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  • Artikel  (73)
  • biological control  (60)
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  • Springer  (73)
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  • Springer  (73)
  • American Meteorological Society
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  • 1995-1999  (47)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological Control of Storage Mites by Cheyletus Eruditus (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Schlagwort(e): stored product mites ; biological control ; history ; predators ; prey
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A history of the biological control of stored product mites is reviewed. Thirty-five references in the scientific literature were found principally dealing with acarine predators. The first paper to point out the specific value of Cheyletus eruditus as a predator of acaroid mites appeared in 1912. In 1965 biological control utilizing C. eruditus was put into practice for the first time and in 1986 a method of mass rearing the predator was developed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009647814477
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 63-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Schlagwort(e): Biosteres ; Coptera ; Diachasmimorpha ; Psyttalia ; Tetrastichus ; augmentation ; host habitat location ; dispersal ; behavioural ecology ; biological control ; classical biological control ; integrated pest management ; mass rearing ; quality control ; parasitoids ; tephritidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009647429498
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Management of Stored Wheat Insect Pests in the USA (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 127-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Schlagwort(e): wheat ; stored-grain ; integrated pest management ; aeration ; biological control ; grain sampling ; insect monitoring ; modeling ; area-wide IPM
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009682410810
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological Control of Alfalfa Weevil in North America (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 225-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Schlagwort(e): Hypera postica ; alfalfa weevil ; Medicago sativa ; alfalfa ; biological control ; classical biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is of Eurasian origin. This destructive pest of alfalfa (lucerne) was accidentally established in North America on three separate occasions. These introductions are commonly identified in the literature as biological strains: western alfalfa weevil, Egyptian alfalfa weevil (=Hypera brunneipennis Boheman), and eastern alfalfa weevil. Alfalfa weevil has been the target of classical biological control almost since its discovery in North America more than 90 years ago. These efforts have resulted in establishment of at least nine exotic parasitoids and egg predators: Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson), B. anurus (Thomson) and B. stenostigma (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae); Microctonus aethiopoides Loan and M. colesi Drea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the latter of undetermined origin; Oomyzus incertus (Ratzenberg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); Dibrachoides dynastes (Forester) and Peridesmia discus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae); and Anaphes luna (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). A fungal pathogen, Zoophthora phytonomi Arthur (Phycomycetes: Entomophthoraceae), of undetermined origin, is becoming an increasingly important alfalfa weevil mortality factor. Most major USA alfalfa production areas now benefit from a complex of alfalfa weevil biological control agents. Collectively, these agents have effected substantial reduction in the economic importance of alfalfa weevil across the northern USA However, biological agents provide only partial control of alfalfa weevil, and importance of their contribution differs considerably with production area. Still, the benefits achieved, especially from reduced need for insecticides in alfalfa production, mark this as one of the great success stories of classical biological control in North America.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009611219360
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integrated Management for Carrot Weevil (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 21-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Schlagwort(e): carrot weevil ; IPM ; Anaphes spp. ; biological control ; ecology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major pest of carrots in northeastern North America. The females oviposit in the leaf petiole and the developing larvae make tunnels in the carrot roots. Exclusive reliance on chemical control and the poor control obtained, prompted, in the early 1980s, research on the ecology and physiology of the pest and its natural enemies. Carrot weevil females start their oviposition by 147±9 DD7°C but they oviposit only in carrots past the 4 true-leaf-stage. As a result, oviposition is delayed, and damage reduced, in late-sown carrots. Monitoring carrot weevil adults in the spring with either carrot root sections or wooden plate traps enables growers to apply control treatments only if the population density justifies it. Egg parasitoids of the genus Anaphes (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are the most important natural enemies and they account, in untreated plots, for up to 80% mortality. Their effectiveness could be improved by managing field borders to establish secondary host species. An IPM programme was developed in the 1980s based on the research results obtained and, through regular monitoring, has achieved a substantial decrease in pesticide use.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009624714172
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integrated Pest Management of Pest Mole Crickets with Emphasis on the Southeastern USA (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 39-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Schlagwort(e): Scapteriscus ; Neocurtilla ; Gryllotalpa ; biological control ; turf ; pastures ; vegetables
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract There are at least 70 species of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Some are rare, others are innocuous, and a few are important pests. These soil-dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants. Although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators, chemical pesticides are widely used against them. Knowledge of their life history is used to time application of chemical treatments to save money, but is not used as widely as it might be. Classical biological control has been used against immigrant mole crickets in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the southern USA. In Florida, three Scapteriscus species from South America cause major damage to pastures and turf and are targets of a classical biological control program. Population levels of two of the pest species have been reduced substantially in Florida by establishment of a tachinid fly (Ormia depleta) and a steinernematid nematode (Steinernema scapterisci) from South America. The nematode also functions as a biopesticide. Managers of pastures and turf in Florida have thus far derived benefit from these classical biological control agents without understanding their function: use of chemicals is reduced when mole cricket populations are lower due to action of these organisms. Future enhancement of the action of O. depleta and of a sphecid wasp (Larra bicolor, which also was introduced from South America) probably will demand deliberate planting of nectar sources for adults of these biological control agents, and the advantage will be to managers who adopt such a strategy. Chemical pesticide use is strongly promoted by a large chemical industry, whereas biopesticidal use has thus far been little promoted and sales have been few. Even managers who do not change their simple strategy of pesticide use in response to damage by mole crickets, and have no knowledge of the differing life cycles of the three Scapteriscus species or of the presence and action of the classical biological control agents, will derive benefit as these biological control agents (and a predatory beetle which has not yet been released) increase their distribution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009628915989
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rodent Control in India (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 97-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Schlagwort(e): agriculture ; biological control ; campaign ; chemosterilent ; commensal ; control methods ; economics ; environmental and cultural methods ; horticulture ; India ; pest management ; pre- and post-harvest crop losses ; poultry farms ; rodent ; rodenticide ; South Asia ; trapping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009622109901
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Factors in the Success and Failure of Microbial Agents for Control of Migratory Pests (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Schlagwort(e): microbial control ; biological control ; biopesticide ; mycopesticide ; Metarhizium ; Beauveria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Microbial control agents generally kill insects more slowly than chemical pesticides, and fast-moving migratory pests may not at first sight appear to offer the most promising targets for microbial control. Operators responsible for control may need to have recourse to chemical control agents. Nevertheless, there are many occasions when pests breed and feed outside the crop and a microbial control agent can be used. Similarly, immature stages may cause little damage and early treatment in the crop can avoid damage. Microbial control agents are particularly likely to be favoured if the pest breeds in a conservation area, and if a publicly-accountable agency is responsible for control. Other key points of importance are the IPM context, in particular detection, planning and forecasting of outbreaks and the role of natural enemies. With these points in mind, we identify several locust and grasshopper systems where microbial control is becoming established; additionally, Sunn pest of wheat and Armyworm are identified as promising situations forbreak microbials.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009697019677
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preliminary selection of antagonists ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Van Hall) Dye for application during green crop lifting of seed potato tubers (1999)
    Springer
    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 161-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): bioassay ; biological control ; blackleg ; green crop harvesting ; haulm killing ; skin damage ; wound protection ; Solanum tuberosum L
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Green crop lifting (GCL) for haulm killing was developed in The Netherlands and offers ideal conditions for controlling the blackleg pathogenErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca) by antagonists. Based on the use of mini-tubers or young tubers from field crops, two bioassays for wound protection were developed. GCL was simulated by artificially skinning or wounding tubers, inoculating the damaged skin with Eca, treating with antagonists and incubating in either potting compost or outside in field soil. Mainly fluorescent pseudomonads, pre-screened for in vitro antagonistic activity on agar and high soft rot reducing ability on tuber slices, were tested in the mini-tuber bioassay. Strains giving the highest degree of wound protection were further tested individually and in combination under field conditions in the young tuber bioassay. One individual strain and two combinations, resulting in reduction of contamination levels on skinned surfaces of 85% and between 60% and 70%, respectively, show good potential for biological control of blackleg.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358406
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Suppression of pre- and postemergence damping-off in corn by Burkholderia cepacia (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Zea mays ; Pythium spp. ; Fusarium spp. ; seed bacterization Burkholderia cepacia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Burkholderia cepacia (syn. Pseudomonas cepacia) strain PHQM100 applied as a seed coating was tested in growth chamber experiments for its ability to suppress preemergence damping-off, and postemergence damping-off in corn induced by Pythium and Fusarium spp. The symptoms observed in bioassays with soils naturally infested with the fungal pathogens were seed rot with Pythium spp. and mesocotyl and root tissue necrosis in the presence of Fusarium spp. Three corn cultivars that differed in their susceptibility to damping-off pathogens were used. Cultivar L was susceptible to pre- and postemergence damping-off, whereas cv. LPDP and cv. LG11 were moderately resistant and resistant to the damping-off diseases respectively. In the presence of Pythium spp., seed treatment with B. cepacia reduced seed rot, as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the cv. LPDP than in the resistant cv. LG11 or the susceptible cv. L. In soils infested with Fusarium spp., seed treatment significantly reduced root and mesocotyl necrosis as compared to the untreated seeds, and this reduction was more consistent in the resistant cultivars LG11 and LPDP than in the susceptible cv. L. Root colonization levels by B. cepacia were similar in the three corn cultivars tested. Biocontrol efficiency of B. cepacia varied among cultivars mainly due to the differences in their susceptibility to the fungal pathogens. In spite of variability and also irrespective of the soil characteristics, B. cepacia increased seedling emergence and decreased mesocotyl and root necrosis when used as a seed coating.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008625511924
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    N-acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated gene regulation in biological control by fluorescent pseudomonads: Current knowledge and future work (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): autoinduction ; biological control ; gene regulation ; LuxR/LuxI ; N-acyl-homoserine lactones ; fluorescent pseudomonads ; quorum sensing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract An emerging area within biological control is the role of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (N-acyl-HSL's) in the regulation of competitive fitness and pathogen suppression. N-acyl-HSL regulatory systems utilize two conserved proteins which belong to the LuxR/LuxI regulatory family: one is a transcriptional regulator and the second produces the N-acyl-HSL signal. These signals regulate the expression of a diverse range of bacterial traits involved in microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions. Several fluorescent pseudomonads important in biological control produce N-acyl-HSL signals which regulate genes that encode products involved in pathogen suppression. In contrast to pathogenic bacteria, little is known regarding N-acyl-HSL-mediated gene regulation in biological control bacteria. This minireview will focus on the current status of the role of N-acyl-HSL's in the regulation of phenazine antibiotic and rhamnolipid production in biological control by fluorescent pseudomonads. The potential relevance of this type of regulation in biological control of plant diseases, and areas requiring further research will be addressed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008674417007
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of phenotypically distinct strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri from Southwest Asia (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 477-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): citrus bacterial canker ; detection ; epidemiology ; monoclonal antibodies ; variability ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri were isolated from Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) trees in several countries in southwest Asia. These strains produced typical erumpent bacterial canker lesions on Mexican lime but not on grapefruit (C. paradisi). Lesions on grapefruit were watersoaked and blister-like in contrast to the typical erumpent lesions seen after artificial inoculation with all described pathotypes of X. axonopodis pv. citri. This group of strains hydrolysed gelatin and casein and grew in the presence of 3% NaCl as is typical of X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype A. RFLP analyses and DNA probe hybridization assays also gave results consistent with X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype A. Metabolic fingerprints prepared with the Biolog® system showed similarities as well as differences to X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype A. In spite of the physiological and genetic similarities to pathotype A of X. axonopodis pv. citri, these strains had no or very little affinity for polyclonal antiserum prepared against any of the reference strains of X. axonopodis pv. citri and also did not react with monoclonal antibody A1, an antibody that detects all strains of pathotype A of X. axonopodis pv. citri. These strains were also insensitive to bacteriophage Cp3 like X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype A and unlike X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype B. We conclude that these strains, designated Xcc-A*, represent a variant of X. axonopodis pv. citri pathotype-A with pathogenicity limited to C. aurantifolia. The existence of extensive genotypic and phenotypic variation within pathotype A of X. axonopodis pv. citri was unexpected and further complicates the systematics of this species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008676508688
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of three microbial broth cultures and an organic amendment on growth and populations of free living and plant-parasitic nematodes on banana (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 457-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): Bacillus thuringiensis ; biological control ; Helicotylenchus multicinctus ; nematicide ; numerical response ; Paecilomyces marquandii ; Radopholus similis ; Streptomyces costaricanus ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of 24 treatment combinations of cultures of Streptomyces costaricanus sp. nov. (ATCC55274), Bacillus thuringiensis (ATCC55273) and a strain of Paecilomyces marquandii, nematicide (cadusaphos), and/or wheat mash on growth and response of potted banana plants (Musa AAA) and populations of Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and free living nematodes were studied in Río Frío, Costa Rica. The best plant responses (height, leaf numbers, healthy root weight), lowest numbers of plant parasitic nematodes and highest numbers of free living nematodes were observed for treatments containing wheat as a component. Two treatments, viz. wheat + Streptomyces costaricanus (200-ml culture) and wheat + P. marquandii (200-ml culture), gave the overall best results. Numbers of free living nematodes increased up to 1500-fold only for treatments containing wheat. Significant positive correlations existed between numbers of free living nematodes and shoot weight, healthy root biomass, plant height, and leaf numbers. Non-wheat treatments, including nematicide only, gave the poorest responses in general. Observations of nematodes sampled 50 days following planting in wheat-containing treatments showed most of the free-living nematodes (≈ 90%) to be infected by nematophagous fungi (species not recorded). The results show that an organic amendment to soil, with or without a microbial component, can be an effective inducer of processes that regulate plant-parasitic nematode populations in soil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008638419552
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of Antagonists of Botrytis cinerea in Greenhouse-grown Cucumber and Tomato under Different Climatic Conditions (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 123-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): Aureobasidium pullulans ; biological control ; Cryptococcus albidus ; grey mould ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum T39 and the yeasts Aureobasidium pullulans and Cryptococcus albidus against Botrytis cinerea in cucumber and tomato was compared with chemical control. Four experiments were conducted in cucumber grown under different climatic conditions in The Netherlands, and two experiments were done in tomato both in the Netherlands and in Israel. T. harzianum and A. pullulans showed the most consistent control of B. cinerea, reducing stem lesions and death of plants by 40–100% in most cases. Control of stem lesions and subsequent wilting was generally better than control of symptoms on fruits. In some cases, the biocontrol agents were more effective than the broad-spectrum fungicide tolylfluanid and the selective fungicide iprodione. The climatic conditions did not strongly influence the efficacy of the biocontrol agents, but regression analysis showed that high temperature during the day and high vapour pressure deficit during the night reduced biocontrol efficacy. From the results, prospects for biocontrol of B. cinerea in greenhouse vegetables appear good under a range of conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008778213278
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Selective Isolation of Bacterial Antagonists of Botrytis cinerea (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): bacteria ; biological control ; Chryseobacterium ; Flavobacterium ; grey mold ; Pseudomonas ; strawberries
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Most potential fungal antagonists have been identified only after exhaustive non-selective screening. Bacteria antagonistic to Botrytis cinerea were selected using a simple method based on techniques developed for trace enrichment studies, where a crude cell wall preparation from B. cinerea was used as a selective substrate and bacteria were isolated based on growth on cell wall agar media. Most of the 52 bacterial isolates that were obtained from the surface of ‘organically grown’ strawberry fruit and could grow on B. cinerea wall media in culture showed some ability to inhibit the growth of the fungus. Potato dextrose agar seeded with B. cinerea spores (104 ml−1) were challenged with each of these bacterial isolates at concentrations of 109 and 106 colony forming units ml−1. Eleven of the 52 isolates initially recovered, subsequently demonstrated strong antagonism in vitro and were selected for additional screening tests on strawberry fruit. All 11 isolates reduced grey mold rot incidence on fruit in storage. Three of the best isolates were tested in limited field trials, and also reduced grey mold rot on fruit under field conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008641929417
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Combining Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Strains to Enhance Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Radish (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 201-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): in vitro interactions ; biological control ; rhizosphere
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Fusarium wilt diseases, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, lead to significant yield losses of crops. One strategy to control fusarium wilt is the use of antagonistic, root-colonizing Pseudomonas spp. It has been demonstrated that different strains of these bacteria suppress disease by different mechanisms. Therefore, application of a mixture of these biocontrol strains, and thus of several suppressive mechanisms, may represent a viable control strategy. A prerequisite for biocontrol by combinations of biocontrol agents can be the compatibility of the co-inoculated micro-organisms. Hence, compatibility between several Pseudomonas spp. strains, that have the ability to suppress fusarium wilt of radish, was tested in vitro on KB agar plates. Growth of P. fluorescens strain RS111 was strongly inhibited by Pseudomonas spp. strains RE8, RS13, RS56 and RS158, whereas a mutant of strain RS111 (RS111-a) was insensitive to inhibition by these strains. Strains RS111 and RS111-a only slightly inhibited some other strains. Suppression of fusarium wilt of radish in a potting soil bioassay by the incompatible combination of RE8 and RS111 was comparable to the effects of the single strains. However, disease suppression by the compatible combination of RE8 and RS111-a was significantly better as compared to the single strains. In contrast, the incompatible combination of RS56 with RS111 resulted in enhanced disease suppression as compared to the single strains. Increased disease suppression by combinations of RS13 or RS158 with RS111 or RS111-a was not observed. This indicates that specific interactions between biocontrol strains influence disease suppression by combinations of these strains.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008761729073
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integration of Pythium nunn and Trichoderma harzianum isolate T-95 for the biological control of Pythium damping-off of cucumber (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium damping-off ; Pythium nunn ; Pythium ultimum ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two biological control agents, Pythium nunn and Trichoderma harzianum isolate T-95, were combined to reduce Pythium damping-off of cucumber in greenhouse experiments lasting 3–4 weeks. T. harzianum T-95, a rhizosphere competent mutant, was applied to seeds and P. nunn was applied to pasteurized and raw soils naturally and artificially infested with Pythium ultimum. Some treatments were also amended with bean leaves to enhance the activity of P. nunn. The biological control of Pythium damping-off was evaluated in a Colorado soil (Nunn sandy loam) and an Oregon soil mix, which were replanted twice after 2 and 3 months. Interactions between P. nunn and T-95 were detected in the Colorado but not the Oregon soil. No consistent evidence of antagonism between P. nunn and T. harzianum was seen, and significant interactions were detected in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In the first planting of some treatments, the combination of P. nunn and T. harzianum gave greater control of damping-off than either applied alone. P. nunn was most effective in soils that were pasteurized or amended with bean leaves. T. harzianum controlled Pythium damping-off in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In both soils, disease declined over time in treatments amended with bean leaves but without P. nunn or T. harzianum added. This suppression was greater in the Colorado soil, which contained an indigenous population of P. nunn. This work demonstrates that two compatible biological control agents can be combined to give additional control of a soil-borne plant pathogen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012318
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological properties of some nitrogen-fixing associative enterobacteria (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 202 (1998), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): AP PCR ; Erwinia ; Klebsiella ; nitrogen-fixing bacteria ; phytopathogenicity ; ribosomal DNA ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Enterobacteria isolates from potato tubers were able to fix nitrogen, to protect plants against phytopathogens and to produce phytohormones thus increasing the plant yield. These isolates were previously phenotypically identified as Erwinia carotovora; however, they differed from typical E. carotovora in a number of biological characteristics and were found to be nonphytopathogenic (avirulent) due to the lack of pectate lyase activity. A data matrix, containing 31 strains and 105 biological characteristics was used for computer cluster analysis. The avirulent strains formed a separate cluster more closely related to Klebsiella spp. strains (with a 0.67 level of similarity) than to typical phytopathogenic bacteria of the E. carotovora group (with a 0.48 level of similarity). A phylogenetic analysis based on restriction polymorphisms of an amplified ribosomal DNA spacer region revealed that the avirulent strains studied here were different from all Erwinia, Klebsiella and other enterobacteria species strains. The AP PCR/hybridization technique showed cross homology of amplified DNA of these avirulent strains and a lack of such homology with the DNA from strains of other species. Numerical taxonomy data, rDNA analysis and AP PCR/hybridization assays confirmed that these avirulent bacteria may be regarded as an independent group of enterobacteria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004356431849
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variability among strains ofTrichoderma harzianum in their ability to reduce take-all and to produce pyrones (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici ; take-all ; Trichoderma harzianum ; T. koningii ; T. hamatum ; pyrones ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Antagonism tests on agar-plates and glasshouse screening indicated that three isolates ofTrichoderma harzianum varied in their ability to antagonize the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici). Isolate 71 which was the most effective in suppressing take-all of wheat, produced two pyrones and other undetermined analogues. Isolates ofT. koningii andT. hamatum shown to suppress take-all, produced a simple pyrone compound. AlthoughT. harzianum isolates 70 and 73 did not produce any pyrones, they reduced the disease albeit to a much lesser extent than isolate 71; with isolate 73 showing distinct host growth promotion effects. It is proposed that the success of isolate 71 ofT. harzianum was related to the pyrones it produces and that the ability of isolates 70 and 73 to reduce take-all may be related to mechanisms other than those involving antibiotics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444244
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    In situ visualization of the biocontrol rhizobacterium Enterobacter cloacae with bioluminescence (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; bioluminescence ; Enterobacter cloacae ; lettuce ; Pythium ultimum ; rhizosphere
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Plasmid pUCD607 was mobilized into the biocontrol agent Enterobacter cloacae strain E6 by conjugation and the resultant strain, E6(pUCD607), was bioluminescent. Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum by E6(pUCD607) was similar to that of the parent strain, E6. The location of E6(pUCD607) in the soil and in the rhizosphere of lettuce was readily determined by pressing agar medium against plant roots in a root box, allowing the bacteria to grow overnight on the medium, and detecting the presence of bioluminescence by autophotography. There was a positive, linear correlation between population sizes determined by dilution plating and the quantity of light emitted due to bioluminescence. However, both the intercept and slope of this line varied among experiments possibly due to the differing physiological states of cells recovered from soils. The amount of light emitted by the bioluminescent strain E6(pUCD607) was not quantitative. This technique is useful for qualitative determinations of populations and for photographically locating bacteria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010661
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological control of bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum in India with antagonistic bacteria (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): antibiosis ; bacterization ; biological control ; bacterial wilt ; Bacillus spp. ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Pseudomonas solanacearum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract From among 125 strains of fluorescent and 52 strains of nonfluorescent bacteria initially screened in the laboratory for their antibiosis towards the bacterial wilt pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum, strain Pfcp of Pseudomonas fluorescens and strains B33 and B36 of Bacillus spp., were chosen and evaluated further in greenhouse and field tests. Pfcp treated banana (Musa balbisiana), eggplant and tomato plants were protected from wilt upto 50, 61 and 95% in greenhouse and upto 50, 49 and 36% respectively in field. Protection afforded by the Bacillus strains was lower. In bacteria-treated plants which were subsequently inoculated with P. solanacearum plant height and biomass values increased and were close to those of nontreated and noninoculated control plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010938
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    RFLP analysis of a PCR amplified region of chloroplast DNA in eggplant and related Solanum species (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 295-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): chloroplast DNA ; eggplant ; PCR ; RFLP ; Solanum ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract RFLP analysis of a PCR amplified 3.2-kbp region of cpDNA bounded by the conserved sequences in rbc L and ORF 106 was performed in eggplant (Solanum melongena), its related Solanum species, S. incanum, S. virginianum (= S. surattense), S. torvum, S. aethiopicum (= S. gilo), S. aethiopicum (= S. integrifolium), S. violaceum (= S. indicum), S. violaceum (= S. sanitwongsei) and S. mammosum and the reciprocal hybrids between S. aethiopicum (= S. integrifolium) and S. melongena 'Uttara'. The target region of cpDNA was amplified correctly by PCR. The amplified products were digested with each of 10 restriction enzymes (Alu I, Ase I, BamH I, Hinf I, Msp I, Rsa I, ScrF I, Sty I, Taq I and Xba I). Variations of restriction patterns among the species were recognized after digesting the amplified products with each of the seven restriction enzymes, Taq I, Alu I, Rsa I, Sty I, Ase I, Hinf I and Xba I. The restriction patterns divided the examined nine species into the following five clusters, 1) S. melongena and S. incanum, 2) S. virginianum (= S. surattense), 3) S. torvum, 4) S. aethiopicum (= S. gilo), S. aethiopicum (= S. integrifolium), S. violaceum (= S. indicum) and S. violaceum (= S. sanitwongsei) and 5) S. mammosum. The restriction pattern with Alu I in each of the reciprocal hybrids between S. melongena 'Uttara' and S. aethiopicum (= S. integrifolium) was identical with that of seed parent. The present study demonstrated the availability of the PCR-RFLP analysis of cpDNA for assessing taxonomic relationships and identifying cytoplasmic parentage of interspecific hybrids in eggplant and related Solanum species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018304308608
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Taxonomy of Mexican landraces of maize, Zea mays, based on their resistance to European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Zea mays ; maize ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; resistance ; taxonomy ; germplasm ; indigenous land races
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The resistance to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), of thirty-seven indigenous landraces of Mexican maize was examined. The relationship of resistance and existing taxonomy of maize according to Wellhausen et al., (1952), was subjected to numerical analyses. Variables examined were: seedling DIM-BOA content, the extent of leaf feeding damage by early instar larvae both in the field and in the laboratory, the extent of plant breakage and stalk tunneling by late instar larvae, plant height, and the extent of fungal damage by Gibberella zeae and Ustilago maydis. Significant differences in resistance among the major taxonomic groupings were reflected in the existing taxonomy of maize (Wellhausen et al., 1952). The most resistant landrace grouping was Wellhausen et al.'s Prehistoric Mestizos. Eighty-five percent of a series of modern inbred lines, pools, and Argentine landraces were found to have affinities with one of the more susceptible groupings, the Ancient Indigenous Races, based upon analysis of the resistance data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022305
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the Origin of Almond (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Schlagwort(e): Amygdalus ; distribution ; domestication ; taxonomy ; wild relatives
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Almond, Amygdalus communis L., is an ancient crop of south west Asia. Selection of the sweet type marks the beginning of almond domestication. Wild almonds are bitter and eating even a relatively small number of nuts can be fatal. How man selected the sweet type remains a riddle. Also, the wild ancestor of almond has not been properly identified among the many wild almond species. Breeding experiment, which is the most critical test for identifying the wild progenitors of other crops, is ineffective in almond, because it is interfertile with many wild taxa. The so-called wild A. communis of central Asia cannot be regarded as a genuine wild form, but as a feral form, or remains of old afforestation. The wild taxa morphologically akin to almond, A. korshinskyi (H.-M.) Bomm. and A. webbii Spach, are also feral types occurring in the Middle East and southern Europe, respectively. The taxon A. fenzliana (Fritsch) Lipsky is the most likely wild ancestor of almond for three reasons: 1. It is a genuine wild type forming extensive thickets of large trees young seedlings and all the intergradations between them in nature; 2. Its morphology, and particularly the partially pitted grooved nut-shell are within the range of variation of almond, and 3. A. fenzliana is native of Armenia and western Azerbaijan in the Middle East where almond was apparently domesticated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008690409554
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phylogeny of Vicia Subgenus Vicia (Fabaceae) Based on Analysis of RAPDs and RFLP of PCR-Amplified Chloroplast Genes (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; genetic resources ; PCR-RFLP ; RAPDs ; Vicia ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract We report the results of two methods of DNA analysis to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among 29 Vicia subgen. Vicia species in comparison with two species of subgenus Vicilla sect. Vicilla. The methods employed were RAPD analysis of total genomic DNA and PCR-RFLP analysis of five chloroplast genes, rbcL, rpoB, 16S, psaA and trnK. The results of each method were similar and complementary, and support the current taxonomic systems of subsp. Vicia. According to RAPD and PCR-RFLP analysis the Narbonensis complex can be considered a well separated section, which may be related to section Vicia. Sections Vicia, Atossa and Wiggersia are separate, but closely related sections. Species of the section Hypechusa form a single monophyletic section, where V. lutea, V. anatolica and V. hyrcanica are quite remote from other species. Our results suggest that within the subgenus Vicia, V. faba is more closely related to V. bithynica and that these two species are most closely related to section Peregrinae. We found that PCR-RFLP of cp DNA provided more precise information concerning relationships between Vicia sections than RAPD analysis. However, RAPD analysis was more informative concerning diversity of closely related Vicia taxa, such as the variable groups, section Narbonensis and V. sativa aggregate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008640322198
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Taxonomic status of Oryza glumaepatula Steud. I. Comparative morphological studies of New World diploids and Asian AA genome species (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Schlagwort(e): multivariate analysis ; Oryza ; O. glumaepatula ; O. nivara ; O. rufipogon ; taxonomy ; wild rices
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This study was carried out to clarify the taxonomic status of the New World diploid wild rice species, Oryza glumaepatula. The morphological variation of 26 diploid rice accessions in the International Rice Genebank at IRRI from South America and Cuba was compared with that of O. rufipogon and O. nivara from Asia. The 28 morphological characters included 16 spikelet and grain, eight leaf and culm, and four panicle characters, and were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis. The first two principal components accounted for 53.6% of the total variation. The first component was characterized by leaf and sterile lemma characters, 5-panicle dry weight, and grain length, and the second by anther length and its ratio to grain length, grain width, thickness, and 20-hulled grain weight. The characters effectively differentiated the wild rices from Surinam, French Guiana, and the lower Amazon River basin in Brazil, which showed high negative scores along both axes, from other accessions from Venezuela, Colombia, and Cuba, and the Asian species. Most of the accessions from South America are quite distinct from O. rufipogon, with which they have often been grouped as a single species in some taxonomic treatments. Groupings obtained from cluster analysis corresponded closely with the results from PCA. This study supports a distinct taxonomic status of a group of diploid wild rices from South America as O. glumaepatula.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008682316449
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Vicia sativa L. aggregate (Fabaceae) in Southern Brazil (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Schlagwort(e): introduced species ; karyotypes ; taxonomy ; Vicia sativa agg
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract V. sativa L. sensu strictu was introduced in Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Brazil) by Italian settlers and is nowadays cultivated for forage in backyards and fields. V. angustifolia L. is a widespread highly polymorphic naturalized ruderal. Both taxa grow sympatrically and morphologically transitional types are often found. We analyzed 37 accessions of V. sativa, V. angustifolia, intermediate types, and V. cordata Wulf. ex. Hoppe from Rio Grande do Sul, for karyotypes, corolla and legume color, seed color pattern, pod constrictions and phenological development. Karyotypes allowed a clear distinction between the taxa: V. sativa (2n=12) had a metacentric marker chromosome, V. angustifolia and intermediate types (2n=12) only acrocentric chromosomes and V. cordata presented 2n=10. Flowering and fruiting periods were shorter for V. sativa than for V. angustifolia, which was separated into early and late flowering groups. Qualitative characters separated the taxa by Jaccard coefficients into three groups: V. sativa at 0.5 similarity level, V. angustifolia and intermediate types at 0.6 and V. cordata joined V. sativa at 0.12. Our results show that karyotypes and a range of qualitative characters are diagnostic for the aggregate represented in Southern Brazil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008657615898
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isolation and growth of a bacterium able to degrade nitrilotriacetic acid under denitrifying conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 1 (1990), S. 31-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): biodegradation ; denitrification ; isolation of NTA-degrading bacterium ; nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) ; taxonomy ; wastewater treatment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from river sediment which was able to grow with nitrilotriacetic acid as a combined carbon, nitrogen and energy source in the absence of molecular oxygen using nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. Batch growth parameters and mass balances are reported for growth under both aerobic and denitrifying conditions. The strain was characterized with respect to its substrate spectrum and other physiological properties. This denitrifying isolate is serologically unrelated to the comprehensively described Gram-negative obligately aerobic NTA-degrading bacteria all of which belong to the α-subclass of Proteobacteria. Chemotaxonomic characterization, which revealed the presence of spermidine as the main polyamine and ubiquinone Q-8, excludes the new isolate from the phylogenetically redefined genus Pseudomonas and indicates a possible location within the γ-subclass of Proteobacteria close to, but separate from the genus Xanthomonas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00117049
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The taxonomic status of closely related closed cone pines in Mexico and Central America (1990)
    Springer
    New forests 4 (1990), S. 291-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Schlagwort(e): Pinus tecunumanii ; P. oocarpa ; P. oocarpa var. ochoterenae and P. patula var. longipedunculata ; P. patula var. patula ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A taxonomic study on 14 cone and needle traits of 281 trees from 33 provenances of Pinus oocarpa, P. oocarpa var. ochoterenae, P. patula var. longipedunculata, P. patula var. patula and P. tecunumanii in Central America and Mexico was conducted to quantify the affinity between closely related species. A second objective was to determine the geographic range of P. tecunumanii in Mexico. Cluster analysis placed 52% of all provenances in taxa different from those assigned by field foresters. Trees from 15 provenances of what was locally known as Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenae from Chiapas were statistically indistinguishable from high elevation Central American sources of P. tecuncumanii when assessed for cone and needle characteristics. However, trees from two provenances known locally as P. oocarpa var. ochoterenae from southwestern Oaxaca, Juquila and Tlacuache, were found to be distinct from P. tecunumanii and may be a variant of P. patula. Canonical discriminant analysis was used to determine the taxonomic affinity among newly formed clusters. The spatial (Mahalanobis) distance between P. tecunumanii and P. patula var. patula, P. patula var. longipedunculata, and P. oocarpa was 42.0, 44.4, and 109.4 respectively, and highly significant. The geographic range of Pinus tecunumanii in Mexico appears to be confined to the state of Chiapas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119208
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A new species of Avena from Sicily, possibly the tetraploid progenitor of hexaploid oats (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; interspecific hybridization ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A new species of oat, Avena insularis, is described. It was collected in southern Sicily where four populations were found on uncultivated clay soil. Morphologically, it is similar to the hexaploid wild oat A. sterilis, but can be distinguished by its smaller and more condensed panicle, less V-shaped dispersal unit and oblong disarticulation scar. Hybrids between A. insularis and the hexaploid cultivated oat A. sativa were obtained only when the latter was the seed parent in crosses. Chromosome pairing of the hybrids at meiosis was irregular with univalents and multivalents, but the mean number of chiasmata per cell was close to that of A. insularis. Furthermore, the hybrids were partially self-fertile. Thus, the newly discovered species seems closer to the hexaploid oats than any other tetraploid species, and is probably the tetraploid progenitor of hexaploid oats. Hybrids between A. insularis and A. magna were sterile because of irregular chromosome pairing at meiosis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008657530466
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of the genetic diversity among mandarins (Citrus spp.) using RAPD markers (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 133-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Citrus reticulata ; mandarin ; germplasm analysis ; genetic similarity ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract RAPD markers were used to evaluate genetic similarity among 35 mandarin accessions, including 10 species and 7 hybrids. One octamer and twenty-two decamer primers produced 109 RAPDs, 45 of which were polymorphic. Jaccard coefficient was used to calculate genetic similarity, and UPGMA to generate the phenogram. The RAPDs obtained were sufficient to generate some accession-specific markers, and to separate these accessions by clustering them into several groups, many of them according to Tanaka's or Webber's systematic units. The genetic similarity within the mandarin group is high (GJ = 0.77), and suggests that cultivated mandarins have a narrow genetic base. The genetic similarity of mandarins to other true citrus species (Citron [C. medica L.] and Pummelo [C. grandis Osbeck]) was much lower (minimum GJ = 0.27). We propose that the mandarin group is a single species, C. reticulata Blanco, composed of several genetically different individuals and a great number of hybrids, rather than a large number of species as proposed by some taxonomic studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018300900275
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variability among strains of Trichoderma harzianum in their ability to reduce take-all and to produce pyrones (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ; take-all ; Trichoderma harzianum ; T. koningii ; T. hamatum ; pyrones ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Antagonism tests on agar-plates and glasshouse screening indicated that three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum varied in their ability to antagonize the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici). Isolate 71 which was the most effective in suppressing take-all of wheat, produced two pyrones and other undetermined analogues. Isolates of T. koningii and T. hamatum shown to suppress take-all, produced a simple pyrone compound. Although T. harzianum isolates 70 and 73 did not produce any pyrones, they reduced the disease albeit to a much lesser extent than isolate 71; with isolate 73 showing distinct host growth promotion effects. It is proposed that the success of isolate 71 of T. harzianum was related to the pyrones it produces and that the ability of isolates 70 and 73 to reduce take-all may be related to mechanisms other than those involving antibiotics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012323
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integration ofPythium nunn andTrichoderma harzianum isolate T-95 for the biological control of Pythium damping-off of cucumber (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium damping-off ; Pythium nunn ; Pythium ultimum ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Two biological control agents,Pythium nunn andTrichoderma harzianum isolate T-95, were combined to reduce Pythium damping-off of cucumber in greenhouse experiments lasting 3–4 weeks.T. harzianum T-95, a rhizosphere competent mutant, was applied to seeds andP. nunn was applied to pasteurized and raw soils naturally and artificially infested withPythium ultimum. Some treatments were also amended with bean leaves to enhance the activity ofP. nunn. The biological control of Pythium damping-off was evaluated in a Colorado soil (Nunn sandy loam) and an Oregon soil mix, which were replanted twice after 2 and 3 months. Interactions betweenP. nunn and T-95 were detected in the Colorado but not the Oregon soil. No consistent evidence of antagonism betweenP. nunn andT. harzianum was seen, and significant interactions were detected in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In the first planting of some treatments, the combination ofP. nunn andT. harzianum gave greater control of damping-off than either applied alone.P. nunn was most effective in soils that were pasteurized or amended with bean leaves.T. harzianum controlled Pythium damping-off in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In both soils, disease declined over time in treatments amended with bean leaves but withoutP. nunn orT. harzianum added. This suppression was greater in the Colorado soil, which contained an indigenous population ofP. nunn. This work demonstrates that two compatible biological control agents can be combined to give additional control of a soil-borne plant pathogen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444239
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mechanisms of biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogens by Rhizobacteria (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; chitinase ; cloning ; parasitism ; antibiosis ; competition ; rhizosphere ; Serratia marcescens
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Bacterial antagonism, responsible for biological control, may operate by antiobiosis, competition or parasitism. Parasitism relies on lytic enzymes for the degradation of cell walls of pathogenic fungi. Serratia marcescens was found to be an efficient biocontrol agent of Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse conditions. Populations of 105 or 106 colony forming units g-1 soil were the most effective. Drench and drip application of S. marcescens suspension were more effective in controlling S. rolfsii than spraying, mixing in soil or seed coating. The highest population density of the bacteria in the rhizosphere was found on the proximal portion of the root, decreasing significantly until the tips, where it increased again. The isolated Serratia, found to possess chitinolytic activity, was able to release N-acetyl D-glucosamine from cell walls of S. rolfsii. The gene coding for chitinase was cloned into Escherichia coli and the enzyme was uniquely excreted from the bacterium into its growth medium. When S. rolfsii was sprayed by partially purified chitinase produced by the cloned gene, rapid and extensive bursting of the hyphal tips was observed. This chitinase preparation was effective in reducing disease incidence caused by S. rolfsii in beans and R. solani in cotton, under greenhouse conditions. A similar effect was obtained when a viable E. coli cell, containing the plasmid with the chitinase gene (pLCHIA), was applied. It appears that genetic engineering of the lytic enzymes, such as chitinase which play an important role in plant disease control, may improve the efficacy of biocontrol agents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011694
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fish species – how and why (1999)
    Springer
    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 (1999), S. 325-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; nomenclature ; phylogeny ; species ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract It is argued, with selected examples from freshwaterfish systematics, that species should be viewed as anexpression of self-perpetuated clustered variation innature, conforming to the phylogenetic speciesconcept. The importance of species lies in thefunctional and structural significance of theirdiagnostic characters. Species can be nested by theircharacters into a tree diagram (phylogeny) orhierarchical alignment structure (classification) ofcharacter distribution, which may be taken to reflectevolution, the unifying theory of organismaldiversification. The phylogenetic species concept,which emphasizes recognition of a pattern ofvariation, describes better than any other proposedconcept the units called species by systematists.Other concepts are based on processes and normally donot permit recognition of particular taxa. Specieshave unique histories, and speciation may proceed bydifferent mechanisms. Whereas it may be postulatedthat speciation entails an irreversible change in thegenetic structure of taxa, recognized by phenotypicexpression and apparently also maintained to a largeextent by selection for a particular phenotype,species recognition must remain independent ofassumptions about species history and spatialdistribution. Species are monophyletic taxa and thespecies category does not differ significantly inphylogenetic regard from other systematic categories.Species as such are not necessarily evolutionaryunits. It is recommended to apply species names withreference to the diagnostic characters of the speciesand to abandon the type specimen described by theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature as anomenclatural reference unit.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008959313491
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Screening for fungal antagonists of seed-borne Fusarium culmorum on wheat using in vivo tests (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Gliocladium ; field tests
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A screening system is described for identifying fungal antagonists from soil which are effective in controlling seed-borne Fusarium culmorum on wheat (T. aestivum L.). The procedure comprised three consecutive in vivo tests done under controlled conditions using three different plant growing media. Altogether 1701 fungal isolates from Finnish field soils were screened for biocontrol activity. 210 fungal isolates that had advanced to various stages in the screening system were also included in a field experiment. The isolates that were the most effective in controlling seedling blight under natural conditions belonged to the genus Gliocladium. The screening tests separated Gliocladium spp. rather clearly from the rest of test fungi and thus the overall agreement among the results was good. The assays run under controlled conditions did not efficiently predict which of the Gliocladium isolates would be best in protecting wheat seedlings under field conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008647607310
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) by Pseudomonas spp. Impairs Pre- and Post-Infection Development of Pythium aphanidermatum on Cucumber Roots (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 877-886 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Pythium root rot of cucumber ; Pythium aphanidermatum ; rhizobacteria ; induced resistance ; Pseudomonas aureofaciens ; Pseudomonas corrugata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of induced systemic resistance (ISR) by Pseudomonas rhizobacteria on the pre- and post-infection development of Pythium aphanidermatum on cucumber roots was investigated. Cucumber plants (cv. Corona) were grown in vermiculite, roots were split with one side bacterized with Pseudomonas corrugata strain 13 or P. aureofaciens strain 63-28 (bacterized roots) and the other distant side was treated with water (distant, induced roots). For the non-induced control, roots on the bacterized side were treated with buffer instead of the bacterial treatment. Intact, non-split roots were also treated with the bacteria or buffer as a control. Cucumber root tissue from these treatments were harvested and incubated with a zoospore suspension of P. aphanidermatum for three hours. Most of the zoospores in the suspension were stimulated to encyst or germinate. The numbers of germinated zoospores were significantly decreased on distant induced cucumber roots in comparison to non-induced controls. Germination was also reduced on intact bacterized roots, compared to controls. There was less attachment, germ tube production and penetration on roots bacterized or induced by the rhizobacteria compared to non-induced roots. Effects were significantly greater on bacterized roots (roots colonized by bacteria) compared to distant induced roots (roots with the opposite side bacterized). Systemic resistance induced by the two Pseudomonas spp. also reduced pathogen spread on split cucumber roots in planta. Crown infection from induced or bacterized roots was delayed for four to six days in comparison to the non-induced control. Results indicated that Pseudomonas spp. can exert both an indirect influence on P. aphanidermatum zoospore behaviour and infection via induced systemic resistance (ISR) and a local influence via antibiosis or local induced resistance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008613003951
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Induction of Resistance in Mustard (Brassica juncea) against Alternaria Black Spot with an Avirulent Alternaria brassicae Isolate-D (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): Alternaria brassicae ; biological control ; cross infection ; disease management
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Resistance in susceptible mustard cv. PR-15 against the highly virulent A. brassicae isolate A (AbA) and moderately virulent isolate C (AbC) was induced using an avirulent Alternaria brassicae isolate D (AbD). The induction of resistance due to AbD against AbA or AbC resulted in significant reduction in disease severity. The A. alternata (Aa) failed to induce resistance against AbA and AbC, on the contrary it induced susceptibility against them.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008717323002
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Control of Fusarium wilt in carnation grown on rockwool by Pseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r and by Fe-EDDHA (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; carnation ; iron ; pseudomonads ; rockwool ; siderophores
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Samenvatting Verwelkingsziekte in anjers op steenwol, veroorzaakt doorFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi (Fod), werd gereduceerd indien het ijzer-chelaat Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA werd toegevoegd aan de nutriëntenvloeistof. Bacterisatie metPseudomonas sp. stam WCS417r had een additioneel effect bij de matig resistence cultivar Pallas maar niet bij de vatbare cultivar Lena. Toevoeging van Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA aan planten als ijzerbron resulteerde op de wortels in hogere aantallen en percentages fluorescerende pseudomonaden, diein vitro antagonistisch waren ten opzichte vanFod. De verschillen waren echter alleen significant 56 dagen na planten voor de cultivar Lena en 14 en 28 dagen na planten voor de cultivar Pallas. Beide chelaten vertoonden bij verschillende concentraties geen effect op de kolonisatie van de wortel door beide microorganismen. Echter, wanneer beide micro-organismen gezamelijk werden toegevoegd nam de wortelkolonisatie doorFod stam WCS816 af bij concentraties lager dan 10−5 M Fe-EDDHA. Er werd meer van het siderofoor fusarine doorFod stam WCS816 geproduceerd bij concentraties lager dan 10−4 M Fe indien Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA als ijzerbron aan het cultuurmedium was toegevoegd. Er werd geen effect van beide chelaten gevonden op de siderofoorproduktie door WCS417r. Indien een overmaat van het gezuiverde siderofoor van WCS417r werd toegevoegd aan Fe-EDDHA werden een sterkere afname van de kiembuislengte gevonden dan toevoeging aan Fe-DTPA. De reductie van de kiembuislengte bleek niet volledig verklaard te kunnen worden door een afname van de ijzerbeschikbaarheid. Het chelaat EDDHA heeft ook een toxisch effect op conidiën van fusarium. Wij concluderen, dat de waargenomen reductie van de verwelkingziekte door Fe-EDDHA een gevolg is van de afname van de ijzerbeschikbaarheid voorFod. Dit wordt waarschijnlijk versterkt door de ontwikkeling van een antagonistische, fluorescerendePseudomonas-populatie die sterk concurreren om ijzer. Het additioneel effect dat door bacterisatie metPseudomonas sp. WCS417r van de met Fe-EDDHA behandelde matig resistante anjers (‘Pallas’) werd verkregen is voor een deel het gevolg van een directe concurrentie om ijzer tussen de sideroforen vanFod stam WCS816 en vanPseudomonas sp. stam WCS417r.
    Notizen: Abstract In carnations grown on rockwool disease incidence of fusarium wilt caused byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi (Fod) was reduced when Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA was used as iron source in the nutrient solution. Addition ofPseudomonas sp. strain WSC417r intensified this reduction in the cultivar Pallas, moderately resistant to Fusarium, but not in the susceptible cultivar Lena. Treatment of plants with Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA as iron source resulted in higher numbers and percentages on the roots, ofin vitro antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads. However, differences were only significant at 56 days after planting for cv. Lena and at 14 and 28 days after planting for cv. Palas. Both chelators, at different concentrations, had no effect on root colonization by eitherPseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r orFod strain WCS816. However, when coinoculated, reduced numbers of propagules ofFusarium were found at concentrations of Fe-EDDHA lower than 10−5 M. Higher concentrations of the siderophore fusarine produced byFod strain WCS816 were demonstrated when Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA was used as iron source in culture media. At equal concentrations, no such differences were found in the amount of siderophore produced by WCS417r. Germ tube length ofFod was less with Fe-EDDHA than with Fe-DTPA. The reduction of germ tube length was stronger when the purified siderophore of WCS417r was added in excess to the culture media with Fe-EDDHA than those with Fe-DTPA. Therefore, the observed reduction of germ tube growth can not completely be explained by iron deprivation. It appeared that EDDHA exhibited a toxic effect for conidia ofFod strain WCS816 as well. we conclude that the observed disease reduction by Fe-EDDHA is a consequence of a limitation of iron availability forFod. This limitation is possibly intensified by the increase in number or percentage of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads that strongly compete for iron. The additional effect after bacterization withPseudomonas strain WCS417r in Fe-EDDHA treated carnations of cv. Pallas is likely to be due, at least partly, to a direct competition for iron between the siderophores ofFod strain WCS816 and ofPesudomonas sp. strain WCS417r.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974251
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biocontrol strain of Bacillus subtilis AF 1 rapidly induces lipoxygenase in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) compared to crown rot pathogen Aspergillus niger (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): groundnut ; lipoxygenase ; disease resistance ; biological control ; PGPR ; Bacillus subtilis ; Aspergillus niger
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Metabolic products of polyunsaturated fatty acids have been variously implicated in control of microbial pathogens. Induced resistance has been shown as one of the mechanisms of biological control by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). This paper reports a significant lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in groundnut seedlings with production of 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HPODE) and 13-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOTrE) as major products with linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), respectively. Both the hydroperoxides are inhibitory to the growth of Aspergillus niger as measured in micro titer plates. Ours is the first report on induction of LOX activities in groundnut on treatment with a PGPR strain Bacillus subtilis AF 1, and with crown-rot pathogen, A. niger. Treatment with B. subtilis AF 1 enhanced LOX levels in groundnut similarly but earlier to A. niger – treatment. This induction of LOX during activation of growth and pathogen infection was discussed in light of the reported involvement of LOX both in growth and development as well as in plant-pathogen interaction, particularly induced disease resistance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008638608639
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The survival and saprophytic competitive ability of the Botrytis spp. antagonist Ulocladium atrum in lily canopies (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 435-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; conidial viability ; germination potential ; Lillium spp. microclimate ; necrosis ; saprophyte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In 1995, conidia of Ulocladium atrum were applied to a canopy of green lily (Lillium spp.) leaves in order to investigate its survival, colonisation of artificially induced necrotic leaf tissues and competitive ability against Botrytis spp. and naturally occurring saprophytes. U. atrum conidia density cm-2 at the top and middle canopy levels was not significantly different following application of the antagonist with a propane powered backpack sprayer. In repeat experiments, conidia density on leaves at the lower canopy level was 18% to 20% of that deposited onto leaves at the top of the lily canopy. There was a significant (P 〈 0.001) linear decline of U. atrum conidia over time and after 21 days conidia density had declined by up to 73%. Germination of U. atrum on green leaves in the field reached a maximum of 81%, seven days after antagonist application. Conidial viability, measured as germination potential, declined slightly (100% to 88%) after seven days exposure to field conditions but there were no further changes in the germination potential even after 21 days of field exposure. The germination potential was not affected by canopy level. The ability of surviving U. atrum conidia to colonise necrotic tissues, artificially induced with paraquat, was measured. U. atrum colonisation was consistently highest on necrotic leaves at the top level of the canopy and consistently lower on leaves from the bottom canopy level. Necrotic leaf colonisation by U. atrum decreased over time from 51% (necrosis induced immediately after antagonist application) to 21% when necrosis was induced 21 days after antagonist application. A significant (P 〈 0.001) linear relationship (R2 = 0.713) between colonisation of necrotic tissues and conidia density prior to induction of necrosis was detected. When necrosis was induced immediately after antagonist application, U. atrum outcompeted commonly occurring saprophytic Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp. The ability of U. atrum to significantly reduce colonisation by Alternaria spp. was maintained for up to 21 days. Botrytis spp. did not occur in these field experiments. It was concluded that U. atrum had the ability to survive and persist in the phyllosphere for up to 21 days in the field and provided further evidence that U. atrum has the necessary survival characteristics to be a successful biological control agent of Botrytis spp.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008646418991
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Implication of Systemic Induced Resistance in the Suppression of Fusarium Wilt of Tomato by Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417r and by Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 903-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici ; pathogenesis-related proteins
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Fluorescent pseudomonads and nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum have been shown to suppress fusarium wilts. This suppression has been related to both microbial antagonism and induced resistance. The aim of the present study was to assess the relative importance of systemic induced resistance in the suppression of fusarium wilt of tomato in commercial-like conditions by a reference strain of each type of microorganism (P. fluorescens WCS417r and nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo47). The spatial separation of the pathogen and the biocontrol strains excluded any possible microbial antagonism and implicated the involvement of the systemic induced resistance; whereas the absence of any separation between these microorganisms allowed the expression of both mechanisms. Since systemic induced resistance has often been associated with the synthesis of PR-proteins, their accumulation in tomato plants inoculated with WCS417r or with Fo47 was determined. The analysis of the results indicates that the suppression of fusarium wilt by P. fluorescens WCS417r was ascribed to systemic induced resistance without any detection of the PR-proteins tested (PR-1 and chitinases). In contrast, the suppression achieved by nonpathogenic F. oxysporum Fo47 appeared to be mainly ascribed to microbial antagonism but also to a lesser extent to systemic induced resistance. This induced resistance could be related to the accumulation of PR-1 and chitinases. The possible relationship between the ability of Fo47 to suppress fusarium wilt more efficiently than WCS417r and its ability to show both mechanisms is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008626212305
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Role of Trichoderma harzianum Protease in the Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 177-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; grey mould ; mechanisms ; pathogenicity enzymes ; proteolysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The role of protease of Trichoderma harzianum in the biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea was examined. Two isolates of T. harzianum were compared for their ability to produce protease in liquid culture medium and on the surface of bean leaves. The biocontrol agent T. harziaum T39 produced 58 mU/ml of protease and T. harzianum NCIM1185 produced 54 mU/ml on the 5th day of growth in liquid culture medium. On bean leaves, combinations of B. cinerea and T. harzianum isolates were examined for the synthesis of protease. The protease activities were 0.9 and 0.6 mU/ml for T. harzianum T39 and NCIM1185, respectively, and 0.5 mU/ml for B. cinerea alone after 48 h of incubation. In the presence of T. harzianum T39 culture liquid containing protease, a 55% reduction in B. cinerea germination and a 80% reduction in the germ tube length were observed after 17 h of incubation in vitro. When T. harzianum isolates were added to B. cinerea on bean leaves, increased synthesis of protease was observed (1.0 and 1.2 mU/ml for T39 and NCIM1185, respectively). In the presence of T. harzianum NCIM1185 protease, although the rate of germination was reduced, B. cinerea attained 98% germination after 17 h of incubation. The hydrolytic enzymes produced by B. cinerea, endo-polygalacturonase (PG) and exoPG were partially deactivated by protease from the T. harzianum isolates. Carboxymethyl cellulase was deactivated only by protease of NCIM1185. On the surface of bean leaves, the protease (obtained from liquid culture medium of T. harzianum isolates) resulted in 56–100% reduction of disease severity. The culture liquid containing protease synthesized on the surface of bean leaves treated with B. cinerea and with T. harzianum was collected and added to fresh leaves infected by B. cinerea. There was 56–100% and 30–75% reduction of disease severity with liquid droplet collected from the leaves treated with T. harzianum T39 and NCIM1185, respectively. Increased control of disease was obtained by combining the conidia of T. harzianum isolates with protease obtained from culture media. Protease inhibitors, trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane (E64), antipain hydrochloride, and a mixture of inhibitors, but not pepstatin A, fully or partially nullified the biocontrol effect of T39. T39 was found to be a poor producer of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in vitro. These enzymes were not detected on leaves treated with T39. Involvement of protease in biocontrol of B. cinerea is suggested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008753629207
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis – insecticides on population dynamics and egg predation of the Colorado potato beetle in North Carolina potato plantings (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 65-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis ; biological control ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Coccinellidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Field studies to assess the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (Btt)-insecticides on Colorado potato beetle populations, egg survivorship and levels of predation on egg masses were conducted in replicated field research plots during two years. Stage-specific abundance of the Colorado potato beetle and predation on egg masses were monitored in Btt-treated and untreated potato plots in both years. The Btt-treatments significantly reduced densities of large (third and fourth instar) Colorado potato beetle larvae. The densities of large larvae remained below 0.5 and 3 per plant in the Btt-treatment while peak densities of 4.5 and 21 large larvae per plant occurred in the untreated control in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Regular sampling of egg masses indicated that predation rates in Btt-treated and untreated plots did not differ significantly although, in 1993, predation rates of up to 100% were recorded, only in Btt-treated plots. In a predator exclusion study carried out in 1992, survivorship of protected eggs was consistently higher than of eggs exposed to predation. Seasonal survivorship of exposed eggs was significantly lower in the Btt-treated than in untreated plots. Btt insecticides for control of Colorado potato beetles provided direct protection of the crop and were compatible with naturally-occurring biological control of Colorado potato beetle eggs due to predation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009966404802
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Life history and laboratory host range of Stenopelmus rufinasus, a natural enemy for Azolla filiculoides in South Africa (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; host specificity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The frond-feeding weevil, Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyllenhal, was imported into quarantine for testing as a potential natural enemy for the invasive fern Azolla filiculoides Lamarck in South Africa. Adult S. rufinasus lived for approximately 55 days during which the females produced on average 325 offspring. The developmental period for the immature stages (egg, three larval instars and pupation) was about 20 days indicating the potential for several overlapping generations per year. Both the adults and the larvae caused severe damage to A. filiculoides in the laboratory. Host specificity of this insect was determined by adult no-choice oviposition and larval starvation tests on 31 plant species in 19 families. Adult feeding, oviposition and larval development was only recorded on the Azolla species tested (A. filiculoides, A. pinnata subsp. poss. asiatica R.K.M. Saunders and K. Fowler, A. pinnata subsp. africana (Desv.) R.K.M. Saunders and K. Fowler and A. nilotica De Caisne Ex Mett.). A. filiculoides proved to be significantly the most suitable host for the weevil. The low adult emergence from A. nilotica and A. pinnata subsp. africana would most probably prevent the weevil from establishing on them in the field. A. pinnata subsp. poss. asiatica which supported greater development, is thought to be introduced and has a weedy phenology in South Africa and is thus of low conservation value. Therefore, any damage inflicted on this plant in the field may be an acceptable trade-off for the predicted impact of S. rufinasus on the aggressive exotic weed, A. filiculoides.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009903704275
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cannibalism and interspecific predation in the phytoseiid mites Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus: predation rates and effects on reproduction and juvenile development (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1999), S. 457-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Acari ; biological control ; generalist ; intraspecific predation ; multiple species release ; predatory mites ; specialist
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract We examined intra- and interspecific predation of adult females and immature stages of the generalist Neoseiulus californicus and the specialist Phytoseiulus persimilis. Adult females and immatures of both predators exhibited higher predation rates on larvae than on eggs and protonymphs. N. californicus fed more inter- than intraspecifically. Predation on P. persimilis by N. californicus was more severe than vice versa. P. persimilis had higher predation rates on conspecifics than heterospecifics and was more prone to cannibalism than N. californicus. When provided with phytoseiid prey, P. persimilis suffered higher mortality than N. californicus. When held without food, adult females and protonymphs of N. californicus survived longer than the corresponding stages of P. persimilis. N. californicus females were able to sustain oviposition when preying upon P. persimilis, whereas cannibalizing females did not lay eggs. Females of P. persimilis were not able to sustain oviposition, irrespective of con- or heterospecific prey. Immatures of both predators were able to reach adulthood when provided with either con- or heterospecifics. Juvenile development of N. californicus was shorter with heterospecific vs. conspecific larvae; mortality of P. persimilis immatures was less when feeding on conspecific vs. heterospecific larvae. Different behavioral pattern in intra- and interspecific predation are discussed in regard to their feeding types (generalist vs. specialist).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009980401662
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Potential of adultOrius insidiosus [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] as a predator of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Orius insidiosus ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; biological control ; predation ; functional response ; Orius insidiosus ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; lutte biologique ; prédation ; réponse fonctionnelle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On a observé que les adultes d'O. insidiosus mangeaient les œufs et les stades les plus jeunes de la chenille «légionnaire»Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Il y avait significativement plus de larves néonates tuées en 24 h que de larves âgées de 1, 2 ou 3 jours. Les prédateurs mâles et femelles ont montré une réponse fonctionnelle de type II lorsqu'ils se nourrissaient sur des densités variées d'œufs et de larves néonates de la chenille «légionnaire».
    Notizen: Abstract Orius insidiosus (Say) was observed to successfully prey on eggs and earlier instar larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Significantly more neonates of FAW were killed per 24 h than either 1, 2 or 3 d old larvae. Female and male predators exhibited a typical type-II functional response when preying on varying densities of eggs or neonates of FAW.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374802
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A leaf feeding moth,Euclasta whalleyi [Lep.: Pyralidae] for the biological control ofCryptostegia grandiflora [Asclepiadaceae] in Queensland, Australia (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 431-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Euclasta whalleyi ; Euclasta maceratalis ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; Gymnanthera nitida ; biological control ; Euclasta whalleyi ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; Gymnanthera nitida ; Euclasta maceratalis ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé A Madagascar, la pyraleEuclasta whalleyi Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, se trouve surCryptostegia grandiflora R. br. et les autres genres de la sous-famille desPeriplocoideae de la famille desAsclepiadaceae. Les études faites sur sa biologie et sa spécificité ont montré qu'elle était inféodée à cette sous-famille. LeGymnanthera nitida R. Br. originaire d'Australie, fait aussi partie de cette sous-famille, et est l'hôte d'une espèce d'Euclasta originaire d'Australie,E. maceratalis Lederer. Malgré la possibilité d'attaquerG. nitida, et de rivaliser avecE. maceratalis, E. whalleyi a été approuvé pour être lâché en Australie en octobre 1987. Durant l'année 1988 plus de 22 000 larves ont été lâchées dans la nature, mais leur établissement n'y a pas encore été prouvé.
    Notizen: Abstract In Madagascar, the leaf feeding Pyralid,Euclasta whalleyi Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, occurs onCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. and other genera in the subfamilyPeriplocoideae of the familyAsclepiadaceae. Studies on its biology and host plant specificity have shown it is restricted to this subfamily. The Australian native,Gymnanthera nitida R. Br., also belongs to this sub-family and is host to an Australian native moth,Euclasta maceratalis Lederer. Despite the likelihood ofE. whalleyi feeding onG. nitida and competing withE. maceratalis, the moth was approved for release in Australia in October 1987. During 1988 over 22,000 larvae were released; field establishment is not yet proven.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375267
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The functional response and preference ofMacrolophus caliginosus [Heteroptera: Miridae] for two of its prey:Myzus persicae andTetranychus urticae (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 465-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Heteroptera ; Miridae ; Macrolophus caliginosus ; predation ; functional response ; feeding preference ; biological control ; Myzus persicae ; Tetranychus urticae ; Heteroptera ; Miridae ; Macrolophus caliginosus ; prédation ; réponse fonctionnelle ; préférence alimentaire ; lutte biologique ; Myzus persicae ; Tetranychus urticae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'étude en laboratoire des réponses fonctionnelles des femelles adultes deMacrolophus caliginosus Wagner vis-à-vis des deux proiesMyzus persicae Sulzer etTetranychus urticae Koch montre dans les 2 cas une réponse de type II deHolling (1959). L'estimation du temps de manipulation (Th) et du taux d'attaque instantané (a) pour l'aphide (Th=.055 jour; a=1.035) et pour l'acarien (Th=.025 jour; a=.947) permet d'établir un modèle mathématique décrivant la prédation sur les 2 proies présentes simultanément et de préciser ainsi, au regard des résultats expérimentaux, l'existence d'une préférence du miride pour le puceronM. persicae.
    Notizen: Abstract Functional response studies of females ofMacrolophus caliginosus Wagner for 2 prey speciesMyzus persicae Sulzer andTetranychus urticae Koch showedHolling's type II response (1959). Estimations of handling time (Th) and attack rate (a) obtained for the aphid (Th=.055 day; a=1.035) and for the mite (Th=.025 day; a=.947) enabled the development of a mathematical model which describes the predation rate on the 2 prey simultaneously. This mirid shows a sharp preference for aphids over mites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375272
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synomone-mediated interactions between the parasitoidDiaeretiella rapae andBrevicoryne brassicae under field conditions (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 499-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Diaeretiella rapae ; cabbage aphid ; biological control ; allelochemic ; synomone ; Diaeretiella rapae ; puceron du chou ; lutte biologique ; allélochimique ; synomone
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une interaction transmise apparemment par synomones entreDiaeretiella rapae, parasitoïde primaire et le puceron du Chou,Brevicoryne brassicae a été étudiée dans les conditions naturelles. L'application directe d'une émulsion d'allylisothiocyanate à la dose de 0,25 ml par plant de Chou donnait des taux de parasitisme et/ou un nombre d'hyménoptères plus élevés que ceux observés sur plants traités avec 0,25 ml d'eau ou avec 0,25 ml d'extrait de moutard sauvage. Ces résultats suggèrent l'existence d'une interaction transmise par synomone entre les espèces impliquées indiquant des chemins potentiels pour accroître les taux de parasitisme naturels par la manipulation de l'environnement chimique des cultures de Colza.
    Notizen: Abstract An interaction apparently mediated by synomones (Nordlund et al., 1981) betweenDiaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), a primary parasitoid and the cabbage aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), was investigated under field conditions. Direct application of an allylisothiocyanate emulsion at a rate of 0.25 ml per broccoli plant consistently gave higher aphid parasitization rates and/or number of wasps per plant than those observed on plants treated with 0.25 ml of water or with 0.25 ml of wild mustard extract. These results suggest the existence of a synomonemediated interaction between the species involved, indicating potential avenues to enhance field parasitization rates through manipulation of the chemical environment of cole cropping systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375084
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Commercial inundative releases ofTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae [Hym.: Trichogrammatidae] againstCryptophlebia leucotreta [Lep.: Tortricidae] in citrus (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 545-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; egg parasitoids ; orchard pests ; false codling moth ; Lutte biologique ; parasitoödes oophages ; ravageurs de vergers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Dans la partie ouest de la province du Cap, en Afrique du Sud, des lâchers inondatifs du parasitoïde oophageTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja ont été réalisés contreCryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick), dans 5 exploitations de citrus, sur une période de 2 saisons consécutives. Un lâcher de 80 000 parasitoïdes par hectare et par semaine a été réalisé durant 29 et 33 semaines respectivement pour les 2 saisons. A la fin de chaque saison le nombre total de parasitoïdes atteint fut de 2.3 et 3.8 million d'individus par hectare respectivement. Comparée avec les zones non-traitées, sur les mêmes vergers, la population larvaire des zones de lâchers fut réduite de 54% lors de la 1re saison et de 60% lors de la 2c. Le pourcentage de perte de récolte a été réduit de 49.4±12.4 et de 61.1±8.3% respectivement. Ce résultat est à relier à l'augmentation du taux de parasitisme constaté sur la population des œufs. L'efficacité de ce traitement est semblable à celle obtenue avec l'application des inhibiteurs “de synthèse de la chitine”, mais le prix de la production des parasitoïdes n'est que de 30% par rapport à celui du prix de l'insecticide. Le travail manuel trop intensif, demande que des essais soient réalisés pour vérifier si des lâchers inoculatifs, à un taux plus élevé par semaine et sur une période plus courte seraient efficaces.
    Notizen: Abstract Inundative releases of the egg parasitoidTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja were made againstCryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) on 5 commercial citrus farms in the western Cape Province, South Africa, over 2 successive seasons. A target release volume of 80 000 parasitoids ha−1 week−1 was established for releases over 29 and 33 weeks during the 2 seasons. Total seasonal volumes reached an equivalent of 2.3 and 3.8 million parasitoids ha−1 respectively. Compared with check treatments on each farm, larval population size was reduced in the release areas by 54% in the 1st and by almost 60% in the 2nd season. Percentage crop loss was reduced by 49.4±12.4 and 61.1±8.3% respectively. Treatment effects were clearly related to increases in rate of parasitism measured in both artificially-placed and in nativeC. leucotreta egg populations. Treatment efficacy is similar to that obtained with applications of chitin synthesis inhibitors but parasitoid production costs are 30% of insecticide costs. Manual distribution of parasitoids is labour intensive, however, and further studies should investigate whether inoculative releases at higher rates per week over a shorter period, are effective.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375089
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Competitive ability of the antagonists Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum at temperatures favourable for Botrytis spp. development (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 329-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Botrytis aclada ; Botrytis cinerea ; cyclamen ; ecological adaptation ; hydrangea ; lily ; onion ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum are fungal antagonists capable of suppressing sporulation of Botrytis spp. on dead plant parts. The effect of temperature (3 to 36 °C) on antagonist conidial germination and mycelial growth was assessed on agar. In addition conidial germination of U. atrum was measured on dead lily leaves. The optimum temperature of both antagonists for both conidial germination and mycelial growth was between 27 and 30 °C. U. atrum was less affected by lower temperatures than G. roseum. At optimum temperature, 50% of conidia of U. atrum and G. roseum germinated within 2.6 and 10.0 hrs, respectively. At low sub-optimal temperatures (6 °C), 50% of conidia germinated within 18 and 96 hours, respectively. In bioassays on dead onion leaves, U. atrum suppressed sporulation of B. cinerea and B. aclada at all temperatures tested (6 to 24 °C) by more than 85%. On dead cyclamen leaves, G. roseum was more efficient than U. atrum at 21 and 24 °C but, in contrast to U. atrum, showed no antagonistic activity at temperatures below 21 °C. On dead hydrangea leaves, U. atrum significantly reduced sporulation of B. cinerea at temperatures as low as 3 and 1 °C. Under Dutch growing conditions, the mean air temperature during leaf wetness periods in onion and lily fields was 15 °C with temperatures only occasionally above 20 °C. In greenhouse crops of cyclamen, the mean temperature during high humidity periods was 17 °C. It is therefore concluded that U. atrum is better adapted than G. roseum to temperatures which occur in the field, in greenhouse crops such as cyclamen, or during cold storage of plant stocks.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009907311624
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Egg mortality of rice leaf folders Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Marasmia patnalisin irrigated rice fields (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 451-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Anaxipha longipennis ; biological control ; Gryllidae ; Metioche vitatticollis ; parasitism ; predation ; Trichogramma
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Egg mortality of rice leaf folders Cnaphalocrocis medinalisand Marasmia patnalis was studied in unsprayed irrigated rice fields in Laguna Province, the Philippines. Mortality was assessed by field exposure of laboratory-laid eggs for two days and by monitoring of field-laid eggs. Egg disappearance, the major mortality factor, was low in the first four weeks after transplanting and then increased. Egg parasitism by Trichogrammajaponicum was highest at the start of the crop and decreased to a low level towards crop maturity. Non-hatching of eggs was of minor importance. Over the total duration of the egg stage, the average disappearance of exposed laboratory-laid eggs was40%, and of field-laid eggs 46%. Egg mortality due to parasitism averaged 15% and 18%, respectively. The potential impact of egg parasitism is probably partly obscured by the disappearance of parasitized eggs. Mortality rates were highly variable between egg cohorts, but with multiple regression analysis several factors were identified that statistically explained a significant part of this variation. The results suggest that the predatory crickets Metiochevittaticollis and Anaxipha longipennis play a major role in egg disappearance, and that egg parasitism is positively dependent on the overall density of host eggs of Trichogramma in the field.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009915621547
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An artificial non-flying mutation to improve the efficiency of the ladybird Harmonia axyridis in biological control of aphids (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): abnormal wings ; adult ; biological control ; Coccinellidae ; Coleoptera ; mutagenesis ; mutation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The use of coccinellids in the biological control of aphids is restricted to the release of larvae because adults tend to fly away. Non-flying adults may stay longer in one place and so they and their progeny could give longer term protection to plants. This work is an attempt to produce a non-flying population by the use of a chemical mutagen and selection of adults with wing malformations through their subsequent generations. These adults are characterized by open elytra and extended wings. Some general features of this mutation were disclosed. The mutation is either unexpressed or results in malformed wings. It also seems recessive and lethal when homozygous. The adults with the mutation suffered a high level of mortality and a drastic reduction in reproductive capacity that prevents their mass rearing for biological control. This study revealed a negative relationship between wing malformations and reproductive capacity. Nevertheless, when adults with the mutation were released in greenhouses containing cucumbers infested with the aphid Aphis gossypii, they remained on the plants in higher numbers and laid eggs over a longer period of time than the control adults but their progeny were less numerous.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009970004842
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphological discrimination between first instar larvae of four euphorine parasitoids (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Euphorinae ; species identification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Four parasitoids of the subfamily Euphorinae are common in New Zealand pasture. These are Microctonus aethiopoides, M. hyperodae, M. zealandicus and Dinocampus coccinellae. There is overlap in these parasitoids' host ranges and, although adults of these species can be identified morphologically, their larval stages have not yet been compared. This contribution provides morphological descriptions of the head capsules of 1st instar larvae that enable the four parasitoid species to be distinguished. Diagnostic characteristics are the shape of the mandible and the pattern of sclerotisation on the hypopharynx. Post 1st instar larvae can be identified by retrieving the shed 1st instar head capsule from the host abdomen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009929427588
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biology and host plant range of the soft scale,Steatococcus new species [Hem.: Margarodidae] for the biological control of the weedCryptostegia grandiflora [Asclepiadaceae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 437-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Steatococcus ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; biological control ; Steatococcus ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La nouvelle espèce de cochenilleSteatococcus sp.nov., se trouve surCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. à Madagascar. L'étude de sa biologie et de sa spécificité a montré qu'elle peut survivre jusqu'à 6 mois sur quelques genres de la famille desApocynaceae et indéfiniment sur plusieurs genres de la famille desAsclepiadaceae. L'espèce a été, pour cette raison, refusée comme agent de lutte biologique pourC. grandiflora, importante mauvaise herbe dans le Nord de l'Etat du Queensland en Australie.
    Notizen: Abstract The soft scale,Steatococcus new species, occurs onCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. in Madagascar. Studies on its biology and host plant range showed colonies could survive for up to 6 months on some genera in theApocynaceae and indefinitely on many genera in the familyAsclepiadaceae. The species was therefore rejected as a biological control agent forC. grandiflora, a serious weed in northern Queensland, Australia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375268
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti [Hom.: Pseudococcidae] byEpidinocarsis lopezi [Hym.: Encyrtidae] in Nigeria (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 515-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Phenacoccus manihoti ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; Nigeria ; cassava ; biological control ; density dependence ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; manioc ; Nigéria ; lutte biologique ; dépendance de la densité
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Suite à l'introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) en vue d'une lutte biologique contre la cochenille du manioc (CM)Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. dans le sud-ouest du Nigéria en 1981 et 1982, 11 groupes de champs situés dans 2 régions ont été échantillonnés toutes les 2 semaines jusqu'en 1988, afin d'estimer l'impact de cet auxiliaire. Les populations du ravageur sont restées au-dessous de 10 CM par pousse la plupart du temps, malgré la présence d'hyperparasitoïdes indigènes, prouvant ainsi le succès continu de la lutte biologique parE. lopezi dans la région. Les coccinelles indigènes et polyphages n'ont été présentes que pendant les sommets de population de la CM, tandis que le parasitoïde spécifique était commun toute l'année. Pendant certaines périodes la courbe du parasitisme suggère une dépendance de la densité retardée. Comme 89% de toutes les pousses sont exemptes de la cochenille et comme le parasitoïde est très mobile, les taux de parasitisme ont été calculés sur la base des pousses individuelles. Malgré la grande variance des données couvrant 4 878 pousses infestées, une légére augmentation du parasitisme et, par conséquent, une dépendance positive de la densité sont constatées sur toutes les pousses ayant entre 1 et 10 CM du 3e et 4e stade. De telles pousses représentent 64% de toutes les pousses infestées. Aux densités d'hôte plus élevées le degré de parasitisme diminue rapidement. Les résultats sont discutés à la lumière des différentes théories sur la régulation des populations par les ennemies naturels.
    Notizen: Abstract Following the successful introduction ofEpidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) for biological control of the cassava mealybug (CM)Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. in southwestern Nigeria in 1981 and 1982, 11 groups of cassava fields were sampled every 2 weeks up to 1988 for impact assessment. After 1984, CM populations remained mostly below 10 per tip despite the presence of native hyperparasitoids, demonstrating the long-term success of biological control byE. lopezi in the region. Indigenous polyphagous coccinellids were found only during peak host densities, whereas the specificE. lopezi was common throughout the year. During some periods, percentage parasitism indicated delayed density dependence. Since 89% of all sampled cassava tips had no CM at all and the parasitisme is very mobile, parasitization rates were also calculated for individual infested tips (N=4,878). Parasitism increased slightly with host density on tips having between 1 and 10 CM of the 3rd and 4th instars, indicating positive density dependence. Such tips comprised 64% of all infested tips. At higher host densities, parasitism rates fell rapidly. The results are discussed in view of different theories on population regulation by biological control agents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375086
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution and abundance ofErynniopsis antennata [Dipt.: Tachinidae] andTetrastichus brevistigma [Hym.: eulophidae], two introduced elm leaf beetle parasitoids in Northern California (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 527-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): insecta ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; Erynniopsis antennata ; Tetrastichus brevistigma ; Tetrastichus erynniae ; biological control ; Insect ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; Erynniopsis antennata ; Tetrastichus brevistigma ; Tetrastichus erynniae ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani), parasitoïde larvaire introduit de la galéruque de l'orme,Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), a été trouvé dans 11 des 12 villes de Californie du nord où des échantillonnages surUlmus procera Salisbury etUlmus pumilla L. ont été effectués en 1986 et/ou 1987. Le parasitisme apparent maximum fut supérieur à 40 % dans 4 des localités, mais le parasitisme moyen pour l'ensemble des sites fut de 4.5 %. Un parasitoïde des nymphes, également introduit,Tetrastichus brevistigma Gahan, a été trouvé dans 7 villes seulement, avec un taux de parasitisme apparent moyen et maximum de 1.2 et 22 % respectivement.E. antennata peut être utile pour la gestion des populations de galéruques de l'orme, mais une connaissance approfondie de sa biologie et de meilleures méthodes d'échantillonnage sont nécessaires.
    Notizen: Abstract Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani), an introduced larval and larval-adult parasitoid of the elm leaf beetle (ELB),Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), was found in 11 of 12 northern California cities whereUlmus procera Salisbury andUlmus pumila L. were sampled in 1986 and/or 1987. Maximum apparent parasitism was over 40% in 4 of the cities, but mean parasitism for all sites combined was 4.5%. An introduced pupal parasitoid,Tetrastichus brevistigma Gahan, was found in only 7 cities, with mean and maximum apparent parasitism of 1.2 and 22%, respectively.E. antennata may be of value in managing ELB populations, but more knowledge of its biology and improved sampling methods are required.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375087
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation ofMicrothrix inconspicuella, [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae], a potential biological control agent forEmex australis in Australia, carried out in apple orchards in South Africa (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 583-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Microthrix inconspicuella ; Emex australis ; biological control ; apple orchards ; Microthrix inconspicuella ; Emex australis ; lutte biologique ; vergers de pommiers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les tests de spécificité conduits au laboratoire en Australie en 1977, montraient queMicrothrix inconspicuella pouvait se développer sur le jeunes feuilles de pommiers (Harley et al., 1979). Les études conduites en vergers de pommiers en Afrique du Sud montraient la possibilité d'une faible alimentation, mais moins de 40% des derniers stades larvaires atteignaient le stade adulte quand ils étaient confinés dans des manchons sur des branches de pommiers. Il n'y avait ni alimentation, ni survie dans de grandes cages ou en plein air. Les adultes issus de larves nourries sur pomme étaient plus petits, déformés, s'accouplaient occasionnellement et pondaient des œufs fertiles, mais leur descendance ni se nourrissait, ni se développait sur fruit ou feuille de pommier. En conclusion, les larves deM. inconspicuella ne se développaient pas sur pomme ou sur feuilles de pommier en plein air, les dommages étaient principalement limités aux pommes déjà blessées et l'alimentation sur feuilles était minimale. Dans les conditions normales de la lutte contre les ravageurs, les populations deM. inconspicuella ne pouvaient survivre sur une partie quelconque du pommier ou surE. australis croissant sous les arbres.
    Notizen: Abstract Host specificity tests carried out in the laboratory in Australia during 1977, showed thatMicrothrix inconspicuella Ragonot could develop on young apple leaves (Harley et al., 1979). Field studies in unsprayed apple orchards in South Africa showed that some feeding occurred, but fewer than 40% of late instar larvae developed to adults when confined in sleeves on apple tree branches. No feeding or survival occurred in large field cages or in the open. Adults which developed from apple fed larvae were smaller, deformed, occasionally mated and laid fertile eggs but their progeny did not feed or develop on apple fruit or leaves. In conclusion,M. inconspicuella larvae did not develop on apple fruit or leaves in the field, damage was mainly limited to apples already injured and feeding on leaves was minimal. Under normal pest control practicesM. inconspicuella populations did not survive on any part of the apple tree or onE. australis growing under the trees.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375092
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Occurrence and impact ofPhytomyza orobanchia [Diptera: Agromyzidae] onOrobanche crenata [Orobanchaceae] in Syria (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 633-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Phytomyza orobanchia ; Orobanche crenata ; Vicia faba ; biological control ; geographical distribution ; Syria ; Phytomyza orobanchia ; Orobanche crenata ; Vicia faba ; lutte biologique ; distribution géographique ; Syrie
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On a conduit une étude en 1988 pour déterminer la fréquence et la distribution dePhytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach dans 21 emplacements du nord-ouest de la Syrie. Des capsules d'orobanche (Orobanche crenata Forska) ont été examinées dans des champs de fève (Vicia faba L.)P. orobanchia était présent dans 95% des emplacements et 55,5% des 630 plantes d'orobanche observées étaient infectées. Sur les 1 890 capsules examinées, 32,5% étaient attaquées. La population deP. orobanchia était plus importante sur la côte, où 79% des plantes étaient endommagées. La production de graines d'orobanche était réduite de 29,4% du fait d'une destruction moyenne de 91,1% des graines dans les capsules infestées.
    Notizen: Abstract A survey was carried out in 1988 to determine the occurrence and distribution of the flyPhytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach [Diptera: Agromyzidae] on broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forskal) at 21 locations in northwestern Syria. Fruit capsules of broomrape were examined in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fields. The fly was present at 95% of the locations sampled. Of 630 broomrape plants examined over all locations, 55.5% were infested. Of the 1,890 capsules examined, 32.5% were attacked. Fly populations were highest near the coast where 79% of the broomrapes were damaged. The total seed output of broomrape plants was reduced by 29.4% in the surveyed area due to a mean seed destruction of 91.1% per infested broomrape capsule.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375097
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Note on the natural enemies ofPsylla hyalina [Homoptera: Psyllidae] onAlbizia lebbeck (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 659-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Psylla hyalina ; biological control ; Psylla hyalina ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'inventaire des ennemis naturels associés àPsylla hylina infestantAlbizia lebbeck a révélé la présence de 2 parasitoïdes primaires, d'un hyperparasitoïde, de 5 coccinellides, d'un ligaeide et de 3 champignons pathogènes, tous ces ennemis naturels étant signalés pour la 1re fois deP. hyalina.
    Notizen: Abstract A survey of the natural enemies associated withPsylla hyalina infestingAlbizia lebbeck has revealed 2 primary parasitoids, 1 hyperparasitoid, 5 coccinellids, 1 lygaeid and 3 fungal pathogens, all being new records forP. hyalina.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375100
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of oil emulsion sprays on parasitoids of the black parlatoria, Parlatoria ziziphi, in grapefruit (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 29-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Aphelinidae ; biological control ; Diaspididae ; Encarsia citrina ; Encyrtidae ; Habrolepis aspidioti ; Homoptera ; Hymenoptera ; Marietta leopardina ; parasitism ; pest control ; spray oils
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The black parlatoria, Parlatoria ziziphi, a common pest of citrus in the tropics and subtropics, has become the most important citrus pest in Upper Egypt. Spray oils may be a relatively safe alternative to harmful synthetic insecticides. However, the effect of spray oils on black parlatoria and associated parasitoids is unknown. Field studies were conducted in Giza, Egypt to assess the effect of two experimental spray oils on P. ziziphi and three associated parasitoid species on grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). Triona oil was more effective than Shecrona oil and reduced scale populations by up to 99% 75 days after application. The parasitoid Encarsia citrina was not affected significantly by either spray oil. Triona oil was slightly harmful to the other primary parasitoid, Habrolepis aspidioti and reduced parasitism rate by Marietta leopardina. However, because the latter species is a hyperparasitoid, the reduction in its number by Triona was beneficial. Triona application is therefore highly effective in controlling the black parlatoria and it reduced the rate of hyperparasitism by M. leopardina. The oils had only a minor negative impact and only on the less important primary parasitoid in the system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009974330554
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Persistence of conidia of Entomophthora muscae in relation to age, temperature, and humidity (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Diptera ; Entomophthoraceae ; infectivity ; insect pathogenic fungi ; Musca domestica ; Muscidae ; Zygomycetes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper, the effect of age, humidity, and temperature on the conidial survival of Entomophthora muscae was evaluated. E. muscae was obtained from Musca domestica in a dairy in Itatiba (São Paulo, Brazil) and maintained in the laboratory by continuous passage through flies. Furthermore, the ability of conidia to infect flies at three temperatures (17, 21, and 27 °C), four ages of conidia (12, 72, 96, and 154 hours) and two humidities (100 and 60% RH) was evaluated. The temperature of 21 °C was the most favorable for the infection of house flies. Humidity was a cause of variation at 27 °C when the conidia were up to 12 hours old, but had no effect at lower temperatures. Conidia held at 100% RH and aged 72 hours caused no infection at 17 °C, but were infective at 21 °C. In the present study, conidia retained viability much longer than previously observed. Finally, the effect of humidity, temperature, and conidial age is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009905800396
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sources of mortality in colonies of brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 347-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Aphidiidae ; biological control ; Chrysopidae ; Coccinellidae ; entomopathogens ; Hemerobiidae ; Syrphidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Sixteen cohorts of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida, were followed from colony initiation to maturation/extinction in citrus groves at two sites in Puerto Rico and nine sites in Florida, USA. Infested citrus terminals were sampled repeatedly in a non-destructive manner and data recorded on the recruitment of natural enemies and the fate of aphid colonies. Coccinellidae were the most efficient predators of T. citricida, primarily Cycloneda sanguinea, and Coelophora inaequalis (Puerto Rico), C. sanguinea, Harmonia axyridis (Florida). Coccinellids were abundant in citrus year-round in Puerto Rico, but in Florida citrus their abundance peaked in spring and declined thereafter. Syrphid flies were other important predators, especially Pseudodorus clavatus (Florida and Puerto Rico) and Ocyptamus fuscipennis (Puerto Rico). Syrphids increased in abundance from spring to fall in both regions. Other predators included Cereaochrysa lineaticornis, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Chrysopidae) and Micromus posticus (Hemerobiidae). The parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes was ubiquitous in T. citricida cohorts, but its impact on colony survival was usually low. The fungal pathogen Verticillium lecanii was a significant source of colony mortality at one site in Puerto Rico, but was not observed on T. citricida in Florida.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009955816396
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host specificity ofAcanthoscelides quadridentatus andA. Puniceus [Col.: Bruchidae] for biological control ofMimosa pigra (with preliminary data on their biology) (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Bruchidae ; Acanthoscelides quadridentatus ; A. puniceus ; Mimosa pigra ; biology ; host specificity ; biological control ; Bruchidae ; Acanthoscelides quadridentatus ; A. puniceus ; Mimosa pigra ; biologie ; spécificité ; lutte biologique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La biologie et la spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte des Bruches se nourrissant de graines,Acanthoscelides quadridentatus (Schaeffer) etA. puniceus Johnson, en provenance du Mexique ont été étudiées dans l'unité de quarantaine en Australie. Les caractères distinctifs des génitalia de chacune des espèces sont illustrés. La ponte était observée sur 16 des 73 espèces de plantes testées, mais les larves mouraient sans pénétrer dans les gousses ou les graines, excepté surMimosa invisa K. F. P. Von Martins etM. pigra L. les larves ayant pénétré dans les graines deM. invisa mouraient au 1er stade. Les bruchides étaient spécifiques deM. pigra et furent en conséquence lâchés comme partie d'un programme de lutte biologique contre cette mauvaise herbe dans la partie nord de l'Australie en Avril 1983 et en Thaïlande en juillet 1984.
    Notizen: Abstract The biology and host specificity of the seed-feeding bruchids,Acanthoscelides quadridentatus (Schaeffer) andA. puniceus Johnson, from Mexico were studied in quarantine facilities in Australia. Distinguishing characters in the genitalia of each species are illustrated. Oviposition was recorded on 16 of 73 species of plants tested but larvae died without entering pods or seeds, except onMimosa invisa K. F. P. von Martius andM. pigra L. Larvae entering seeds ofM. invisa died in the first instar. The bruchids were clearly specific toM. pigra and were subsequently released as part of a program for biological control of this weed in the Northern Territory, Australia in April 1983 and thailand in July 1984.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374305
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of a granulosis virus, andBacillus thuringiensis on life-table parameters of the potato tubermoth,Phthorimaea operculella (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Phthorimaea operculella ; granulosis virus ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; life-table parameters ; biological control ; potato ; Phthorimea operculella ; granulovirus ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; paramètres biologiques ; lutte biologique ; pomme de terre
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les effets de 3 différentes concentrations d'un granulovirus (GV) et d'une application standard deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner sur les paramètres biologiques de la teigne de la pomme de terrePhthorimaea operculella (Zeller) ont été testés en laboratoire. Le taux de survie le plus faible (0,4%) a été observé lorsque les larves de la teigne avaient été élevées sur des tubercules traités avecB. thuringiensis (200 mg Thuricide/kg de pomme de terre); dans ce cas, la teigne ne s'est pas reproduite. Comparativement au témoin et au traitement à la plus faible concentration de GV (0,002 équivalent larve par kg de pomme de terre (LE)), le taux de survie sur des tubercules traitées avec 2,0 et 0,2 LE a été réduit de manière significative, à savoir: 0,8% et 11,1% par rapport à 32,5% et 34,7% respectivement. Cependant, la durée de la génération n'a pas été affectée par les applications du GV et la fécondité n'a été réduite que par la concentration la plus élevée. Par conséquent, le taux de reproduction net (rm), comparé à celui du témoin (rm=0.00105), a été réduit de manière significative par la concentration de GV la plus élevée (rm=0.0004), modérément par la concentration intermédiaire (rm=0,0071) et n'a pas été affecté par la concentration la plus faible (rm=0,0100). Finalement, les conséquences pour une lutte biologique dans les lieux de stockage traditionnels ont été discutées.
    Notizen: Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of 3 different concentrations of a granulosis virus (GV), and a standard application ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner, on the life table parameters of the potato tubermothPhthorimaea operculella (Zeller) in the laboratory. Survival from egg to adult emergence was lowest (0.4%) and no reproduction occurred when larvae were fed on tubers treated withB. thuringiensis (i.e. 200 mg Thiricide/kg potatoes). Survival was 0.8, and 11.1% on tubers treated with 2.0, and 0.2 larval equivalents/kg potatoes (LE) of the GV, respectively, and was significantly (p〈0.05) reduced compared to that for the lowest GV concentration (0.002 LE), and the control, i.e. 34.7, and 32.5% survival, respectively. However, generation time was not affected by the GV and fecundity was reduced only at the highest concentration. As a result, the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was significantly reduced at the highest, slightly reduced at the intermediate, and was not different for the lowest GV concentration as compared to the control, i.e. 0.0004, 0.0071, and 0.0100 compared to 0.0105, respectively. The implications for a potential biological control of the potato tubermoth in rustic potato stores are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374311
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The introduction and recovery in the United States ofAnaphes diana [Hym.: Mymaridae], an egg parasite ofSitona weevils [Col.: Curculionidae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Anaphes diana ; biological control ; natural enemy introduction ; Sitona hispidulus ; egg density ; Anaphes diana ; lutte biologique ; Sitona hispidulus ; densité des œufs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Anaphes diana (Girault) (=Patasson lameerei Debauche), mymaride parasite des œufs deSitona spp., provenant d'Europe, a été libéré aux Etats-Unis à partir de 1976 et il a été retrouvé dans l'Etat du Delaware. Des techniques sont décrites pour l'extraction des œufs deSitona du sol. Après 9 ans de prélèvements dans un champ de luzerne au Delaware (〉19,300 œufs obtenus), la densité moyenne des œufs viables hivernant deSitona hispidulus (F.) a été 14,6 par 100 cm3 du sol (1 cm de profondeur). Bien que le niveau de parasitisme parA. diana ne dépasse pas 0,29%, le fait que cette espèce ait été retrouvée pendant 3 ans, et jusqu'à 7 ans après le dernier lâcher, indique qu'elle s'est probablement établie dans l'Etat du Delaware.
    Notizen: Abstract Anaphes diana (Girault) (=Patasson lameerei Debauche), a mymarid egg parasite ofSitona spp., was introduced from Europe beginning in 1976 and is now tentatively established in the United States. Techniques are described for the separation of eggs ofSitona spp. from soil, using a series of fine-mesh sieves, water, and a saturated salt solution. Data from 9 years of sampling in an alfalfa field at Newark, Del. (〉19,300 host eggs extracted), showed that the mean peak density of viable overwintering eggs ofSitona hispidulus (F.) was 14.6 per 100 cm3 of 1 cm deep surface soil. At the study site,Sitona egg densities consistently increased during the fall as a result of oviposition, peaked during January and February and decreased during the spring as a result of egg hatch. Although the incidence of parasitism byA. diana remained surprisingly low (0.29%), the fact that the species was recovered during 3 years and up to 7 years after the last release, indicates that it has colonized at the Delaware release site.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375254
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological control of water lettuce,Pistia stratiotes [Araceae] byNeohydronomus affinis [Coleoptera: Curculionidae] (1990)
    Springer
    BioControl 35 (1990), S. 363-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; water lettuce ; host specificity ; lutte biologique ; Pistia stratiotes ; Neohydronomus affinis ; laitue d'eau ; spécificité vis-à-vis de l'hôte
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Neohydronomus affinis a été introduit en Australie comme agent de lutte biologique potentiel contre la laitue d'eau,Pistia stratiotes. Les études en quarantaine ont démontré que ce coléopètre était spécifique deP. stratiotes et il a été libéré dans les champs en 1982. En conséquence, il a été lâché comme agent de lutte contre cette mauvaise herbe dans plusieurs autres pays. En AustralieN. affinis réduit les infestations deP. stratiotes de 40% ou plus en l'espace de 12 à 18 mois. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction de son efficacité dans d'autres parties du monde. Nous concluons queN. affinis contrôle effectivementP. stratiotes dans les régions tropicales (à la latitude 22°), mais dans les régions plus froides son efficacité fluctue avec les conditions saisonnières.
    Notizen: Abstract Neohydronomus affinis was imported into Australia as a potential biological control agent for the floating aquatic weedPistia stratiotes. Quarantine studies demonstrated that this weevil was host specific toP. stratiotes and it was released into the field in 1982. Subsequently it was released as a control agent for this weed in several other countries. In AustraliaN. affinis reduced infestations ofP. stratiotes by 40% or more within 12–18 months. The results are discussed in relation to its effectiveness in other parts of the world. We concluded thatN. affinis effectively controlsP. stratiotes in tropical regions (to lat. 22°), but in cooler regions its effectiveness fluctuates with seasonal conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375260
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rearing of the colydiid beetle predator, Dastarcus helophoroides, on artificial diet (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; cerambycid ; Coleoptera ; pine wood borer ; poplar wood borer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Artificial diets for the colydiid beetle, Dastarcus helophoroides, a predator of cerambycid beetles and xylocopid bees, were evaluated. Hatched larvae were reared on artificial diets composed of silkworm pupa-powder, dry yeasts, yeast extract, sucrose, peptone, squid liver oil, preservatives and distilled water, but their emergence rate was very low. If larvae were fed paralyzed cerambycid larvae till they became approximately 8 mm in body length and then reared on artificial diet, emergence rates were high. Using the latter method, mass-production of this colydiid beetle is feasible.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009936609401
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inhibition of Monilinia oxycocci by bacteria isolated from a cranberry marsh (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 475-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): bacterial antagonists ; biological control ; Pantoea agglomerans ; pseudosclerotia ; Sclerotiniaceae ; Vaccinium macrocarpon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Bacteria inhibitory to Moniliniaoxycocci, the cranberry cotton ball pathogen, were identified. Eighty-three bacteria isolated from a cranberry marsh and Erwinia herbicola C9-1,which is being developed elsewhere for the biological control of fire blight of pome fruits, were tested fortheir ability to inhibit radial growth and conidial germination of M. oxycocci in vitro. IsolateBA35 from cranberry (tentatively identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum) and E. herbicola C9-1 completely inhibited radial growth of M. oxycocci. BA35 and C9-1 were among the most effective of 21 bacteria tested for inhibition of conidial germination. Growth of bacteria in sclerotial extracts of M. oxycocci and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was determined in order to select isolates that might be successful in degradingsclerotia, thereby reducing the viability of M.oxycocci. Populations of isolates 62 and S-18(identities unknown), and S-19 (tentatively identified as Micrococcus luteus), increased approximately3.0--5.0 log10 units in all extracts within 24 h. Populations of isolate S-10 increased by about 3.5log10 units in all sclerotial extracts within 48 h. Populations of isolate S-49 (identity unknown)were lower in extracts of M. oxycocci than S. sclerotiorum after 48-h. In buffer controls, bacterial populations remained stable or decreased over the 48-h period.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009986724409
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Manipulating carabid beetle abundance alters prey removal rates in corn fields (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1999), S. 441-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): agroecosystems ; biological control ; Carabidae ; carabid community ; Coleoptera ; generalist predators ; natural enemy abundance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Generalist natural enemies such as carabid beetles have the potential to maintain a variety of pests below outbreak levels in annual crops. To assess the relationship between carabid beetle abundance and field rates of prey removal, we created plots surrounded by different boundaries that selectively affected dispersal of edaphic arthropods, primarily carabids. Three treatments were established: (1) naturally occurring communities, (2) augmented communities using ingress boundaries, and (3) reduced communities using egress boundaries. Selective boundaries altered carabid communities with minimal habitat alteration and without use of insecticides. Three times during the growing season, a fixed number of onion fly pupae were placed in plots to evaluate the impact of carabid abundance on predation rates. A combination of vertebrate and invertebrate exclosures allowed us to evaluate prey removal by invertebrates alone. In comparison to the no boundary treatment, carabids increased 54.2% and decreased 83.1% in plots surrounded by ingress and egress boundaries respectively. Predation rates were positively correlated with carabid abundance (r2 = 0.70, p 〈 0.0001). Significantly more pupae were removed from exclosures allowing access to invertebrates alone than from total exclosures, suggesting that invertebrates represented an important group of predators. Laboratory trials tested the feeding potential of the four most abundant carabid species and showed that they readily consumed onion fly pupae, supporting our hypothesis that carabids were the main predators in field tests. This study corroborates and extends previous observations of the importance of carabid beetles as generalist predators of insect pests in agricultural fields.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009946004251
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Predation preferences and discrimination between con- and heterospecific prey by the phytoseiid mites Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1999), S. 469-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Acari ; biological control ; cannibalism ; generalist ; interspecific predation ; multiple predators release ; predatory mites ; specialist
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Discrimination between and predation preference for con- or heterospecific larvae was examined for adult females of P. persimilis and N. californicus in plexiglass cages with and without their primary prey T. urticae. Rates of intra- and interspecific predation on larvae were measured for females held on leaves and provided with excess amounts of spider mites. Females of the generalist N. californicus distinguished con- and heterospecific larvae and preferred to prey upon the latter. Females of the specialist P. persimilis appeared to lack discrimination ability and fed equally on con- and heterospecifics. When spider mites and phytoseiids were offered simultaneously, all P. persimilis females chose to first attack T. urticae, whereas N. californicus females attacked both tetranychids and heterospecific phytoseiids. Females of both predators preyed upon phytoseiid larvae when held on leaves with surplus T. urticae: while P. persimilis fed on both con- and heterospecifics, N. californicus attacked larvae of P. persimilis but avoided cannibalizing larvae. The different behaviors of P. persimilis and N. californicus are discussed with regard to different predation types (generalists vs. specialists) and the possible consequences of mixed release for biological control of spider mites in greenhouses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009974918500
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preservation, mass production and storage ofStagonospora convolvuli, a bioherbicidecandidate for field bindweed (Convolvulusarvensis) (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 439-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; kaolin ; mycoherbicide ; preservation ; weed
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Different solid substrates were investigated as spore production methods for Stagonospora convolvulistrain LA39, a potential bioherbicide for field bindweed (Convolvulusarvensis L.). Up to 4 × 108 spores/g of substratewere yielded on cous-cous (cracked hard wheat). Thespores were as pathogenic as those grown on artificial medium (V-8-juice agar). The air-drying on kaolin and storage at 3 °C kept spores viable and pathogenic for 180 days. Spore germination exceeded70% for the first 140 days and then declined to 50%after 175 days. Less than 5% of spores were still viable after 17 months. The preservation of stock cultures in 10% glycerine at −80 ° C and in liquid nitrogen did not affect viability orpathogenicity of the spores.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009956203428
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