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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Trehalose ; Osmotolerance ; Viability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary A total of 12 yeast strains from various genera were examined for their ability to produce ethanol in the presence of high concentrations of glucose. From these studies, the yeastsTorulaspora delbrueckii andZygosaccharomyces rouxii were observed to the most osmotolerant. These osmotolerant yeast strains were also observed to possess high concentrations of intracellular trehalose. Futhermore, these strains were found to be tolerant to long-term storage at −20°C and to storage at 4°C in beer containing 5% (v/v) ethanol. Cells containing high trehalose levels at the time of freezing or cold storage exhibited the highest cell viabilities. Trehalose concentration was observed to increase during growth on glucose, reaching a maximum after 24–48 h. Increasing the incubation temperature from 21 to 40°C also resulted in an increase in intracellular trehalose content. These results suggest that trehalose plays a role in enhancing yeast survival under environmentally stressful conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 263-268 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; β-Glucanase ; β-Glucosidase catabolite repression ; Sporulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The activities of three glycosidases, β-glucosidase and β(1,3)- and β(1,6)-glucanases have been monitored during growth and blastospore formation inSaccharomycopsis fibuligera. The assays were carried out on the cell-free culture and in a cell-free extract and a wall autolysate preparation from the growing cells. In complex medium containing 1% glucose an increase in the level of all three enzymes was associated with the transition from mycelium to blastospores. When the level of glucose was increased to 5% blastospore formation was repressed and the level of β-glucanases only increased at the end of the fermentation. The β-glucosidase activity increased during the growth phase. In a defined medium in which slow growth in a wholly yeast-like form was observed, growth was not associated with a high level of β-glucanase activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; parasitoid ; host searching ; allelochemicals ; plant synomones ; leaf damage ; frass ; flight tunnel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'hyménoptèreC. marginiventris Cresson, parasite solitaire, est connu comme étant attiré par les odeurs liées à l'hôte émises par un complexe de chenilles consommant des feuilles. La source exacte de ces substances attractives restait encore à déterminer. Pour cela, des expériences en tunnel de vol ont été réalisées dans lesquelles différents composés du complexe plante et hôte ont été testés individuellement et en combinaisons diverses. Les 3 composés testés ont été: 1) des plantules de maïs endommagées par des chenilles deSpodoptera exigua (BAW); 2) des excréments produits par les chenilles de BAW consommant du maïs; 3) des chenilles de BAW en l'absence de plantes et d'excréments. Les plantes endommagées ont été significativement plus attractives que les excréments ou les chenilles. En expériences de choix, les excréments étaient plus attractifs que les chenilles. Différentes combinaisons de ces 3 composantes principales ont montré que l'attractivité augmentait quand les chenilles étaient associées à des feuilles endommagées. Ajouter des excréments n'augmentait pas significativement l'attractivité. Quand des chenilles étaient associées avec des feuilles endommagées, mais en présence d'écran les empêchant de consommer les feuilles, l'attractivité était celle des feuilles endommagées seules. Des feuilles de maïs n'ayant jamais été exposées aux dégâts des chenilles étaient à peine attractives. On peut en conclure que les feuilles endommagées par les chenilles sont la principale source de substances volatiles qui orientent le parasitoïdeC. marginiventris vers le voisinage de ses hôtes. La consommation active par les chenilles augmente probablement la quantité de substances émises par les plantes, ce qui se traduit par une attractivité accrue. Les substances volatiles des plantes jouent un rôle dans la découverte de l'habitat de l'hôte par les parasitoïdes. De plus en plus d'éléments suggèrent qu'une interaction sophistiquée entre hôte, plante et parasitoïde sera éventuellement révélée.
    Notizen: Abstract Single and dual choice tests in a flight tunnel revealed that plants damaged by host larvae are the main source of the volatiles that attract females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) to the microhabitat of its hosts. Frass and host larvae, the other two major components of a complete plant-host complex, were significantly less attractive than the damaged seedlings; frass alone was more attractive than larvae alone. However, a recombination of larvae with the damaged seedlings was significantly more attractive than the damaged leaves alone, or damaged leaves with frass. This was due to the additional feeding damage done by the larvae. The role of plants in the host-finding behaviour of parasitoids is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire et des observations concernant le comportement de ponte de Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) ont montré que, immédiatement après la ponte, les femelles déposent une phéromone de marquage de l'hôte en trainant le bout de leur abdomen sur la surface de l'amande. Cette phéromone les rends capable de distinguer les fruits infectés des non-infectés dt de sélectionner pour la ponte les derniers. Apparemment, la fonction principale de cette phéromone est la prévention de la répétition des ovipositions dans les fruits déjà infectés et la répartition uniforme des oeufs dans les amandes, contribuant ainsi à la meilleure utilisation des ressources disponsibles pour le développement des larves. Des expériences de deux choix entre des fruits de différents traitements ont montré que la phéromone pouvait être perçue par les femelles par le direct contact et, quand elle était à hautes concentrations, par olfaction d'une courte distance. La phéromone était présente dans l'abdomen et dans le thorax des femelles, et bien qu'elle soit soluble à l'eau, elle ne pouvait pas s'éloigner entièrement par lavage des amandes sérieusement infectées à l'eau. Les observations ont démontré qu'après un numéro de 3.7 visites successives sur des amandes portant de la phéromone les femelles s'éloignaient du lieu de ponte en marchant ou, le plus souvant, en s'envolant, ce qui suggère que la phéromone contribue à la dispersion des femelles.
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory experiments and observations on the oviposition behaviour of the almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) revealed that the females of this species deposit a host-marking pheromone, immediately after an oviposition, by dragging the tip of their abdomen on the fruit surface. This pheromone enables them to discriminate between the infested and uninfested fruit and to select for oviposition the latter. Its primary function is apparently the prevention of repeated ovipositions in already infested fruit, thus contributing to the optimal utilisation of the available resources for larval development. The responses of individual females to different treatments of almonds, in a series of two-choice tests, revealed that the pheromone can be perceived by the females on direct contact and, when at high concentrations, also olfactorily from a short distance. The pheromone was present inside the abdomen and thorax of females but not of males, and, although water soluble, could not be entirely removed from heavily infested almonds when rinsed with water. Direct observations revealed that after an average of 3.7 successive visits to pheromone-bearing almonds, females were induced to walk or, most often, fly away from the experimental set-up. This suggests that the pheromone may also contribute to the dispersion of the wasps.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; host microhabitat ; synomones ; wind tunnel ; experience
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The host microhabitat location behavior of females of the generalist parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in a wind tunnel. Visual cues associated with the host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were important and significantly more parasitoids completed flights to a damaged 4-leaf cotton plant bearing a Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva and frass than to a similarly damaged single leaf with frass and a larva. This difference in completed flights was not due to differences in amounts of volatiles released by the two stimuli. Both naive and experienced parasitoids responded differently to an undamaged cotton leaf, a mechanially damaged leaf, a naturally damaged leaf with the host removed and a naturally damaged leaf with a host larva. Parasitoids completed significantly fewer flights to the undamaged sources of volatiles than to damaged sources of volatiles. Experienced females responded strongly to all types of damage. The number of flights completed by naive females to the three types of damage differed but not significantly and was less than the number completed by experienced females. Components of the preflight experience were varied to determine which factors were responsible for the higher response of experienced females to the host/plant complex. Oviposition was the most important component of this experience. Contact with host frass or plant damage followed by oviposition did not increase the response over that exhibited by females allowed oviposition only. When frass or damaged plant material were contacted without subsequent oviposition, females completed fewer flights than naive females.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 743-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; olfactometer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We studied odor learning in Leptopilina boulardi,a specialist larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.The behavioral responses of differently experienced females to an artificial odor (Must de Cartier, Paris) were analyzed using a fourarmed airflow olfactometer. The responses of females with an oviposition experience in the presence of the perfume were compared with those of four control groups. As controls we used naive females, females with an oviposition experience in the absence of odor, females which had been previously exposed to perfume but without an oviposition experience, and females with an oviposition experience which also had been exposed to perfume but not at the same time. The results demonstrate that a specialist such as L. boulardican learn very well to respond to an artificial odor by associating this odor with a reward, i.e., an oviposition. The four control groups responded more or less in a similar way.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 489-500 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Dacnusa sibirica ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza bryoniae ; foraging behavior ; volatile infochemicals ; wind tunnel ; anemotaxis ; learning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Previous investigations suggested that the leafminer parasitoid Dacnusa sibirica Telenga does not use a volatile hostrelated infochemical in foraging for hosts. Parasitoids landed with equal frequencies on an uninfested tomato plant and on a tomato plant infested with larvae of the leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae (Kalt.) (Hendrikse et al., 1980). In contrast, we found that volatile infochemicals emitted by uninfested and leafminer-infested tomato plants differently affected the parasitoid 's foraging behavior in a windtunnel. This was obvious from the proportion of wasps flying upwind but not from the proportion of wasps landing on the leaves. Latency time on an uninfested tomato leaflet and proportion of latency time devoted to preflight antennal behavior were influenced by the presence of upwind infested or uninfested tomato leaves. However, these parameters were not affected by odors in the absence of visual plant stimuli. Our data provide a new view on foraging behavior of Dacnusa sibirica.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 727-742 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): postemergence learning ; early-adult experience ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Exposing newly emerged females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to wild cherry, an inherently unattractive plant, and their host larvae at 0–4 h after adult emergence induced a positive searching response to wild cherry and an inhibited response to cabbage, an attractive plant. Inherent responses were not affected when females were exposed to their hosts at 0–12 h and to cherry at 8–12 h after emergence. The induced response to cherry was constant until its disappearance at 6–7 days;inhibition of the response to cabbage was released at 4–5 days after emergence. Postemergence exposure to cherry and parasitoid cocoons induced similar but weaker searching responses. Induced searching responses exhibit features of associative learning and receptor modification. In addition to its presumed role in foraging, postemergence experience with plants may encourage assortative mating of C. congregatawithin suitable host habitats and, thus, facilitate local adaptations to specific plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; female sex pheromone ; screening method ; mating behaviour ; tactile stimuli
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Bruchidius atrolineatus ; larval crowding ; post-embryonic development ; intracotyledonary mortality ; weight of emerging adults ; reproductive diapause
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Chez Bruchidius atrolineatus, l'accroissement de la densité larvaire à l'intérieur de la graine entraîne une augmentation de la mortalité alors que la réduction de poids des individus à l'émergence est relativement limitée. L'accroissement de la densité larvaire provoque une augmentation du taux d'adultes en diapause reproductrice, dans certaines conditions thermopériodiques. Dans d'autres conditions, permenttant l'émergence d'un fort taux d'adultes diapausants, l'effet de la densité larvaire est nul. Lorsque l'on analyse l'effet de la densité chez les individus d'une souche ne présentant pas de phénomène de diapause, il n'y a pas de corrélation entre la durée de développement et le poids des adultes. Par contre, lorsqu'il y a émergence d'adultes sexuellement actifs et diapausants, il existe une corrélation entre la durée de développement et le poids des adultes émergeants. Cette corrélation est due au fait que les adultes diapausants, qui présentent les durées de développement les plus longues, sont ceux qui ont les poids les plus faibles.
    Notizen: Abstract In Bruschidius atrolineatus (Pic), an increase in larval density inside the seed led to a reduction in the survival rate during post-embryonic development, with only a limited decrease in the weight of adults. A high larval density increased the proportion of adults in reproductive diapause under certain thermoperiodic conditions. Under other conditions that already promote the emergence of a high proportion of diapausing beetles, an increase in larval density had no effect on diapause. There was no correlation between the larval developmental time and the weights of adults in a strain with a very low incidence of diapause. However, such a correlation was observed when both sexuallyactive and diapausing beetles emerged. This correlation was explained by the longer developmental times and lower weights of diapausing beetles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Schlagwort(e): 2-Deoxy-d-glucose ; Yeast ; Catabolite repression ; Derepression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Summary The non-metabolizable and toxic glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DOG) has been widely employed to screen for regulatory mutants which lack catabolite repression. A number of yeast mutants resistant to 2-DOG have recently been isolated in this laboratory. One such mutant, derived from aSaccharomyces cerevisiae haploid strain, was demonstrated to be derepressed for maltose, galactose and sucrose uptake. Furthermore, kinetic analysis of glucose transport suggested that the high affinity glucose transport system was also derepressed in the mutant strain. In addition, the mutant had an increased intracellular concentration of trehalose relative to the parental strain. These results indicate that the 2-DOG resistant mutant is defective in general glucose repression.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 329-332 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Mismatch repair ; Plasmid integration ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A single base pair mismatch (G:T or A:C) in the CYC1 gene of the integrative plasmid pAB218 stimulates up to a five-fold integration into the yeast chromosome. Analysis of chromosomal sites of plasmid integration suggests that the mismatch-stimulated integration is not targeted as would be expected if crossovers, localised in the region of the mismatch, were a necessary step in mismatch repair. Instead, the observed mismatch-stimulated plasmid integration could be due to potentially recombinogenic structures formed during mismatch repair, such as single-stranded gaps or denatured DNA regions extending around the plasmid molecule.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): PET genes ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary This study details the characteristics of two temperature-conditional pet mutants of yeast, strains ts1860 and ts379, which at the non-permissive temperature show deficiencies in the formation of three mitochondrially encoded subunits of the ATP synthase complex. By analysis of mitochondrial translation products, and of mitochondrial transcription in temperature shift experiments from the permissive (22°C) to the non-permissive (36°C) temperature, it was concluded that the nuclear mutations in both mutants primarily inhibit synthesis of ATP synthase subunit 9, and that reductions in subunit 8 and 6 synthesis are secondary pleiotropic effects. Following transfer to 36°C, cells of mutant ts379 display a near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis within 1 h, coincident with a marked reduction in the level of the cognate oli1 mRNA. On the other hand, near complete inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis in strain ts1860 occurs after 3 h at 36°C, at which time there is little change in the level of subunit 9 mRNA. In both mutants the mRNA levels for subunits 6 and 8 are not significantly affected at the time of inhibition of subunit 9 synthesis. Provision of an alternative source of subunit 8, translated extra-mitochondrially for import into the organelle, does not overcome the mutant phenotype of either mutant at 36°C, confirming that subunit 8 is not the sole or primary deficiency in each mutant. The mutants indicate that the products of a least two nuclear genes (designated AEP1 and AEP2) are required for the expression of the mitochondrial oli1 gene and the synthesis of subunit 9. The product of the AEP1 gene (defective in mutant ts1860) is required for translation of oli1 mRNA while the AEP2 product (defective in mutant ts379) is essential either for the stability of oli1 mRNA or for the correct processing of precursor transcripts to the mature message.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 389-393 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Pichia inositovora ; Linear plasmids ; Killer toxin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Pichia inositovora, strain NRRL Y-18709, which contains three linear double-stranded DNA plasmids, pPinl-1, pPinl-2 and pPinl-3, was cured of these plasmids both by growing the strain in the presence of 50 μg/ml bisbenzimide, and by exposure to ultraviolet light. Both cured and uncured strains were tested for growth on a variety of carbon sources. No differences in growth response were detected, indicating no discernible involvement of the linear plasmids in the catabolism of these compounds. Culture supernatants of Pichia inositovora were shown to contain a substance larger than 100 kDa that is toxic to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain GS 1688. Toxin activity was optimal in YEPD assay plates containing 50 mM citrate buffer with a pH between 3.4 and 4.2. Culture supernatants from P. inositovora were also weakly active against Cephaloascus albidus, strain NRRL Y-18710, and Citeromyces matritensis, strain NRRL Y-18711. Concentrated supernatants from cured P. inositovora strains did not exhibit these activities, consistent with the hypothesis that this toxic activity is linear plasmid-encoded. Unlike the wellknown Kluyveromyces lactis system or the newly identified P. acaciae system, P. inositovora strains cured of their linear plasmids do not become detectably sensitive to toxin produced by the wild-type strain, suggesting a nonplasmid-encoded immunity function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 423-427 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Molecular cloning ; Nitrogen mustard hyper-resistance ; Choline transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The recessive hnm1 mutant allele is responsible for hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformation with a single-copy HNM1 wild-type allele of such hyper-resistant mutants will restore wild-type sensitivity to nitrogen mustard. By contrast the presence of multi-copy vectors containing HNM1, in either a hyper-resistant hnm1 mutant or an HNM1 wild-type, will lead to a novel, mustard-sensitive phenotype unrelated to defects in DNA repair genes. Gene disruption of HNM1 revealed that this gene is nonessential for cells prototrophic for choline (CHO1) but lethal for cells with a cho1 genotype. Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard of wild-type HNM1, but not of hnm1 mutants, depends on the choline content of the growth medium, with cells grown in choline-free medium exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Sequencing of a 300 bp DNA fragment of HNM1 revealed the identity of this gene with the CTR locus, which is responsible for choline transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 429-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Mutagen hyper-resistance ; Yeast ; Base sequence ; Gene disruption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A multi-copy plasmid containing the SNQ3 gene confers hyper-resistance to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO), Trenimon, MNNG, cycloheximide, and to sulfometuron methyl in yeast transformants. Restriction analysis, subcloning, and DNA sequencing revealed an open reading frame of 1950 bp on the SNQ3-containing insert DNA. Gene disruption and transplacement into chromosomal DNA yielded 4NQO-sensitive null mutants which were also more sensitive than the wild-type to Trenimon, cycloheximide, sulfometuron methyl, and MNNG. Hydropathic analysis showed that the SNQ3-encoded protein is most likely not membrane-bound, while the codon bias index points to low expression of the gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 89-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Intron ; Mobile
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of 21 yeast species belonging to 12 genera have been tested for the presence of sequences similar to seven S. cerevisiae mitochondrial introns (Sc cox1.1,2,3,4,5c, Sc cob.4 and Sc LSU.1) and one K. lactis mitochondrial intron (Kl cox1.2). Some introns, (Sc cox1.4, Sc cob.4, Sc LSU.1 and Kl cox1.2-all group I type), are widely distributed and are found in species with either basidiomycete or ascomycete affinities. This distribution is suggestive of recent sequence transfer between species. The remaining S. cerevisiae introns cross react with an additional species but with no set pattern. Pulsed field gel electrophoretic studies confirm that none of the tested mitochondrial introns cross react with nuclear DNA. These introns are, therefore, mitochondria-specific. Seven strains of K. lactis exhibit striking variability in intron content. In contrast to all mitochondrial introns tested, two introns of nuclear genes (the K. lactis actin gene and the S. cerevisiae RP29B gene) are not detected beyond their source species.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Pyruvate decarboxylase ; Gene expression ; Codon usage ; Gene fusion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Three structural genes encode the pyruvate decarboxylase isoenzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PDC1 and PDC5 are active during glucose fermentation where PDC1 is expressed about six times more strongly than PDC5. Expression of PDC6 is weak and seems to be induced in ethanol medium. Consequently, pdc1Δ pdc5Δ double mutants do not ferment glucose and do not grow on glucose medium. Spontaneous mutants, derived from such a pdc1 pdc5 strain, were isolated which could again ferment glucose. They showed pyruvate decarboxylase activity due to a duplication of PDC6. The second copy of PDC6 was expressed under the control of the PDC1 promoter, which was still present in the pdc1 strain. However, the resulting PDC1-PDC6 fusion gene could only partially substitute for PDC1: to achieve normal growth and high pyruvate decarboxylase activity strains carrying PDC1-PDC6 required a functional PDC5 gene which is dispensable in a PDC1 wild-type background. Thus, expression of PDC5 depends on the state of the PDC1 locus: low in the PDC1 wild-type background and high in PDC1-PDC6 fusion strains and, as shown previously, in pdc1 mutants. The activation of PDC5 expression in PDC1-PDC6 strains may be due to particular properties of the PDC1-PDC6 fusion protein or simply to the weaker expression of PDC1-PDC6 in comparison to the wild-type PDC1 gene.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): AEP2 ; Yeast ; Mitochondria ; ATP synthase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The temperature-conditional pet mutant, ts379, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fails to synthesize mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit 9 at the restrictive temperature due to mutation of a single nuclear locus, AEP2. The inability to synthesize subunit 9 correlates with a lowered accumulation of the cognate oli1 mRNA indicating that the AEP2 product is involved in oli1 transcript maturation or stabilization. The AEP2 gene has been isolated in this study from a wild-type yeast genomic library by genetic complementation of ts379 at the restrictive temperature. A 1740 nucleotide open-reading frame was observed that encodes a basic, hydrophilic protein of 67534 Da which possesses a putative mitochondrial address signal. Disruption of chromosomal DNA within this reading frame produced a non-conditional respiratory mutant unable to synthesize subunit 9, identifying the AEP2 gene. Hybridization analyses indicate that AEP2 is located on chromosome XIII and produces a 2.1 kb poly(A)+ transcript. Two additional open-reading frames were found in close proximity to that of AEP2. The three open-reading frames shared no significant homology with entries in several data bases.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Pulsed field gel-electrophoresis ; S1 nuclease sensitive sites ; Repair ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Repair under non-growth conditions of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and chromatin sites sensitive to S1 endonuclease (SSS) induced by 60Cobalt-gamma rays were monitored in repair-competent and deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pulsed field gelelectrophoresis. In stationary-phase cells of a repair-competent RAD diploid, and an excision-deficient rad3-2 diploid, SSS are repaired as efficiently as DSB, whereas in a repair-competent RAD haploid, and a rad 50-1 diploid, neither SSS nor DSB are repaired. The rad18-2 diploid repairs DSB well but is defective in SSS repair. Obviously, SSS repair in yeast chromatin, like DSB repair, depends on recombination, but unlike DSB repair depends additionally on RAD18 function.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Mistranslation ; ψ-factor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Chromosomal omnipotent suppressor mutations recovered in ψ+ strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were brought into ψ− cytoplasm. SUP46, SUP138 and SUP139 acted as dominant omnipotent suppressors in the ψ− cytoplasm though their suppressor activity was substantially reduced. SUP46 and SUP138 conferred recessive thermosensitivity and antibiotic sensitivity in ψ− cytoplasm as in ψ+ cytoplasm. On the other hand, sup111 through sup115, which acted as recessive omnipotent suppressors in the ψ+ cytoplasm, manifested no, or very low, suppressor activity in the ψ− cytoplasm. They, however, still enhanced the efficiency of the SUP29 tRNA suppressor in ψ− cytoplasm. A multicopy plasmid carrying the wild-type SUP35 gene enhanced the efficiency of sup111 in ψ− cytoplasm.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Mutant ; p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine ; β-Phenethyl-alcohol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary p-Fluoro-dl-phenylalanine (PFP)-resistant mutants which produce a large amount of β-phenethyl-alcohol, a rose-like flavor component, were isolated from the isogenic strains X2180-1A and X2180-1B of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells of these mutants accumulated phenylalanine and tryptophan more than 3-fold times that of wild-type cells, while they accumulated less than half the tyrosine. The activity of prephenate dehydrogenase (PDG) (EC 1.3.1.12) was markedly decreased while that of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (EC 4.1.2.15) was increased. Genetic analysis revealed that the mutation occurred at the TYR1 locus, encoding PDG, and that the mutated TYR1 gene, tyr1-pfp, caused both PFP resistance and β-phenethyl-alcohol overproduction. This was supported by molecular genetic studies with cloned tyr1-pfp DNA.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Peptides ; Transport ; Regulation ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The transport of small peptides into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is subject to complex regulatory control. In an effort to determine the number, and to address the function, of the components involved in peptide transport and its regulation, spontaneous mutants resistant to toxic di- and tripeptides were isolated under inducing conditions. Twenty-four mutant strains were characterized in detail and fell into two phenotypic groups; one group deficient in amino acid-inducible peptide uptake, the other with a pleiotropic phenotype including a loss of peptide transport. Complementation analysis of recessive mutations in 12 of these strains defĩned three groups; ptr1 (nine strains), ptr2 (two strains), and ptr3 (one strain). Isolation and screening of 31 additional N-methyl-N-nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced, peptide transport-deficient mutants produced one ptr3 and 30 ptr2 strains: no additional complementation groups were detected. Uptake of radiolabeled dileucine was negligible in ptr1 and ptr2 strains and was reduced by 65% and 90% in the two ptr3 mutants, indicating that all strains were defective at the transport step. We conclude that the S. cerevisiae amino acid-inducible peptide transport system recognizes a broad spectrum of peptide substrates and involves at least three components. One gene, PTR3, may play an indirect or regulatory role since mutations in this gene cause a pleiotropic phenotype.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 396-404 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Polymirphism ; Repeated sequences
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A spontaneously arising mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae has been formed by two exta copies of a 14-bp sequence (TTAATTAAATTATC) being added to a tandem repeat of this unit. Similar polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences have been found in a comparison between mtDNAs from our strain and others. In 5850 bp of intergenic mtDNA squence, polymorphisms in tandemly repeated sequences of three or more base pairs occur approximately every 400–500 bp whereas differences in 1–2 bp occur approximately every 60 bp. Some polymorphisms are associated wit optional G+C-rich sequences (GC clusters). Two such optional GC clusters and one A+T repeat polymorphism have been discovered in the tRNA synthesis locus. In addition, the variable presence of large open reading frames are documented and mechanisms for generating intergenic sequence diversity inS. cerevisiae mtDNA are discussed.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 32 (1991), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Mitochondrial DNA ; ori ; rep ; Polymorphism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Threeori elements (ori 2,ori 5, andori 7) have been sequenced inSaccharomyces cerevisiae strain Dip 2 and compared to the equivalentori elements of a second strain (B). Bothori 2 andori 5 exhibit 98% base matching between strains Dip 2 and B. In contrast, the thirdori element (ori 7) exhibits extensive sequence rearrangements whereby a segment located downstream in the consensus strain occurs within theori structure in Dip 2. This represents a novel polymorphic form of the yeast mitochondrial genome.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Chloroplast 4.5S rRNA ; Cytosolic and chloroplast 5S rRNAs ; 5.8S rRNA ; 18S rRNA ; Nucleotide sequences ; Phylogenetic trees ; Angiosperms ; Gymnosperms ; Monocotyledons ; Dicotyledons
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Complete or partial nucleotide sequences of five different rRNA species, coded by nuclear (18S, 5.8S, and 5S) or chloroplast genomes (5S, 4.5S) from a number of seed plants were determined. Based on the sequence data, the phylogenetic dendrograms were built by two methods, maximum parsimony and compatibility. The topologies of the trees for different rRNA species are not fully congruent, but they share some common features. It may be concluded that both gymnosperms and angiosperms are monophyletic groups. The data obtained suggest that the divergence of all the main groups of extant gymnosperms occurred after the branching off of the angiosperm lineage. As the time of divergence of at least some of these gymnosperm taxa is traceable back to the early Carboniferous, it may be concluded that the genealogical splitting of gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages occurred before this event, at least 360 million years ago, i.e., much earlier than the first angiosperm fossils were dated. Ancestral forms of angiosperms ought to be searched for among Progymnospermopsida. Genealogical relationships among gymnosperm taxa cannot be deduced unambiguously on the basis of rRNA data. The only inference may be that the taxon Gnetopsida is an artificial one, andGnetum andEphedra belong to quite different lineages of gymnosperms. As to the phylogenetic position of the two Angiospermae classes, extant monocotyledons seem to be a paraphyletic group located near the root of the angiosperm branch; it emerged at the earliest stages of angiosperm evolution. We may conclude that either monocotyledonous characters arose independently more than once in different groups of ancient Magnoliales or that monocotyledonous forms rather than dicotyledonous Magnoliales were the earliest angiosperms. Judging by the rRNA trees, Magnoliales are the most ancient group among dicotyledons. The most ancient lineage among monocotyledons leads to modern Liliaceae.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Liming ; phosphorus ; heathland ; copper ; fertilization ; forest
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Forest fertilization in the Netherlands has played an important role in the phase of afforestation of former heathlands. Research started in the early fifties, but results were not applied in practical forestry. A review is presented on forest fertilization in practice, and on the main results of the activities of De Dorschkamp on NPK fertilization, liming and micronutrients application. Attention is paid to problems which have developed during the past ten years.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 63 (1991), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Schlagwort(e): Turbulence ; diffusion ; helicity ; convection ; incompressible fluids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Through the use of the Novikov-Furutsu formula for Gaussian processes an equation is obtained for the diffusion of the ensemble average of a passive scalar in an incompressible turbulent velocity field in terms of the two-point, two-time correlator of this field. The equation is valid for turbulence which is not necessarily homogeneous or stationary and thus generalizes previous work.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): chemical defence ; mimicry ; reflex bleeding ; variation ; alkaloid ; coccinelline ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Coccinella septempunctata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary 7-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (coccinelline)-rich fluid (reflex blood) from leg joints as a defence mechanism against predators. A technique is described that enables the collection and accurate quantification of reflex blood produced, and the amount of coccinelline therein. Coccinelline was found distributed throughout the body, although concentrated in the reflex blood. Reflex blood was collected from a large set of beetles at several time points. Significant variation was found among beetles in the amount of reflex blood produced (for males and for females corrected for body weight) and the coccinelline concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to automimicry and the maintenance of variation through energy trade-offs. The relationships between tendency to aggregate, ability to reflex bleed and the possession of aposematic coloration are also considered.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): scent-marking ; tarsal glands ; hydrocarbons ; Insecta ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Bombus terrestris
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Scent-marking of artificial food sources by workers of the bumblebee,Bombus terrestris, was investigated. Odour marks deposited on artificial flowers were subsequently collected and chemically analysed. Alkanes and alkenes were identified as the main components. The behaviour mediating capacity of synthetic mixtures of the identified compounds was bioassayed using an artificial flower system. A mixture of alkanes and alkenes, close to natural proportions, released regular foraging behaviour. The reaction proved to be dose-dependent.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; ants ; inquilinism ; chromosome polymorphism ; hybridization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The workerless, inquiline ant,Doronomyrmex kutteri has isolated populations with a haploid chromosome number ofn=23 both in the Alps (Swiss and South Tyrolean Alps) and in Sweden, and a population withn=25 in southern Germany. Crossbreeding of sexuals from all populations proved successful. Backcrosses of F1-females with males from the parental populations produced F2-females, and hybrid males withn=23, 24, or 25 chromosomes. The chromosome polymorphism is not due to B-chromosomes. Probably then=25 karyotype originated from then=23 karyotype by two Robertsonian fissions (2 ¯M → 4 ¯A), since then=25 karyotype was found in only one of the populations. Diploid males occurred frequently in colonies from four out of five sites investigated.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; sociotomy ; behaviour ; Ropalidia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Females of an Australian polistine wasp,Ropalidia plebeiana, often use their mandibles to cut their nest-comb in spring, dividing it into two or more completely independent nests. Prior to the division, each of the major egg layers, often with some subordinates, tended to occupy a different part of a single comb. These females gnawed cells in the intermediate zone between such “territories”, and ultimately divided the comb. Many other females also built new nests near the nest aggregations, but addition of new nests by comb cutting represented 34.8 % of the increase in nest number. This method of colony fission is so far unknown in any eusocial Hymenoptera.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 139-147 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; Polybia ; prey capture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Polybia sericea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) prey foraging was studied by following individual foragers as they hunted in the field, by observing how wasps handled prey once they had captured it, and by observing wasps as they returned to the nest with prey. Wasps were most likely to forage for prey between 0700 and 1300 hours and between 1600 and 1700 hours. The prey foraging sequence consisted of the behaviours high flight, search, touch, land, groom, walk, bite and malaxate. Captured small prey were malaxated and carried to the nest. Wasps removed the gut from large prey and dragged the meat up a twig or grass stem. A load of the meat was then bitten off and malaxated; the remainder was cached while the wasp made an orientation flight and returned to the nest. The forager returned within minutes for the remainder of the prey. Experiments demonstrated that caching the prey remains above the ground rather than close to the ground, where the prey are generally captured, reduces the chance that the prey will be found and expropriated by ants.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; ants ; Messor ; pleometrosis ; queens
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Starting colonies of the desert seed-harvester antMessor pergandei are clumped in the field and face severe intraspecific competition through brood raiding. Single foundress laboratory colonies ofM. pergandei are more likely to succeed at brood raiding with conspecific colonies if they are given additional workers and mature pupae several days prior to brood raiding. Per foundress fecundity remains constant across laboratory starting colonies established with 1, 3 and 5 foundresses. These results suggest that the selective advantage of cooperative colony foundation (pleometrosis) in this and similar species may derive directly from the ability of multiple foundresses to produce a larger brood raiding force.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): chemical defence ; mimicry ; reflex bleeding ; variation ; alkaloid ; adaline ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary 2-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (adaline)-rich defence fluid (reflex blood) in response to predator attack. Reflex fluid was collected from individual ladybirds and weighed and the alkaloid content measured by GC. The amount of fluid produced built up rapidly following winter hibernation in animals feeding on aphids. The concentration of adaline in the fluid was highest in the first bleeding after winter hibernation. A large sample of beetles was reflex bled several times. Significant among beetle variation was found in the amount of fluid produced and the concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that 2-spot ladybirds are Batesian mimics of 7-spot ladybirds and to the possible functions of adaline.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): defensive secretion ; hot secretion ; elytral flanges ; evolution ; benzoquinones ; hydrocarbons ; bombardier beetle ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Paussinae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The Australian bombardier beetle,Mystropomus regularis, sprays a mixture of quinones (1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and hydrocarbons (principallyn-pentadecane). The defensive fluid ist generated explosively in two-chambered glands, and is ejected audibly and hot (maximal recorded temperature = 59°C).Mystropomus is a member of the paussoid lineage of bombardiers. In common with other members of the group, it has a pair of elytral flanges (flanges of Coanda), associated with the gland openings, that serve as launching guides for anteriorly-aimed ejections of spray. It is argued thatMystropomus may be the least derived of flanged paussoids, and the closest living relative of the most primitive of extant bombardiers (Metriini).
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides ; alkaloid sequestration ; defensive secretion ; host plant ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Oreina ; Asteraceae ; Adenostyles alliariae ; Senecio fuchsii ; Petasites paradoxus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Oreina cacaliae andO. speciosissima (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) sequester in their elytral and pronotal defensive secretions pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as Noxides (PA N-oxides). The PA N-oxide patterns found in the beetles and their host plants were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Of the three host plantsAdenostyles alliariae (Asteraceae) is the exclusive source for PA N-oxide sequestration in the defensive secretions of the beetles. With the exception of O-acetylseneciphylline the N-oxides of all PAs ofA. alliariae, i.e. senecionine, seneciphylline, spartioidine, integerrimine, platyphylline and neoplatyphylline were identified in the secretion. PA N-oxides typical ofSenecio fuchsii (Asteraceae) were detected in the bodies of the beetles but not in their secretion. No PAs were found in the leaves of the third host plant,Petasites paradoxus (Asteraceae). The results suggest the existence of two distinctive storage compartments for PA N-oxides in the beetle: (1) the defensive secretion, containing specifically PA N-oxides acquired fromA. alliariae; (2) the body of the beetle, sequestering additionally but less selectively PA N-oxides from other sources,e.g. S. fuchsii or monocrotaline N-oxide fed in the laboratory. The concentration of PA N-oxides in the defensive secretion is in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 mol/1, which is more than 2.5 orders of magnitude higher than that found in the body of the beetle. No significant differences exist in the ability of the two species of beetles to sequester PA N-oxides fromA. alliariae, althoughO. speciosissima, but notO. cacaliae, produces autogenous cardenolides. A negative correlation seems to exist between the concentrations of plant-derived PA N-oxides andde novo synthesized cardenolides in the defensive secretion ofO. speciosissima.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): larval frass ; predator ; prey ; biological control ; kairomones ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Dendroctonus micans ; Coleoptera ; Rhizophagidae ; Scolytidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Adults of the predatory beetleRhizophagus grandis are strongly attracted to both adult and larval frass of its specific prey,Dendroctonus micans, in walking bioassays. Spruce bark and resin are relatively unattractive. Solvent extracts of larval frass that were attractive toR. grandis adults in a flight wind tunnel contained a mixture of monoterpenes of host plant origin. A synthetic mixture of these monoterpenes, (+)—α-pinene, (−)—β-pinene, β-phellandrene,dl limonene and 3-carene, was responsible for 70–80% of the activity of the most attractive extract. We suggest that a blend of monoterpenes in frass acts as a kairomone forR. grandis but that attraction to monoterpenes is only the first of a sequence of behavioural responses that ensures successful host location and identification.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 200 (1991), S. 330-335 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Schlagwort(e): Oogenesis ; Oocyte polarity ; Accessory nuclei ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The progressive establishment of anteroposterior and dorsoventral polarity in developing oocytes ofCosmoconus meridionator is described. In fully grown oocytes, the asymmetrical (polar) organization is apparent in the localization of the oocyte nucleus (germinal vesicle) and oosome, and in the uneven (graded) distribution of lipid droplets, yolk spheres and specific organelles termed accessory nuclei (AN). The latter structures occur preferentially within the anteroventral periplasm. The developmental significance of AN is discussed.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; DNA replication ; Chemical mutagenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Incubation of cdc8 mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in YPD under permissive conditions, when DNA replication is taking place, prior to transfer to restrictive conditions, strongly stimulates induction of cdc + colonies of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS)- and methyl methane sulphonate (MMS)-treated yeast strains HB23 (cdc8-1/cdc8-3), HB26 (cdc8-3/cdc8-3) and HB7 (cdc8-1/cdc8-1). After diepoxybutane (DEB) treatment, both the induction of cdc + colonies and their stimulation after incubation in YPD under permissive conditions is low. The results obtained show that stimulation of induction of cdc + colonies under permissive conditions occurs not only after UV-treatment, but also after treatment with such mutagens as EMS and MMS.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Petite mutation ; NUC2 nuclease ; Yeast ; RAD52 ; Ethidium bromide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Defects in the RAD52 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduce the levels of the NUC2 endo-exonuclease by approximately 90% compared to the levels in wild-type strains. To examine the potential role of this nuclease in the induction of mitochondrial ‘petite’ mutations, congenic RAD52 and rad52-1 haploids were subjected to treatment with ethidium bromide, a well-known inducer of these mutations. The rad52 strain showed a much higher resistance to ethidium bromide-induced petite formation than the corresponding wild-type strain. Two approaches were taken to confirm that this finding reflected the nuclease deficiency, and not some other effect attributable to the rad52-1 mutation. First, a multicopy plasmid (YEp213-10) carrying NUC2 was transformed into a RAD52 strain. This resulted in an increased fraction of spontaneous petite mutations relative to that seen for the same strain without the plasmid and sensitized the strain carrying the plasmid to peptite induction by ethidium bromide treatment. Second, a strain having a nuc2 allele that encodes a temperaturesensitive nuclease was treated with ethidium bromide at the restrictive and permissive temperatures. Petite induction was reduced under restrictive conditions. Enzyme assays revealed that the RAD52 (YEp213-10) strain had the highest level of antibody-precipitable NUC2 endo-exonuclease whereas the nuc2 and rad52 mutants had the lowest levels. Furthermore, addition of ethidium bromide to the reaction mixture stimulated the activity of the nuclease on double-stranded DNA. Peptite induction by antifolate-mediated thymine nucleotide depletion was also inhibited by inactivation of RAD52 indicating that the effect of reduced NUC2 endo-exonuclease was not restricted to ethidium bromide treatment. Taken collectively, these results indicate that the NUC2 gene product functions in the production of mitochondrial petite mutations.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Transformation ; Ethanol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A technique is described in which ethanol is used to improve the genetic transformation of intact yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells pretreated with LiAc and PEG. Transformation efficiency was increased with increasing concentrations of ethanol with a peak at 10% concentration. The effect varies with different yeast strains and plasmids and up to a maximum of a 15-fold increase was observed.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; TSM1 sequence ; Essential gene ; MAT distal cloning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We have cloned the region from MAT to THR4 on chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the region is only 15 kb, the two loci are genetically separated by 22 cM. This is in sharp contrast to the very low level of recombination (2 cM in 22 kb) that is observed in the adjacent CRY1-MAT interval, and suggests that there may be a “hot spot” for recombination in the MAT-THR4 region. The DNA sequence of the first 4.4 kb distal to MAT reveals an open reading frame that we have identified as the essential gene, TSM1. Surprisingly, the TSM1 open reading frame of 1 410 amino acids extends into the MAT locus, such that the 3′-end of the MATα1 transcript ends 15 bp from the 3′-end of the TSM1 open reading frame.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Enhancer ; Transcriptional elements ; Transcriptional factors ; Regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Though highly complex enhancers found in animal cells have not been reported to occur in yeasts they are able to activate the transcription of adjacent genes in yeast cells. Saccharomyces cerevisiae expresses a large number of nuclear proteins that are able to recognize, and specifically bind to, the enhancer sequences of the SV40 animal tumor virus. The complexity of proteins that interact with different elements of the animal enhancers is similar in yeast and animal cell nuclear extracts. Most enhancer motifs, recognized by known trans-acting factors, are protected in footprinting experiments by yeast nuclear proteins.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ergosterol ; Squalene synthetase ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The ERG9 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned by complementation of the erg9-1 mutation which affects squalene synthetase. From the 5kkb insert isolated, the functional gene has been localized on a DNA fragment of 2.5 kb. The presence of squalene synthetase activity in E. coli bearing the yeast DNA fragment isolated, indicates that the structural gene encoding squalene synthetase has been cloned. The sequence of the 2.5 kb fragment contains an open reading frame which could encode a protein of 444 amino acids with a deduced relative molecular mass of 51 600. The amino acid sequence reveals one to four potential transmembrane domains with a hydrophobic segment in the C-terminal region. The N-terminus of the deduced protein strongly resembles the signal sequence of yeast invertase suggesting a specific mechanism of integration into the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 411-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): Mitochondria ; Intron ; Telomere ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The junctions between X and Y′ subtelomeric repeats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae usually contain a stretch of telomere sequences, (G1–3T)n. Two of three cloned X-Y′ junctions from strain YP1 have a replacement of about 200 bp of X, the internal telomere sequence, and 49 bp of Y′ by a 292 bp sequence. The first 227 bp of this insertion sequence are 100% identical to the fourth intron of cytochrome b. The rest of the insertion has homology to an unknown dispersed nuclear sequence. Recombination among subtelomeric regions can explain the nuclear distribution of this sequence and why telomeres can trap and maintain sequences that would otherwise be lost.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Schlagwort(e): In vitro mutagenesis ; PET-genes ; RNA-leader ; Ribosomal scanning ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We report that the major transcription start sites of the yeast PET gene SCO1 are located at positions-149 and -125 relative to the AUG initiation codon of the SCO1 reading frame. The leader sequences of the resulting mRNAs possess a single AUG codon at position-49, which initiates a short open reading frame of three amino acids. The recent finding of a similar situation in the case of the PET gene CBS1 prompted us to address the question as to whether these AUG codons might play some role in the expression of these PET genes. After removal of the upstream AUG codons by site-directed mutagenesis, expression was monitored by use of lacZ fusions and compared to the respective wildtype constructs. Our data show that under all growth conditions tested the leader-contained AUG initiation codons have no significant influence on the expression of both PET genes.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregation pheromone ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rhynchophorus palmarum ; American palm weevil ; (2E)-6-methy1-2-hepten-4-ol ; synthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Male American palm weevils (APWs),Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) produced two sex-specific compounds, which were disclosed by volatile collections on Supelpak-2 and gas chromatography. One was a minor compound, not always detected. The major male-produced volatile was identified as (2E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol through coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and rational synthesis. We propose the trivial name rhynchophorol for this new molecule, which proved to be the essential component of the APW aggregation pheromone by electroantennography, coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography and behavioral bioassays.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetle ; verbenone ; ipsdienol ; pheromones ; inhibitors ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract DendroctonusBrevicomis andIps paraconfusus are sympatric bark beetle species colonizingPinus ponderosa in western North America. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for resources is, in part, mediated through semiochemicals. The response ofD. brevicomis to its attractant pheromone was significantly reduced by simultaneous release of either verbenone or racemic ipsdienol. Trap catch was significantly further reduced by including both inhibitors with the attractant pheromones. However, although the response ofIps paraconfusus was significantly inhibited with the addition of either verbenone or racemic ipsdienol, both compounds together did not result in a significant further reduction in trap catch. There was a trend for greater reduction in response ofD. brevicomis to attractant pheromones with increased release rates of either 69% (+)-/31% (−)-verbenone or 84% (−)-/16% (+)-verbenone. Response of associates to attractants and inhibitor combinations was also determined.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 499-504 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Sitophilus oryzae ; Curculionidae ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; Bostrichidae ; Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Cucujidae ; Tribolium castaneum ; Tenebrionidae ; Coleoptera ; essential oils ; fumigant toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The fumigant toxicity of 28 essential oils extracted from various spice and herb plants and some of their major constituents were assessed for adult coleopteransRhyzopertha dominica, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum, andSitophilus oryzae. Three groups of active materials were distinguished: (1) The compounds terpinen 4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and the essential oils of three-lobed sage, sage, bay laurel, rosemary, and lavender were most active againstR. dominica; (2) The compounds linalool,α-terpineol, and carvacrol and the essential oils of oregano, basil, Syrian marjoram, and thyme were most active againstO. surinamensis; and (3) the compound 1,8-cineole and the essential oils anise and peppermint were active againstT. castaneum.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 515-524 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ips pini ; Thanasimus dubius ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The bark beetleIps pini (Say) displays variation in its response to and production of enantiomeric blends of its pheromone ipsdienol. One of the principal predators ofIps pini isThanasimus dubius (F.), which uses ipsdienol as a kairomone for prey location. During 1988 and 1989, in Wisconsin and Michigan, the response of both species to a range of enantiomeric blends of ipsdienol was investigated. Blends tested had the following ratios of the (S)-(+) to (R)-(−) enantiomers: 3%∶97%, 25%∶75%, 50%∶50%, 75%∶25%, and 97%∶3%. Either75% (+) ∶ 25% (−) or 50% (+)∶ 50% (−) ipsdienol captured the mostIps pini in both years at both sites. The 25% (+)∶75% (−) blend also caught moreIps pini than the control during both years at both sites. All blends tested were attractive toThanasimus dubius in both years at both locations. Blend preferences of both species were variable and labile at both sites. Response patterns of both species in Wisconsin were different from those in Michigan each year. Furthermore, response patterns of both species to the ipsdienol blends changed from 1988 to 1989 at both locations. A genetic component to this variation would permit predator-prey coevolution, as well as the development of resistance byIps pini to management strategies based on mass-trapping with single blends.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Hypera postica ; alfalfa weevil ; Medicago rugosa ; Medicago sativa ; insect resistance ; (Z)-oxacyclotridec10-en-2-one ; cis-9-dodecen-12-olide ; (Z)-12-hydroxydodec-9-enoic acid lactone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Steam distillate prepared from leaves ofMedicago rugosa Desr. could inhibit feeding by adult alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica (Gyll.) on membrane filters, whereas an equivalent amount of steam distillate prepared usingM. sativa L. had no effect on weevil feeding. Earlier work established that a 12-carbon lactone, (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one, was responsible for the feeding deterrent properties of the steam distillate fromM. rugosa. The concentration of this volatile varied with plant age and leaf position. The maximum concentration in leaves ofM. rugosa (area basis) was estimated, on the basis of tests using an inert substrate, to be too low to cause a detectable inhibition of feeding. No correlation between lactone content and weevil feeding was detected when leaves from similar positions on plants of different ages were used in a multiple choice bioassay. Although small amounts (〈 12.5μg) of (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one can inhibit adult alfalfa weevil feeding on 13-mm-diameter membrane filters, because leaf concentrations (area basis) of this compound are lower than required to cause a detectable inhibition of feeding on the inert substrate, and because concentrations do not correlate with weevil feeding, it is unlikely that this lactone is responsible for resistance to adult alfalfa weevil feeding exhibited byM. rugosa.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 557-566 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Bee ; Nomada lathburiana ; nest parasite ; cephalic secretion ; terpenoids ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; cuckoo
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A series of new sesquiterpene ketones and norsesquiterpene ketones could be identified from the cephalic secretion of females of the cuckoo bee,Nomada lathburiana (K.). The major component proved to be 2,6,10-trimethylundeca-(5E)-2,5,9-trien-4-one. Large amounts of high-boiling-point straight-chain hydrocarbons serve as solvents for the volatile, unstable ketones.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Ahasverus advena (Waltl) ; foreign grain beetle ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; 1-octen-3-ol ; volatile attractant ; aggregation pheromone ; population density
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Volatiles were captured on Porapak Q from foreign grain beetles,Ahasverus advena (Waltl), feeding on rolled oats at various population densities. At low population density, males, females, and mixed-sex beetles four to six weeks posteclosion and older produced 1-octen-3-ol. Mixed-sex beetles emitted almost pure (R)-(−) enantiomer. Weekly production rates of 1-octen-3-ol by males were at least four times greater than those of females. Production of 1-octen-3-ol was barely detectable in volatiles from mixed-sex adults maintained at the highest population density. Laboratory bioassays in a two-choice, pitfall olfactometer modified to retain responding beetles revealed that 1-octen-3-ol serves as an aggregation pheromone forA. advena. Both racemic and chiral 1-octen-3-ols were good attractants for mixed-sex adults in the pitfall olfactometer.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1517-1527 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pheromone ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; chirality ; Ips latidens ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; predator ; kairomone ; Enoclerus sphegeus ; Thanasimus undatulus ; Cleridae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Ipsenol was identified from the frass of male, but not female,Ips latidens from British Columbia, feeding in phloem tissue of lodgepole pine,Pinus contorta var.latifolia. The responses ofJ. latidens to sources of ips-enol andcis-verbenol were determined with multiple-funnel traps in stands of lodgepole pine in British Columbia. Ipsenol attracted both male and femaleI. latidens, verifying that it is a pheromone for this species. MaleI. latidens showed a slight preference for (S)-(−)-ipsenol.cis-Verbenol was not produced by beetles of either sex and, in contrast to an earlier report, both enantiomers inhibited attraction to ipsenol-baited traps. The predators,Enoclerus sphegeus andThanasimus undatulus (Cleridae), were attracted to traps baited withcis-verbenol and ipsenol.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1811-1819 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Atta cephalotes ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; attine fungus ; fungal performance ; condensed tannin ; hydrolyzable tannin ; polyphenol oxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The leaf-cutting antAtta cephalotes is a generalist herbivore of the neotropics and collects leaf material to cultivate a fungus. It appears that this fungus, a Basidiomycete, is responsible for the ability of the ants to utilize most of the available woody plant species. Tannins and other phenolics are ubiquitous secondary chemicals in woody plants, and Basidiomycete fungi produce enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, that are capable of polymerizing and inactivating the phenolics. This study evaluates the effects of a condensed and a hydrolyzable tannin on the activity of polyphenoi oxidase and the growth of the fungus. I hypothesized that low concentrations of tannin would not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but high concentrations would inhibit the enzyme. Consequently, I predicted that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit fungal growth. Laboratory assays with the fungus indicated that hydrolyzable tannin (tannic acid) and condensed tannin (quebracho tannin) differ in the mechanism of inhibition. Tannic acid does not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but does inhibit fungal growth. Quebracho tannin, however, inhibits both polyphenol oxidase activity and fungal growth. As predicted, both tannic acid and quebracho tannin primarily inhibit the fungus at high concentrations.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2021-2034 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Rapeseed ; Brassica spp. ; isothiocyanate ; thiocyanate ; defatted ; seed meal ; allelochemicals ; Limonius infuscatus ; wireworms ; Coleoptera ; Elateridae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A variety of plant pests are suppressed by the incorporation of cruciferous plant material into soil. Although this effect is attributed to decomposition of glucosinolates into toxic products, little is known concerning glucosinolate degradation in the soil environment. Arenas (30 × 18 × 8 cm) that contained soil amended with 30 g defatted winter rapeseed meal (Brassica napus L.)/kg soil on one half and unamended soil on the other were constructed. Isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil were measured using infrared analysis of CC14 extracts, and ionic thiocyanate (SCN−) using ion chromatography on aqueous extracts. Quantities were monitored during a 100-hr time period in conjunction with a wireworm bioassay. Isothiocyanate production reached a maximum of 301 nmol/g soil at 2 hr, but decreased by 90% within 24 hr. Production of SCN− reached a maximum of 180 nmol/g soil at 8 hr but persisted longer than isothiocyanate. Separate late instar wire-worms (Limonius infuscatus Mots.) were repelled by the presence of rapeseed meal in less than 24 hr even though the meal was shown in separate experiments not to be toxic. We propose that rapidly produced isothiocyanates are responsible for this repellency, but other products such as SCN− may play a role.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 255-260 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; social bees ; wasp ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In only 1 bee species(Tetragona clavipes) of 24 sampled in 145 colonies (0.69%) did we detect the presence of more than one allele for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), an enzyme that is involved in flight. In 34 colonies containing 9 wasp species, 5 colonies of only 2 species(Polybia paulista andP. sericea) showed variation in larval G-3-PDH (14.7%). The small amount of variation observed for theG-3-PDH-1 locus in the bee and wasp species analyzed in the present study agrees with that reported for the G-3-PDH system in other insects.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 195-223 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Podostemaceae ; Tristichoideae ; Indotristicha ramosissima ; Rheophytes ; water plants ; life history ; development ; root-shoot model ; leaf-stem intermediates ; phyllotaxis ; flower structure ; systematics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The developmental morphology ofIndotristicha ramosissima, a submerged rheophyte from South India, is described. Besides creeping organs (called roots) there are branched shoots with two kinds of short-lived photosynthetic appendages: scales and compound structures (called ramuli). These ramuli may be interpreted as leaf-stem intermediates because they combine typical leaf characters (extra-axillary position, determinate growth, subtending an axillary bud) and typical stem characters (nearly radial symmetry, acropetal development with apical meristem, arrangement of the scaly subunits helical or irregular). Floral shoots arise from axillary exogenous buds along the vegetative shoots, occasionally also from endogenous buds along the roots and vegetative shoots. The uppermost scales and ramuli of each floral shoot form a cup-like structure around the base of the terminal flower.Indotristicha is thought to be primitive within theTristichoideae (Podostemaceae). Some morphogenetic switches are postulated in order to deriveIndotristicha from a putative ancestor that still showed the classical root-shoot model typical of most angiosperms.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Eleusine ; DNA amount ; intra- and interspecific variation ; karyotypes ; hybridisation ; polyploidy ; domestication ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract 2C nuclear DNA amounts were determined in 30 collections belonging to 10 species ofEleusine. About a 2.5-fold variation in genome size is evident in the genus. The 2C DNA amount in the diploid species ranged from 2.50 pg inE. verticillata to 3.35 pg inE. intermedia. In contrast, the tetraploid species showed a range from 4.95 pg inE. africana to 6.13 pg inE. floccifolia. At intraspecific level 10 collections ofE. coracana, 6 ofE. indica, 4 ofE. africana, 2 ofE. tristachya, and 2 ofE. kigeziensis did not show any significant variation. However, 2 collections ofE. floccifolia, connected with polyploidy, displayed about 90% variation. Polyploid species showed approximately double the genome size of that of their corresponding diploids. An evolutionary increase in DNA amount is evident inE. coracana during the course of its origin and domestication fromE. africana.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 235-245 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Ophrys ; Orchis ; Anacamptis ; Polyploidy ; aneuploidy ; karyology ; systematics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Studies on chromosome numbers and karyotypes in Orchid taxa from Apulia (Italy) revealed triploid complements inOphrys tenthredinifera andOrchis italica. InO. tenthredinifera there is no significant difference between the diploid and the triploid karyotypes. The tetraploid cytotype ofAnacamptis pyramidalis forms 36 bivalents during metaphase I in embryo sac mother cells. Aneuploidy was noticed inOphrys bertolonii ×O. tarentina with chromosome numbers n = 19 and 2n = 38. There were diploid (2n = 2x = 36), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 72), hexaploid (2n = 6x = 108) and octoploid (2n = 8x = 144) cells in the ovary wall of the diploid hybridOphrys apulica ×O. bombyliflora. Evolutionary trends inOphrys andOrchis chromosomes are discussed.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 153-178 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Angelonia ; Anthophoridae ; Centris ; Oil flowers ; pollination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The manner whereby the oil-producing bisaccate flowers ofAngelonia (Scrophulariaceae) are pollinated by female oil-collecting bees is reported for the first time. Observations were made in the Caatinga formation of Pernambuco, NE. Brazil, on four synchronopatric species. These differ in sizes and structural details of the corolla, level of flower exposition, and habitat preferences. All legitimate visitors wereCentris spp. (Anthophoridae):Angelonia hirta was mainly pollinated byC. fuscata andA. pubescens byC. hyptidis; A. bisaccata andA. hookeriana shared an unidentified species. Several exomalopsine, tetrapediine and meliponid bees exploit the flowers less descriminately for oil or pollen, respectively, without regularly contacting anthers and stigma. The flowers are protandrous, and are self-incompatible except those of the annualA. pubescens. After alighting, theCentris bees introduce their front legs simultaneously into each of the pouches and start alternate collecting movements to gather the oil from the trichome elaiophores. While doing so, they are forced by projections of the corolla floor to press their head under the anthers and stigma, whereby pollen is transferred with their frons or clypeus. On account of their collector type and behaviour,C. fuscata andC. spec. are not specialized toAngelonia but may equally exploit other nonrelated taxa for oil, whereasC. hyptidis exhibits oligolecty onA. pubescens. It possesses relatively elongate forelegs with padlike collectors suitable for sweeping the lipids from the scattered glandular hairs inside the divergent spurs of its host. It is the only species that also collects pollen (by buzzing) from the oil host.A. hirta and relatives, provided with dense elaiophore carpets, are, for their part, adapted to “scraping”Centris species with typical oil collectors. Flower and bee phenologies, although largely dependent on the irregular rainfalls, are not always coincident.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 179-194 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Clusiaceae ; Harungana madagascariensis ; Androecium ; stamenpetal complex ; floral nectaries ; floral development ; floral anatomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The mature flower ofHarungana madagascariensis (Choisy)Poir. has an androecium of five antipetalous fascicles, consisting of four stamens each. The stamen fascicles alternate with five indented nectary scales. A SEM-study of the floral development, as well as a study of the floral anatomy was carried out to understand whether the nectariferous scales represent staminodia or are receptacular in nature and consequently whether or not the androecium ofHarungana, and theClusiaceae in general, is originally diplostemonous. The five petals originate by the splitting of petal-stamen complexes. Next the upper part of each complex differentiates basipetally in four stamens. The stamens remain fascicled and are lifted on a long stalk at maturity. Five carpel primordia are initiated united in a low ringwall. The five nectary scales appear after carpel inception and develop an external morphology reminiscent of anthers. The floral anatomy reveals an independent origin of sepal median traces and common sepal lateral traces, free petal traces, stamen fascicle traces and alternating vascular tissue which supplies the nectaries. The petal-stamen complexes are the result of a retardation in petal inception, linked with the absorption of petal tissue into the stamen primordia. The development of the stamen fascicles is discussed; it is suggested that they are of a secondary nature and do not appear as a reduction from a multistaminate androecium. The external morphology and vascular anatomy of the scales speaks in favour of a staminodial nature. The comparison with some other species of theClusiaceae gives evidence of a diplostemonous ancestry of the androecium.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 334-340 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Column liquid chromatography ; Normal phase separations ; Cyanopropyldimethyl silica ; Chloro-added polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Environmental samples
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary Retention characteristics in normal phase HPLC of highly biologically active chloro-added polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. Silica, cyanopropyldimethylsilyl- and aminopropylsilyl- modified stationary phases were investigated. Retention properties of chloroadded PAHs on these phases were shown to be strongly influenced by the number of chloro-additions. This is due to the strong polarity of the methylene carbon at the chloro-addition site. Active silica had a strongly degrading effect on the unstable chloro-added PAHs during separation. Aminopropylsilica did not exhibit sufficient selectivity towards chloro-added PAHs when compared to chlorosubstituted PAHs. Cyanopropyldimethylsilica was shown to be applicable to a group separation of chloro-added and chloro-substituted PAHs. A fast clean-up procedure for chloro-added PAHs in complex samplesis outlined. It involves an initial elimination of more polar substances on a short open column with strongly deactivated silica and a subsequent separation on a cyanopropyldimethylsilyl HPLC column in normal phase mode.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chromatographia 32 (1991), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Schlagwort(e): Column liquid chromatography ; Column packings ; Pore size distribution ; Diffusion and adsorption ; Band broadening
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Summary The complex intraparticle structure typical of chromatographic column packings has been analyzed by use of an equivalent network model which emphasizes pore size distribution and connectivity. Special attention is given as to the way in which diffusion and adsorption interact and display modified peak spreading characteristics according to the morphology of the pore space. This study reveals a very significant increase in the column band broadening over that expected from physical adsorption which can arise from particular distributions of pore sizes. This has implications for designing packings which take advantage of the separating power due to adsorption but do not compromise the resolution of the chromatographic system.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Cell cycle ; Double fertilization ; Endosperm ; Ephedra
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Fertilization inEphedra trifurca was examined with a combination of light and fluorescence microscopy. Developmental analysis clearly indicates that double fertilization events, similar to those described inE. nevadensis, regularly occur during the process of sexual reproduction inE. trifurca. In addition to the typical fusion of a sperm nucleus and egg nucleus, a second fertilization event occurs between the second sperm nucleus from an individual pollen tube and the ventral canal nucleus. Both of the fertilization events take place within the confines of an individual egg cell of the female gametophyte. Microspectrofluorometric data demonstrate that each nucleus involved in a sexual fusion event proceeds through the synthesis phase of the cell cycle and increases its DNA content from 1C to 2C before the process of nuclear fusion is completed. Photometric data also confirm that the product of the second fertilization event is equal in DNA content (4C) to the zygotic nucleus derived from the first fertilization event, and is prepared to enter into mitosis as a fully functional diploid nucleus.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Pharmacy world & science 13 (1991), S. 70-73 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Schlagwort(e): Algae ; Angiosperms ; Arthropods ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Lichens ; Marine animals ; Quinones, naturally occurring
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Angiosperms, fungi (including lichens), and bacteria are the main sources of natural quinones. Small numbers are present in algae, ferns, conifers, sponges, echinoderms, other marine animals, and arthropods. In angiosperms quinones have some chemotaxonomic value at the genus and family level but more surveys are required.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Schlagwort(e): glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Cactaceae ; Echinocereus ; Natural hybridization ; systematics ; dioecy ; flavonoids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The origin ofEchinocereus ×lloydii Britt. & Rose, pro sp. (Lloyd's Hedgehog Cactus) was investigated using comparative morphology, cytology, biochemistry, and particularly, artificial hybridization. Numerous artificial crosses between the putative parentsE. coccineus Engelm. (a species of claret-up cactus) andE. dasyacanthus Engelm. (Texas Rainbow Cactus) were successful, resulting in the production of hundreds of seeds with hybrid embryos. The F1 hybrid progeny (i.e., syntheticE. ×lloydii) grew to sexual maturity in about four and one-half years, whereupon successful backcrosses and F2 generation hybrids were also obtained. The known F1 hybrids closely approximated naturalE. ×lloydii. The fertility of these syntheticE. ×lloydii was high, like their natural counterparts. The populations ofE. ×lloydii in Pecos County, Texas are inferred to have originated as the result of natural interspecific hybridization. It is assumed thatE. ×lloydii or similar plants may arise wherever the parental taxa grow sympatrically.
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 178 (1991), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Allozymes ; genetic variation ; systematics ; evolution in tropical woody plants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Five species ofAnnona and one species fromArtabotrys, Cananga, Polyalthia, andRollinia were investigated in regard to 11 different allozyme loci. Preliminary studies on small population samples ofAnnona suggest genetic uniformity in three species and variability within and between populations in two other species. The allotetraploid origin ofA. glabra is clearly shown by its hybrid enzyme bands. The genetic distance between fiveAnnona species partly corresponds with their morphological relationships; onlyA. muricata appears more separated than is suggested by morphology. A comparison of the five genera demonstrates close relationship betweenAnnona andRollinia. Two enzyme loci are identical within all taxa investigated and possibly may serve as a genetic marker for the family.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 230 (1991), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Adenylyl cyclase ; CDC25 ; RAS
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The TFS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a dosage-dependent suppressor of cdc25 mutations. Overexpression of TFS1 does not alleviate defects of temperature-sensitive adenylyl cyclase (cdc35) or ras2 disruption mutations. The ability of TFS1 to suppress cdc25 is allele specific: the temperature-sensitive cdc25-1 mutation is suppressed efficiently but the cdc25-5 mutation and two disruption mutations are only partially suppressed. TFS1 maps to a previously undefined locus on chromosome XII between RDN1 and CDC42. The DNA sequence of TFS1 contains a single long open reading frame encoding a 219 amino acid polypeptide that is similar in sequence to two mammalian brain proteins. Insertion and deletion mutations in TFS1 are haploviable, indicating that TFS1 is not essential for growth.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 226 (1991), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Linear plasmid ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Kluyveromyces lactis ; Killer plasmid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the linear DNA plasmid, pSKL, isolated from Saccharomyces kluyveri. Sequence analysis showed that pSKL has a high (A+T) content of 71.7%, and that there are 10 open reading frames (ORFs) larger than 250 nucleotides. All 10 ORFs were shown to be transcribed in S. kluyveri cells by S1 nuclease mapping analysis. The localization of ORFs, direction of transcription, and the predicted amino acid sequences of each ORF were quite similar to that of pGKL2, one of the killer plasmids found in Kluyveromyces lactis. The amino acid sequences of the largest two ORFs (ORF2 and ORF6) have homology with several DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases, respectively.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 226 (1991), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Retrotransposons ; Reverse transcription ; Ty elements ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Transposition of the yeast transposable element, Ty, has been shown to require a reverse transcription process. By analysing the extrachromosomal Tyspecific nucleic acid molecules associated with overproduced Ty virus-like particles (Ty-VLPs), we identified several reverse transcribed cDNA strands. Most of them resemble the characteristic intermediates of the reverse transcription process described for authentic retroviruses: a (−) strong-stop DNA strand covalently bound to an RNA primer, two elongated (−) strands with one or two long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences and a (+) strong-stop DNA. Surprisingly, complete (+) strands and full-length linear duplex Ty DNA could not be detected. The structural features of two additional (÷) strands may indicate some differences between the mechanisms of (+) strand synthesis in Ty and other retrotransposons or retroviruses.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Arginine ; Sequence ; Regulation ; Control region
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the ARG5,6 gene encodes acetylglutamyl-P reductase and acetylglutamate kinase, two arginine anabolic enzymes which are localized in the mitochondria. The synthesis of both enzymes is co-ordinately controlled by arginine and by three regulatory proteins (ARGRI, ARGRII, and ARGRIII). The ARG5,6 gene was cloned by complementation of an arg5 mutant strain. A subclone containing an EcoRI fragment of about 3.2 kb which complements the arginine requirement was sequenced. This 3163 by sequence contains only one long open reading frame of 2589 nucleotides encoding a protein of 863 amino acids. The size of this protein is in agreement with the length of the unique transcript determined by Northern hybridization. The measurements of ARG5,6 mRNA under various regulatory conditions show no correlation with the enzyme levels. As in other arginine biosynthetic and catabolic genes, the regulation by arginine through the three ARGR proteins thus involves a post-transcriptional control mechanism. By in vitro mutagenesis we created point mutations and deletions in the 5′ non-coding region of the ARG5,6 gene which allowed us to define the primary target of ARGR control. Specific regulation involves two regions: one located between the putative TATA element and the transcriptional initiation site and the second between this site and the first ATG.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 229 (1991), S. 413-420 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): SCO1 ; Cytochrome oxidase ; Membrane protein ; Mitochondria ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The SCO1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a 30 kDa protein which is specifically required for a post-translational step in the accumulation of subunits 1 and 2 of cytochrome c oxidase (COXI and COXII). Antibodies directed against a β-Gal::SCO1 fusion protein detect SCO1 in the mitochondrial fraction of yeast cells. The SCO1 protein is an integral membrane protein as shown by its resistance to alkaline extraction and by its solubilization properties upon treatment with detergents. Based on the results obtained by isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation and by digitonin treatment of mitochondria, SCO1 is a component of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Membrane localization is mediated by a stretch of 17 hydrophobic amino acids in the amino-terminal region of the protein. A truncated SCO1 derivative lacking this segment, is no longer bound to the membrane and simultaneously loses its biological function. The observation that membrane localization of SCO1 is affected in mitochondria of a rho 0 strain, hints at the possible involvement of mitochondrially coded components in ensuring proper membrane insertion.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 225 (1991), S. 363-368 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Metallothionein gene ; Cadmium resistance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A 3.3 kb fragment of yeast genomic DNA was isolated by screening a genomic library constructed in the high copy number 2 micron plasmid YEp351 vector for clones capable of enhancing the degree of resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain MW3070-8B to cadmium. The insert contained two complete copies of the CUP1 gene open reading frame (183 bp), including the upstream promoter sequences (450 bp) with two conserved metal responsive cis-acting elements. Northern analysis showed that addition of cadmium (0.02 μM) or copper (50 μM) to overnight liquid cultures of yeast induced expression of CUP1 transcripts from both chromosomal and plasmid-borne gene copies. The cloned 3.3 kb DNA in a high copy number plasmid restored copper resistance to the sensitive strain LS70-313Δ, deleted for the CUP1 gene (cup1Δ), but failed to restore cadmium resistance. Thus, CUP1 gene expression in yeast appears to be influenced differently by cadmium and copper ions. Resistance to heavy metal poisoning resulted from enhanced gene product levels attributable to amplification of the CUP1 gene as well as to increased transcriptions. Two distinct gene product levels mediate cadmium and copper resistance; a higher gene product level was required to confer cadmium resistance.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 226 (1991), S. 383-392 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Meiosis ; Sporulation ; Northern hybridization ; Regulatory circuit ; Yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The SGA1 gene encoding glucoamylase is specifically expressed late in meiotic development of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that accumulation of both enzyme activity and transcripts was regulated negatively by both nutritional signals and a haploid-specific negative regulator gene of meiosis, RME1, and positively by the inducer genes for meiosis, IME1 and IME2. To study the role of sequences upstream of the SGA1 gene in its expression and regulation, we generated internal deletions in the 5′ non-coding region of the gene and chimeric genes with portions of the upstream sequence inserted into a reporter gene. By analyzing the expression of these genes, we have identified both a 19 by upstream activation sequence (UAS) and a 49 by negatively regulating element (NRE). The UAS activated transcription with no requirement for heterozygosity at the mating-type locus, but this activation was still under negative control by nutrients. The NRE showed no UAS-like activity but conferred IME2-dependent (or meiosis-specific) expression on a heterologous promoter. These results suggest that meiosis-specific expression of the SGA1 gene is established by a regulatory hierarchy including positive and negative factors, the actions of which are mediated through the two separate upstream regulatory elements, UAS and NRE, respectively. Also, that two independently acting cascades exist for the regulation of SGA1 expression: one transduces both the mating-type and nutritional signals and includes the IME2 product, which acts to relieve the repression through NRE ; and another transduces only the nutritional signal independently of the above pathway and inhibits positive factors acting on UAS.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 227 (1991), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Killer toxin ; Immunity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A cDNA copy of the M2 dsRNA encoding the K2 killer toxin ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae was expressed in yeast using the yeastADH1 promoter. This construct produced K2-specific killing and immunity functions. Efficient K2-specific killing was dependent on the action of the KEX2 endopeptidase and the KEX1 carboxypeptidase, while K2-specific immunity was independent of these proteases. Comparison of the K2 toxin sequence with that of the K1 toxin sequence shows that although they share a common processing pathway and are both encoded by cytoplasmic dsRNAs of similar basic structure, the two toxins are very different at the primary sequence level. Site-specific mutagenesis of the cDNA gene establishes that one of the two potential KEX2 cleavage sites is critical for toxin action but not for immunity. Immunity was reduced by an insertion of two amino acids in the hydrophobic amino-terminal region which left toxin activity intact, indicating an independence of toxin action and immunity.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 227 (1991), S. 306-317 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Schlagwort(e): Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Frameshift ; Suppression ; Restriction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The +1 frameshift mutation, M5631, which is located in the gene (oxi1) for cytochrome c oxidase II (COXII) of the yeast mitochondrial genome, is suppressed spontaneously to a remarkably high extent (20%–30%). The full-length wild-type COXII produced as a result of suppression allows the mutant strain to grow with a “leaky” phenotype on non-fermentable medium. In order to elucidate the factors and interactions involved in this translational suppression, the strain with the frameshift mutation was mutated by MnCl2 treatment and a large number of mutants showing restriction of the suppression were isolated. Of 20 mutants exhibiting a strong, restricted, respiration-deficient (RD) phenotype, 6 were identified as having mutations in the mitochondrial genome. Furthermore, genetic analyses mapped one mutation to the vicinity of the gene for tRNAPro and two others to a region of the tRNA cluster where two-thirds of all mitochondrial tRNA genes are encoded. The degree of restriction of the spontaneous frameshift suppression was characterized at the translational level by in vivo 35S-labeling of the mitochondrial translational products and immunoblotting. These results showed that in some of these mutant strains the frameshift suppression product is synthesized to the same extent as in the leaky parent strain. It is suggested that more than one +1 frame-shifted product is made as a result of suppression in these strains: one is as functional as the wild-type COXII, the other(s) is (are) non-functional and prevent leaky growth on non-fermentable medium. A possible mechanism for this heterogenous frameshift suppression is discussed.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Zingiberaceae ; Globba ; Taxonomy ; Flora of Malesia and Malaysia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Based on personal collections ofGlobba unifolia Ridl. andG. unifolia var.sessiliflora Holtt., the latter is recognized as a distinct species. As the nameG. sessiliflora is already occupied, the nomen novumG. corneri is proposed in honour of Prof. DrE. J. H. Corner, who was the first collector of the plant.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 5-16 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Scleranthus ; Floral morphology ; within-population crosses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract I used a discontinuous population ofScleranthus annuus (Caryophyllaceae) to study the effect of crossing distances on flower morphology of the progeny. Four types of progeny were produced by artificial selfing, crossing with pollen-donors from the same patch in the population, crossing with pollen from donors from other patches in the population and inter-population crosses. The size of gynoecium parts and 12 sepal characters in this petal-lacking species were significantly influenced by the type of cross and the patch in the population from where the seed-parents originated. All comparisons of progeny types except selfed vs progeny produced by within-patch crosses were significantly separated from each other, while all four seed-parent patches used were significantly separated in a multidimensional space.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 17-35 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Nierembergia ; Tapinotaspis ; Centris ; Lanthanomelissa ; Paratetrapedia ; Pollination biology ; oil-flowers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A morphological and anatomical description of the floral syndrome ofNierembergia is given, including a survey of the presence of elaiophores in most of its species, chromatography of the floral oils and observations on the pollinator behaviour. The principal pollinators areTapinotaspis spp. includingT. chalybaea which is endowed with oil collectors on the middle legs. Other exomalopsines (Lanthanomelissa andParatetrapedia) and centridines (Centris) also visitNierembergia for pollen and oil. Based on these observations and on a morphological study of the fertile parts, different pollination modes are recognized and the biogeography and evolution of the genus is discussed.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Medicago truncatula f.laxicycla ; M. laxispira ; Evolution ; adaptation ; seed germination ; chromosome number ; Flora of Libya
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Medicago truncatula is a member ofMedicago sect.Spirocarpos, in which all 34 species have coiled fruit, usually tightly coiled, that permanently retain the seeds. A variant ofM. truncatula from Libya is unique for the species in possessing very loosely coiled fruits, and is here recognized as a new forma,M. truncatula f.laxicycla E. Small. In germination tests of a number of species ofMedicago, the unusual Libyan variant proved to be the only one in which rapid and simultaneous germination of most of the seeds occurred while still within a fruit. The loose coiling of the fruit of the Libyan variety appears to facilitate water entry and seedling escape. Its rapid germination might adapt it to respond quickly to intermittently available moisture, but at the cost of abandoning the strategy of intermittent germination adopted by other populations ofMedicago sect.Spirocarpos.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum patagonicum complex ; barley ; Classification ; numerical methods ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Seeds of theHordeum patagonicum complex were collected from the field and grown in the greenhouse. The aim was to take a sample of members of the complex, and on the basis of the phenotypic similarities in some morphological and physiological characters, determine whether distinct groups exist. When cluster analyses, to generate hypotheses, and orthodox statistical procedures, for hypotheses obtained a priori, were applied to the reproductive morphology, germination and flowering patterns, onlyH. patagonicum subsp.magellanicum, out of the five recognized taxa, could be distinguished consistently. The remaining four taxa, which overlapped considerably, could be re-formed into three groups whose centroids were different but whose ranges of variation were not distinct from each other. We conclude that the highly cross-compatible members of theH. patagonicum complex, first defined as species and later redefined as subspecies are probably no more than biotypes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Elymus ; Hordeum ; Intergeneric hybrids ; genome analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The results of genome analysis of five hybrids, viz.Elymus patagonicus ×Hordeum procerum, E. patagonicus ×H. tetraploidum, E. angulatus ×H. jubatum, E. angulatus ×H. lechleri, andE. angulatus ×H. parodii, are reported. The genomic constitution ofHordeum tetraploidum andH. jubatum is best given as H1H1H2H2, ofH. lechleri andH. parodii as H1H1H2H2H4H4, ofH. procerum as H1H1H2H2H3H3, and ofElymus patagonicus andE. angulatus as SSH1H1H2H2.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Campanulaceae ; Campanula isophylla ; C. elatines ; C. elatinoides ; C. fragilis subsp.fragilis and subsp.cavolinii ; C. garganica ; C. fenestrellata subsp.istriaca ; C. portenschlagiana ; Allozyme variation ; heterozygosity ; Flora of Italy and W. Jugoslavia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Variability and genetic divergence of 11 field populations of seven species of theCampanula elatines andC. fragilis rock-plants group from the Mediterranean and pre-Alpine areas have been studied by starch-gel electrophoretic techniques.Campanula isophylla, C. elatines, C. elatinoides, C. fragilis subsp.fragilis and subs.cavolinii, C. garganica were collected in Italy, whilstC. fenestrellata subsp.istriaca andC. portenschlagiana came from W. Jugoslavia. Twelve enzymatic loci for each population were genetically analysed: PGI-1 and 2, PGM-2, IDH-1 and -2, SKDH, ME, ADH, GOT-2, MPI-1 and -2, SOD-1. The genetic distances among the above mentioned entities have been calculated by Nei's index and depicted in a dendrogram.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Labiatae ; Teucrium sect.Chamaedrys ; Taxonomy ; trichomes ; Flora of Italy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Micromorphology and distribution of trichomes (both secretory and not) in different parts of plants of the five Italian species belonging toTeucrium sect.Chamaedrys have been studied. These characters neatly evidence the differences between the taxa considered; of particular interest are the observations concerning the dense coverage of peltate hairs on the abaxial face of the leaves ofT. flavum subsp.glaucum and the characters contributing to a better identification ofT. marum andT. subspinosum. The importance of the calyx indumentum as distinctive taxonomical character of the genusTeucrium is confirmed, stressing at the same time the necessity of completing the observations at micromorphological level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Myrosmodes cochleare ; Pollination ; breeding system ; Andes of Venezuela
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Myrosmodes cochleare is a terrestrial orchid restricted to high elevations of the northern Andes. It is self-compatible but not autogamous. Flowering begins at the apex of the inflorescence, but flower size increases steadily towards the base. Fruit set of selfed flowers was found to increase significantly from the apex to the base of the inflorescence. Open-pollinated fruit set was significantly lower than hand-pollinated fruit set overall, but the highest levels occurred in the middle of the inflorescence. Eumenid wasps and a calliphorid fly were observed to pollinate the flowers, but visits were rare and occurred only during infrequent warm periods.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Kengyilia habahenensis ; spec. nova ; Taxonomy ; genome analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Kengyilia habahenensis, spec. nova, from the Altai mountains, China, is described morphologically and cytologically. It has 2n = 42 chromosomes, and the genome formula PYS.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Rhamnaceae ; Condalia ; Lipid analysis ; seed protein electrophoresis ; chemical variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Seed oil composition (sterol esters and sterols) and seed protein profiles ofCondalia microphylla were investigated. The chemical differences observed may be attributed to genotypic changes and could support the existence of infraspecific taxa.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Anacamptis pyramidalis ; A. urvilleana ; Polyploidy ; isolation mechanisms ; speciation ; Flora of the Mediterranean ; Malta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Anacamptis pyramidalis is a variable and wide-spread European-Mediterranean taxon. Beside a dominant cytotype with 2n = 36 it includes cytotypes with 2n = 54 and 63 in northern Tuscany (and the Eastern Pyrenees) and one with 2n = 72 on Malta. In contrast,A. urvilleana, formerly often misidentified and included inA. pyramidalis, is a monomorphic and distinct species, endemic to the Maltese Islands. It has 2n = 36, can be clearly separated by morphological and anatomical features and is isolated from partly sympatric populations ofA. pyramidalis with 2n = 72 by differences in chromosome number, flowering time and habitat preference.
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Allium schœnoprasum ; C-banding ; karyotype polymorphism ; geographical variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Variation in C-banding was studied in seven populations ofAllium schœnoprasum from eastern N. America, including populations referable to var.sibiricum, var.laurentianum, and ± intermediate. 23 bands were recognized on five pairs of chromosomes, and were treated as 23 loci. No banding site was monomorphic throughout the plants studied. The level of polymorphism per population was 〉60%, and the average heterozygosity values varied from 0.21 to 0.27. The various “banding patterns” of chromosomes were shown to depend on the random combination of individual bands. Nei's genetic distances between populations varied from 0 to 0.070 (mean: 0.033). The matrix of genetic distances was analysed by non-metric multidimensional scaling, and the results showed a significant relationship between longitude and population scores on the ordination. The chromosomal data did not clearly discriminate between the two native varieties ofA. schœnoprasum, but were interpreted as a longitudinal cline. It is suggested that studies of C-banding variation in vascular plants should focus on individual banding sites, rather than on whole chromosome banding patterns.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 139-158 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Gentianaceae ; Gentianella germanica ; Gentianella campestris ; Seasonal dimorphism ; seasonal differentiation ; seasonal ecotypes ; flowering time ; aestival and autumnal vicariads ; grazing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Plant samples were collected from 13 populations of the two speciesGentianella germanica andG. campestris. In addition, two samples from populations of grazed plants lacking their main stems were collected. A number of relevant morphological characters were measured, the flowering time, and the habitats of each population were studied. Some ecotypes ofG. germanica with clear differences in flowering time were recognized. Differences in flowering time and morphology between populations ofG. campestris seem to be clinal. The generally accepted theory of seasonal dimorphism with the assumption of separate aestival and autumnal vicariads proves to be inadequate. A hypothesis based upon the effect of human influences on the origin of this ecotypes is suggested.
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 159-169 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Arachis batizocoi ; A. hypogaea ; Genome analysis ; phylogenetic relationships
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Arachis batizocoi Krap. & Greg. is a suggested B genome donor to the cultivated peanut,A. hypogaea L. Until recently, only one accession of this species was available in U.S.A. germplasm collections for analyses and species variability had not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine the intraspecific variability ofA. batizocoi to better understand phylogenetic relationships in sect.Arachis. Five accessions of the species were used for morphological and cytological studies and then F1 intraspecific hybrids analyzed. Some variation was observed among accessions—for example, differences in seed size, plant height and branch length. The somatic chromosomes of accessions 9484, 30079, and 30082 were nearly identical, whereas, the karyotypes of accessions 30081 and 30097 have several distinct differences. For example, 30081 had significantly more asymmetrical chromosomes 2 and 6 and more median chromosomes 7 and 10, and 30097 had significantly more asymmetrical chromosomes 3 and 10 and more median chromosomes 1 and 5 than accessions 9484, 30079, and 30082. All F1 hybrids among accessions were highly fertile. Meiotic observations indicated that hybrids among accessions 9484, 30079, or 30082 had mostly bivalents. However, quadrivalents were observed when either 30081 or 30097 was crossed with the above three accessions and 30081 × 30097 had quadrivalents, hexavalents and octavalents. The presence of translocations is the most likely cause of multivalent formation inA. batizocoi hybrids. Cytological evolution via translocations has apparently been an important mechanism for differentiation in the species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 183-195 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Rumex acetosa ; R. acetosella ; Sex ratios ; spatial segregation of the sexes ; environmental correlations ; density effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Populations ofRumex acetosa andR. acetosella were studied during two growth seasons. The ramet sex ratios ofR. acetosa were always female-biased. InR. acetosella the sex ratios expressed more variation but were mostly female-biased. In both species the sex ratios commonly varied between subpopulations reflecting a partial spatial segregation of the sexes. No marked differences between sexes in vegetative vigour were detected in either species. Interactions between sex ratios, various soil characteristics and population densities were determined. Possible mechanisms for causing biased sex ratios and partial spatial segregation of the sexes are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 197-211 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Rubieae ; Asperula sect.Oppositifoliae ; sect. nova ; spec. novae:A. rezaiyensis ; A. rechingeri ; Galium spec. novae:G. anguineum ; G. azerbayjanicum ; G. plurifolium ; G. pseudomegalanthum ; G. kandavanense ; G. wendelboi ; G. sojakii ; G. subvelutinum var.oligotrichum ; var. nova ; G. decumbens ; G. problematicum ; stat. nov ; Flora of Iran
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Asperula sect.Oppositifoliae is validated. 2 new species ofAsperula and 7 new species and 1 variety ofGalium from Iran are described, discussed in respect to their affinities and illustrated. 2 subspecies are raised to species rank.
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Schlagwort(e): Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Tigridieae ; Leaf anatomy ; systematics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Leaf anatomy is described in 32 species of 16 genera of the New World tribeTigridieae (Iridaceae, Iridoideae), including examples from both subtribesCipurinae andTigridiinae. Both plicate (pleated) and foliated (with flanges, or keel extensions) leaf types occur in both subtribes. However, amongTigridiinae, foliated leaves are restricted toTigridia and differ from the foliated leaves ofCipurinae in that they lack subepidermal marginal sclerenchyma, which is present in all the foliated species ofCipurinae. This indicates that the foliated leaf type has evolved at least twice in the tribe, since the plicate leaf, which most closely resembles the equitant leaf typical ofIridaceae, is probably plesiomorphic.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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