatic representations of the Natural System is made difficult by the frequent failure of authors to discuss them in their texts, and by the consequent problem of distinguishing features which carried meaning from arbitrary features and printing conventions which did not. Many of the systematics controversies of the last thirty years have their roots in the conceptual problems which surrounded the Natural System in the late 1800s, problems which were left unresolved when interest in higher-level systematics declined at the turn of this century.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 55-72 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Dactylorhiza ; D. maculata ; D. fuchsii ; D. saccifera ; D. caramulensis ; Biostatistics ; multivariate analysis ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Flora of Western-Europe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Multivariate analysis tools are exploited on a data set composed of quantitative characteristics collected on 35 populations of plants of theDactylorhiza maculata (L.)Soó group from Western-Europe. These samples lead to four well-defined clusters; this, together with qualitative, cytological and ecological arguments, allows for the recognition of four specific entities:D. maculata s.str.,D. fuchsii (Druce)Soó,D. saccifera (Brongn.)Soó andD. caramulensis (Vermeulen)Tyteca. It is concluded that the floral characters play an essential role in the taxonomical distinction. It also appears that the set of characters measured, as well as the methods exploited, are especially well-suited and valuable tools for the morphological study of the genusDactylorhiza.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 139-160 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Restionaceae ; Rhodocoma ; Speciation ; phylogeny ; culm anatomy ; rhizome anatomy ; morphology ; taxonomy ; Flora of Africa
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The vegetative and reproductive morphology, culm and rhizome anatomy and seed surface micromorphology ofRhodocoma are described. It is shown that this variation is best contained by recognizing three new species in the genus. These new taxa are described, and the phylogeny of the genus is investigated by cladistic analysis. The environmental parameters and distributions of the species are related to the cladogram. This suggests that the species are at present ecologically separated, and indicates that the speciation may have been sympatric. This is the first support for the hypothesis that sympatric speciation may have been important in the speciose Cape flora.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Beta bulgaris L ; Germplasm collections ; taxonomy ; single linkage cluster analysis ; principal component analysis ; variation patterns
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of the variation pattern in leaf beets. 42 biennial samples from a total of 74 entries were described by 17 characters. A group of presumably less selected leaf beets (group A) with narrow petioles was separated from more advanced cultivars by single linkage cluster (SLCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). SLCA sorted the more advanced cultivars into two groups (B and C) based on a simply inherited trait, the leaf colour. These two groups could virtually not be discerned by PCA. Group A contained germplasm similar to provar.vulgaris sensuHelm whereas accessions within group B and C did not easily fit into provar.flavescens. It seems that classical taxonomy does not predict the features of leaf beets precisely enough. It is suggested that this problem can be solved by replacing classical taxonomy in the case of leaf beets by a descriptive database.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 75-123 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Inuleae s. str. ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The interrelationships of the tribeInuleae s. str. have been analysed with a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as functional outgroup. The results are illustrated with a cladogram and a strict consensus tree. A detailed character discussion is presented. Descriptions of all genera are supplied with brief notes on distribution, references to chemical investigations, and chromosome numbers. Lists of recognized species are also presented in connection to each genus, respectively. 21 new combinations are made, one new genus,Xerolekia A. Anderb., is described,Mollera is reduced to a synonym ofCalostephane, and the genusDuhaldea is resuscitated.Anisopappus was found to be a paraphyletic basal group in the tribe. The paleate generaAsteriscus, Nauplius, Ighermia, Buphthalmum, andXerolekia form one monophyletic group,Inula and other, similar genera were found to constitute the ancestral complex of thePulicaria group.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 145-177 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Plucheeae ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The tribePlucheeae (Benth.)A. Anderb., has been analysed cladistically by means of a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as outgroup. The results of the analysis are presented in a consensus tree and one cladogram. Four major monophyletic subgroups can be recognized: TheColeocoma group (3 genera), thePterocaulon group (3 genera), theLaggera group (6 genera), and thePluchea group (12 genera). All recognized genera are described and most genera are supplied with taxonomical notes including comments on their taxonomic status. Genera such asBlumea, Pluchea, andEpaltes are demonstrated to be unnatural assemblages.Monarrhenus andTessaria are both closely related to thePluchea complex. The old generic nameLitogyne Harv. has been taken up for one species ofEpaltes, the genusRhodogeron is reduced to a synonym ofSachsia, and the following new combinations are made;Litogyne gariepina (DC.)A. Anderb., andSachsia coronopifolia (Griseb.)A. Anderb.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 71-75 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Malus ; Medicago sativa ; Salvia glutinosa ; Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Apis mellifera ; Bombus ; Floral constancy ; foraging ; pollination ; social behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Contrary to most other bee species honeybees are highly eusocial and hold extremely long-lived societies. Their all-season activities force them to use whatever plants available and prevent any specific adaptations — in the flowers, in honeybees, and in all competing bees. This flexible behaviour in flowers has been a precondition for perennial colony life. But as bees evade becoming contaminated by pollen their visits often do not result in pollination. Honeybee monocultures thus must be avoided by all means.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; Pinus ; Seed proteins ; SDS-PAGE ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Seed storage proteins have proved to be a powerful biochemical marker for taxonomic research, but they have not been extensively employed in forest tree studies. In order to improve the understanding of the taxonomy of the genusPinus, total seed proteins of 12 pine species have been analyzed by means of SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The results showed the presence, in the genusPinus, of two main sub-taxa, corresponding to the subgeneraHaploxylon andDiploxylon. Differences and affinities between Mediterranean pine species were found in agreement with classification ofKlaus (1989).
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Eggplant ; non-tuberous Solanum ; chloroplast DNA ; taxonomy ; species relationship
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Total chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from Solanum incanum, a wild relative of eggplant, was used to probe total DNA of Solanum melongena (eggplant). The DNA fragments detected were the same as observed using purified chloroplast DNA. Chloroplast DNAs were also analysed for nine species of Solanum that are cross-compatible with eggplant: S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi, S. gilo, S. incanum, S. indicum, S. integrifolium, S. macrocarpon, S. olivare and S. panduriforme. Restriction fragments generated by eight enzymes were recorded as present or absent, and a matrix for all fragment positions, species and enzymes was used for cluster analysis. In the resulting dendrogram, the species tested formed three distinct groups: (1) S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi, S. gilo, S. indicum, S. integrifolium and S. olivare, (2) S. incanum, S. melongena and S. panduriforme, (3) S. macrocarpon. Six species of the first group belonging to section Oliganthes appears more closely related to the second group members belonging to section Melongena than does S. macrocarpon, which also belongs to section Melongena. Within the second group, S. panduriforme is slightly more like eggplant than is S. incanum.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): chloroplast DNA ; Lens ; polymorphism ; restriction fragments ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Chloroplast DNA restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms (RFLP) were used to examine the taxonomic relationships of cultivated and wild lentil (Lens Miller) species and identify the extent of genetic variation in this genus. Twelve accessions representing all Lens subspecies were digested with four hexanucleotide-recognizing restriction endonucleases. These digests randomly surveyed 540 base pairs, or 0.4% of the approximately 125 kilobase lentil chloroplast genome. A high degree of gragment length conservation was seen among members of crossability group I, i.e., L. c. ssp. culinaris, L. c. ssp. orientalis and L. c. ssp. odemensis. Accessions of the two subspecies comprising crossability group II, i.e., L. n. ssp. nigricans and L. n. ssp. ervoides, showed the greatest amount of variation when compared to the cultivated lentil, L. c. ssp. culinaris. Limited variation was observed within subspecies except for L. n. ssp. nigricans, where accessions of the normal cytotype were highly polymorphic to those of the differentiated cytotype. Chloroplast DNA RFLPs reaffirm hypotheses that propose L. c. ssp. orientalis as the progenitor to the cultivated lentil. The implications of this study on taxonomy and genetic resources is also discussed.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): azolla ; DNA polymorphisms ; isoenzymes ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract TheAnabaena-Azolla association has proved to be an effective biofertilizer in tropical regions of wetland rice production. Three neotropical host species,A. microphylla, A. caroliniana, andA. mexicana, are similar in vegetative morphology (growth habits, frond dimensions, trichome cell number) and ecophysiology (relative heat tolerance). They were observed during our investigation to also be genetically alike and distinct from other taxa.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 209 (1991), S. 141-153 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Bulinus ; Schistosoma intercalatum ; Africa ; São Tomé ; taxonomy ; schistosomiasis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract São Tomé Island has 3 known taxa of freshwater gastropod, here identified to species for the first time; Neritina afra Sowerby, Ferrissia eburnensis Binder and a distinctive form of Bulinus forskalii (Ehrenberg). The Bulinus acts as intermediate host for the parasite Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, the cause of human schistosomiasis in foci of infection detected in recent years on São Tomé. A morphological characterization of this snail is presented, in respect of the shell, radula and copulatory organ. It is compared with B. forskalii populations sampled on the African mainland (Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon and Angola) and with related taxa. Despite differences in the shell from the commonly found form of B. forskalii it seems appropriate to identify the São Tomé population as an extreme conchological variant of this taxon.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 209 (1991), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Anuraeopsis ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Weber's organ ; stratified karstic lakes ; chemocline
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Two taxa of Anuraeopsis, A. fissa fissa (Gosse, 1851) and A. miraclei nov. spec. occur in meromictic and stratified karstic lakes in Spain. They coexist, but may also live separated in different strata with A. miraclei restricted to a zone near the chemocline, characterized by low temperatures and low oxygen concentrations. The two Anuraeopsis species differ from each other in size, shape, structure and thickness of the lorica, size of the trophi elements, shape of Weber's organ, and egg-structure.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 212 (1991), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Anostraca ; taxonomy ; biogeography ; ecology ; Branchipus ; Spain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Branchipus cortesi, n. sp. (Anostraca, Branchipodidae) is characterized by the broadly enlarged distal segments of male antenna 2, and a combination of morphological features concerning thoracic limbs, abdominal segments and egg morphology. The species occurs in temporary fresh water bodies in flatlands with temperate Mediterranean climate; it is distributed in the south-western part of Spain. Our study includes a morphological analysis using optical and scanning electronic microscopes. Questions about ecology and distribution of the new species are also discussed.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 212 (1991), S. 261-266 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Anostraca ; taxonomy ; zoogeography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The fairy shrimp Chirocephalus brevipalpis (Orghidan, 1953) has been found in the Srem-district, Northern Yugoslavia, at the southern margin of the Pannonian lowland. It is the second record of the species, which had been reported only from Banat province, Romania. Since the specimens from Yugoslavia show some morphological differences with the typical form, a detailed description and illustration of essential taxonomic features in each sex are presented. The specific characters of the population of Srem are not sufficient to establish a new species, and fall within the intraspecific variability of Chirocephalus brevipalpis.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 221 (1991), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): cystocarps ; Gelidium ; morphological variability ; Pterocladia ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Unilocular cystocarps, with ostioles opening to one frond surface, have traditionally distinguished Pterocladia from Gelidium, described as having bilocular cystocarps, with ostioles opening to both surfaces; however, unequally developed locules have been described in Pterocladia and differences in cystocarpic architecture between Pterocladia capillacea and the type species of the genus, P. lucida, have been recently found. As heterogeneity in cystocarp architecture raises questions of basic intergeneric distinction, a survey of reproductive morphology of species in both genera is presented in this study. Six morphologically-different types of cystocarps are distinguished among the five species of Pterocladia and the seven species of Gelidium examined.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 37-43 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Iberian Cladocera ; taxonomy ; ecology ; biogeography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A checklist of 88 freshwater Cladocera from the Iberian Peninsula is given, based on the examination of approximately 1500 samples collected from all parts of the peninsula from 1976 to 1989. Ecology and species assemblages are considered. Distribution of the species versus regional limnology of the Iberian Peninsula is discussed.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 226 (1991), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Branchinecta ; Anostraca ; taxonomy ; zoogeography ; Yugoslavia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The genus Branchinecta Verrill, 1869 is represented in Yugoslavia by two species: Branchinecta ferox (Milne-Edwards, 1840) and Branchinecta orientalis G.O. Sars, 1901. The first species was collected in the steppe-like province of Banat, Pannonian Lowland, and in the lowland around the Skadar Lake, Montenegro, the second only in the province of Banat. On the basis of rich material of both species, a detailed study of the most essential morphological characters has been carried out and comparisons have been made with data in the literature. In B. ferox, significant morphological deviations are not found, whereas, in B. orientalis, essential features are clearly ascertained which were previously unknown or were not stated with sufficient precision. B. ferox is known to appear in small, temporary, natronsoda water rainpools, while B. orientalis has been found in a large temporary inundation pool with a high content of natronsoda and salt in the water.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): taxonomy ; Copepoda Cyclopoida ; animal distribution ; Pacific Fauna ; Brackish water crustaceans
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Halicyclops hurlberti, a new species of cyclopoid copepod, is described from San Diego, California. Specimens identified by C.D. Marsh as H. aequoreus kept in the US Museum of Natural History were checked and placed in the species H. cf. clarkei Herbst and H. fosteri M. S. Wilson. The description of these two species is being emended.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 223 (1991), S. 47-68 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Chile ; amphipoda ; gammaridea ; taxonomy ; catalogue
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The taxonomy of gammaridean amphipods is poorly known in Chile. The lack of literature has discouraged investigation of this group, which has been overlooked for years. This has led to the exclusion of amphipods from biological and ecological studies done in our country. I present here a preliminary report on the actual state of the group with reference mainly to its taxonomy, ecological studies and a species catalogue. I have only included species from continental Chile north of 56 °S, Juan Fernandez Archipelago and Isla de Pascua. Species from Chilean Subantarctic and Antarctic waters are excluded, because they are well covered by other authors. There are 168 known for Chile, 36 of them undescribed or with their status not clear. This report is based on a revision of the species recorded for Chile, analysis of samples from the Chilean coast and the work of ecologists who are using the group as material for study.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Dugesia ; karyology ; taxonomy ; Japan
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The karyotypes of Dugesia japonica from the southern part of the Southwest Islands of Japan (the Nansei Shotô) include diploidy, triploidy, mixoploidy, and mixoaneuploidy. Animals having karyotypes based on n = 8 were found on Okinawa Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island, and Yonaguni Island, while animals having karyotypes based on n = 7 were found on Okinawa Island, Miyako Island, and Ishigaki Island. Toward the northern end of this island chain, at Tanegashima Island, Yakushima Island, and Amami-Ôshima Island, karyotypes based on n = 8 occurred; and on one of these, Tanegashima Island, n = 7 also occurred. Our data provide further support of the karyotypical distinction between the two subspecies of D. japonica: D. j. japonica has karyotypes based on n = 8 and D. j. ryukyuensis has karyotypes based on n = 7. Taking into consideration the geological history of the Southwest Islands and the ties of their faunas to those of adjacent areas, we can explain the current geographical distribution of the two subspecies in these islands as the result of two separate invasions by D. japonica, one in the Miocene and one after the early Quaternary.
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  • 41
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    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Tricladida ; Terricola ; taxonomy ; methodology ; microtechnique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Traditionally used methods for collecting and preserving terrestrial flatworms have proved deficient in various respects. Comparison of methods for preparing these animals for taxonomic study has shown that preservation of morphological characters can best be achieved using formaldehyde-calcium-cobalt fixative and subsequent storage in an aqueous solution of propylene phenoxetol plus propylene glycol and that the best-lasting histological preparations make use of light-fast, oxidation-resistant dyes and synthetic mounting media with an anti-oxidant.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 691-697 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): nematocysts ; sea anemones ; Anthozoa ; taxonomy ; identification ; nomenclature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A brief historical review of nematocyst terminology is given and three nomenclatural problems are discussed. It is proposed to combine the terms initiated by Weill (1934) with those of Schmidt (1969). A new mesobasic grade, intermediate between microbasic and macrobasic is proposed for amastigophores and p-mastigophores possessing a short Faltstück. A more liberal interpretation of Weill's (1934) terminology for nematocysts than that proposed by Cutress (1955) is suggested in respect of microbasic amastigophores and p-mastigophores. Basitrichs and b-mastigophores continue to be recognized as separate categories.
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  • 43
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    Hydrobiologia 220 (1991), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): heteronemertea ; freshwater ; Pearl River ; taxonomy ; Amniclineus zhujiangensis gen. et sp. nov.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A new genus and species of freshwater heteronemertean, Amniclineus zhujiangensis, from the Zhujiang (Pearl River), People's Republic of China, is described and illustrated. The species is placed in the family Lineidae along with the existing freshwater heteronemertean taxa, with which its anatomy is compared.
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  • 44
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    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 45-62 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Cladocera ; taxonomy ; distribution ; Venezuela
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract 24 cladoceran species were found in collections from several fresh waterbodies, including environmental samples and gut contents of small micro-characid fishes from Mantecal (Apure state). Nine of these were new records for Venezuela and 18 for the Mantecal area. Brief descriptions of locations and species, including range-distribution, are given.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 23-35 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): cladocera ; Diaphanosoma ; biogeography ; taxonomy ; ecology ; Spain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract During a 1987–88 extensive limnological study of Spanish reservoirs, euplanktonic cladocerans were sampled all around the country. Two species of Diaphanosoma Fischer, 1850 were recorded, viz D. mongolianum Uéno, 1938 and D. brachyurum (Liévin, 1848). Morphological descriptions of both species are presented, especially of the thoracic limbs, together with notes on their ecology. Both species present a clear allopatric distribution, D. brachyurum inhabiting waters with a low Total Dissolved Salt (TDS) content, which equilibrated relative ionic composition, characteristic of a narrow strip in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula; on the contrary, D. mongolianum inhabits waters with high TDS values and high content of sulphate or chloride, characteristic of the central and southern regions.
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  • 46
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    Hydrobiologia 225 (1991), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Crustacea ; Cladocera ; Daphniidae ; Daphnia ; Ctenodaphnia ; taxonomy ; biology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract European populations of Daphnia similis Claus have been compared with populations from tropical Asia. Daphnia similoides n. sp. from tropical Asia was described as the sibling species of D. similis. The female has characteristic neonate, postabdomen, head, and ephippium. The male has characteristic rostrum, antennules, and the distalmost part of the postabdomen. The D. similis group was compared with D. carinata s. str. Australian populations.
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  • 47
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    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 227 (1991), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Turbellaria ; Tricladida ; Bipalium ; karyology ; taxonomy ; Japan
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have employed a new scale for characterizing chromosomal forms in the karyotypes of four species of Bipalium from five localities in Japan. Specimens of Bipalium nobile Kawakatsu et Makino, 1982, from Yokohama had a diploid chromosome number of 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + st & sm + 2sm); specimens of the same species from Toyonaka had this number as well but with slightly different chromosomal form (2m + 2sm + sm & st + 2st + m & sm). An undescribed species from Sanjô, Bipalium sp. 2, with two dorsal stripes and a yellow head crescent, had 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2m); and another undescribed species from Chichijima Island, Bipalium sp. 3, with five dorsal stripes, had 2x = 10 (2m + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2m). A non-sexual bipaliid tentatively identified as Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878, from Chichijima Island had 2x = 18 (2m + 2m + 2m + 2sm + 2st + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm + 2sm).
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1177-1195 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Atta cephalotes ; attine ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Inga oerstediana ; plant-herbivore interactions ; host selection ; condensed tannins ; fungal performance ; polyphenol oxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Field experiments indicate that the foliar concentration of condensed tannin affects the selection of leaf material ofInga oerstediana Benth., a tropical legume tree, by leaf cutter ants. In one study an increase in tannin concentration was correlated with a decrease in the acceptability of leaves to leaf-cutter ants, except at low tannin concentrations. Protein concentration was not correlated with acceptability nor was the ratio of protein to tannin. Results from a second study suggest that when the concentration of tannin was low the ants appear to select leaves on the basis of nutrient availability. Laboratory assays with the ants indicated that quebracho tannin, a commercially available condensed tannin, inhibits foraging ants. Again, at lower concentrations, quebracho tannin appeared to have little affect on the ants. The fungus the ants cultivate is a wood-rotting Basidiomycete that produces enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), that are capable of inactivating tannins. The activity of these PPOs may explain why leaf-cutter ants are undeterred by low concentrations of condensed tannins. I hypothesized that PPO activity would be absent from fungal cultures without tannin and that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit the fungus. Cultures with and without tannin showed similar PPO activity. Thus PPO activity is constitutive. In fact, as fungal biomass increased, so did PPO activity. As hypothesized, only high concentrations of quebracho tannin inhibited PPO activity and fungal growth. However, it is not clear whether the ants can discriminate between concentrations that do and do not inhibit the fungus.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1309-1325 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; parasitoid ; host-finding ; behavior ; feces odors ; attraction ; 13-methylhentriacontane ; associative learning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract When experienced by contact with feces from hosts feeding on cowpeas, laboratory-reared females ofMicroplitis croceipes, a larval parasitoid ofHeliothis spp., orient and fly to odors of the same feces, whereas naive laboratory-reared females do not. Flight-tunnel studies revealed that associative learning occurs during female encounters with hosts and host products. When females antennate host feces, they learn to recognize the volatile odors associated with the feces. Females even can be conditioned to respond to novel and otherwise unattractive odors such as vanilla extract by exposure to these volatile substances in association with a water extract of the feces. They apparently link the volatile odors with a nonvolatile hostspecific recognition chemical found in the feces. The antennating stimulant, 13-methylhentriacontane, was found to be a valuable ingredient, apparently as a facilitator of the initial antennation and subsequent linkage of the volatiles to the nonvolatile host recognition cue.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1897-1908 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Megalomyrmex ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; venom ; alkaloids ; ants ; trans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidine ; 3,5-dialkylpyrrolizidine ; Hofmann degradation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Chemical analyses of three species in the Neotropical ant genusMegalomyrmex have identified this taxon as the third myrmicine genus to produce alkaloids as major venom products. Workers ofM. leoninus and workers and ergatoids ofM. goeldii produce one or more of fourtrans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidines previously identified in other myrmicine genera.M. modestus, on the other hand, is distinctive in producing the novel alkaloid (5E,8E)-3-butyl-5-hexylpyrrolizidine (5d), whose structure was established using a micro-Hofmann degradation sequence. The relationship ofMegalomyrmex to other alkaloid-producing ant genera is discussed along with the possible chemotaxonomic significance of the analyzed species when viewed in terms of the recognized species groups in this genus.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; corn ; parasitoid ; host searching ; semiochemicals ; synomones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Volatiles released from corn seedlings on which beet armyworm larvae were feeding were attractive to females of the parasitoid,Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), in flight tunnel bioassays. Analyses of the collected volatiles revealed the consistent presence of 11 compounds in significant amounts. They were: (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)- 3-hexen-1-yl acetate, linalool, (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, indole, α-trans-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, and (3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1, 3,7,ll-tridecatetraene. A synthetic blend of all 11 compounds was slightly less attractive to parasitoid females than an equivalent natural blend. However, preflight experience with the synthetic blend instead of experience with a regular plant-host complex significantly improved the response to the synthetic blend. Our results suggest thatC. marginiventris females, in their search for hosts, use a blend of airborne semiochemicals emitted by plants on which their hosts feed. The response to a particular odor blend dramatically increases after a parasitoid experiences it in association with contacting host by-products.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum ; tomato ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The glandular trichome/methyl ketone-mediated insect resistance of the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was shown to affect adverselyTrichogramma pretiosum Riley. AdultT. pretiosum were killed by direct contact with PI 134417 foliage and by exposure to its volatiles. This effect was greatly reduced or eliminated by removing the exudate of the glandular trichomes from the foliage. 2-Tridecanone, a principal consituent of the foliar glandular trichomes of PI 134417, was toxic to adultT. pretiosum at concentrations similar to those associated with PI 134417 foliage. Incubation of parasitizedHelicoverpa (=Heliothis) zea (Boddie) eggs on PI 134417 foliage or 2-tridecanone-treated filter paper significantly reduced the proportion of eggs producing adult parasitoids. Similarly, incubation of parasitizedH. zea eggs on filter paper treated with 2-undecanone, another constituent of the glandular trichomes of PI 134417, caused an increase in the percentage of host eggs containing dead parasitoid pupae.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dinotiscus dendroctoni ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; parasitoid ; kairomone ; electroan-tennogram
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In two studies using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique, bark beetle- and tree-produced semiochemicals were presented toDinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead), a larval parasitoid ofDendroctonus frontalis Zimm. In the first study, 20 test compounds and a standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes were presented individually at one concentration to the parasitoids. In the second study, the nine compounds that elicited the greatest EAGs in study 1 were then tested as serial dilutions of 10 to 0.0001μg/ul. The individual compounds did not elicit responses greater than the standard mixture of oxygenated monoterpenes. Males and females exhibited similar dose responses, although females showed lower thresholds of response than males to frontalin, terpinen-4-ol,E,Z-chalcogran, andexo-brevicomin. In both studies, pino-/isopinocamphone elicited the greatest responses at high concentrations. Tests of different ratios of the camphone mixture indicated that pinocamphone elicited the greatest response. Most of the test compounds elicited similar responses which suggests that several of the compounds may be used together byD. dendroctoni in habitat and/or host community location.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 77-80 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): Lipomycetaceae ; micropores ; taxonomy ; yeasts ; Zygozyma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Septal micropores or plasmadesmal canals have been observed in two species of the lipomycetaceous genus Zygozyma. The presence of these canals is considered as further evidence for the connexion between the Lipomycetaceae and the Dipodascaceae. The genus Zygozyma has been emended.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 59 (1991), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): Cryptococcus yarrowii ; yeasts ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A novel species of the basidiomycetous genusCryptococcus is described asCr. yarrowii based on the study of an isolate from a decayed mushroom collected in Portugal. DNA-DNA homology with the type strain of the phenotypically similar speciesCr. albidus was 10±2%.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): Fellomyces horovitziae ; basidiomycetous yeasts ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A new species of the genusFellomyces, F. horovitziae, was isolated from aXenasmatella basidiocarp. It differs from other accepted species in its carbon assimilation pattern, mol% G+C and low DNA-DNA homology. The delimiting characters are discussed and a key to the genus is provided.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 60 (1991), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): black yeasts ; Aureobasidium ; Hormonema ; Hortaea ; Ramichloridium ; Zasmidium ; karyology ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Mycelial development of seventy-three strains of black yeasts and related fungi were studied, and numbers of nuclei per hyphal cell were counted. Two main patterns were apparent in expanding hyphae, viz. (1) uninucleate expanding hyphal cells, septum formation strictly following mitosis, and (2) multinucleate, branched, aseptate hyphal tips, septa being formed in a later stage, leading to oligo- or uninucleate mature cells. Characteristic genera in the two groups areExophiala andAureobasidium, respectively. InZasmidium and in someRamichloridium species all mycelial cells are oligonucleate. The character is indicative for relationships at the family level in black yeasts.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Schlagwort(e): yeast ; systematics ; taxonomy ; proton symport ; sugar
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The occurrence of proton symport mechanisms for the transport of glucose, galactose, fructose, raffinose and sucrose in 21 yeast strains representing the species of the genusKluyveromyces was surveyed. Proton symport of one or more sugars occurred in 57% of the strains. Similarly, all the sugars investigated were transported by symports by several strains. Symport systems for non-utilisable sugars were rare. Starvation of cells frequently resulted in the appearance of a symport absent in non-starved glucose-grown cells, indicating that repression of proton symports by glucose and subsequent derepression by starvation is a general phenomenon in members ofKluyveromyces. The addition of a sugar to cell suspensions resulted in acidification in 80% of cases, indicating the activity of a membrane-bound ATPase. Acidification was also observed with a number of sugars that cannot be utilised by the particular species. Interesting correlations between the number of proton symports and the abundance of other phenotypic characteristics in members of the genus emerged. Most members of the infertile group of species showing an increase in the number of small chromosomes, inability to produce well-developed pseudomycelium, linoleic and linolenic acid, a decrease in the number of carbon compounds utilised and inability to utilise ethylamine also had no proton symports, whereas most members of the interfertile species produced one or more proton symports. It was concluded that the distribution of the number of proton symports amongstKluyveromyces species coincided with that of other positive characteristics and may therefore be of taxonomic value.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 437-442 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Cnidaria ; Halocordyle ; indicator species ; taxonomy ; Brazil ; intraspecific variation ; phenotypic response ; cnidome ; biometrics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The rediscovery of Halocardyle fragilis Vannucci, of which the type material is lost, led us to consider it a variety of Halocardyle disticha (Goldfuss) that occurs in calm waters on soft bottoms. The typical H. disticha is open feather-shaped, with branching in one plane, while H. fragilis is bushy, much larger, with branching in many planes. The different habit of H. disticha is probably due to environmental conditions. The bushy and pinnate forms are considered extremes of a range of morphological variation.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 453-461 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Actiniidae ; planulae ; taxonomy ; zooxanthellae ; diet ; feeding ; predation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Entacmaea medusivora sp. nov., a member of the family Actiniidae, inhabits Jellyfish Lake in Palau, western Caroline Islands, and eats the rhizostome jellyfish Mastigias papua. The anemone is azooxanthellate, despite its jellyfish prey containing symbiotic algae. Well fed anemones released ciliated planula-like larvae in the laboratory when maintained at more than 30 °C. It could not be determined whether the larvae, which usually settled around the parent within 24 h of release, were produced sexually or asexually.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 471-477 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Scyphozoa ; Cyanea ; speciation ; biogeography ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Two populations of Cyanea, one in the Niantic River estuary and the other in the adjacent Niantic Bay portion of Long Island Sound, were studied for more than a decade. The estuary and the bay are connected by a narrow channel: this and hydrographic features constrain transport between them. Specimens from each site exhibit morphological and seasonal differences comparable to those which distinguish C. capillata from C. lamarckii in European waters. Reproducing River medusae never cooccurred with reproducing Bay medusae. Estuarine jellyfish are sometimes found in the Bay, but reproducing individuals have not been seen there. Reproductively mature Bay jellyfish occasionally appear in the River, but benthic samples show that they do not deposit planulae at this site and thus do not contribute to the next generation of medusae in the River. Such differences suggest an absence of gene flow between these two populations, indicating that the River medusae and Bay medusae might be separate species.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2507-2518 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Megalomyrmex ; Hymenoptera ; Myrmicinae ; venom ; alkaloids ; ants ; pyrrolines ; alarm behavior ; stridulation ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Chemical analysis of the venom of the myrmicine antMegalomyrmex foreli from Costa Rica revealed the presence of four major alkaloidal components. Two of these, 2-butyl-5-(E, 1-heptenyl)-5-pyrroline (3) and 2-butyl-5-(E, E, 1,3-heptadienyl)-5-pyrroline (4), constitute a new functional class of ant venom alkaloids, whose structures were assigned from their spectral and chemical behavior and unambiguous syntheses. The function of these compounds is suggested by field observations of the behavior ofM. foreli, its sting morphology, and the relative toxicity of 3 and 4 against termite workers.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ant ; Myrmica ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; exocrine secretions ; mandibular gland ; Dufour gland ; trail pheromone ; 3-ethyl-2,5-di-methylpyrazine ; bishomofamesene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract An undescribed species ofMyrmica collected in Idaho has been shown to have the same substances in its mandibular glands (3-octanol and 3-octanone and related 3-alkanols and 3-alkanones) and in its Dufour gland (linear alkanes, alkenes, and farnesene isomers and homologs) as previously examined European species ofMyrmica. The poison gland contains the trail pheromone 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, common to allMyrmica species studied so far. The Dufour gland contains large amounts of bishomofarnesene, which easily distinguishes it from some 13 otherMyrmica already known.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; predation ; sequestration ; chemical ; defense ; cuticle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sequester quinolizidine alkaloids from their leguminous hosts and store them primarily in the cuticle. Stored alkaloids are lost with the last larval molt. Extracts of late-instar larvae and of pupae were applied to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelichiidae), which are normally palatable to two hymenopteran predators, the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) (Formicidae), and the paper wasp,Mischocyttarus flavitarsus (Sauss.) (Vespidae). Larvae ofP. operculella treated with alkaloid extracts ofU. reversalis larval exuviae, or with surface extracts of whole larvae, were deterrent to both predators, compared to untreated prey. Extracts of pupal exuviae added toP. operculella, however, were not deterrent.P. operculella larvae treated with the authentic alkaloids sparteine and cytisine were also deterrent to these hymenopteran predators. Storage of small but concentrated amounts of plant secondary compounds in the cuticle appears to be an efficacious means of defense against at least two common predators of lepidopteran larvae.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 463-473 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Acarapis woodi ; tracheal mite ; Tarsonemidae ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; honeybee ; hydrocarbons ; host selection ; cuticular lipids ; kairomones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Using a simple two-choice bioassay and video analysis of individual locomotory tracks, it was determined that a preference for young-bee hosts over old-bee hosts in female honeybee tracheal mites,Acarapis woodi (Rennie), is chemically mediated. When presented with a choice of cuticular extracts from 5-day-old and 〈1-day-old adult bees, mites showed a significant preference for the young-bee extract in three of four bee colony sources. This discrimination was due apparently to a greater positive response elicited by the young-bee extract rather than a deterrent effect of old-bee extract, as the extract of old bees evoked a significantly higher response than a hexane control. A bioassay of silica-gel fractions of young-bee extract indicated that cuticular hydrocarbons alone were responsible for tracheal mite response. Further fractionation of a hydrocarbon fraction by argentation chromatography demonstrated that both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were involved in the mite response, but when presented in opposition, mites showed a stronger response to the saturated than to the unsaturated components. Mites placed in zones treated with cuticular extract of young bees exhibited higher angular velocities than those placed on hexane, causing them to remain in the extract-treated zones for extended periods. These results point to a possible control strategy whereby migration of tracheal mites to young-bee hosts could be disrupted by artificially altering the chemical profile of the honeybee cuticle.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1021-1035 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendrocerus carpenteri ; Hymenoptera ; Megaspilidae ; hyperparasitoid ; primary parasitoid ; marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; self-recognition ; superparasitism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The megaspilidDendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) is a solitary ectohyperparasitoid of aphid primary parasitoids. It avoids superparasitism, but the avoidance rate depends on the amount of time elapsed after the first oviposition. In addition, females discriminate in a time-dependent manner between hosts parasitized by themselves and hosts parasitized by conspecifics. They recognize parasitized hosts by means of two externally perceivable chemical markers that are deposited on the mummy shell. One of the markers is highly active, short-lived, not passable through gas chromatography (GC), and freezing sensitive; the other is moderately active, persistent, GC-passable and freezing tolerant. Using two markers is believed to be advantageous for the hyperparasitoid female, as their ratio provides information on mark age and on the producer of the mark (the female herself or a conspecific female).
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1557-1573 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Laburnum anagyroides ; Robinia pseudacacia ; Aphis cytisorum ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Bruchidius villosus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Lasius niger ; Formica species ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Triaspis thoracicus ; Braconidae ; Chalcidoidea ; quinolizidine alkaloids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) of golden rain,Laburnum anagyroides, and those of phytophagous insects associated with the plant, as well as of parasitoids of the latter, were analyzed by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. The alkaloid content in samples of vegetative plant parts was high at the beginning of the season, then decreased, while that of reproductive organs was high throughout flowering, pod formation, and maturation. The analyses showed that the QA of the plant passed through two higher trophic levels (herbivorous insects and their parasitoids) and that the alkaloid pattern changed little during the passage. The alkaloids were present in two phytophagous insect species associated with golden rain: the predispersal seed predator,Bruchidius villosus [5–13μg/g fresh weight (fw)], andAphis cytisorum (182–1012μg/g fw), an aphid that feeds on shoots, leaves, and inflorescences. Braconid and chalcidoid parasitoids emerging from the bruchid host also contained alkaloids (1.3–3μg/g fw), as did three foraging ant species,Lasius niger, Formica rufibarbis, andF. cunicularia (45μg/g fw), that visited the aphid colonies or honeydew-covered leaves of aphid-infested plants. The hypothesis that developing bruchid larvae and/or the plant “manipulate” QA supply to infested seeds was not supported, because QA content of leftover endosperm in seeds after bruchid development was similar to that of uninfested seeds. The frass of developing bruchid larvae was rich in QA (31μg/ g dry weight). While aphids sequestered, the bruchid larvae took up and eliminated QA with the frass without chemical transformation.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1641-1664 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Formicinae ; mimicry ; artificial mixed colonies ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; colony recognition ; ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Formica selysi ; Monica rubida
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The cuticular hydrocarbons ofFormica selysi (Formicinae) andMonica rubida (Myrmicinae) reared in single species and in mixed species colonies were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. In colonies containing both species, each species modified its species-specific recognition odor. This odor is composed, at least partly, of cuticular hydrocarbons. The cuticular hydrocarbons ofM. rubida consist only of saturated alkanes (n-alkanes and branched alkanes). InF. selysi the mixture also contains unsaturated compounds (monoenes and dienes). In hetero-specific colonies, a new chemical signature developed. This signature resulted from qualitative and quantitative changes in the spectrum of hydrocarbons produced by each species and permitted the two species to inhabit the same nest without displaying interspecific aggression. The readjustment seemed to be more an active synthesis or an active transfer than simply a passive transfer from one species to the other. This may imply that the ants synthesized some components of the hydrocarbon signature of the other species. These synthesizing processes may be activated under particular social environmental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Telenomus sphingis ; Scelionidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone ; parasitism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of methyl ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone)/glandular trichome-based resistance to insects ofLycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, PI 134417, on the behavioral responses ofTrichogramma pretiosum Riley andTelenomus sphingis (Ashmead) were observed in the laboratory. ForT. pretiosum, these effects included (1) longer time required by the wasps to cross a leaf disk (diam. 16.3 mm), (2) higher percentage of wasps initiating flight from disks before reaching the edge, and (3) entrapment of wasps in trichome exudates. In tomato genotypes with varying densities of type VI glandular trichomes (3.1–9.2/mm2) but with no methyl ketones in the trichome tips, no such adverse effects were observed. The time taken to cross a disk or initiate flight byT. sphingis, a larger wasp thanT. pretiosum, was not significantly affected on 16.3-mm leaf disks, although the percentage ofT. sphingis initiating flight was directly correlated with trichome density among lines with no ketones. When placed on whole leaflets of plant lines with or without methyl ketones,T. sphingis was entangled by trichome exudates. However, unlikeT. pretiosum, T. sphingis was eventually able to free itself from entanglement. Landing rates byT. sphingis on PI 134417 foliage contained in dialysis tubes were also reduced. Data indicate that suppression of egg parasitism byT. sphingis on resistant foliage is due to both repellent action of its foliar volatiles and reduced searching rates by the parasitoids. Results indicate that a significant portion of the reduction of egg parasitism byT. pretiosum andT. sphingis is attributable to the effects of 2-tridecanone and/or 2-undecanone present in the tips of type VI glandular trichomes on PI 134417 foliage, although the trichomes also adversely affect the wasps even in plant lines without ketones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; hydrocarbons ; kin recognition ; genetic relatedness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Hydrocarbons of worker honeybees of known pedigree were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Variability in hydrocarbon extracts of individual workers is determined at least in part genetically. Correlations in hydrocarbon composition of extracts were highest among more closely related individuals. Individuals maintained in groups exchange hydrocarbons but still maintain enough self-produced compounds to retain genetically determined individual characteristics. These results demonstrate that extractable hydrocarbons of bees provide sufficiently reliable genetic information to function as labels for use during kin recognition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1633-1639 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Exocrine secretion ; Dufour gland ; Dorylus (Anomma) molestus ; Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans ; Dorylinae ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The Dufour glands of workers ofDorylus (Anomma) molestus contain chiefly linear alkenes and alkanes, with (Z)-9-tricosene and tricosane representing over 70%. The glands are relatively small with some indication of very small (nanogram or less) amounts of dihydrofarnesol. Minima, medium, and major workers ofDorylus (Anomma) nigricans contain a similar spectrum of compounds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Herbivores ; Pseudoplusia includens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; natural enemies ; Microplitis demolitor ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; EAG responses ; green leaf volatiles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Electroantennograms were recorded from an herbivore,Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and a parasitoid,Microplitis demolitor (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), exposed to 5-through 12-carbon aliphatic compounds of several chemical classes. The response of the herbivore was higher for the 6- and/or 7-carbon hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and ketones. The response of the parasitoid was higher for the 7- and 8-carbon hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones. Responses of the herbivore and the parasitoid to alcohols were similar. Both the herbivore and the parasitoid were most sensitive to aldehydes and ketones, and least sensitive to alcohols and hydrocarbons. Responses of the parasitoid to hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and ketones were numerically higher than those of the herbivore. The adaptive significance of differential olfactory sensitivity between the herbivore and the natural enemy is discussed in relation to tri-trophic interactions among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; parasitoids ; recombinant males ; polygenes ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoïdes ; mâles recombinants ; polygénie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'analyse de mâles recombinants issus de femelles hybrides vierges, obtenues à partir de croisements effectués entre populations solitaires et grégaires deMuscidifurax raptorrelus Kogan & Legner, a permis d'estimer le nombre minimal de loci impliqués dans le déterminisme de la grégarité. L'étude de ce phénomène dans la descendance de femelles ayant pour père des mâles F1 indique la présence d'hybrides parmi ces mâles. Les estimations du nombre de gènes impliqués, obtenues à partir des variances calculées sur les générations P1, F1, F2 et sur celles issues des backcross de premier, deuxième et troisième ordre, sont toutes comprises entre deux et dix-neuf, la plupart entre deux et cinq. Les données de backcross suggèrent cependant qu'au moins huit loci segrègent activement dans le déterminisme de ce comportement. Des effets de semi-dominance (D=0.63 à 0.84) et des effets inégaux des gènes en cause expliquent probablement que les estimations obtenues conduisent à des résultats plus faibles que le nombre réel de loci impliqués. Des estimations du coefficient d'héritabilité, au sens large, fondées sur l'analyse de la variance des générations des parents, de la F1 et de la F2 indiquent que la variabilité de la grégarité est ici pour plus de 60% sous la dépendance de facteurs génotypiques. Des analyses par régression parents-enfants donnent des estimations supérieures à 38%.
    Notizen: Abstract Estimates of the minimum number of genetic loci governing expressions of gregarious oviposition inMuscidifurax raptorellus Kogan & Legner were enabled by the verification of recombinant males, which were secured from virgin hybrid females, formed by crossing cohorts from solitary and gregarious populations. Examinations of parasitization behavior in female progeny that had F1 male fathers indicated the presence of hybrids among the males. Estimates of gene number, made on the basis of variances in P1, F1, F2 and backcross progeny, and by observing behavior in second and third order backcrosses, ranged from two to 19, with most between two and five. However, backcrossing data suggested that at least eight loci were actively segregating for this characteristic. Semi-dominance of the solitary trait (D=0.63 to 0.84), and unequal gene effects probably caused these gene estimated to be lower than the actual number. Estimates of the coefficient of heritability, in the broad sense based on parental and F1 and F2 variances indicated that variability of gregarious behavior in the experimental environment was influenced 〉60% by genotypic factors, offspring-parent regression analyses gave estimates 〉38%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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