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  • Coleoptera  (81)
  • Hymenoptera  (80)
  • Springer  (157)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (157)
  • 1993  (86)
  • 1991  (71)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994  (157)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Artificial diets ; Coccinellidae ; rearing ; biological control ; Chilocorus spp. ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Promising diets were screened and the most successful modified with additives used in artificial diets for other entomophagous insects. Two suitable diets were obtained, one for adults and one for larvae ofChilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). They were still inferior to natural prey and not adequate as the sole food source for rearing consecutive generations. They are valuable as substitute food in the insectary during shortages of natural prey. Oleander scaleAspidiotus nerii Bouché andAsterolecanium miliaris (Boisduval) were evaluated as natural prey forC. nigritus and two other potential biocontrol agents in southern Africa,C. bipustulatus (Linnaeus) andC. infernalis Mulsant.A. nerii andA. miliaris were suitable for all life stages ofC. nigritus and adults ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis. A. miliaris was inadequate for larvae ofC. bipustulatus andC. infernalis.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiinae ; aphid ; sex pheromone ; parasitoid ; Praon volucre ; Aphidius rhopalosiphi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field experiments provided evidence for the release of sex pheromones by virgin femalePraon volucre Haliday andAphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani-Perez (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). In Petri dish biosassays, rubber or vermiculite models treated with crude virgin female extracts were frequently approached by males and elicited rapid wing-fanning behaviour and copulation attempts. Delta-shaped water traps containing live virgin females caught large numbers of conspecific males when placed in winter wheat crops. Trapping slightly below crop height resulted in higher catches than trapping above the crop canopy.
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hybridoma ; detectability period ; venom ; predation ; serology ; protease ; Vespidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to derive quantitative estimates of predation rate from serological gut analysis data, one must have an estimate of the interval during which a meal can be detected after feeding. In practice this has turned out to be ‘Dmax,’ defined as ‘...the time from finishing a meal until that meal could just no longer be detected in any individuals.’ However Dmax substitutes an absolute limit for what is really a continuous variable with significant variation. We examined this problem in a study of the detectability ofHelicoverpa zea Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instar remains in the guts ofPolistes metricus Say (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Wasps were maintained onTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fifth instars before being fed a singleH. zea fifth instar. They were killed and frozen at 0, 24, 48 and 96 h intervals, with those held for more than 24 h fed a singleT. ni fifth instar at 24 h intervals in order to simulate continued feeding. Wasp abdomens were assayed by immunodot, using a monoclonal antibody toH. zea arylphorin. There was a logarithmic decay in the proportion ofP. metricus positive over time, a singleH. zea fifth instar meal having a detectability half-life of 19.4 h at field temperatures. If prey antigen detectability decays exponentially, then a detectability half-life is a more appropriate unit of detectability than an absolute detectability period.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: symbionts ; thelytoky ; arrhenotoky ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microbe-associated parthenogenesis (thelytoky) has been discovered in nineTrichogramma species, parasitoids of mainly lepidopteran eggs. Parthenogenetic and bisexual conspecifics co-occur in many field populations. As an initial step to understand the dynamics of these two reproductive strategies we studied the effect of microbe-associated parthenogenesis on fecundity. The fecundity of two parthenogenetic isofemale lines ofT. pretiosum and one ofT. deion was compared with bisexual lines derived from them by antibiotic treatment. In all three cases parthenogenetic females were less fecund over their lifetime than bisexual females. Also, parthenogenetic females produced fewer daughters in two cases and in one case a similar number of daughters as their respective bisexual counterparts. The lack of mating and insemination was excluded as an explanation for the reduced fecundity of parthenogenetic females, because mated and virgin parthenogenetic females produce the same number of offspring. Antibiotic treatment can also be excluded because females of field-collected bisexual line treated with antibiotics produced the same number of offspring as untreated females. The reduced fecundity of parthenogenetic females was caused by a lower number of eggs being laid rather than by a greater developmental mortality. Parthenogenetic females produced less daughters than bisexual females when host availability was not limiting, but when host availability was severely limited, parthenogenetic females produced more daughters than the bisexual females.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: inbreeding ; colonization ; isofemale line ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D. melanogaster (Meigen) a été utilisé pour tester la capacité des lignées isofemelles à conserver la variabilité génétique d'une population naturelle. Deux types d'expériences ont été réalisées. L'une a consisté à déterminer la variabilité génétique de 3 locus enzymatiques pour 32 lignées isofemelles à la première et à la 23ème génération d'élevage au laboratoire. L'autre a consisté à tester la capacité des larves à éliminer un parasitoïde par le processus d'encapsulation après 8 années d'élevage au laboratoire. D'une façon générale, certaines lignées isofemelles perdent de la variabilité durant les 23 générations de l'étude. Mais la fréquence globale des allèles reste inchangée si l'on considère l'ensemble des 32 lignées. Le seul allèle rare observé a également été conservé. Les modifications des fréquences allèliques à chacun des locus ont lieu de façon indépendante les unes des autres. La variabilité génétique d'un caractère biologique, la capacité des larves à encapsuler le parasitoïde, a également varié, mais elle a pu être restaurée à un niveau proche de la population initiale en rassemblant plusieurs individus de chacune des lignées.
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) was used to test the power of isofemale lines in preserving genetic variability. We performed experiments in two ways. One series consisted of measuring the genetic variability for three enzymatic loci in 32 isofemale lines, in the first and 23rd generations of culture. In the second series, we tested the capacity of the larvae to eliminate a parasitoid by encapsulation after eight years of laboratory breeding. In general, individual isofemale lines appeared to change during the 23 generations of the study, but the global frequency of these alleles among the 32 isofemale lines stayed relatively unchanged. The only rare allele observed was also conserved. Changes in allozyme frequencies at any one locus were independent of those at other loci. Genetic variation of a biological trait, the capacity of the larvae to encapsulate a parasitoid, also changed, but it could be restored to a level close to that of the starting population by mass hybridizing together individuals of each line.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; parasitoid ; host searching ; allelochemicals ; plant synomones ; leaf damage ; frass ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hyménoptèreC. marginiventris Cresson, parasite solitaire, est connu comme étant attiré par les odeurs liées à l'hôte émises par un complexe de chenilles consommant des feuilles. La source exacte de ces substances attractives restait encore à déterminer. Pour cela, des expériences en tunnel de vol ont été réalisées dans lesquelles différents composés du complexe plante et hôte ont été testés individuellement et en combinaisons diverses. Les 3 composés testés ont été: 1) des plantules de maïs endommagées par des chenilles deSpodoptera exigua (BAW); 2) des excréments produits par les chenilles de BAW consommant du maïs; 3) des chenilles de BAW en l'absence de plantes et d'excréments. Les plantes endommagées ont été significativement plus attractives que les excréments ou les chenilles. En expériences de choix, les excréments étaient plus attractifs que les chenilles. Différentes combinaisons de ces 3 composantes principales ont montré que l'attractivité augmentait quand les chenilles étaient associées à des feuilles endommagées. Ajouter des excréments n'augmentait pas significativement l'attractivité. Quand des chenilles étaient associées avec des feuilles endommagées, mais en présence d'écran les empêchant de consommer les feuilles, l'attractivité était celle des feuilles endommagées seules. Des feuilles de maïs n'ayant jamais été exposées aux dégâts des chenilles étaient à peine attractives. On peut en conclure que les feuilles endommagées par les chenilles sont la principale source de substances volatiles qui orientent le parasitoïdeC. marginiventris vers le voisinage de ses hôtes. La consommation active par les chenilles augmente probablement la quantité de substances émises par les plantes, ce qui se traduit par une attractivité accrue. Les substances volatiles des plantes jouent un rôle dans la découverte de l'habitat de l'hôte par les parasitoïdes. De plus en plus d'éléments suggèrent qu'une interaction sophistiquée entre hôte, plante et parasitoïde sera éventuellement révélée.
    Notes: Abstract Single and dual choice tests in a flight tunnel revealed that plants damaged by host larvae are the main source of the volatiles that attract females of the parasitoidCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) to the microhabitat of its hosts. Frass and host larvae, the other two major components of a complete plant-host complex, were significantly less attractive than the damaged seedlings; frass alone was more attractive than larvae alone. However, a recombination of larvae with the damaged seedlings was significantly more attractive than the damaged leaves alone, or damaged leaves with frass. This was due to the additional feeding damage done by the larvae. The role of plants in the host-finding behaviour of parasitoids is discussed.
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 165-174 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host marking pheromone ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire et des observations concernant le comportement de ponte de Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) ont montré que, immédiatement après la ponte, les femelles déposent une phéromone de marquage de l'hôte en trainant le bout de leur abdomen sur la surface de l'amande. Cette phéromone les rends capable de distinguer les fruits infectés des non-infectés dt de sélectionner pour la ponte les derniers. Apparemment, la fonction principale de cette phéromone est la prévention de la répétition des ovipositions dans les fruits déjà infectés et la répartition uniforme des oeufs dans les amandes, contribuant ainsi à la meilleure utilisation des ressources disponsibles pour le développement des larves. Des expériences de deux choix entre des fruits de différents traitements ont montré que la phéromone pouvait être perçue par les femelles par le direct contact et, quand elle était à hautes concentrations, par olfaction d'une courte distance. La phéromone était présente dans l'abdomen et dans le thorax des femelles, et bien qu'elle soit soluble à l'eau, elle ne pouvait pas s'éloigner entièrement par lavage des amandes sérieusement infectées à l'eau. Les observations ont démontré qu'après un numéro de 3.7 visites successives sur des amandes portant de la phéromone les femelles s'éloignaient du lieu de ponte en marchant ou, le plus souvant, en s'envolant, ce qui suggère que la phéromone contribue à la dispersion des femelles.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments and observations on the oviposition behaviour of the almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) revealed that the females of this species deposit a host-marking pheromone, immediately after an oviposition, by dragging the tip of their abdomen on the fruit surface. This pheromone enables them to discriminate between the infested and uninfested fruit and to select for oviposition the latter. Its primary function is apparently the prevention of repeated ovipositions in already infested fruit, thus contributing to the optimal utilisation of the available resources for larval development. The responses of individual females to different treatments of almonds, in a series of two-choice tests, revealed that the pheromone can be perceived by the females on direct contact and, when at high concentrations, also olfactorily from a short distance. The pheromone was present inside the abdomen and thorax of females but not of males, and, although water soluble, could not be entirely removed from heavily infested almonds when rinsed with water. Direct observations revealed that after an average of 3.7 successive visits to pheromone-bearing almonds, females were induced to walk or, most often, fly away from the experimental set-up. This suggests that the pheromone may also contribute to the dispersion of the wasps.
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  • 9
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 58 (1991), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Campoletis sonorensis ; parasitoid ; host microhabitat ; synomones ; wind tunnel ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host microhabitat location behavior of females of the generalist parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was studied in a wind tunnel. Visual cues associated with the host plant cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were important and significantly more parasitoids completed flights to a damaged 4-leaf cotton plant bearing a Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larva and frass than to a similarly damaged single leaf with frass and a larva. This difference in completed flights was not due to differences in amounts of volatiles released by the two stimuli. Both naive and experienced parasitoids responded differently to an undamaged cotton leaf, a mechanially damaged leaf, a naturally damaged leaf with the host removed and a naturally damaged leaf with a host larva. Parasitoids completed significantly fewer flights to the undamaged sources of volatiles than to damaged sources of volatiles. Experienced females responded strongly to all types of damage. The number of flights completed by naive females to the three types of damage differed but not significantly and was less than the number completed by experienced females. Components of the preflight experience were varied to determine which factors were responsible for the higher response of experienced females to the host/plant complex. Oviposition was the most important component of this experience. Contact with host frass or plant damage followed by oviposition did not increase the response over that exhibited by females allowed oviposition only. When frass or damaged plant material were contacted without subsequent oviposition, females completed fewer flights than naive females.
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  • 10
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: avoidance behaviour ; capture efficiency ; Coleoptera ; time-lapse video ; visual recording
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pitfall trap capture forSitophilus oryzae (L.),S. zeamais (Motschulsky),S. granarius (L.),Tribolium confusum (Duval),T. castaneum (Herbst);Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr),Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.), andProstephanus truncatus (Horn) in millet was assessed by visual and time-lapse video recordings. The behaviour of different beetle species in arenas containing millet was monitored over 24 h and the frequency of encounters with the trap rim resulting in capture recorded. The capture efficiency of four types of pitfall traps (i.e. polystyrene, polythene, glass and tin-plated steel can) with rims exposed or submerged below the millet surface level were compared. Capture was related to beetle size, locomotory rate, and beetle behaviour at the trap rim as well as trap design and placement. The lighter and smaller species were least captured. Glass jars were more effective than plastic and metal containers. Traps placed with their rims submerged below the grain surface level were more efficient than those with rims exposed. Capture rate was unrelated to trap size. The frequency of encounters with trap rims was not correlated with capture rate. Three types of avoidance behaviours at the trap rims i.e. probing, skirting and spontaneous retreat, were related to capture rate, spontaneous retreat being the most effective escape mechanism and probing least.
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  • 11
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 191-196 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; distribution ; diapause ; overwintering ; mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 12
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; egg parasites ; parasitoid quality ; mass rearing ; biological control ; factitious host
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between the index of female's size, hind tibia length (HTL), and selected fitness parameters used in quality assessment of mass-rearedTrichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was investigated. The studied fitness parameters were: the number of mature eggs present in the ovaries of females 0–2 hours, as well as 1, 2 and 3 days old, lifetime fecundity, fecundity during a 24 h period, longevity in the presence and absence of the factitious host (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) and locomotor activity. The relationship between HTL and fitness parameters was analysed in 7 strains ofTrichogramma spp. (Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura,T. evanecens Westwood,T. maidis Pinturea et Voegelé andT. ostriniae Pang et Chen) using linear correlation. No significant relationship was found between HTL and egg complement, fecundity, longevity and locomotor activity. The results indicate that HTL used as an index of female's size is not suitable for quality assessment ofTrichogramma reared onE. kuehnieIla.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Leptopilina ; Drosophila ; semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid ; generalist ; specialist ; foraging behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Foraging parasitoids are thought to need more specific information than generalists on the presence, identity, availability, and suitability of their insect host species. In the present paper, we compare responses to host kairomones by two phylogenetically related parasitoid species that attack Drosophilidae and that differ in the width of their host range. As predicted, the behavioral response of the parasitoids to host kairomones reflected their difference in host range. The response of the specialist parasitoid Leptopilina boulardiwas restricted to contact kairomones from its natural hosts and one closely related species. In contrast, the generalist parasitoid Leptopilina heterotomaresponded to contact kairomones of a variety of Drosophilidae species.
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  • 14
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    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 737-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; vibrational communication ; courtship sequence ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia rubecula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship behavior of the parasitic wasp Cotesia rubeculawas studied in a flight tunnel using standard quantitative ethological techniques. Emission of a female sex pheromone induces searching and signaling behavior in males. Males combine wing-fanning, which produces low-frequency airborne sound, with “pulsing” behavior, which transmits a vibrational signal through the substrate to the female and induces her receptivity. Female receptivity is indicated by a stereotyped antennal position, which may provide a visual or tactile signal to courting males. Comparison of successful and unsuccessful courtships indicated that courtship success was dependent primarily on the effective production or reception of the male pulse signal. Overall, the sequence of courtship behavior was similar to that reported for other parasitic wasps.
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  • 15
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    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 743-750 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; parasitoid ; olfaction ; learning ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied odor learning in Leptopilina boulardi,a specialist larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.The behavioral responses of differently experienced females to an artificial odor (Must de Cartier, Paris) were analyzed using a fourarmed airflow olfactometer. The responses of females with an oviposition experience in the presence of the perfume were compared with those of four control groups. As controls we used naive females, females with an oviposition experience in the absence of odor, females which had been previously exposed to perfume but without an oviposition experience, and females with an oviposition experience which also had been exposed to perfume but not at the same time. The results demonstrate that a specialist such as L. boulardican learn very well to respond to an artificial odor by associating this odor with a reward, i.e., an oviposition. The four control groups responded more or less in a similar way.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Dacnusa sibirica ; Diptera ; Agromyzidae ; Liriomyza bryoniae ; foraging behavior ; volatile infochemicals ; wind tunnel ; anemotaxis ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous investigations suggested that the leafminer parasitoid Dacnusa sibirica Telenga does not use a volatile hostrelated infochemical in foraging for hosts. Parasitoids landed with equal frequencies on an uninfested tomato plant and on a tomato plant infested with larvae of the leafminer Liriomyza bryoniae (Kalt.) (Hendrikse et al., 1980). In contrast, we found that volatile infochemicals emitted by uninfested and leafminer-infested tomato plants differently affected the parasitoid 's foraging behavior in a windtunnel. This was obvious from the proportion of wasps flying upwind but not from the proportion of wasps landing on the leaves. Latency time on an uninfested tomato leaflet and proportion of latency time devoted to preflight antennal behavior were influenced by the presence of upwind infested or uninfested tomato leaves. However, these parameters were not affected by odors in the absence of visual plant stimuli. Our data provide a new view on foraging behavior of Dacnusa sibirica.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Phoridae ; Diptera ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera ; host ; parasitoid ; behavior ; Atta ; Neodohrniphora
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the oviposition behavior of the phorid parasitoid Neodohrniphora curvinervisand the antiparasitoid defense behavior of its leafcutting ant host Atta cephalotes. N. curvinervisfemales are diurnal sit- and- wait parasitoids that attack only outbound foragers of head width 1.6 mm or greater. Females deposit a single egg through the foramen magnum of each host successfully parasitized. Pursuit of hosts is usually initiated when an outbound forager of acceptable size passes by a parasitoid perch site. Individual foragers defend themselves against pursuing parasitoids by outrunning them along the foraging trail or by standing their ground and fending them off with their legs,antennae, and mandibles. At the colony level, susceptible foragers are protected against parasitism by a shift in the forager size distribution toward smaller unsusceptible sizes during the day when parasitoids are active and toward larger sizes at night when parasitoids are inactive. The frequency of parasitism of susceptible foragers was 15%, which is more than five times the frequency found in another system involving the phorid parasitoid Apocephalus attophilusand the leafcutting ant host Atta colombica.We offer several possible explanations for such differences in the frequency of parasitism and also examine reasons for the high incidence of superparasitism (19%) observed in the system studied.
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  • 18
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    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 727-742 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: postemergence learning ; early-adult experience ; Cotesia congregata (Say) ; Braconidae ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exposing newly emerged females of Cotesia congregata(Say) to wild cherry, an inherently unattractive plant, and their host larvae at 0–4 h after adult emergence induced a positive searching response to wild cherry and an inhibited response to cabbage, an attractive plant. Inherent responses were not affected when females were exposed to their hosts at 0–12 h and to cherry at 8–12 h after emergence. The induced response to cherry was constant until its disappearance at 6–7 days;inhibition of the response to cabbage was released at 4–5 days after emergence. Postemergence exposure to cherry and parasitoid cocoons induced similar but weaker searching responses. Induced searching responses exhibit features of associative learning and receptor modification. In addition to its presumed role in foraging, postemergence experience with plants may encourage assortative mating of C. congregatawithin suitable host habitats and, thus, facilitate local adaptations to specific plants.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; cotton ; cowpea ; parasitoid ; host location ; kairomones ; olfaction ; induced plant responses ; learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the primary source of volatile cues within the plant-host complex used by hostseeking freeflying female Microplitis cro-ceipesCresson in flight tunnel bioassays. In single-source and two-choice tests, using wasps given an oviposition experience on either cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)seedlings damaged by corn earworm (CEW; Helicoverpa zeaBoddie), the damaged seedlings were significantly more attractive than the CEW frass, which was in turn more attractive than the larvae themselves. In a series of two-choice wind-tunnel tests, the discriminatory ability of the wasps was examined, following various oviposition experiences. Significantly more wasps flew to plants with “old” damage than to plants with “fresh” damage, regardless of whether they had experience on fresh or old damage. In a comparison of plant species, wasps with only one experience on either hostdamaged cotton or host-damaged cowpea were unable to distinguish between them, and showed no preference for either plant, whereas wasps with multiple experiences on a particular plant preferentially flew to that plant in the choice test. In comparing hosts with nonhosts, wasps successfully learned to distinguish CEW from beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua)on cotton but were unable to distinguish CEW from either BAW or cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)on cowpea. The results show the important role played by plant volatiles in the location of hosts by M. croceipesand indicate the wasps’ limitations in discriminating among the various odors. The ecological advantages and disadvantages of this behavior are discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: brood ; pheromone ; slavemaking ants ; Polyergus breviceps ; Formica occulta ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Freeliving workers of Formica occulta, an ant species enslaved by the obligatory slavemaking ant Polyergus breviceps, retrieve and nurse Polyergus pupaejust as well as conspecific pupae in a choice test. No such attraction was found toward pupae of the facultative slavemaker; Formica wheeleri,which also enslaves F. occulta. Formica neogagates,a sympatric species which is not parasitized by either slavemaker, preferentially retrieves and tends conspecific brood over that of Polyergusand F. wheeleri.It is proposed that brood of obligatory slavemaking species must possess an attractive pheromone for slavemaker colony foundation to be successful, since slavemaker brood must be nursed by adult slave workers with no prior exposure to slavemaker brood. An attractive pheromone is not necessary in the brood of facultative slavemakers, since this brood is cared for by newly eclosed slave workers who imprint on the slavemaker brood.
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  • 21
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 59 (1991), S. 75-78 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; female sex pheromone ; screening method ; mating behaviour ; tactile stimuli
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  • 22
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 9-13 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: bioassay ; behavioural response ; Coleoptera ; carob extract ; stored product
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural responses ofCryptolestes pusillus Oryzaephilus surinamensis andProstephanus truncatus to different doses of carob extract were assessed in a two-choice pitfall bioassay and in plastic grain probe traps. The extract evoked a quick directional response and induced high beetle attraction to treated pitfall arenas compared with the controls. Overall, the extract improved probe trap efficiency by about 50% compared to unbaited probes. Beetle response was dose-dependent with the medium dose of 10 μl probably eliciting optimum response.
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  • 23
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Meloidae ; Epicauta funebris ; chemical defense ; biosynthesis ; terpenoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cantharidin, a potent defensive chemical, is present in all ten life stages of the blister beetleEpicauta funebris. The first five larval stages accumulate cantharidin as they feed and grow in size. When disturbed, they exude cantharidin in a milky oral fluid, not in hemolymph which adult beetles reflexively discharge from leg joints. Two subsequent larval stages and the pupa do not feed, grow, regurgitate, or change in their defensive reserves (110 μg cantharidin/insect, regardless of sex). Adult beetles kept in isolation for 60–90 d exhibit a pronounced sexual dimorphism in cantharidin production: the male biosynthesizes about 17 mg of the toxin, representing 10% of his live weight, whereas the female actually loses most of her defensive reserves. But in the wild a female beetle repeatedly acquires cantharidin as copulatory gifts from her mates.
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  • 24
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 272-275 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Semiochemical ; pheromone ; host selection ; competition ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bark beetles,Ips typographus andPityogenes chalcographus, attracted by synthetic or natural pheromone to Norway spruce logs,Picea abies, preferred to colonize uninfested logs rather than logs occupied by these beetles, probably as a means of avoiding intra-and interspecific competition. The aggregation pheromone components ofP. chalcographus, chalcogran and methyl (E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate, inhibited the attraction response ofI. typographus to its pheromone components (methyl butenol andcis-verbenol), while the converse was not true. However, verbenone released from colonized bark inhibited pheromonal response ofP. chalcographus.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ropalidia marginata ; primitively eusocial wasp ; queen success ; worker-brood genetic relatedness ; inclusive fitness theory ; Hymenoptera
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ropalidia marginata is a primitively eusocial polistine wasp in which, although there is only one queen at any given time, frequent queen replacements lead to a system of serial polygyny. One of the most striking features of this system, is the enormous variation in the success of different queens. Measuring queen success as queen tenure, total number of offspring produced, number of offspring produced per day of tenure, and proportion of eggs laid that develop into adults, we show here that each measure of queen success is correlated with worker-brood genetic relatedness and not correlated with worker: brood ratio or the age of the queen at takeover. We interpret these results as meaning that queens are better able to obtain the cooperation of workers when worker-brood genetic relatedness is high.
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  • 26
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 255-263 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Bruchidius atrolineatus ; larval crowding ; post-embryonic development ; intracotyledonary mortality ; weight of emerging adults ; reproductive diapause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez Bruchidius atrolineatus, l'accroissement de la densité larvaire à l'intérieur de la graine entraîne une augmentation de la mortalité alors que la réduction de poids des individus à l'émergence est relativement limitée. L'accroissement de la densité larvaire provoque une augmentation du taux d'adultes en diapause reproductrice, dans certaines conditions thermopériodiques. Dans d'autres conditions, permenttant l'émergence d'un fort taux d'adultes diapausants, l'effet de la densité larvaire est nul. Lorsque l'on analyse l'effet de la densité chez les individus d'une souche ne présentant pas de phénomène de diapause, il n'y a pas de corrélation entre la durée de développement et le poids des adultes. Par contre, lorsqu'il y a émergence d'adultes sexuellement actifs et diapausants, il existe une corrélation entre la durée de développement et le poids des adultes émergeants. Cette corrélation est due au fait que les adultes diapausants, qui présentent les durées de développement les plus longues, sont ceux qui ont les poids les plus faibles.
    Notes: Abstract In Bruschidius atrolineatus (Pic), an increase in larval density inside the seed led to a reduction in the survival rate during post-embryonic development, with only a limited decrease in the weight of adults. A high larval density increased the proportion of adults in reproductive diapause under certain thermoperiodic conditions. Under other conditions that already promote the emergence of a high proportion of diapausing beetles, an increase in larval density had no effect on diapause. There was no correlation between the larval developmental time and the weights of adults in a strain with a very low incidence of diapause. However, such a correlation was observed when both sexuallyactive and diapausing beetles emerged. This correlation was explained by the longer developmental times and lower weights of diapausing beetles.
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  • 27
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; egg distribution ; superparasitism ; host discrimination ; oviposition behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The egg distribution patterns ofEurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), which oviposits singly in green, developing almonds, were studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, individual females were caged with a number of almonds and the eggs deposited in each fruit were counted. In the field, eggs were censused in almonds of different varieties at regular intervals, over four seasons (1988–91). In the susceptible ‘Retsou’ variety, eggs were uniformly distributed among fruits, both in the laboratory and in the field, as long as the mean number of eggs per almond was ≤2.5. When the mean number of eggs per almond was higher the egg distributions were random. This suggests that, up to a certain level of infestation, females were able to assess egg load of fruits and oviposit in the less infested ones. The main factor enabling the females to discriminate and select the less infested almonds for oviposition is probably a host-marking pheromone. In 1990, the same patterns of egg distribution were observed in samples taken from 5 other almond varieties that are not as susceptible as Retsou and have thicker pericarp and harder endocarp. In 1991 however, when fruits developed more rapidly than in 1990, egg distributions in 3 of these 5 varieties (Truoito, Ai, and Marcona) were not uniform. Although the mean number of eggs per fruit was low (1.2–2.0), many fruits of these varieties contained no eggs. This suggests that, in some less susceptible varieties, egg distribution might also be affected by certain fruit parameters, unfavourable for oviposition, related to the pericarp thickness and endocarp hardness.
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  • 28
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    Journal of comparative physiology 172 (1993), S. 207-222 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Hymenoptera ; Homing ; Visual ; spatial memory ; Landmark orientation ; Orientation flights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cerceris wasps learn the position of their nest relative to landmarks during the performance of orientation flights. This paper examines the similarities that exist between an orientation flight made on departing from the nest and the subsequent return flight to the nest area. Returning wasps do not exactly retrace the paths they have flown during the preceding orientation flight. But there are striking similarities: in both types of flight wasps face into similar directions and their orientation depends on their position relative to nest and landmarks in a similar way. During both orientation flights and returns wasps fly along arcs while counter-turning at similar angular velocities. In both flights their flight direction and the retinal position of close landmarks are similar. Wasps on their return thus experience much the same spatio-temporal pattern of visual stimulation on their retina as they generated during their previous orientation flight. To discover whether wasps exploit the motion parallax information produced by these flights, the arrangement and size of landmarks was altered between the insects' departure and their return. Their search pattern for the hidden nest indicates (i) that they weight close landmarks more heavily than distant ones and (ii) that they frequently search at the appropriate distance from a landmark regardless of its apparent size. Both findings imply that returning wasps recall the patterns of visual motion produced during their orientation flights.
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  • 29
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    Journal of comparative physiology 172 (1993), S. 189-205 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insects ; Hymenoptera ; Homing ; Visual spatial memory ; Landmark orientation ; Orientation flights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bees and wasps are known to use a visual representation of the nest environment to guide the final approach to their nest. It is also known that they acquire this representation during an orientation flight performed on departure. A detailed film analysis shows that orientation flights in solitary wasps of the genus Cerceris consist of a systematic behavioural sequence: after lift-off from the nest entrance, wasps fly in ever increasing arcs around the nest. They fly along these arcs obliquely to their long axis and turn so that the nest entrance is held in the left or right visual field at retinal positions between 30° and 70° from the midline. Horizontal distance from the nest and height above ground increase throughout an orientation flight so that the nest is kept at retinal elevations between 45° and 60° below the horizon. The wasps' rate of turning is constant at between 100°/s and 200°/s independent of their distance from the nest and their ground velocity increases with distance. The consequence of this is that throughout the flight wasps circle at a constant angular velocity around the nest. Orientation flights are strongly influenced by landmark lay-out. Wasps adjust their flight-path and their orientation in a way that allows them to fixate the nest entrance and to hold the closest landmark in their frontal visual field. The orientation flight generates a specific topography of motion parallax across the visual field. This could be used by wasps to acquire a series of snapshots that all contain the nest position, to acquire snapshots of close landmarks only (distance filtering), to exclude shadow contours from their visual representation (figure-ground discrimination) or to gain information on the distance of landmarks relative to the nest.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; mimicry ; reflex bleeding ; variation ; alkaloid ; coccinelline ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Coccinella septempunctata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 7-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (coccinelline)-rich fluid (reflex blood) from leg joints as a defence mechanism against predators. A technique is described that enables the collection and accurate quantification of reflex blood produced, and the amount of coccinelline therein. Coccinelline was found distributed throughout the body, although concentrated in the reflex blood. Reflex blood was collected from a large set of beetles at several time points. Significant variation was found among beetles in the amount of reflex blood produced (for males and for females corrected for body weight) and the coccinelline concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to automimicry and the maintenance of variation through energy trade-offs. The relationships between tendency to aggregate, ability to reflex bleed and the possession of aposematic coloration are also considered.
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  • 31
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    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: scent-marking ; tarsal glands ; hydrocarbons ; Insecta ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Bombus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Scent-marking of artificial food sources by workers of the bumblebee,Bombus terrestris, was investigated. Odour marks deposited on artificial flowers were subsequently collected and chemically analysed. Alkanes and alkenes were identified as the main components. The behaviour mediating capacity of synthetic mixtures of the identified compounds was bioassayed using an artificial flower system. A mixture of alkanes and alkenes, close to natural proportions, released regular foraging behaviour. The reaction proved to be dose-dependent.
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  • 32
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    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 29-32 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; alkaloids ; predation ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Lasius niger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Garden black ants,Lasius niger L., in a laboratory colony, attacked three species of live ladybirds found near their nest, killing the smaller two species. A second colony was offered artificial diets containing crushed ladybirds of two species, and the ants' choice of feeding site noted. Both the diets were aversive compared to control, but that containing 7spot,Coccinella septempunctata L., was more aversive than the diet containing 2spot,Adalia bipunctata L. The implications of this lesser protection for 2spots in terms of the chemical defence of the species are discussed.
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  • 33
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    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 125-144 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pheromones ; exocrine glands ; behaviour ; trail pheromone ; Dufour gland ; poison gland ; pygidial gland ; chemotaxonomy ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chemical communication plays a very important role in the lives of many social insects. Several different types of pheromones (species-specific chemical messengers) of ants have been described, particularly those involved in recruitment, recognition, territorial and alarm behaviours. Properties of pheromones include activity in minute quantities (thus requiring sensitive methods for chemical analysis) and specificity (which can have chemotaxonomic uses). Ants produce pheromones in various exocrine glands, such as the Dufour, poison, pygidial and mandibular glands. A wide range of substances have been identified from these glands.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Accessory nuclei ; Morphogenetic signals ; Hymenoptera
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    Notes: Abstract Morphogenesis of accessory nuclei (AN) in chorionated oocytes of Cosmoconus meridionator is described. Initially, each AN contains two dense, morphologically distinct inclusions. During the final stages of postvitellogenesis, these inclusions undergo characteristic transformation that is followed by the extrusion of some substances from AN to the surrounding periplasm. Histo- and cytochemical tests indicate that both inclusions contain RNA, although their precise composition is different. Our results support previous suggestions on the involvement of AN in the distribution of morphogenetic signals.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Ant ; Stegomyrmex ; egg predation ; myriapod ; Neotropical ; Formicidae ; Hymenoptera
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    Notes: Summary For the first time for a Neotropical ant and for Myrmicinae, the searching behavior and specialized predation of spirobolid millipede eggs byStegomyrmex vizottoi Diniz will be described. The relationship between morphology and habits is studied, as are nest architecture and distribution of the ant population in the nest chambers. We also report on some observations of behavior in the field and laboratory.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Nest recognition ; landmark orientation ; Trigona (Tetragonisca) angustula ; stingless bees ; Hymenoptera
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    Notes: Summary We displaced a small nest box containing stingless bees (Trigona (Tetragonisca)angustula) over distances of up to 1.6 meters in different directions and counted the numbers of returning foragers to measure the effects of this manipulation on the homing ability of bees. Bees find it hard to locate the nest box when it was displaced more than about 1 m backwards, forwards or sideways relative to the direction into which the nest entrance pointed. They do not find the nest when its height above ground is changed. The bees use landmarks in the vicinity of the nest to locate it: When the nest box is displaced and landmark positions are changed so that their angular position at the new nest site is the same as at the normal nest position their homing ability is less impaired than it is without changes in landmark positions. Our results show that the bees do not use the nest box itself as a landmark until they have approached the nest position to within about 1 meter with the aid of surrounding landmarks.
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  • 37
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    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; ants ; inquilinism ; chromosome polymorphism ; hybridization
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The workerless, inquiline ant,Doronomyrmex kutteri has isolated populations with a haploid chromosome number ofn=23 both in the Alps (Swiss and South Tyrolean Alps) and in Sweden, and a population withn=25 in southern Germany. Crossbreeding of sexuals from all populations proved successful. Backcrosses of F1-females with males from the parental populations produced F2-females, and hybrid males withn=23, 24, or 25 chromosomes. The chromosome polymorphism is not due to B-chromosomes. Probably then=25 karyotype originated from then=23 karyotype by two Robertsonian fissions (2 ¯M → 4 ¯A), since then=25 karyotype was found in only one of the populations. Diploid males occurred frequently in colonies from four out of five sites investigated.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; sociotomy ; behaviour ; Ropalidia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Females of an Australian polistine wasp,Ropalidia plebeiana, often use their mandibles to cut their nest-comb in spring, dividing it into two or more completely independent nests. Prior to the division, each of the major egg layers, often with some subordinates, tended to occupy a different part of a single comb. These females gnawed cells in the intermediate zone between such “territories”, and ultimately divided the comb. Many other females also built new nests near the nest aggregations, but addition of new nests by comb cutting represented 34.8 % of the increase in nest number. This method of colony fission is so far unknown in any eusocial Hymenoptera.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; social wasps ; Polybia ; prey capture
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    Notes: Summary Polybia sericea (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) prey foraging was studied by following individual foragers as they hunted in the field, by observing how wasps handled prey once they had captured it, and by observing wasps as they returned to the nest with prey. Wasps were most likely to forage for prey between 0700 and 1300 hours and between 1600 and 1700 hours. The prey foraging sequence consisted of the behaviours high flight, search, touch, land, groom, walk, bite and malaxate. Captured small prey were malaxated and carried to the nest. Wasps removed the gut from large prey and dragged the meat up a twig or grass stem. A load of the meat was then bitten off and malaxated; the remainder was cached while the wasp made an orientation flight and returned to the nest. The forager returned within minutes for the remainder of the prey. Experiments demonstrated that caching the prey remains above the ground rather than close to the ground, where the prey are generally captured, reduces the chance that the prey will be found and expropriated by ants.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; ants ; Messor ; pleometrosis ; queens
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Starting colonies of the desert seed-harvester antMessor pergandei are clumped in the field and face severe intraspecific competition through brood raiding. Single foundress laboratory colonies ofM. pergandei are more likely to succeed at brood raiding with conspecific colonies if they are given additional workers and mature pupae several days prior to brood raiding. Per foundress fecundity remains constant across laboratory starting colonies established with 1, 3 and 5 foundresses. These results suggest that the selective advantage of cooperative colony foundation (pleometrosis) in this and similar species may derive directly from the ability of multiple foundresses to produce a larger brood raiding force.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; mimicry ; reflex bleeding ; variation ; alkaloid ; adaline ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Adalia bipunctata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 2-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (adaline)-rich defence fluid (reflex blood) in response to predator attack. Reflex fluid was collected from individual ladybirds and weighed and the alkaloid content measured by GC. The amount of fluid produced built up rapidly following winter hibernation in animals feeding on aphids. The concentration of adaline in the fluid was highest in the first bleeding after winter hibernation. A large sample of beetles was reflex bled several times. Significant among beetle variation was found in the amount of fluid produced and the concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that 2-spot ladybirds are Batesian mimics of 7-spot ladybirds and to the possible functions of adaline.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: defensive secretion ; hot secretion ; elytral flanges ; evolution ; benzoquinones ; hydrocarbons ; bombardier beetle ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Paussinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Australian bombardier beetle,Mystropomus regularis, sprays a mixture of quinones (1,4-benzoquinone, 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone) and hydrocarbons (principallyn-pentadecane). The defensive fluid ist generated explosively in two-chambered glands, and is ejected audibly and hot (maximal recorded temperature = 59°C).Mystropomus is a member of the paussoid lineage of bombardiers. In common with other members of the group, it has a pair of elytral flanges (flanges of Coanda), associated with the gland openings, that serve as launching guides for anteriorly-aimed ejections of spray. It is argued thatMystropomus may be the least derived of flanged paussoids, and the closest living relative of the most primitive of extant bombardiers (Metriini).
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; predator-prey interaction ; synergism ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; Bledius ; Carabidae ; Dyschirius ; Pogonus ; Dichirotrichus ; Formicinae ; Cataglyphis ; Dermaptera ; Labidura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in eitherγ-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides ; alkaloid sequestration ; defensive secretion ; host plant ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Oreina ; Asteraceae ; Adenostyles alliariae ; Senecio fuchsii ; Petasites paradoxus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Oreina cacaliae andO. speciosissima (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) sequester in their elytral and pronotal defensive secretions pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as Noxides (PA N-oxides). The PA N-oxide patterns found in the beetles and their host plants were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Of the three host plantsAdenostyles alliariae (Asteraceae) is the exclusive source for PA N-oxide sequestration in the defensive secretions of the beetles. With the exception of O-acetylseneciphylline the N-oxides of all PAs ofA. alliariae, i.e. senecionine, seneciphylline, spartioidine, integerrimine, platyphylline and neoplatyphylline were identified in the secretion. PA N-oxides typical ofSenecio fuchsii (Asteraceae) were detected in the bodies of the beetles but not in their secretion. No PAs were found in the leaves of the third host plant,Petasites paradoxus (Asteraceae). The results suggest the existence of two distinctive storage compartments for PA N-oxides in the beetle: (1) the defensive secretion, containing specifically PA N-oxides acquired fromA. alliariae; (2) the body of the beetle, sequestering additionally but less selectively PA N-oxides from other sources,e.g. S. fuchsii or monocrotaline N-oxide fed in the laboratory. The concentration of PA N-oxides in the defensive secretion is in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 mol/1, which is more than 2.5 orders of magnitude higher than that found in the body of the beetle. No significant differences exist in the ability of the two species of beetles to sequester PA N-oxides fromA. alliariae, althoughO. speciosissima, but notO. cacaliae, produces autogenous cardenolides. A negative correlation seems to exist between the concentrations of plant-derived PA N-oxides andde novo synthesized cardenolides in the defensive secretion ofO. speciosissima.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: larval frass ; predator ; prey ; biological control ; kairomones ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Dendroctonus micans ; Coleoptera ; Rhizophagidae ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Adults of the predatory beetleRhizophagus grandis are strongly attracted to both adult and larval frass of its specific prey,Dendroctonus micans, in walking bioassays. Spruce bark and resin are relatively unattractive. Solvent extracts of larval frass that were attractive toR. grandis adults in a flight wind tunnel contained a mixture of monoterpenes of host plant origin. A synthetic mixture of these monoterpenes, (+)—α-pinene, (−)—β-pinene, β-phellandrene,dl limonene and 3-carene, was responsible for 70–80% of the activity of the most attractive extract. We suggest that a blend of monoterpenes in frass acts as a kairomone forR. grandis but that attraction to monoterpenes is only the first of a sequence of behavioural responses that ensures successful host location and identification.
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  • 46
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    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 8-18 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: alkaloids ; feeding deterrence ; toxicity ; nectar ; pollen ; allelochemicals ; chemical defence ; Hymenoptera ; honeybee ; Apis mellifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of 63 dietary allelochemicals (alkaloids, terpenes, glycosides,etc.) on the feeding behaviour of bees (Apis mellifera) was tested in terms of deterrency and attraction. For 39 compounds a deterrent (mostly alkaloids, coumarins and saponins) and for 3 compounds an attractive response (mostly terpenes) was obtained in choice tests, which allowed the calculation of respective ED50-values. Under no-choice conditions, 17 out of 29 allelochemicals caused mortality at concentrations between 0.003 and 0.6%. Especially toxic were alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides. These data show that bees which are confronted with plant allelochemicals in nectar and pollen, are not especially adapted (i.e. insensitive) to the plants' defence chemistry. GLC and GLS-MS data are given on the alkaloid composition of nectar and pollen ofBrugmansia aurea, Atropa belladonna andLupinus polyphyllus.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Oocyte polarity ; Accessory nuclei ; Hymenoptera
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The progressive establishment of anteroposterior and dorsoventral polarity in developing oocytes ofCosmoconus meridionator is described. In fully grown oocytes, the asymmetrical (polar) organization is apparent in the localization of the oocyte nucleus (germinal vesicle) and oosome, and in the uneven (graded) distribution of lipid droplets, yolk spheres and specific organelles termed accessory nuclei (AN). The latter structures occur preferentially within the anteroventral periplasm. The developmental significance of AN is discussed.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Herbivory ; Host selection ; Maternal effect ; Paternal effect
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The natural host of Ophraella notulata is Iva frutescens (Asteraceae); its close relative feeds on a related plant, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. We reared beetles on both plants, obtained progeny from the four possible crosses (two sexes X two parental hosts), and reared the progeny on both plant species. Survival to the imaginal stage of progeny reared on Iva varied with both maternal and paternal host. Hatchling feeding response to both plants showed a maternal host X paternal host interaction. Consumption of Ambrosia by adult beetles was, counter to expectation, higher for progeny of Iva-reared males than Ambrosia-reared males. Oviposition response, although based on too few data to be definitive, was peculiar: parental host did not affect oviposition on Ambrosia; on Iva daughters of Iva-reared males laid significantly more eggs than did daughters of Ambrosia-reared males, but only if they had been reared on Iva; those reared on Ambrosia displayed the reverse pattern. We discuss the possibility that nongenetic paternal transmission of host plant effects may explain these results, but offer a somewhat uncomfortable hypothesis of selection as a preferable explanation. An important outcome of the experiment is that it provided no evidence of maternal effects of host plant on offspring feeding or oviposition.
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  • 49
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    Oecologia 95 (1993), S. 410-415 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Clutch size ; Parasitoid ; Aphaereta minuta ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Clutch size decisions by Aphaereta minuta (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a polyphagous, gregarious, larval-pupal endoparasitoid, were studied under laboratory conditions. This parasitoid attacks larvae of Diptera inhabiting ephemeral microhabitats such as decaying plant and animal material. Females oviposit in young larval stages, but the eventual size of the host pupa determines host food availability for competing offspring. The size of the pupa can differ greatly between host species. We questioned how A. minuta females deal with this delay between the moment of oviposition and eventual host food availability, and whether they make clutch size decisions that benefit their fitness. It was shown that females indeed vary their clutch size considerably and in an adaptive way: (1) females lay larger clutches in larvae of host species that produce larger pupae, even when the larvae are the same size at the moment of oviposition, and (2) females lay larger clutches in larger larvae than in smaller larvae of the same host species. The latter seems functional as larvae parasitized at an older stage indeed developed into larger pupae compared to larvae parasitized at a younger stage. Furthermore, mortality of parasitized young host larvae was greater than that of both unparasitized larvae and parasitized older larvae. Under field conditions the risk of mortality of young host larvae is expected to be even higher due to the limited period of microhabitat (host food) availability, strong scramble type competition between the host larvae, and the longer period of being exposed to predation.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Infochemicals ; Kairomone ; Drosophila
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parasitoids that forage for herbivorous hosts by using infochemicals may have a problem concerning the reliability and detectability of these stimuli: host stimuli are highly reliable but not very detectable at a distance, while stimuli from the host's food are very detectable but generally not very reliable in indicating host presence. One solution to this problem is to learn to link highly detectable stimuli to reliable but not very detectable stimuli. Ample knowledge is available on how associative learning aids foraging parasitoids in the location of suitable microhabitats. However, in this paper we report on another solution to the reliability-detectability problem and present evidence for an essential, but as yet overlooked, aspect of Drosophila parasitoid ecology. For the first time it is shown that a parasitoid of Drosophila larvae spies on the communication system of adult Drosophila flies to locate potential host sites: naive parasitoids strongly respond to a volatile aggregation pheromone that is deposited in the oviposition site by recently mated female flies. Thus, the parasitoids resort to using highly detectable information from a host stage different from the one under attack (i.e. infochemical detour). The function and ecological implications of these findings are discussed.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Ectopasitoids ; Oviposition ; Interspecific competition ; Host recognition
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) is a tropical beetle (Coleoptera Bruchidae) that develops during the larval and pupal stages in the seeds of a legume Vigna unguiculata (Walp). Two species of Hymenoptera, Dinarmus basalis (Rond) and Eupelmus vuilleti (Craw), solitary ectoparasitoids of the larvae and pupae of B. atrolineatus, were introduced successively in the presence of their hosts, varying the interval between the two introductions. When D. basalis females were introduced 24 h, 3 days or 7 days after E. vuilleti, multiparasitism was low. The females had low fecundity, and their eggs were not distributed randomly over the different available hosts. When E. vuilleti females were introduced second, they oviposited on the different hosts availabe and did not avoid multiparasitism. The presence of hosts already parasitised by D. basalis increased the reproduction of E. vuilleti, and the fecundity of the females was higher than in control batches with E. vuilleti alone. E. vuilleti seems capable of detecting the ovipositor shafts drilled by the D. basalis females, and by introducing its own ovipositors killing the D. basalis eggs or larvae. When interspecific competition was occurring the number of E. vuilleti adults emerging from the seeds was no different from that observed in control batches with E. vuilleti alone, and there were always fewer D. basalis adults than in control batches (D. basalis alone). This interspecific competition reduces the influence of the two parasitoids in the biological control of bruchid populations.
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  • 52
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    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rhynchophorus palmarum ; American palm weevil ; (2E)-6-methy1-2-hepten-4-ol ; synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male American palm weevils (APWs),Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) produced two sex-specific compounds, which were disclosed by volatile collections on Supelpak-2 and gas chromatography. One was a minor compound, not always detected. The major male-produced volatile was identified as (2E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol through coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and rational synthesis. We propose the trivial name rhynchophorol for this new molecule, which proved to be the essential component of the APW aggregation pheromone by electroantennography, coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography and behavioral bioassays.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetle ; verbenone ; ipsdienol ; pheromones ; inhibitors ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract DendroctonusBrevicomis andIps paraconfusus are sympatric bark beetle species colonizingPinus ponderosa in western North America. Interspecific and intraspecific competition for resources is, in part, mediated through semiochemicals. The response ofD. brevicomis to its attractant pheromone was significantly reduced by simultaneous release of either verbenone or racemic ipsdienol. Trap catch was significantly further reduced by including both inhibitors with the attractant pheromones. However, although the response ofIps paraconfusus was significantly inhibited with the addition of either verbenone or racemic ipsdienol, both compounds together did not result in a significant further reduction in trap catch. There was a trend for greater reduction in response ofD. brevicomis to attractant pheromones with increased release rates of either 69% (+)-/31% (−)-verbenone or 84% (−)-/16% (+)-verbenone. Response of associates to attractants and inhibitor combinations was also determined.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus oryzae ; Curculionidae ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; Bostrichidae ; Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Cucujidae ; Tribolium castaneum ; Tenebrionidae ; Coleoptera ; essential oils ; fumigant toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The fumigant toxicity of 28 essential oils extracted from various spice and herb plants and some of their major constituents were assessed for adult coleopteransRhyzopertha dominica, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum, andSitophilus oryzae. Three groups of active materials were distinguished: (1) The compounds terpinen 4-ol, 1,8-cineole, and the essential oils of three-lobed sage, sage, bay laurel, rosemary, and lavender were most active againstR. dominica; (2) The compounds linalool,α-terpineol, and carvacrol and the essential oils of oregano, basil, Syrian marjoram, and thyme were most active againstO. surinamensis; and (3) the compound 1,8-cineole and the essential oils anise and peppermint were active againstT. castaneum.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips pini ; Thanasimus dubius ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bark beetleIps pini (Say) displays variation in its response to and production of enantiomeric blends of its pheromone ipsdienol. One of the principal predators ofIps pini isThanasimus dubius (F.), which uses ipsdienol as a kairomone for prey location. During 1988 and 1989, in Wisconsin and Michigan, the response of both species to a range of enantiomeric blends of ipsdienol was investigated. Blends tested had the following ratios of the (S)-(+) to (R)-(−) enantiomers: 3%∶97%, 25%∶75%, 50%∶50%, 75%∶25%, and 97%∶3%. Either75% (+) ∶ 25% (−) or 50% (+)∶ 50% (−) ipsdienol captured the mostIps pini in both years at both sites. The 25% (+)∶75% (−) blend also caught moreIps pini than the control during both years at both sites. All blends tested were attractive toThanasimus dubius in both years at both locations. Blend preferences of both species were variable and labile at both sites. Response patterns of both species in Wisconsin were different from those in Michigan each year. Furthermore, response patterns of both species to the ipsdienol blends changed from 1988 to 1989 at both locations. A genetic component to this variation would permit predator-prey coevolution, as well as the development of resistance byIps pini to management strategies based on mass-trapping with single blends.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Hypera postica ; alfalfa weevil ; Medicago rugosa ; Medicago sativa ; insect resistance ; (Z)-oxacyclotridec10-en-2-one ; cis-9-dodecen-12-olide ; (Z)-12-hydroxydodec-9-enoic acid lactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Steam distillate prepared from leaves ofMedicago rugosa Desr. could inhibit feeding by adult alfalfa weevils (Hypera postica (Gyll.) on membrane filters, whereas an equivalent amount of steam distillate prepared usingM. sativa L. had no effect on weevil feeding. Earlier work established that a 12-carbon lactone, (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one, was responsible for the feeding deterrent properties of the steam distillate fromM. rugosa. The concentration of this volatile varied with plant age and leaf position. The maximum concentration in leaves ofM. rugosa (area basis) was estimated, on the basis of tests using an inert substrate, to be too low to cause a detectable inhibition of feeding. No correlation between lactone content and weevil feeding was detected when leaves from similar positions on plants of different ages were used in a multiple choice bioassay. Although small amounts (〈 12.5μg) of (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one can inhibit adult alfalfa weevil feeding on 13-mm-diameter membrane filters, because leaf concentrations (area basis) of this compound are lower than required to cause a detectable inhibition of feeding on the inert substrate, and because concentrations do not correlate with weevil feeding, it is unlikely that this lactone is responsible for resistance to adult alfalfa weevil feeding exhibited byM. rugosa.
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  • 58
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 557-566 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bee ; Nomada lathburiana ; nest parasite ; cephalic secretion ; terpenoids ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; cuckoo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of new sesquiterpene ketones and norsesquiterpene ketones could be identified from the cephalic secretion of females of the cuckoo bee,Nomada lathburiana (K.). The major component proved to be 2,6,10-trimethylundeca-(5E)-2,5,9-trien-4-one. Large amounts of high-boiling-point straight-chain hydrocarbons serve as solvents for the volatile, unstable ketones.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ahasverus advena (Waltl) ; foreign grain beetle ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; 1-octen-3-ol ; volatile attractant ; aggregation pheromone ; population density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles were captured on Porapak Q from foreign grain beetles,Ahasverus advena (Waltl), feeding on rolled oats at various population densities. At low population density, males, females, and mixed-sex beetles four to six weeks posteclosion and older produced 1-octen-3-ol. Mixed-sex beetles emitted almost pure (R)-(−) enantiomer. Weekly production rates of 1-octen-3-ol by males were at least four times greater than those of females. Production of 1-octen-3-ol was barely detectable in volatiles from mixed-sex adults maintained at the highest population density. Laboratory bioassays in a two-choice, pitfall olfactometer modified to retain responding beetles revealed that 1-octen-3-ol serves as an aggregation pheromone forA. advena. Both racemic and chiral 1-octen-3-ols were good attractants for mixed-sex adults in the pitfall olfactometer.
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  • 60
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1517-1527 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; chirality ; Ips latidens ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; predator ; kairomone ; Enoclerus sphegeus ; Thanasimus undatulus ; Cleridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ipsenol was identified from the frass of male, but not female,Ips latidens from British Columbia, feeding in phloem tissue of lodgepole pine,Pinus contorta var.latifolia. The responses ofJ. latidens to sources of ips-enol andcis-verbenol were determined with multiple-funnel traps in stands of lodgepole pine in British Columbia. Ipsenol attracted both male and femaleI. latidens, verifying that it is a pheromone for this species. MaleI. latidens showed a slight preference for (S)-(−)-ipsenol.cis-Verbenol was not produced by beetles of either sex and, in contrast to an earlier report, both enantiomers inhibited attraction to ipsenol-baited traps. The predators,Enoclerus sphegeus andThanasimus undatulus (Cleridae), were attracted to traps baited withcis-verbenol and ipsenol.
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  • 61
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1811-1819 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Atta cephalotes ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; attine fungus ; fungal performance ; condensed tannin ; hydrolyzable tannin ; polyphenol oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf-cutting antAtta cephalotes is a generalist herbivore of the neotropics and collects leaf material to cultivate a fungus. It appears that this fungus, a Basidiomycete, is responsible for the ability of the ants to utilize most of the available woody plant species. Tannins and other phenolics are ubiquitous secondary chemicals in woody plants, and Basidiomycete fungi produce enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase, that are capable of polymerizing and inactivating the phenolics. This study evaluates the effects of a condensed and a hydrolyzable tannin on the activity of polyphenoi oxidase and the growth of the fungus. I hypothesized that low concentrations of tannin would not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but high concentrations would inhibit the enzyme. Consequently, I predicted that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit fungal growth. Laboratory assays with the fungus indicated that hydrolyzable tannin (tannic acid) and condensed tannin (quebracho tannin) differ in the mechanism of inhibition. Tannic acid does not inhibit polyphenol oxidase activity but does inhibit fungal growth. Quebracho tannin, however, inhibits both polyphenol oxidase activity and fungal growth. As predicted, both tannic acid and quebracho tannin primarily inhibit the fungus at high concentrations.
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  • 62
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2021-2034 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rapeseed ; Brassica spp. ; isothiocyanate ; thiocyanate ; defatted ; seed meal ; allelochemicals ; Limonius infuscatus ; wireworms ; Coleoptera ; Elateridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant pests are suppressed by the incorporation of cruciferous plant material into soil. Although this effect is attributed to decomposition of glucosinolates into toxic products, little is known concerning glucosinolate degradation in the soil environment. Arenas (30 × 18 × 8 cm) that contained soil amended with 30 g defatted winter rapeseed meal (Brassica napus L.)/kg soil on one half and unamended soil on the other were constructed. Isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil were measured using infrared analysis of CC14 extracts, and ionic thiocyanate (SCN−) using ion chromatography on aqueous extracts. Quantities were monitored during a 100-hr time period in conjunction with a wireworm bioassay. Isothiocyanate production reached a maximum of 301 nmol/g soil at 2 hr, but decreased by 90% within 24 hr. Production of SCN− reached a maximum of 180 nmol/g soil at 8 hr but persisted longer than isothiocyanate. Separate late instar wire-worms (Limonius infuscatus Mots.) were repelled by the presence of rapeseed meal in less than 24 hr even though the meal was shown in separate experiments not to be toxic. We propose that rapidly produced isothiocyanates are responsible for this repellency, but other products such as SCN− may play a role.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Cruciferae ; tritrophic interactions ; foraging behavior ; host-habitat location ; herbivoreinduced synomones ; flight chamber ; infochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recently parasitoids were hypothesized to encounter a reliability-detectability problem relating to chemical stimuli from the first and second trophic level, when searching for hosts. The relative role of infochemicals originating from the host,Pieris brassicae (second trophic level), and its food plant, cabbage (first trophic level), have been investigated with respect to long-range host location by the larval parasitoidCotesia glomerata. Flight-chamber dual choice tests showed that uninfested cabbage plants are least attractive to female wasps. Host larvae and their feces were more attractive than clean plants but far less attractive than artificially damaged and herbivore-damaged plants. The plant-host complex, with host larvae actively feeding on the plant, was the most attractive odor source for the parasitoids. The data indicate that one of the solutionsC. glomerata uses to solve the reliability-detectability problem is to respond to infochemicals that are emitted from herbivore-damaged plants. Whether these infochemicals are herbivore-induced synomones that are produced by the plant remains to be demonstrated. Infochemicals emitted by the herbivore or its by-products are of little importance in the foraging behavior ofC. glomerata.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Encelia farinosa ; Asteraceae ; Trirhabda geminata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; feeding preferences ; acidic deposition ; plant stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Container grownEncelia farinosa were exposed to three 3-hr episodes of acidic fog (pH 2.5) typical of events in southern California. Adults and larvae of the specialist leaf-feeding herbivore,Trirhabda geminata, preferred to feed on the acidic-treated foliage compared to control fogged (pH 6.3–6.5) foliage. Previous feeding damage on the plants did not affect feeding preference. The acidic-fogged foliage was significantly higher in total nitrogen and soluble protein but not different from control-treated tissue in water content. Stress on native populations of this drought-deciduous shrub caused by atmospheric pollutants may also result in altered feeding ecology of the beetle.
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  • 65
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 395-410 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oreina gloriosa ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; chemical defense ; cardenolides ; quantitative variation ; aging ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion of the alpine chrysomelidOreina gloriosa is a complex mixture of mainly cardenolides and tyrosine betaine. Individually sampled secretions of adult laboratory-reared and field-collected beetles were analyzed by reverse-phase HPLC; 16 secretion components were quantified. Quantities and concentrations of different components were significantly affected by the age, sex, and reproductive status of individual beetles. Aging was correlated with marked increases (up to 4.4-fold) and decreases (up to 2.7-fold) of quantities and concentrations of several components. Differences between the sexes were smaller, but quantities of all components and concentrations of several components were larger in laboratory-reared females than in males. There was less of one component of the secretion in mated than unmated females, but the concentrations of four secretion components were higher (up to 1.6-fold) in mated females.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rapeseed ; Brassica spp. ; allyl isothiocyanate ; glucosinolates ; allelochemicals ; Limonius californicus (Mann.) ; Coleoptera ; Elateridae ; toxicity ; sublethal effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Acute toxicity of soil amended with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) to three size classes ofLimonius californicus (Mann.) wireworms was determined in the laboratory. Wireworms were exposed to AITC at initial concentrations of 120–300 nmol/g soil for one day. During this time, extractable AITC concentrations decreased by 66 to 93 %. Probit analysis estimated LC50 values of 238 and 226 nmol/g soil at one day posttreatment for medium and large wireworms, respectively. For small wireworms, LC50 values decreased from 211 to 157 nmol/g soil during 1–137 days posttreatment. Sublethal concentrations of AITC significantly reduced feeding activity of treated wireworms at three posttreatment times and over the entire 137 days. Wireworm weight was not significantly affected by AITC. The potential exists to use glucosinolate-containing plant tissue as an isothiocyanate (ITC) source to reduce crop damage caused byL. californicus wireworms.
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  • 67
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1219-1231 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host recognition behavior ; entomopathogenic nematodes ; feces ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Popillia japonica ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Blattella germanica ; Blatteria ; BlattellidaeAcheata domesticus ; Orthoptera ; Gryllidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may occur through contact with insects' excretory products, cuticle, or gut contents. We analyzed the behavioral responses of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes during contact with feces of natural or experimental hosts. Host recognition by nematodes was manifested in alterations in the frequency and/or duration of one or more search parameters including forward crawling, headwaving, body-waving, stopping, backward crawling, head-rubbing, and headthrusting.Heterorhabditis bacteriophora andSteinernema glaseri showed behavioral responses to contact with feces of their natural hosts,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera) andPopillia japonica (Coleoptera), and to the experimental hosts,Acheata domesticus (Orthoptera) andBlatella germanica (Blatteria).Steinernema carpocapsae responded only toB. germanica feces, whereas5. scapterisci did not significantly respond to any of the insect species. During contact with cockroach feces, all nematodes, exceptS. scapterisci, showed avoidance behavior. We suggest that ammonia present in cockroach feces is inhibitory to nematodes. Specific host recognition by entomopathogenic nematodes may be an important mechanism to maintain host affinities.
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  • 68
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1315-1321 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dufour's gland ; poison gland ; myrmicine ant ; alkanes ; alkenes ; anabaseine ; anabasine ; alkaloids ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Cape harvester ant,Messor capensis (Mayr), is widespread in the more arid regions of southern Africa, where it forms trails many meters long and harvests considerable quantities of seeds. The poison gland contains primarily the alkaloid, anabaseine, with minor amounts of the related alkaloid, anabasine, and an unidentified compound. The Dufour's gland contains predominantly alkanes and alkenes of carbon chain length 12–23.n-Pentadecane is the major component, with lesser amounts ofn-pentadecene,n-tridecane,n-heptadecane,n-tetradecane,n-heneicosene, andn-tricosene. The dienes,n-heneicosadiene andn-tricosadiene are rather unusual components of the Dufour's gland of ants.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Holotrichia parallela ; large black chafer ; scarab beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; isoleucine methyl ester ; linalool ; sex pheromone ; circabidian periodicity ; pheromone titer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (R)-(−)-Linalool was identified as a minor component sex pheromone of the scarab beetleHolotrichia parallela (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Field evaluations revealed that, although not attractive per se, (R)-(−)-linalool enhances the attractiveness of the major sex pheromone,L-isoleucine methyl ester (LIME). Analyses of the pheromone titers in the glands of field-collected females demonstrated the occurrence of peak levels of 48-hr (“circabidian”) periodicity. The levels of LIME in the glands of 45-day-old virgin females increased over three times from the scototo the photophase of a calling day, but the amounts of (R)-(−)-linalool did not significantly change. Virgin females had in average two times more LIME and 3.6 times more (R)-(−)-linalool than the average amount found in the field-captured beetles throughout the season.
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  • 70
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1453-1459 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Anomala schonfeldti ; Popillia japonica ; scarab beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; 2-(E)-nonenol ; sex pheromone ; mark-and-recapture ; field test ; mass trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic 2-(E)-nonenol, previously identified as the sex pheromone ofAnomala schonfeldti (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is demonstrated to be very attractive to males in the field. Nevertheless, no significant differences were found between treatments with 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg dosages. Males ofA. schonfeldti were more significantly attracted to traps at 30 cm high than at 90 cm. Although the observed behavior seemed to indicate a trend of more attraction to buried traps than those placed at 30 cm, there was no statistical difference between the two treatments. Pheromone-baited traps caught significantly more beetles than traps containing three virgin females. Over 70% of released beetles were recaptured in six traps surrounding the point of release and separated from each other by 50 m, suggesting a possible use of the pheromone (in combination with floral compounds) in mass trapping.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Tenebrionidae ; larvae ; defensive glands ; quinone ; naphthoquinone ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The abdominal glands of three bark-inhabiting larvae of generaBolitochara, Leptusa (Staphylinidae), andHypophloeus (Tenebrionidae) were studied chemically and morphologically. Behavior of the larvae indicated that secretion is emitted only after severe disturbance of the larvae. These mechanical contacts may also occur incidentally with coinhabiting nonpredatory arthropods when the beetle larvae move within small interstices under bark. Depending on the species, the secretions contained 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives and three 6-alkyl-naphthoquinones dissolved within various alkanes, alkenes, ethyl-, isopropyl-, and isoamylesters. More erratically distributed gland constituents also detected were acetophenone, benzyl propionate, and methyl hydroxybenzoate. In the laboratory, synthetic quinone-containing solutions simulating those found inLeptusa andBolitochara larvae acted as strong topical irritants and caused further damage to last-stageCalliphora vomitoria larvae if hydrocarbons or esters were used as solvents. The natural secretions ofHypophloeus versipellis elicited considerable mortality in two subcortical sciarid larvae cooccurring with tenebrionid larvae. Bioassay and secretion chemistry of the Staphylinidae/Tenebrionidae larval secretions indicated that they are typical defensive secretions that act topically. Morphological data characterized Bolitocharini larvae as possessing protuberant abdominal tergites supplied with an interiorly situated gland reservoir. After mechanical contact, the defensive secretion is topically applied to other arthropods by dabbing this tergal protuberance on targets. The defensive gland ofHypophloeus versipellis is unusual in possessing a movable reservoir opening situated at the anterior border of tergite IX. By this peculiar gland morphologyHypophloeus larvae are capable of shooting secretion droplets frontally from their slightly depressed dorsal abdominal surface without bending their abdominal tips dorsally. This seems an adaptation to the interstitial habitat of the larvae. The types of defensive glands and their phylogenetic value in Aleocharinae/Tenebrionidae larvae are discussed.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hylastes cunicularius ; Hylastes brunneus ; Hylastes opacus ; Dryocoetes autographus ; Hylobius abietis ; Hylobius pinastri ; α-pinene ; terpenes ; turpentine ; ethanol ; ground traps ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of threeHylastes species,Dryocoetes autographus, and twoHylobius species to terpenes and ethanol were studied in field experiments on clear-cut forest sites in Sweden using baited ground traps.α-Pinene alone did not attract any of the six species. A terpene blend (spruce turpentine consisting mainly ofα-pinene,β-pinene, and 3-carene) attractedHylastes cunicularius, H. brunneus, andHylobius abietis in some experiments, but not in others. The attractiveness of ethanol also varied; the only species consistently attracted wasH. abietis. Baits containing both terpenes and ethanol, particularly the combination of spruce turpentine and ethanol, were attractive to all species exceptHylobius pinastri. InH. abietis, the terpene plus ethanol/ ethanol catch ratios increased during early summer. Seasonal differences in catch levels were observed inH. cunicularius andH. abietis. The addition ofα-pinene reduced the attractiveness of the combination of spruce turpentine and ethanol toH. cunicularius, H. opacus, andD. autographus. The differences in response to the volatiles between species are probably related to differences in reproductive behavior and host preferences.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; social bees ; wasp ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In only 1 bee species(Tetragona clavipes) of 24 sampled in 145 colonies (0.69%) did we detect the presence of more than one allele for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), an enzyme that is involved in flight. In 34 colonies containing 9 wasp species, 5 colonies of only 2 species(Polybia paulista andP. sericea) showed variation in larval G-3-PDH (14.7%). The small amount of variation observed for theG-3-PDH-1 locus in the bee and wasp species analyzed in the present study agrees with that reported for the G-3-PDH system in other insects.
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  • 74
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    Biochemical genetics 29 (1991), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; bees ; wasps ; isozymes ; Hymenoptera
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) isozymes were investigated in several bee and wasp species to verify if variations detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes are closely related to the age and activity of adult workers in the nest or hive of social species. In the solitary, the semisocial, and one social bee species, no phenotypic variations were detected for G-3-PDH-2 isozymes, and this was also the case for all wasp species investigated which were characterized as social. These results allow us to suggest that the variation detected in G-3-PDH-2 isozymes is a phenomenon closely related not only to adult age and activity in the hive, but also to a gradual acquisition of the ability to fly, which is not present in newly emerged worker meliponids in particular.
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  • 75
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    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 71-75 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Malus ; Medicago sativa ; Salvia glutinosa ; Hymenoptera ; Apoidea ; Apis mellifera ; Bombus ; Floral constancy ; foraging ; pollination ; social behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Contrary to most other bee species honeybees are highly eusocial and hold extremely long-lived societies. Their all-season activities force them to use whatever plants available and prevent any specific adaptations — in the flowers, in honeybees, and in all competing bees. This flexible behaviour in flowers has been a precondition for perennial colony life. But as bees evade becoming contaminated by pollen their visits often do not result in pollination. Honeybee monocultures thus must be avoided by all means.
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  • 76
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    Genetica 88 (1993), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: egg activation ; fertilization ; Hymenoptera ; sex determination ; vitellogenin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hymenopteran insects are a unique group of animals in which arrhenotokous reproduction (haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs) is a rule. Males produce sperm through a non-reductional maturation division. A sawfly species,Athalia rosae ruficornis Jakovlev (Tenthredinidae, Symphyta, Hymenoptera), has been introduced as a new experimental material for studies on genetics and developmental biology. Basic features relating to the potential usefulness of the species in elucidating some of the important genetic and developmental biological problems are described.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polygraphus rufipennis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; aggregation pheromone ; bark beetle ; black spruce ; 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Porapak Q-captured volatiles of malePolygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) boring in black spruce and white spruce from Newfoundland and British Columbia, respectively, contained 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol. Volatiles from logs in which the males had been joined by females contained the compound in reduced quantities. Hindgut extracts from male and femaleP. rufipennis disclosed no male-specific volatiles, but 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol was detected in extracts of male-produced frass. The compound was not present in extracts from fresh phloem tissue.P. rufipennis of both sexes responded strongly in the field to traps baited with 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol released at 4390 μg/day. There was little response to unbaited traps, fresh uninfested black spruce logs, or to 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol released at lower rates. Combination of 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol with either one of five terpenes prevalent in black spruce did not enhance beetle catch. Approximately half of 20 black spruce trees baited with 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol were attacked, compared to 20.0% of 10 unbaited control trees. This new aggregation pheromone could be used to monitor or manageP. rufipennis populations.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus micans ; Dendroctonus valens ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Rhizophagidae ; Scolytidae ; oviposition stimuli ; biological control ; monoterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract During a laboratory study evaluatingRhizophagus grandis (a specific native predator of the Eurasian bark beetle,Dendroctonus micans), as a potential biocontrol agent against the North American bark beetle,Dendroctonus valens, it was found that feeding larvae and laboratory-produced frass of the potential prey elicited very high oviposition responses in the predator. Comparative chemical analysis of this laboratory-produced larval frass revealed that one major volatile compound, (-)-fenchone, is associated with the larvae of bothDendroctonus species.D. micans also generated pinocamphone while oxygenated monoterpenes in the frass ofD. valens were camphor,cis-4-thujanol, fenchol, terpinen-4-ol, myrtenal, pinocarvone, borneol, verbenone, piperitone, campholenaldehyde,trans-myrtanol,cis-myrtanol,p-cymen-8-ol and 5-oxo-camphor. This range of prey-produced compounds with a possible biological effect onR. grandis was narrowed down subsequent to comparative analysis of field-collected larval frass. (-)-Fenchone, pinocamphone, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, borneol, fenchol, and verbenone were found to be common to both prey species. A mixture of these seven components was tested in a bioassay, where it elicited as much oviposition as did larval frass ofD. micans. The oviposition stimulants forR. grandis are thus clearly among the mixture's constituents.
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  • 79
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1177-1195 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Atta cephalotes ; attine ants ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Inga oerstediana ; plant-herbivore interactions ; host selection ; condensed tannins ; fungal performance ; polyphenol oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments indicate that the foliar concentration of condensed tannin affects the selection of leaf material ofInga oerstediana Benth., a tropical legume tree, by leaf cutter ants. In one study an increase in tannin concentration was correlated with a decrease in the acceptability of leaves to leaf-cutter ants, except at low tannin concentrations. Protein concentration was not correlated with acceptability nor was the ratio of protein to tannin. Results from a second study suggest that when the concentration of tannin was low the ants appear to select leaves on the basis of nutrient availability. Laboratory assays with the ants indicated that quebracho tannin, a commercially available condensed tannin, inhibits foraging ants. Again, at lower concentrations, quebracho tannin appeared to have little affect on the ants. The fungus the ants cultivate is a wood-rotting Basidiomycete that produces enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), that are capable of inactivating tannins. The activity of these PPOs may explain why leaf-cutter ants are undeterred by low concentrations of condensed tannins. I hypothesized that PPO activity would be absent from fungal cultures without tannin and that only high concentrations of tannin would inhibit the fungus. Cultures with and without tannin showed similar PPO activity. Thus PPO activity is constitutive. In fact, as fungal biomass increased, so did PPO activity. As hypothesized, only high concentrations of quebracho tannin inhibited PPO activity and fungal growth. However, it is not clear whether the ants can discriminate between concentrations that do and do not inhibit the fungus.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; Carpophilus hemipterus ; dried fruit-beetle ; host-finding ; yeast ; wind tunnel ; attaction ; volatiles ; headspace
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical basis underlying orientation to fruit and fungal odors was investigated for the dried-fruit beetle,Carpophilus hemipterus (L.). In wind-tunnel bioassays of walking and flight response from 1.8 m, beetles were attracted to odors of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae on agar, aseptic banana, or banana inoculated withS. cerevisiae, although both banana substrates elicited greater response than the yeast alone. When presented in a two-choice bioassay, the yeast-inoculated banana attracted approximately twice as many beetles as did the aseptic banana. GC-MS analysis of the headspace volatiles above these odor sources revealed a somewhat more complex and concentrated volatile profile for yeast-inoculated banana than for aseptic banana. The odor from yeast on agar had fewer components, and these were present at lower concentrations than the odors of either banana substrate. By blending mineral-oil or aqueous solutions of the 18 components of inoculated-banana odor in varying concentrations, it was possible to mimic closely the headspace profile of the natural odor. This synthetic odor also elicited beetle attraction in the wind tunnel at levels comparable to the inoculated banana. Through a series of bioassays in which individual components were subtracted from or added to a synthetic odor blend, it was determined that ethyl acetate, acetaldehyde, 2-pentanol, and 3-methylbutanol comprised the simplest blend of compounds evoking full behavioral response. However, 2-methylpropanol or butanol were apparently interchangeable with 3-methylbutanol in this blend, and comparable response could also be elicited by replacing acetaldehyde with a combination of both 2-pentanone and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Thus, our results suggest that this generalist insect herbivore locates its hosts by a long-range response to a variety of blends of common fruit volatiles, whose concentrations are enhanced by fungi.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microplitis croceipes ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; parasitoid ; host-finding ; behavior ; feces odors ; attraction ; 13-methylhentriacontane ; associative learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When experienced by contact with feces from hosts feeding on cowpeas, laboratory-reared females ofMicroplitis croceipes, a larval parasitoid ofHeliothis spp., orient and fly to odors of the same feces, whereas naive laboratory-reared females do not. Flight-tunnel studies revealed that associative learning occurs during female encounters with hosts and host products. When females antennate host feces, they learn to recognize the volatile odors associated with the feces. Females even can be conditioned to respond to novel and otherwise unattractive odors such as vanilla extract by exposure to these volatile substances in association with a water extract of the feces. They apparently link the volatile odors with a nonvolatile hostspecific recognition chemical found in the feces. The antennating stimulant, 13-methylhentriacontane, was found to be a valuable ingredient, apparently as a facilitator of the initial antennation and subsequent linkage of the volatiles to the nonvolatile host recognition cue.
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  • 82
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1897-1908 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Megalomyrmex ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; venom ; alkaloids ; ants ; trans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidine ; 3,5-dialkylpyrrolizidine ; Hofmann degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analyses of three species in the Neotropical ant genusMegalomyrmex have identified this taxon as the third myrmicine genus to produce alkaloids as major venom products. Workers ofM. leoninus and workers and ergatoids ofM. goeldii produce one or more of fourtrans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidines previously identified in other myrmicine genera.M. modestus, on the other hand, is distinctive in producing the novel alkaloid (5E,8E)-3-butyl-5-hexylpyrrolizidine (5d), whose structure was established using a micro-Hofmann degradation sequence. The relationship ofMegalomyrmex to other alkaloid-producing ant genera is discussed along with the possible chemotaxonomic significance of the analyzed species when viewed in terms of the recognized species groups in this genus.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia marginiventris ; corn ; parasitoid ; host searching ; semiochemicals ; synomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles released from corn seedlings on which beet armyworm larvae were feeding were attractive to females of the parasitoid,Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), in flight tunnel bioassays. Analyses of the collected volatiles revealed the consistent presence of 11 compounds in significant amounts. They were: (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)- 3-hexen-1-yl acetate, linalool, (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, indole, α-trans-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, and (3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1, 3,7,ll-tridecatetraene. A synthetic blend of all 11 compounds was slightly less attractive to parasitoid females than an equivalent natural blend. However, preflight experience with the synthetic blend instead of experience with a regular plant-host complex significantly improved the response to the synthetic blend. Our results suggest thatC. marginiventris females, in their search for hosts, use a blend of airborne semiochemicals emitted by plants on which their hosts feed. The response to a particular odor blend dramatically increases after a parasitoid experiences it in association with contacting host by-products.
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  • 84
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2323-2332 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Galeruca tanaceti ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; anthraquinones ; eggs ; larvae ; hemolymph ; ovaries ; Tanacetum vulgäre ; Achillea millefolium ; feeding deterrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The overwintering eggs and the larvae of the leaf beetleGaleruca tanaceti (L.) contain hydroxylated anthraquinones. In both developmental stages, l,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (= chrysophanol) and 1,8-di-hydroxyanthraquinone (= chrysazin) were detected by GC-MS and GC-FTIR analyses. In the eggs, chrysazin was found only in traces. Anthraquinones were also present in ovaries and hemolymph of gravid females, which were investigated in order to examine the incorporation of these substances into the eggs. Neither in acidified nor in nonacidified extracts of the host plantsTanacetum vulgäre L. andAchillea millefolium L. were anthraquinones found. The activity of these anthraquinones as chemical defense substances was proved in bioassays with the antMyrmica ruginodis NYL. Further possible biological significances of anthraquinones are discussed.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum ; tomato ; glandular trichomes ; Trichogramma pretiosum ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; plant-insect interaction ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-undecanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The glandular trichome/methyl ketone-mediated insect resistance of the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, toManduca sexta (L.) andLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was shown to affect adverselyTrichogramma pretiosum Riley. AdultT. pretiosum were killed by direct contact with PI 134417 foliage and by exposure to its volatiles. This effect was greatly reduced or eliminated by removing the exudate of the glandular trichomes from the foliage. 2-Tridecanone, a principal consituent of the foliar glandular trichomes of PI 134417, was toxic to adultT. pretiosum at concentrations similar to those associated with PI 134417 foliage. Incubation of parasitizedHelicoverpa (=Heliothis) zea (Boddie) eggs on PI 134417 foliage or 2-tridecanone-treated filter paper significantly reduced the proportion of eggs producing adult parasitoids. Similarly, incubation of parasitizedH. zea eggs on filter paper treated with 2-undecanone, another constituent of the glandular trichomes of PI 134417, caused an increase in the percentage of host eggs containing dead parasitoid pupae.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 989-1005 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant resistance ; host-plant selection ; glycoalkaioids ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Lycopersicon ; α-tomatine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of the steroidal glycoalkaloid α-tomatine in the hostplant resistance of tomato to the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was examined in short- (24 hr; using first- and fourth-instar larvae) and long-term (first-instar larvae reared through the prepupal stage) feeding experiments. Consumption rate, growth rate, efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body mass, and survival were compared forL. decemlineata provided foliage from susceptible (Lycopersicon esculetum Mill. cv. Walter), resistant (L. hirsutum f.Glabratum C.H. Mull accession PI 134417), and F1 hybrid plants. Values obtained for dietetic indices were regressed against corresponding values for α-tomatine content of foliage provided to larvae. Differences in dietetic indices could not be attributed to variation in foliar α-tomatine content despite a long-standing literature showing theex planta α-tomatine inhibits feeding and growth byL. decemlineata.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Semiochemicals ; pheromones ; Dryocoetes confusus ; Dryocoetes affaber ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; enantiomers ; diastereoisomers ; exo-brevicomin ; endo-brevicomin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a field-trapping experiment, western balsam bark beetles,Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, were highly attracted to a 5∶1 mixture of (±)-exo-and (±)-endo-brevicomin. Beetles in the sympatric speciesD. affaber (Mann.), were best attracted to a 1∶1 blend of these semiochemicals [either (±)∶(±) or (±)∶(±)], suggesting that both geometrical isomers are pheromone components in these species. In laboratory bioassays and further field experiments, attraction ofD. confusus was greatest when the (+) enantiomers of both geometrical isomers of brevicomin were presented in a 9∶1 ratio. Responses by maleD. confusus to attractive mixtures were reduced in the presence of (−)-exo-brevicomin. Exploitation of the complete range of variability in pheromone structure (both geometrical and optical isomerism) would allow for optimization and regulation of response levels within a species and also could maintain reproductive isolation among sympatric congeneric species primarily through production and response to species-specific blends.
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  • 88
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2143-2153 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis ; Homoptera ; Aphidae ; ants ; antparasitoid interactions ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Aphidiidae ; parasitoids ; Lysiphlebus cardui ; Trioxys angelicae ; cuticular lipids ; chemical mimicry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aphidiid waspLysiphlebus cardui parasitizes in ant-attendedAphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis colonies without causing aggressive behavior in the antLasius niger. By contrast,Trioxys angelicae, another aphidiid parasitoid of aphids, is rapidly recognized and vigorously attacked by the ants.L. niger workers also responded differently to dead individuals ofL. cardui andT. angelicae. DeadL. cardui parasitoids were often ignored when encountered byL. niger, whereas deadT. angelicae individuals were immediately grasped by ants that discovered them. However, hexane-washed parasitoids caused a similar reaction pattern in the ants, in that both aphidiid species were tolerated in the aphid colony. Lure experiments demonstrated that chemical stimuli on the cuticle are major cues for the ants to distinguish between the parasitoids. The hexane extract ofL. cardui transferred to washed individuals ofT. angelicae resulted in ant responses characteristic towardsL. cardui, andL. niger workers displayed the typical removal pattern they normally showed towardsT. angelicae whenT. angelicae extract was applied toL. cardui individuals. Both parasitoid species treated with the hexane extract ofA. fabae cirsiiacanthoidis were similarily treated by the ants as were aphid control individuals. The suggestion that the aphidiid waspL. cardui uses chemical mimicry is discussed.
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  • 89
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2193-2202 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus valens ; EAG ; electroantennogram ; enantiomer ; kairomone ; host attraction ; bark beetle ; α-pinene ; β-pinene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antennal response ofDendroctonus valens to host monoterpenes from the resin of ponderosa pine was studied using the electroantennogram (EAG) technique. Male and female beetles were given a single dose of each of 11 different monoterpenes. Response amplitude to the different compounds did not vary between sexes and was generally well correlated with results from field attraction studies. Response to (S)-(−)-β-pinene was greatest. The relative amplitude of the responses to the (R)-(+) and (S)-(−) enantiomers of a-pinene, however, were reversed from their relative attractiveness in the field. A dose-response study was conducted for the (R)-(+) and (S) -(−) enantiomers of a-pinene, plus a reciprocal differential saturation test with successive doses of first one enantiomer ofα-pinene and then the other. Comparison of EAG traces suggests different receptors for the two stereoisomers ofα-pinene. Differential saturation curves suggest that while one set of receptors may respond to both enantiomers, some receptors respond only to the (S)-(−) enantiomer.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus antiquus ; C. lugubris ; C. freemani ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; hydrocarbon ; tetraene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofCarpophilus antiquus Melsheimer (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) emit an aggregation pheromone that was found to be a novel hydrocarbon, (3E,5E,7E,9E)-6,8-diethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7,9-dodecatetraene. A synthetic scheme and spectra (mass and proton NMR) are given for the compound. Beetles produced the pheromone when feeding on a variety of media, including the brewer's yeast-based artificial diet, fermenting whole-wheat bread dough, corn, and prunes; live baker's yeast was generally added to the food media. Males held individually produced, on average, 25 × more pheromone per beetle than males held in groups of 10 or more. Pheromone was not produced until males were at least 5 days old but was still detected from the oldest beetles tested (47 days). In field tests, the pheromone was attractive to both sexes ofC. antiquus, and it was synergized by food volatiles: A combination of pheromone and fermenting whole wheat dough attracted 2.5× more beetles than pheromone alone, but dough by itself was not significantly more attractive than the control. Semiochemical interactions were studied amongC. antiquus and two other sympatric species for which pheromones are known,C. lugubris Murray andC. freemani Dobson.C. antiquus responded readily to the pheromone ofC. lugubris, but all other interspecific responses to the pheromones were weak. In a sample of naturally infested corn ears, the presence ofC. antiquus was strongly associated with the presence ofC. lugubris, as would be expected if the pheromone ofC. lugubris serves as a kairomone forC. antiquus.
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  • 91
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 3017-3027 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Euglossini ; floral fragrance ; fungi ; skatole ; chemical ecology ; orchid ; rotting wood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We present chemical analysis of four rotten or fungus-infected logs that attracted fragrance-collecting male euglossine bees. Eight of the 10 volatile compounds detected have never been found in the fragrances of orchids pollinated by male euglossine bees. Nonfloral sources of chemicals such as rotting wood may constitute an important fragrance resource for male bees. Since rotten logs produce large quantities of chemicals over long periods of time, such nonfloral sources might be more important than flowers as a source of certain fragrances for some euglossine bee species. Fragrance collecting in euglossine bees might have evolved originally in relation with rotting wood rather than flowers.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cosmopolites sordidus ; banana ; weevil ; Musa sp. ; pseudostem ; rhizome ; EAG ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male and femaleCosmopolites sordidus were attracted to freshly cut banana rhizome and pseudostem in a still-air olfactometer. Females responded similarly to odors from a comparatively resistant and from a susceptible cultivar of banana, when presented as either freshly cut tissue or as Porapak-trapped volatiles. Females were also attracted to rotting banana pseudostem and to volatiles collected from it. Males and females gave similar responses to host tissue in both the behavioral bioassay and to collected volatiles in EAG recordings. Weevils did not respond, either behaviorally or electrophysiologically, to a synthetic mixture of mono- and sesqiterpenes, which made up over 9% of the volatiles collected from pseudostem.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Stenogastrinae ; Dufour gland ; Larval food ; egg secretion ; ant guard ; emulsifier ; eicosyloxyethanol ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The secretion placed on eggs and fed to larvae and the “ant guard” placed on the nest stalk ofParischnogaster jacobsoni contain the same hydrocarbons and in approximately the same proportions as is found in the Dufour gland. The secretion on eggs is a mixture of the contents of the Dufour gland and nectar. The emulsifying agent is a palmitic acid salt. Similarly, inLiostenogaster flavolineata, the egg secretion is an emulsion of nectar and Dufour gland secretion, which contains alkoxyethanol emulsifiers, found in nature for the first time.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips ; Dendroctonus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; interspecific attraction ; behavioral chemicals ; single olfactory cells ; electrophysiology ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophysiological recordings from antennal olfactory receptor cells were obtained fromIps grandicollis. Recordings were made from olfactory receptor cells from nine regions of the antennae in response to stimulation with the semiochemicalsα-pinene, frontalin,endo-brevicomin, verbenone,trans-verbenol,cis-verbenol, ipsdienol, and ipsenol. In many cases, up to two cells were recorded concurrently from the same location. When compared to males, females had a greater percentage of cells responsive to the primary pheromones ofDendroctonus frontalis, frontalin andtrans-verbenol, and ofIps spp., ipsdienol and ipsenol. Among females, more cells responded totrans-verbenol and theIps-produced volatiles than to host or otherD. frontalis-produced compounds. Olfactory cells of males responded mostly tocis-verbenol, followed byα-pinene, verbenone,trans-verbenol, andendo-brevicomin. Of those cells responsive primarily to one compound, the greatest percentage were responsive totrans-verbenol in females and to verbenone in males. The response of the antennal olfactory receptor cells to semiochemicals used by male and femaleI. grandicollis is consistent with the presence of these compounds during the host colonization period for each sex. Our results, which show a lack of specificity in most pheromone and host odor receptor cells, is in contrast with previously published accounts of olfactory receptor cell specificity in otherIps species.
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  • 95
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 763-769 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Hypothenemus hampei ; host selection ; kairomones ; olfaction ; Coffea sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Petri dish choice tests conducted on the coffee berry borer (CBB),Hypothenemus hampei, showed that females were able to discriminate between coffee berries at different ripening stages. A Y-shaped glass olfactometer was used to demonstrate that coffee berries emitted volatile chemicals that elicited upwind movement by female CBB. Olfactometer tests with three different solvent extracts of berries showed that at least some of the attractive chemical(s) released by the coffee berries could be extracted with acetone.
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  • 96
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    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 771-786 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host recognition ; volatiles ; social parasitism ; cuckoo bumble bees ; Bombus terrestris ; Bombus terricola ; Psithyrus vestalis ; Psithyrus ashtoni ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Dufour's gland ; tergal gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Species ofPsithyrus (Hymenoptera; Apidae) are obligate bumble bee social parasites. In this study, females ofP. vestalis andP. ashtoni were presented with pentane extracts prepared from different body parts of queens of their respective host species,Bombus terrestris andB. terricola. Parasites of both species were capable of distinguishing host bees from other bumble bee species using chemical cues contained within extracts. Among extracts of several body parts presented to parasites, the abdomen produced the greatest behavioral response, with Dufour's gland and terminal tergal segments eliciting the greatest response among abdominal regions. Extracts of these two body parts obtained fromB. terrestris queens shared a number of compounds, identified by GC-MS. Among the identified compounds are a number that have been reported to be of importance in bee sociochemistry.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chelone glabra ; iridoid glycoside ; plant-insect interactions ; sawfly ; sequest+ration ; Tenthredo grandis ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis ofChelone glabra (Scrophulariaceae) by gas chromatography showed that leaves of this plant contained primarily the iridoid glycoside catalpol, and in a few individuals some aucubin was also detected. There was no difference in the iridoid glycoside content of damaged compared to undamaged plants, nor was there a difference between plants collected from a population in Leverett, Massachusetts, and those from plants in an experimental garden in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Larvae and prepupae of the sawfly,Tenthredo grandis (Tenthredinidae) contained catalpol sequestered from the larval host plant. The exuvia also contained catalpol, whereas the frass contained only aucubin. These results indicate that larvae of this sawfly selectively sequester catalpol, eliminating the aucubin in the frass.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Conotrachelus nenuphar ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; host odor ; host location ; feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory assays, we investigated responses of female plum curculios (PCs),Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), to host and nonhost fruit or leaf odor when PCs were crawling on experimental tree branchlets or twigs. In choice tests where test specimens were hung from the ends of a wooden crosspiece, PCs made significantly more visits to host plum fruit than to plum leaves, nonhost tomato fruit, wax models of plum fruit, or blanks (wire). In similar tests, PCs made significantly more visits to plum leaves compared to nonhost maple leaves or to blanks. PCs in test chambers that contained host or nonhost odor were significantly more prone to feed on wax plum models in the presence of odor from host fruit or host leaves compared to odor from nonhost fruit or leaves or a water blank. In choice tests offering alternating cluster types on an apple branchlet, PCs visited leaf clusters bearing a host apple fruit more than leaf clusters without a fruit. In tests to assay the distance at which PCs can detect an individual host fruit, PCs crawled from the central stem of an apple branchlet onto a side stem significantly more often when an apple fruit on a side stem was hung 2 cm from the central stem compared to 4 or 8 cm away. Our combined results suggest that PCs use host fruit odor to locate host fruit at close range.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfaction ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; cis-verbenol ; chemotaxis ; perception ; discrimination ; neural models ; logit models ; stimulus-response models ; Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The male-produced aggregation pheromone inIps paraconfusus is composed of three compounds. Female bark beetles were exposed to combinations of these compounds, presented as point sources in an enclosed, circular arena. By itself,cis-verbenol (cV) had no effect on the number of beetles that reached the source. Either ipsenol (Ip) alone or ipsdienol (Id) alone strongly increased the number that reached the source, with Id producing a dose-response curve with a much steeper slope. cV moved the onset of the response to Id to higher doses of Id, but the response rose more rapidly after onset than when cV was absent. Overall, cV inhibited the effect of Id except at the highest dose. cV affected the onset of the response to Ip little or none, but strongly increased the slope of the response, synergizing the effect of Ip. The responses to combinations of Id and Ip were related to the log of a linear combination of their doses. The results are consistent with a model where Id and Ip act at a single site of action, but with different potencies, while cV appears to modify the effects of Id and Ip, rather than affecting the site of action directly.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carpophilus mutilatus ; sap beetle ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; aggregation pheromone ; hydrocarbon ; triene ; date ; host volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Males ofCarpophilus mutilatus Erichson produce an aggregation pheromone to which both sexes respond. The pheromone includes two hydrocarbon components, (3E,5E,7E)-5-ethyl-7-methyl-3,5,7-undecatriene (1) and (3E,5E,7E)-6-ethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7-decatriene (2). These were emitted in a 10∶1 ratio and in a total amount of ca. 5 ng per feeding male per day. All tested doses of1 and2, from 0.03 to 30 ng, were more attractive than controls in wind-tunnel tests, but there was no evidence of synergism between these trienes. Dramatic synergism between the pheromone and a food-type coattractant occurred in the field, however. In a date garden in southern California, traps with a combination of synthetic1 and fermenting whole-wheat bread dough attracted 22 times more beetles than dough by itself and 295 times more than1 by itself. Volatile collections from males also contained three oxygenated compounds that were absent from females. One of these was tetradecanal (ca. 5 ng per male per day), but the structures of the other two are presently undetermined (0.8 and 1.1 ng per male per day). No function for these was demonstrated. One compound originating in the artificial diet, 2-phenylethanol, was particularly attractive in the wind-tunnel bioassay, as was the chromatographic solvent, methanol.
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