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  • Articles  (105)
  • biological control  (38)
  • Oryza sativa  (34)
  • Solanum tuberosum L.  (33)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogenase activity ; Acetylene reduction activity ; ARA ; Cyanobacteria ; Soil inoculation ; Wetland rice ; Root system ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse experiment was conducted with wetland rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR-50) in a clay-loam soil (Fluventic Eutrochrept) to study the effect of cyanobacterial inoculation a mixed culture of Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc spp., and Anabaena spp., applied at the rate of 0.15 g (dry weight pot-1 or 43 kg ha-1) on acetylene reduction activity in soil and the root system (excised root), and the grain and straw yield. The effects of applying P (40 kg ha-1), N (60 kg ha-1), and P+N to the soil were also evaluated. Cyanbacterial inoculation significantly increased (more than 200% on average) photo-dependent acetylene reduction activity in soils, particularly where the indigenous activity was considerably low, i.e. under unfertilized and N-fertilized conditions. The effect of inoculation was prominent at the maximum tillering and grain formation stages of the crop. This inoculation benefit was, however, marginal in P-applied soils (P and P+N), where the indigenous activity was stimulated more than threefold. The inoculation led to a remarkable increase in root-associative acetylene reduction activity after the maximum tillering stage of the crop, particularly with applied N but for other treatments this inoculation effect was not significant. Cyanobacterial inoculation also increased the grain and straw yield of the crop when N was not applied. The grain and straw yield was significantly correlated with the acetylene reduction activity in flooded soils and in the root system during the tillering and maximum tillering stages of rice growth, respectively.
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  • 2
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    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 151-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Triple cereal cropping ; Barley ; double-cropped rice ; Oryza sativa ; Wetland rice soils ; Stable grain yield ; Organic manuring ; Sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Triple cereal cropping is an important grain production pattern which has been adopted on a vast area of paddy fields in Southern China. A long-term triple cereal cropping (barely with double-cropped rice) experiment has been conducted for 18 years (1974–1991) in paddy fields on the southern coastal plain of Zhejiang. The results showed that long-term triple cereal cropping has a high and stable grain yield level if certain improved crop varieties are used. Furthermore, the use of organic manure to reduce yield fluctuations and promote N-use efficiency was evaluated.
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  • 3
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    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; disease screening ; maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fourteen genotypes of potato were assessed for resistance toAlternaria solani Sor., both in the glasshouse at the Scottish Crop Research Institute in Scotland and in the field in the Negev, Israel. Glasshouse assessments agreed well with field results, identifying the most resistant and susceptible genotypes. The effects on the glasshouse test of plant age, inoculum concentration, and length of time plants were kept damp after inoculation, were examined. The best agreement with field results was shown by plants inoculated at flowering, and the best discrimination between genotypes was achieved by keeping the foliage damp for 24 h after inoculating with a spore suspension containing 2.5×103 spores/ml.
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  • 4
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    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; rapid multiplication ; seed production ; non-destructive harvest ; physiological age ; cultivar ; stem number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Minitubers of cultivars Agria and Liseta were harvested from the same plantlets on three dates. After each harvest, tubers were dried (1 day), cured (13 days) and cold stored at 2 °C in darkness and 80 % RH. Their performance was studied 65, 128, 191, 254, 317, 380, 443, 506 and 569 days after harvest. Minitubers (1–2 g) were planted in pots and grown for 8 weeks in a controlled environment. After 191 days of storage their growth was still extremely poor. In both cultivars, tallest plants and largest leaf areas per plant were observed in plants from tubers from the second and third harvests that had been stored for 317 days. Highest stem numbers, yields (total dry matter, tuber fresh weight) and harvest indices were achieved with 443 days storage with cv. Agria and 569 days storage with cv. Liseta. Tubers from the first harvest behaved slightly differently.
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  • 5
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    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Warmlagerung ; Keimintensität ; Schwund ; Aufgangsverspätung ; Bestandesdichte ; Ertrag
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seed tubers were stored at above optimal temperatures. Mean temperatures varied during test years from 16 to 29.5°C (in 1988–1990 tubers desprouted before planting; in 1991 chitted tubers as in control; Table 1). This procedure of physiological ageing of seed tubers resulted in reduced plant density and lower yield compared to the chitted control in every year of the test period (average of 25 cultivars). The emergence was significantly delayed as compared to the control in all years (Table 2). Assessed for yield, the cultivars Désirée, Sanetta, Astilla and Andra showed a significantly higher degree of tolerance to warm storages (〉80%, when compared to the control) than the cultivars Arkula, Dorisa, Karlena and Koretta (〈25%; Table 3). Between these two extremes there was a large number of intermediate levels of tolerance, a result of fluctuating reactions of various cultivars to changing conditions in the years of the test period (Fig. 1). No correlation could be found between the cultivars' reactions and their maturity group or their sprouting behaviour. There was, however, for each cultivar a significant negative correlation between loss in weight through transpiration and respiration and plant density and yield (r=−0.55 and −0.54; Table 4). Plant density and yield were closely correlated (Table 4). The regressions between loss of plants and reductions in yields show that after seed tuber storage at higher temperatures a reduced yield must be expected even when plant density is not reduced (loss of plant 0%; Fig. 2). With complete stands, the use of physiologically aged seed tubers that were desprouted before planting (1988–1990) resulted in a reduction of yield of 17–20%; when old seeds were chitted as in control a loss in yield of 15% was calculated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die physiologische Alterung der Pflanzknollen durch Lagerung bei überoptimalen Temperaturen (jahresunterschiedlich 16–29,5°C, 1988–90 vor dem Pflanzen abgekeimt, 1991 vorgekeimt wie Kontrolle) führte im Vergleich zur vorgekeimten Kontrolle im Mittel von 25 Sorten in allen Versuchsjahren zu einer Verminderung der Bestandesdichte und des Ertrages. Eine Gruppe von Sorten erwies sich in allen Jahren als relativ tolerant gegen die Alterung, eine andere als signifikant empfindlicher, dazwischen lag ein breites Mittelfeld mit zum Teil erheblichen Schwankungen in den Jahren. Die Reaktion der Sorten zeigte keine Beziehung zu ihrer Reifegruppe und ihrer Keimintensität, dagegen war die sortentypische Ertragsdepression nicht sehr eng, aber signifikant mit dem Schwund während der Lagerung korreliert.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; Phytophthora infestans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of the moisture level of potting compost at harvest on the susceptibility of tubers of three cultivars to late blight was investigated in the glasshouse in three successive years. Three moisture regimes (dry, moist, wet) were imposed at flowering time, the tubers harvested 3 weeks later and immediately dipped in a zoospore suspension ofPhytophthora infestans. Tubers from dry compost were significantly more susceptible than those from wet or moist compost, which showed similar levels of susceptibility.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: culture filtrate ; resistant variants ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cells of seven potato cultivars were selectedin vitro with culture filtrate (CF) ofPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Regenerated plants were tested for late blight resistance. The aim of the study was to check the efficacy of CF in the selection of potatoes for resistance to late blight and to evaluate the effects of additive factors on general resistance. One selection cycle, applied to a cell culture system, selected cells resistant to toxic metabolites of CF.In vivo screening of clones regenerated from selected cells was done in two steps: on whole plants, assessing foliage late blight, and on detached leaves, assessing single factors of horizontal resistance. In general, the frequency of resistant variants selected with CF did not differ from that of resistant somaclonal variants. Nevertheless, high concentrations of CF in the growth medium seemed to induce an improvement of some partial resistance factors as compared with the source plants.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: foliage blight ; tuber blight ; Phytophthora infestans ; breeders' preference score ; specific combining ability ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Screening tests to detect resistance to late blight in both foliage and tubers were done on glasshouse-grown seedling progenies in parallel with visual assessments by three experienced potato breeders of the yield and quality of glasshouse-grown tubers of the same progenies. There were large differences between the parents of the progenies in their general combining ability (GCA) for both foliage and tuber blight, despite some variation due to specific combining ability for foliage blight. There were also differences between parents in their GCAs for visual preference scores, but these GCAs and those for blight resistance were not correlated. The blight-resistant cv. Stirling had the best combination of high GCAs for all three attributes. The use of these and other seedling progeny tests in a multitrait genotypic recurrent selection scheme is discussed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed size ; rapid multiplication ; seed production ; non-destructive harvest ; water loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Storage losses were studied in minitubers of cvs Agria and Liseta, using five fresh weight classes (〈0.50 g, 0.5–0.99 g, 1.00–1.99 g, 2.00–2.99 g, ≥3.00 g), and three successive harvests of the same plantlets. After each harvest, tubers were dired at room temperature (1 day), curred at 18 °C (13 days) and stored at 2 °C (540 days). Two kinds of storage losses were considered: (a) losses of entire tubers because of deterioration, and (b) fresh weight losses of the other tubers. Both kinds of losses were higher in cv. Liseta, in tubers with lower fresh weights and in tubers from the first harvest. Almost all minitubers ≥0.5 g from later harvests and from both cultivars survived storage for 1.5 years. Deterioration occurred mainly from 6 to 12 months of storage. Tubers which deteriorated during cold storage had already shown high weight losses during curing.
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  • 10
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    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 365-372 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: gametophytic selection ; reciprocal differences ; GA ; dwarfs ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A selected clone ofSolanum tuberosum Group Andigena PI 347773 (clone Adg 11.1) and the cultivar Superior had previously been shown to be heterozygous at a gibberellin related dwarfing locus, ga1. Experiments were conducted to test for gametophytic selection for alleles at the ga1 locus in reciprocal crosses and for the effect of genotype on tuber yield. The genotypes of individuals from superior-Adg 11.1 reciprocal F1 families were determined by test crossing. Genotypic classes could be distinguished by the percentages of dwarf seedlings in their test cross progeny. No differences were found in the genotypic distributions of the reciprocal families, which indicates gametophytic selection at this locus is not the cause of reciprocal yield differences. Superior-Adg 11.1 individuals classified by ga1 locus genotype were evaluated for tuber yield. Tuber yields were highly correlated with genotype in both reciprocal families. Yields followed the pattern of simplex〉duplex〉triplex, indicating that the recessive mutant ga1 allele exhibited a dose effect stimulating yield.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed size ; rapid multiplication ; seed production ; non-destructive harvest ; cold treatment ; sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dry-matter concentration and dormancy were studied in minitubers of cvs Agria and Liseta, using five fresh weight classes (〈0.50 g, 0.50–0.99 g, 1.00–1.99 g, 2.00–2.99 g and ≥3.00 g) and three successive harvests of the same plantlets. The average dry-matter concentration increased with tuber weight for tubers from the second and third harvests. In minitubers ≥0.5 g, dry-matter concentration was higher in tubers from later harvests. The dormant period (days from harvest to 50% sprouting) was longer in minitubers with lower than higher weights, and longer in tubers from the first harvest than from later harvests. A cold-storage period of 6 weeks, starting 14 days after harvest, reduced the dormant period by an average of 11 days.
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  • 12
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    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 359-364 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: glutamine ; arginine ; valine ; histidine ; asparagine ; proline ; tyrosine ; methionine mixture ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Amino acids and sugars were removed from slices of potato of the cultivar Record. The slices were then soaked in solutions of the amino acids and various concentrations of glucose to study their effect on the fry colour of crisps. Glutamine was an important amino acid in the development of fry colour intensity at low glucose concentrations and also contributed to the dark fry colour when combined with glucose concentrations above 0.15%. The basic amino acid arginine had a similar but lesser effect and other amino acids used gave the same effect at glucose concentrations above 0.45%. Asparagine could play an important role in the development of fry colour quality and may decrease the grey colour intensity developed by the mixture of amino acids.
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  • 13
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    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 55-61 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: rapid multiplication ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; stem length ; underground tubers ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The formation of above-ground tubers on stem cuttings of eight potato cultivars was studied over three seasons. To promote tuber formation in the leaf axils, stems grown from single node cuttings were exposed to short day conditions. Tuber formation underground was reduced by covering the soil with a plastic sheet and by using single node cuttings planted with the leaf axils several centimetres above the soil surface. With all cultivars except Alpha, which produced mis-shapen tubers in all experiments, an average of 11 (maximum 40) tubers per cutting were harvested. Significant cultivar × year interactions were observed.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: ELISA ; hybridoma ; closterovirus ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) which react specifically with potato virus T (PVT) were produced and tested for cross reactivity with potato viruses (A, S, X, Yo, YN, leaf roll), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and against healthy sap. They were found to be highly specific for PVT. These two McAbs form the basis of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of PVT in infected plant material which is of key significance for potato quarantine.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: ELISA ; enzyme amplification ; feeding behaviour ; field resistance ; honeydew excretion ; Myzus persicae ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The acquisition of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) byMyzus persicae nymphs from the top leaves of potato plants was studied throughout a growing season in relation to the antigen titre in those leaves and the feeding behaviour of the aphid. Secondarily-infected plants of eight potato genotypes with different levels of field resistance served as virus sources. Early in the growing season, plants were efficient sources for virus acquisition. The amount of viral antigen detected inM. persicae nymphs fed on the top leaves was strongly correlated with the titres of viral antigen in these leaves. Virus acquisition from the top leaves of older potato plants was markedly impaired and could not be correlated with their virus titre. With increasing age of the potato plants and the development of virus symptoms, the virus titre in the leaves declined and the initial weak correlation between the virus titre and field resistance ratings disappeared. Thus, screening secondarily-infected potato plants for field resistance to PLRV based on the concentration of viral antigen in leaves or in aphids fed on them should be avoided later in the growing season. The feeding rate ofM. persicae, measured by the number of honeydew droplets excreted, did not account for the reduced uptake of virus from older plants since it was not influenced by the age of the plant. Throughout the growing season, the feeding rate ofM. persicae nymphs on PLRV-infected plants was higher on genotypes with low levels of field resistance to PLRV than on genotypes with high ones.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: PVY ; plant breeding ; progeny tests ; genetics ; resistance ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary For potato breeding or genetical research purposes, the number of copies of a dominant major gene for resistance to potato virus Y in a parent clone can be determined by test-crossing with a susceptible parent and observing the segregation ratio of resistant to susceptible seedlings in the progeny. In a comparison of different susceptible cultivars for use in test-crosses for this purpose, their progenies differed in the clarity of symptoms and parental phenotype proved an unreliable guide. Cvs Maris Piper, Arran Peak and Dr MacIntosh were found to be suitable tester parents, Pentland Squire less so and cv. Désirée was confirmed as having a major gene conferring incomplete resistance. It was found advisable to test-cross with more than one susceptible parent.
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  • 17
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    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 197-203 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pyricularia ozyzae ; Oryza sativa ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofPyricularia oryzae, the causal organism of leaf blast in rice, on photosynthesis characteristics of rice leaves was measured in two greenhouse experiments. Leaf blast reduced photosynthesis not only through a reduction in green leaf area, but also through an effect on photosynthesis of green leaf tissue surrounding the lesions. The assimilation rate at light saturation (P max ) was more affected than the initial light use efficiency (∈). Dark respiration (R d ) increased as a result of infection. The experimental data were used to derive relations between leaf blast severity andP max , ∈ andR d .
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  • 18
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    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 323-334 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pyricularia oryzae ; Oryza sativa ; crop loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice crops grown under irrigated conditions were inoculated withPyricularia oryzae during early growth stages to study the effect of leaf blast on yield formation. The inoculations led to severe epidemics of leaf blast around maximum tillering, characterized by the presence of typical blast lesions and an accelerated senescence of heavily infested leaf tissue. Leaf blast led to a prolonged tillering and a delay in flowering and maturity. Crop growth rate and leaf area formation declined sharply during establishment of the disease and continued to be reduced till maturity. This resulted in a marked reduction of total dry matter production and grain yield. Dry matter distribution was not affected. Leaf blast reduced spikelet number, 1000 grain weight, and the fraction filled grains. From this last observation it was concluded that the reduction in grain yield was exclusively source determined. Nitrogen uptake of the inoculated crops before flowering was reduced compared to the N uptake of the control crop, but shoot N content of the inoculated crops at flowering was higher. Uptake of nitrogen after flowering was negligible in both healthy and inoculated crops. Redistribution from vegetative tissue was therefore the main source of N for grain growth. The higher N content of the shoot organs in the inoculated crops during ripening led to the conclusion that the reduced N uptake was not responsible for the yield reduction observed. Consequently, the reduction in grain yield was solely determined by a reduced carbohydrate supply.
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  • 19
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    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 205-217 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pyricularia oryza ; Oryza sativa ; simulation model ; respiration ; vertical distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect ofPyricularia oryzae, the causal organism of leaf blast in rice, on photosynthetic rate of a rice crop was determined with mobile equipment in the field. Canopy CO2 exchanges rate (CER) was significantly reduced in plots inoculated withP. oryzae. The experimentally obtained data were used to evaluate the performance of a model for the effects of leaf blast on canopy photosynthesis. The model comprised photosynthesis and respiration routines of a mechanistic crop growth model, extended with submodels for effects of leaf blast on both processes. Canopy photosynthesis and the effect of leaf blast on CER were accurately simulated with the model. Analysis showed that the reduction in canopy photosynthesis was mainly due to an adverse effect of lesions on leaf photosynthetic rate and to shading by dead leaf are resulting from disease induced senescence. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated the importance of the vertical distribution of the disease in the canopy. This implies that disease monitoring for crop loss assessment should consider vertical disease distribution.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice (TGMSR) ; critical temperature ; sensitive panicle development stage ; fertility change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of a 1–5 day low temperature treatment applied at different stages during panicle development on the male sterility of 5460S, a thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice line (TGMSR), was studied. Before and after the period of low temperature treatments the plants were continuously grown under 14.75 h daylength and 29.6° C average temperature (max. 33° C/min. 29° C) in growth chambers in order to avoid any other possible influences on the male sterility. The results indicate that the plant responses to low temperature was dependant on the developmental stage of the young panicle. The stages from formation of pollen mother cell to late uninucleate of pollen grains were the most sensitive to temperature. It is concluded that the critical temperature for the fertility change from male sterile to partially fertile in ‘5460S’ is about 28.5° C in the sensitive panicle development stages under the condition studied.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: farming system ; fertilization ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; potassium ; potato ; proteolytic enzymes ; senescence ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fertilization on senescence and nutrient remobilization in potato leaves was investigated in two farming systems on a soil with a poor potassium availability. The ‘Conventional’ farming system followed good local practices including industrial products, while in the ‘Bio-Dynamic’ farming system industrial fertilizers and synthetic pesticides were avoided. Potassium concentrations in the dry matter of mature leaves varied over a wide range. Nitrogen compounds (protein, chlorophyll) were less affected, and phosphorus concentrations in the dry matter were similar. Magnesium and potassium concentrations in the leaves were negatively correlated. In both farming systems senescence was advanced in plants with a low nutrient supply. Alkaline pyrophosphatase and aminopeptidase activities (in general highest in expanding and mature leaves) were lower and endopeptidase activities peaked earlier on plots with low fertilizer levels. A high percentage of potassium was remobilized from senescing leaves on unfertilized plots, but the phosphorus concentration remained high at the end of the season. The results suggest that the differential net remobilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium depended on actual source/sink relations in the plants.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: iron ; mineral deficiency ; mitochondrial electron transport ; NADH ; Oryza sativa ; proline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of proline in shoots of rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings raised in distilled water was about 3.3 times higher than in the seedlings raised in modified B5 medium. The shoots of seedlings raised in B5 medium which was depleted of calcium, iron, magnesium or potassium had a higher concentration of proline than those grown in standard B5 medium. The shoots of seedlings raised in distilled water with iron had a lower level of proline than those in distilled water. These results suggest that iron deficiency leads to high proline accumulation. The electron transport activity of mitochondria from shoots of etiolated seedlings raised in distilled water or iron-depleted B5 medium was significantly lower than those from equivalent seedlings raised with an iron source. As suppression in mitochondrial electron transport leads to an increase in NADH/NAD+ ratio, we propose that the prime cause of the proline accumulation during iron deficiency is to readily maintain NADH/NAD+ ratio.
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  • 23
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    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 197-202 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; jasmonic acid methyl ester ; Oryza sativa ; osmotic stress ; proline ; putrescine ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of water stress and osmotic stress (sorbitol treatment) on the production of putrescine and proline in excised rice leaves were compared. Osmotic stress and water stress were found to affect differentially the levels of putrescine and proline in excised rice leaves. Putrescine accumulation is induced by osmotic stress, whereas proline accumulation is induced by water stress. The effects of ABA on the levels of proline and putrescine are similar to those of water stress, whereas the effects of jasmonic acid methyl ester (JA-Me) are similar to those of osmotic stress. Water stress results in an increase of endogenous ABA is excised rice leaves. However, neither osmotic stress nor JA-Me has effect on endogenous ABA levels in excised rice leaves. Of particular interest is the finding that proline levels increase when putrescine levels induced by osmotic stress or JA-Me are reduced by D-arginine and α-methylornithine. L-arginine and L-ornithine applied exogenously also cause an increase in proline levels. It seems that L-arginine and L-ornithine are preferentially utilized as precursors for putrescine accumulation in excised rice leaves treated with osmotic stress and JA-Me, and for proline accumulation in excised rice leaves exposed to water stress and ABA.
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  • 24
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    Plant growth regulation 13 (1993), S. 133-136 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cytosolic pH ; Oryza sativa ; putrescine ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of compounds that influenced cytosolic pH on the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves were examined. Permeant weak acids, isobutyric acid and propionic acid, increased the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves. Procaine and trisodium citrate, known to be permeant weak bases, on the other hand, decreased the level of putrescine. It seems possible that the level of putrescine in detached rice leaves is regulated by the cytosolic pH.
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  • 25
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    Plant growth regulation 12 (1993), S. 79-82 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ethylene biosynthesis ; salicylic acid ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on ethylene biosynthesis in detached rice leaves were investigated. SA at pH 3.5 effectively inhibited ethylene production within 2 h of its application. It inhibited the conversion of ACC to ethylene, but did not affect the levels of ACC and conjugated ACC. Thus, the inhibitory effect of SA resulted from the inhibition of both synthesis of ACC and the conversion of ACC to ethylene.
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  • 26
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    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 11-16 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: deepwater rice ; elongation ability ; Oryza sativa ; submergence tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was conducted with six F2 populations to test the possibility of combining submergence tolerance and stem elongation ability into a single genotype of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Submergence tolerance and stem elongation ability could be combined in the same genotype if strongly submergence tolerant genes are present in submergence tolerant parents.
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  • 27
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    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 185-190 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf blast ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Oryza sativa ; partial resistance ; Pyricularia oryzae ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In many pathosystems, a prolonged latent period is an important component of partial resistance. Latent period in rice to leaf blast was assessed in cultivars representing a fairly wide range of partial resistance under various conditions that are known to influence the expression of partial resistance considerably. The latent period was slightly more than four days and varied only little between treatments, with a maximum difference of only eight hours between cultivars. The very small differences in latent period were not associated with differences in partial resistance due to cultivar, nitrogen, or leaf age effects. It was concluded that the latent period is of no importance as a component of partial resistance to leaf blast.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: mesocotyl ; diallel cross ; rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Mesocotyl length is an important character in promoting seedling emergence of direct-seeded rice. Genetic analysis of rice mesocotyl length was conducted using a six parent diallel cross. Generation mean analysis was carried out on parents (P), F1, F2 and backcrosses (B) of three crosses to complement the genetic information from the diallel analysis. Both analyses demonstrated the presence of significant additive and dominance effects. Duplicate type of non-allelic interaction was detected by the generation mean analysis and two crosses showed significant negative dominance gene effect. Dominance was partial and the narrow sense heritability estimate for mesocotyl length was high, indicating the preponderance of the additive effects. Mesocotyl length was negatively but weakly correlated with the coleoptile length and length of the second internode L2. There was no correlation between mesocotyl length and other mature plant characters such as plant height and internode lengths L1, (L1 being the peduncle with subsequent internodes to the base of the plant). Selection for mesocotyl length can therefore be carried out independent of these plant characters and semidwarf rice varieties with long mesocotyl can be developed.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dihaploid potato induction ; pseudogamy ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The production of dihaploids is the first step in a potato breeding program at the diploid level. Dihaploid induction ability, dihaploid production ability and seed parent x pollinator interaction were analyzed for 28 × 3, seed parent x pollinator combinations. This is the first report on significant interaction between seed parents and pollinators. Despite this interaction, IVP 101 had a significantly higher dihaploid induction ability than the widely used pollinators IVP 35 and IVP 48. Previous findings on significant differences in dihaploid production ability between seed parents were clearly confirmed.
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  • 30
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    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 359-362 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N ; microbial biomass ; nitrogen uptake efficiency ; Oryza sativa ; soil nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent field studies on irrigated rice at the IRRI research farm indicate efficient use of fertilizer-N based on plant uptake of applied N, (estimated by N difference), and utilization of acquired N for increased grain yield. These findings contrast with 15N uptake in microplot studies which underestimate the actual increase in plant N from added fertiliser. Constraints other than uptake efficiency, however, may govern fertiliser-N efficiency in farmers fields. In a study of 44 farmers' fields in Central Luzon, rice yields ranged from 2.5 to 6.2 t ha-1 and N uptake from 35 to 95 kg N ha-1 in plots without fertiliser-N addition. Farmers applied from 35 to 240 kg N ha-1, but there was no relationship between the N rate used by each farmer and the effective soil N supply. Mean N uptake efficiency from fertiliser by N difference was only 36%. We conclude that improved fertiliser-N efficiency by farmers will require a more information-intensive management strategy that makes N fertiliser inputs better fitted to the seasonal pattern of crop N demand and soil N supply.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: direct sowing ; flooded soil ; germplasm ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; seedling establishment ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Screening for rice germplasm which can establish seedling from flooded soil was conducted using 256 accessions of conserved germplasm from the International Rice Germplasm Center (IRGC) and 404 accessions from the International Network for Genetic Evaluation for Rice (INGER), IRRI. IRGC germplasm represented broad genetic diversity while INGER germplasm involved desirable agronomic characters. Seeds germinated for 2 d were planted at 25 mm depth in seedling trays. The trays were then submerged to a depth of 30–50 mm. Seedling establishment was evaluated by analyzing leaf development, seedling height, and percentage establishment 15 d after planting. Eight percent and 2% of IRGC and INGER germplasm, respectively, were identified statistically as superior to the control semidwarf IR varieties. Among the superior germplasm were those from Northeast India and Bangladesh which were adapted to deepwater and early summer rainfed lowland cultures. These could be utilized as parents in breeding programs which aim to develop varieties suitable for direct seeding technology (i.e., germinated seeds are sown under the surface of flooded soil).
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Porteresia coarctata ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; intergeneric cross ; fluorescent microscopy ; pollen tube ; callose ; postzygotic barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Comparative study with fluorescence microscopy revealed that the pollen tubes of the self-pollinated rice variety BR-9 reached the ovary within 75 min after pollination. In P. coarctata it took 150 min. In the cross between P. coarctata and BR-9, pollen tubes reached the ovary in 165 min but seed setting was not observed. In the cross between BR-9 and P. coarctata, small and deformed pollen tubes were formed and they failed to grow through the stylodium.
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  • 33
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    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 195-201 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; landraces ; varietal differentiation ; hsien and keng ; indica and japonica ; isozymes ; chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) ; Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ninety Chinese rice landraces were examined with special reference to the indica-japonica differentiation in terms of traditional criteria, isozyme analysis and PCR analysis of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). Cultivars were separated into indica and japonica defined by a discriminant function (Z) based on key characters, as well as by isozyme genotypes. Most indica landraces had chloroplast DNAs with a deletion at the Pst-12 fragment, while most japonica landraces had cpDNAs without the deletion. Two traditionally recognized varietal groups in China, keng and hsien, corresponded largely to the respective japonica and indica revealed in our study. The results obtained in this study showed good agreement for classification of indica and japonica types by the three methods: discriminant analysis by Z value, isozyme analysis, and PCR analysis for cpDNA.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: antibiosis ; biological control ; disease resistance ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi ; root colonization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by two fluorescentPseudomonas strains were studied. Treatments of carnation roots withPseudomonas sp. WCS417r significantly reduced fusarium wilt caused byFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi (Fod). Mutants of WCS417r defective in siderophore biosynthesis (sid−) were less effective in disease suppression compared with their wild-type. Treatments of carnation roots withPseudomonas putida WCS358r tended to reduce fusarium wilt, whereas a sid− mutant of WCS358 did not. Inhibition of conidial germination of Fod in vitro by purified siderophores (pseudobactins) of bothPseudomonas strains was based on competition for iron. The ferrated pseudobactins inhibited germination significantly less than the unferrated pseudobactins. Inhibition of mycelial growth of Fod by bothPseudomonas strains on agar plates was also based on competition for iron: with increasing iron content of the medium, inhibition of Fod by thePseudomonas strains decreased. The sid− mutant of WCS358 did not inhibit Fod on agar plates, whereas the sid− mutants of WCS417r still did. This suggests that inhibition of Fod by WCS358r in vitro was only based on siderophore-mediated competition for iron, whereas also a non-siderophore antifungal factor was involved in the inhibition of Fod by strain WCS417r. The ability of thePseudomonas strains to induce resistance against Fod in carnation grown in soil was studied by spatially separating the bacteria (on the roots) and the pathogen (in the stem). Both WCS417r and its sid− mutant reduced disease incidence significantly in the moderately resistant carnation cultivar Pallas, WCS358r did not. It is concluded that the effective and consistent suppression of fusarium wilt of carnation by strain WCS417r involves multiple mechanisms: induced resistance, siderophore-mediated competition for iron and possibly antibiosis. The less effective suppression of fusarium wilt by WCS358r only depends on siderophore-mediated competition for iron.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; pupal parasitism ; density dependence ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le parasitisme nymphal deLymantria dispar a été étudié dans 15 placettes du New Jersey, de 1978 à 1988. Le principal parasitoïde était un chalcidien,Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), qui n'a été trouvé que dans 6 placettes. Le parasitisme s'observait généralement dans l'année même ou dans celle précédant l'apparition du maximum d'ooplaques deL. dispar. Un seul site montrait un taux de parasitisme dépassant 4%. Le pourcentage de parasitisme était significativement corrélé avec le nombre d'ooplaques par ha de la saison en cours et avec le nombre de nymphes par site de la saison précédente, suggérant une densité-dépendance retardée. Une analyse de régression multiple a révélé un pourcentage de parasitisme significativement corrélé avec le pourcentage d'infection par le virus de la polyhédrose nucléaire, la densité de nymphes hôtes mâles, les températures minimales moyennes en août et en mars. Une analyse canonique discriminante, effectuée pour différencier les sites avec ou sans parasitoïdes, a été significative. Les placettes avecB. intermedia présentent des populations d'hôtes et une défoliation relativement plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract Pupal parasitism of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.), was monitored in 15 study plots in New Jersey from 1978 to 1988. The predominant parasitoid was a chalcidid wasp,Brachymeria intermedia (Nees), which was found in only six plots. Parasitism was generally observed in the year of or preceding the peak numbers of gypsy moth egg masses. Parasitism exceeded 4% in only one plot. Percentage parasitism was correlated significantly with numbers of egg masses per hectare in the current season and with numbers of pupae per plot in the previous season, suggesting delayed density dependence. A multiple regression analysis found percentage parasitism to be correlated significantly with percentage infection by nuclear polyhedrosis virus, density of male host pupae, and mean minimum temperature in August and March. A canonical discriminant analysis carried out to distinguish study plots with and without the parasitoid was significant. Plots withB. intermedia had relatively higher host populations and defoliation.
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  • 36
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    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 3-6 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; thelytoky ; arrhenotoky ; sexual reproduction ; asexual reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Psyllaephagus ; Tamarixia ; Heteropsylla ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La fécondité en fonction de l'âge de deux parasitoïdes du psylleHeteropsylla cubana, Psyllaephagus yaseeni etTamarixia leucaenae a été étudiée en condition de laboratoire. A 25 °C,P. yaseeni présente une fécondité plus élevée (R0=192,9) queT. leucaenae (R0=71,2);T. leucaenae montre cependant une sex ratio plus faible (environ 99 % de femelles) queP. yaseeni (environ 50 %). Le taux d'accroissement potentiel (rm=0,236) deT. leucaenae était plus élevé que celui deP. yaseeni (rm=0,188). Les vitesses de développement des parasitoïdes ont été examinées à des températures constantes et fluctuantes et les équations de la vitesse de développement en fonction de la température ont été calculées. A 25 °C, la durée moyenne des générations était respectivement de 28,0 et 18,1 jours pourP. yaseeni etT. leucaenae. Aux températures de 21,5, 25 et 30 °C la durée totale de développement (de l'œuf à l'adulte) était de 28,5, 21,9 et 14,7 jours chezP. yaseeni et 19,2, 12,6 et 9,5 jours chezT. leucaenae. Le taux de parasitisme était faible et la mortalité nymphale était élevée à la température la plus basse, 21,5 °C, pour les deux parasitoïdes. Tous deux présentaient une survie faible à 100 % de HR;P. yaseeni survivait particulièrement bien à une température de 21 °C et à 44 ou 76% d'HR. P. yaseeni attribuait environ 58 % de femelles aux larves de premier stade de développement mais seulement 12 % aux larves de second stade. Environ 99 % de toutes les éclosions deT. leucaenae était constituée de femelles. La taille des femelles issues des larves de 5e stade étaient significativement supérieure à la taille de celles qui émergeaient des larves de 3e ou 4e stade.
    Notes: Abstract Age specific fecundity of two parasitoids,P. yaseeni andT. leucaenae, of the leucaena psyllidH. cubana, were studied under laboratory conditions. At 25 °C,P. yaseeni had a greater fecundity (R0=192.9)_thanT. leucaenae (R0=71.2);T. leucaenae however had a lower sex ratio (about 99 % females) thanP. yaseeni (about 50 % females). Innate capacity for increase (rm=0.236) ofT. leucaenae was higher thanP. yaseeni (rm=0.188). Developmental rates of the parasitoids were examined at constant and fluctuating temperatures and equations of the rate of development against temperature were calculated. At 25 °C, mean generation times were 28.0 and 18.1 days forP. yaeseeni andT. leucaenae respectively. At temperatures of 21.5, 25, and 30 °C total development times (egg to adult) were 28.5, 21.9, and 14.7 days inP. yaseeni and 19.2, 12.6, and 9.5 days inT. leucaenae respectively. The level of parasitism was low and pupal mortality was high at the lower temperature of 21.5 °C for both parasitoids. Both parasitoids showed poor survivorship at 100 % RH,P. yaseeni survived particularly well (32 days) at a temperature of 21.5 °C and 44 or 76 % RH. P. yaseeni allocated about 58 % females to first instar psyllid nymphs but only 12 % females to second instars. About 99 % of allT. leucaenae births were females. Significantly largerT. leucaenae females emerged from fifth instar parasitized nymphs than third or fourth instars.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoid ; biological control ; heat shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Suite à une efficacité parasitaire faible des trichogrammes, constatée, dans des conditions climatiques particulières lors des lâchers de ces parasitoïdes contre la pyrale du maïs, des chocs thermiques à 35°C et 44°C pendant une durée de 6 heures sont appliqués au stade nymphal deTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko. Deux âges sont choisis: nymphe blanche et nymphe mélanisée. Différents critères biologiques ont été étudiés pour la génération G0 ayant subi le choc de température et pour les descendants G1. Les résultats obtenus indiquent une sensibilité des deux âges, surtout à 44°C. Cette température provoque une réduction du pouvoir parasitaire de la G0 de 51% pour les individus issus des nymphes blanches traitées et de 55% pour ceux issus des nymphes mélanisées traitées. Au niveau de la génération G1, on constate une chute de la proportion des femelles dans la descendance des adultes issus des deux âges traités: réduction de 38% pour les individus issus des nymphes mélanisées; 88% pour ceux issus des nymphes blanches. Dans ce dernier cas, la génération G1 pratiquement totalement mâle, est obligatoirement sans efficacité parasitaire.
    Notes: Abstract Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko is used throughout Europe as an effective biological control agent against the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). However, in certain climatic regions, the biological control exerted by this parasitoid is less effective. High temperatures inside the released capsules are suspected to have a negative influence on the parasitoids. To simulate these adverse conditions, we applied heat shocks (35°C and 44°C) for 6 hours to pupae ofTrichogramma brassicae at two periods: white pupae and melanized pupae. The results showed the susceptibility of both the white pupae and melanized pupae, especially at 44°C. At this temperature, the adults (G0 generation) derived from pupae treated at any age showed reduced longevity and fecundity. Moreover, those descended from treated melanized pupae showed an emergence rate lower than that of the control. These effects reduced to half and more the parasitic efficiency of the G0 generation. For the progeny (G1 generation), we observed a decrease of the female ratio: 38% for the progeny of adults derived from treated melanized pupae; 88% for the progeny of those derived from treated white pupae. In that condition, the G1 generation, almost totally male, could not have any parasitic activity.
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  • 39
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    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences menées en conditions contrôlées dans des boîtes carrées semées de trèfle ou de ray grass ont montré que les CarabesAbax parallelepipedus (Piller & Mitterpacher) etPterostichus madidus F. limitent les populations de limaces dans les champs de trèfle et de ray grass. La limitation par ces carabes se révèle aussi bonne que celle obtenue avec le molluscicide methiocarb.A. parallelepipedus semble plus efficace queP. madidus dans ce rôle, les dégâts sur le trèfle étant maintenus à un minimum.P. madidus ne limite les limaces qu'une fois le trèfle déjà attaqué.
    Notes: Abstract Experiments conducted in sward boxes under controlled conditions showed that the carabid beetlesAbax parallelepipedus (Piller & Mitterpacher) andPterostichus madidus F. controlled slugs in a grass/clover sward. Control was shown to be as good as that by the molluscicide, methiocarb.A. parallelepipedus proved to be more successful thanP. madidus at controlling the slugs, damage to the clover being kept to a minimum.P. madidus controlled the slugs only after some damage to the clover was sustained.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: host size preference ; parasitoid ; stored product ; maize ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La première génération d'Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) récoltée dans du maïs stocké commercialement en Caroline du Sud fut exposée, dans du maïs écossé, à un mélange de jeunesSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, de toutes tailles représentant une distribution d'âge uniforme. On a observé 87% de parasitisme sur les larves comportant un tunnel de 0,9 à 1,8 mm et 6% sur les prépupes et pupes pour cette distribution d'âge. Le taux de préférence était le plus élevé pour les grosses larves-hôte (1,6 mm de diamètre), moyen pour les autres larves de 0,9 à 1,8 mm, et le plus bas pour les pupes et les petites larves. On a discuté de la sélectivité des hôtes en utilisant les paramètres de Chesson (1983): préférence, αi, probabilité de parasitisme, Pi, et index d'électivité ɛi.
    Notes: Abstract First generationAnisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) collected from commercial stored maize in South Carolina were exposed to a mixture of all sizes of immatureSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, representative of a uniform age distribution, in shelled maize. Eighty-seven percent of parasitism is expected on larvae with tunnel diameters of 0.9 to 1.8 mm and 6% on prepupae and pupae, given this host-size distribution. Preference was greatest for large host larvae (1.6 mm diameter), intermediate for other larvae in the range 0.9 to 1.8 mm, and least for pupae and small larvae. Host-stage preference is discussed with respect to Chesson's (1983) parameters for preference, αi, probability of parasitism, Pi, and electivity index, ɛi.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Aphidius polygonaphis ; Illinoia liriodendri ; Liriodendron tulipifera ; tuliptree aphid ; biological control ; hyperparasitoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un recensement du cortège parasitaire deIllinoia liriodendri (Monell) effectué en Californie du nord de 1988 à 1990 a révélé la présence de 12 espèces de parasitoïdes primaires et de 14 espèces d'hyperparasitoïdes. Le plus abondant des parasitoïdes primaires,Aphidius polygonaphis (Fitch), importé dans les années 1970, est à présent établi dans toute la région. Sont signalés pour la première fois associés àI. liriodendri les parasitoïdes primaires suivants:A. ervi Haliday,A. avenaphis (Fitch),Praon occidentale Baker,P. unicum Smith,Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), etMonoctonus nervosus (Haliday) [tous Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae] etAphelinus sp. nr.asychis Walker [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae]. Les hyperparasitoïdes les plus abondants sontPachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) etAsaphes californicus Girault [tous deux Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]Pachyneuron californicum Girault etCoruna clavata Walker [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae] sont signalés pour la première fois comme hyperparasitoïdes sur Aphidiinae et Aphelinidae spp. pour le premier, et surAphelinus sp. pour le second.
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the parasitoids ofIllinoia liriodendri (Monell) in northern California conducted from 1988–1990 revealed the presence of 12 primary and 14 hyper-parasitoid species. The most common primary parasitoid wasAphidius polygonaphis (Fitch), which was imported from the eastern United States in the 1970's and is now established throughout the area. New host records were noted forA. ervi Haliday,A. avenaphis (Fitch), Praon occidentale Baker,P. unicum Smith,Diaeretiella rapae M'Intosh,Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), andMonoctonus nervosus (Haliday) (all Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), andAphelinus sp. nr.asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The most common hyperparasitoid species werePachyneuron aphidis (Bouché) andAsaphes californicus Girault (both Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). New hyperparasitoid host records were noted forPachyneuron californicum Girault on Aphidiine and Aphelinidae spp. andCoruna clavata Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) onAphelinus sp.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Mamestra brassicae ; Chrysodeixis chalcites ; parasitoid ; sweet pepper ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eulophus pennicornis, a hymenopteran parasitoid of several Lepidoptera, was found onMamestra brassicae in a commercial sweet pepper crop in 1990 in Belgium. The rearing of the parasitoid and some additional data on biology are described.
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  • 43
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    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoid ; biological control ; release of beneficial arthropods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Entre 1975 et 1982, l'Institut de Lutte biologique “Israël Cohen” a mis en place un programme de lutte biologique contre la cochenille noire de l'olivierSaissetia oleae (Olivier) (Hom.: Coccidae). Au cours de cette période, 17 espèces d'ennemis naturels furent introduites en Israël, et les populations du ravageur retombèrent à un niveau acceptable. Le principal parasitoïde responsable de cette réduction a étéMetaphycus bartletii A. & M. (Hym.: Encyrtidae). Cet article expose le programme et apporte en outre quelques données sur la biologie des parasitoïdes introduits.
    Notes: Abstract During the years 1975–1982, the “Israel Cohen” Inst. for Biological Control conducted a biological control project, against the black scale,Saissetia oleae (Olivier) (Homoptera: Coccidae). Seventeen species of natural enemies were introduced into Israel during that period, and their action reduced the populations of the pest to an acceptable level. The major parasitoid responsible for that transition wasMetaphycus bartletti Annecke & Mynhardt (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). This article describes the project and introduces some notes on the biology of the introduced parasitoids.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two indigenous species ofTrichogramma were reared from natural populations of the blackheaded fireworm,Rhopobota naevana (Hübner) infesting cranberries in British Columbia, Canada. One was identified asTrichogramma sp. nr.sibericum Sorokina and the other wasTrichogramma minutum Riley. Percentage of parasitized hosts increased during the season in an abandoned field, but decreased in a commercial field where pesticides were used. The potential ofTrichogramma as a biological control agent against the fireworm is discussed.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Parabemisia myricae ; Eretmocerus debachi ; Citrus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aleurodeParabemisia myricae (Kuwana) est l'un des plus sérieux ravageurs des vergers de citrus dans la région métiterranéenne de l'est de la Turquie. En 1986, un parasitoïde spécifique deP. myricae, l'aphelinideEretmocerus debachi Rose et Rosen, était introduit de Californie en Turquie et lâché dans les vergers de Citrus le long de la côte méditerranéenne orientale. Au cours des années suivantes, les populations deP. myricae étaient rapidement tombées d'environ 17 aleurodes au stade immature par feuille à moins de 0,1 par feuille dans tous les vergers de citrus où les parasitoïdes ont été lâchés. De plus,E. debachi a montré une bonne capacité de dispersion et s'est bien adapté aux conditions climatiques de la région orientale. Depuis l'installation réussie deE. debachi, l'aleurode n'est plus un ravageur dangereux et il est difficile de trouver des individus non parasités dans la région méditerranéenne de l'est de la Turquie.
    Notes: Abstract The whitefly,Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana) is one of the most serious citrus pests in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. In 1986, a host-specific parasitoid ofP. myricae, the aphelinidEretmocerus debachi Rose and Rosen, was imported from California to Turkey and released into citrus orchards along the Eastern Mediterranean coast. In the following yearsP. myricae-populations were rapidly reduced from about 17 whitefly-immature stages per leaf to less than 0.1 stages per leaf in all citrus orchards where the parasitoids were released. Furthermore,E. debachi was shown to be a good disperser and it is well adapted to the climatic conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Since the successful colonization ofE. debachi, the whitefly is no longer a serious pest and it is difficult to find unparasitized individuals in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: sex ratio ; parasitoid ; biological control ; Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans un verger de pommier à Armidale, sur les plateaux du nord de la Nouvelle Galles du Sud la sex ratio des populations d'Aphelinus mali, un endoparasitoïde d'Eriosoma lanigerum varie de 0,51 (pourcentage de mâles) pour de faibles densités de l'hôte à des proportions favorables aux femelles pour des densités d'hôtes élevées (pourcentage de mâles compris entre 0,35 et 0,39). Cette variation dans la sex ratio est apparemment due à des différences dans l'attribution d'une descendance mâle ou femelle en fonction de la taille de l'hôte. dans la nature,A. mali parasite le puceron du pommier à tous les stades de son développement (les 4 stades larvaires et l'adulte). D'après le modèle du régime optimal de Hughes (1979), l'acceptation de l'hôte sous toutes ses formes semble être la meilleure stratégie. Cependant, il permet à l'hôte de continuer son développement (dans le cas d'un stade larvaire) ou de se reproduire (au stade adulte) jusqu'à la momification. Aucune mortalité n'est observée en laboratoire lorsque l'hôte est parasité au 1° ou au 2° stade larvaire. Des momies de petite taille récoltées sur le terrain présentent une sex ratio favorable aux mâles alors que des momies de grande taille produisent surtout des femelles. En laboratoire, la descendance issue des hôtes de faible taille (du 1° au 3° stade) présente une sex ratio qui n'est pas significativement différente de 0,5 alors que la descendance issue des hôtes de grande taille (3° et 4° stade) montre une sex ratio favorable aux femelles. Pendant l'hiver (juin–août) et le début du printemps (septembre–octobre), c'est-à-dire à la période où la population hôte dans le verger est constituée principalement de larves, le parasitoïde tend à produire autant de mâles que de femelles. En revanche, aux pics de densité de population, en été et en automne (décembre à mai) lorsque des hôtes de grande taille sont disponibles, la sex ratio est favorable aux femelles. La taille de l'hôte,E. lanigerum et celle deA. mali, sont donc des éléments importants pour la dynamique des relations hôtes-parasitoïdes.
    Notes: Abstract In an apple orchard at Armidale, the Northern Tablelands of NSW, population sex ratios ofAphelinus mali (Haldeman), an endoparasitoid of the woolly apple aphid,Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) varied from 0.51 (proportion of males) at low host densities to female-biased at high host densities (proportion of males ranged from 0.35–0.39). This shift in sex ratio seems to be caused by the differences in allocation of sons and daughters to hosts of different sizes. In the fieldA. mali parasitizes all life stages (four nymphal instars and adult) of the woolly aphid upon encountering. According to Hughes'(1979) optimal diet model, such general host acceptance seems to be the best strategy. However, it allows the host nymphs or adults to continue to develop or reproduce until about to mummify (pupate). No mortality was observed when first or second-instar hosts were parasitized in the laboratory. Field collected small mummified hosts yielded male-biased sex ratios whereas large mummified hosts produced mainly females. In the laboratory, progeny from smaller hosts (first to third-instars) produced sex ratios which were not significantly different from 0.5 whereas progeny from larger hosts (third and fourth-instars) produced female-biased sex ratio. During winter (June–August) and early spring (September–October) when the host populations in the orchard were predominantly nymphs, the parasitoid tended to allocate equal resources to male and female offspring. In contrast, at peak population densities in summer and autumn (December–May) when larger hosts were available, the sex ratios were female-biased. The host size ofE. lanigerum andA. mali is, therefore, an important component in the dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions.
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    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 537-539 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Life cycle ; host specificity ; Pachycerus cordiger ; Heliotropium europaeum ; Boraginaceae ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The univoltine weevilPachycerus cordiger Germar (=P. scabrosus Brullé) completes its life cycle on species of Boraginaceae, it is found from western Europe to the Middle East. In southern France, adultP. cordiger were collected feeding on the leaves ofHeliotropium europaeum L.,Echium vulgare L. andCynoglossum creticum Miller, whereas larvae were found feeding externally on the roots of the three plant species from within an earthen cell. BecauseP. cordiger is considered too much of a generalist to be released in Australia, work on the weevil as a potential biological control agent ofH. europaeum has been stopped.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Diadegma semiclausum ; biological control ; biology ; temperature effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études en laboratoires ont été menées sur certains aspects de la biologie deDiadegma semiclausum Hellén, parasitoïde larvaire d'un ravageur des crucifères,Plutella xylostella (L.). Entre 15 et 35°C, plus la température est élevée, plus courte est la durée du développement des stades larvaires et adulte. L'éclosion et l'émergence des adultes est élevée entre 15 et 30°C mais elle est significativement réduite à 35°C. Plus la température est haute, plus la proportion de mâles est grande. Le seuil théorique de développement est de 5,74°C pour les œufs; 3,80°C pour les larves, 5,91°C pour les nymphes et 6,60°C pour les adultes. La ponte deD. semiclausum dans les larves des trois premiers stades deP. xylostella produit plus de parasitoïdes mâles que de femelles mais la ponte dans le 4e stade produit significativement plus de femelles que de mâles. Les parasites adultes ont tendance à émerger de la nymphe entre 6 h et 9 h bien que quelques individus sortent à d'autres moments de la photophase. La longévité des adultes et la production d'œufs augmentent quand on fournit aux adultes de la nourriture (miel) par rapport à l'absence de nourriture ou la fourniture d'eau seule. Des parasites adultes survivent et pondent pendant 28 jours lorsqu'on les nourrit mais seulement pendant 3 jours lorsqu'ils sont privés de nourriture.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted on certain aspects of biology ofDiadegma semiclausum Hellén, a larval parasite of a crucifer pest,Plutella xylostella (L.). Within the range of 15°C to 35°C, the higher temperature, the shorter was the duration of larval and adult stages. Egg hatching and adult emergence were high at 15°C to 30°C but were significantly reduced at 35°C. The higher the temperature, the higher was the proportion of males produced. Temperature threshold was 5.74°C for eggs, 3.80°C for larvae, 5.91°C for pupae and 6.60°C for adults.D. semiclausum oviposition in the first threeP. xylostella larval instars produced more parasite males than females but oviposition in the fourth instar produced significantly more females than males. Parasite adults tended to emerge from their pupae from 06∶00 to 09∶00 hours although some emerged at other hours during the photophase. Adult longevity and production of eggs increased when adults were provided with a food source (honey) compared with no food or provision of water alone. Parasite adults survived and laid eggs for 28 days when provided with food but for only three days when deprived of food.
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  • 49
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    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 68-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Leucaena leucocephala ; Green manure ; N Uptake ; Yield ; Wetland rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies were conducted over two seasons to examine the effect of Leucaena leucocephala as a green manure on the N uptake and yield of rice grown under lowland conditions. The treatments were 0, 4, 8, and 12t Leucaena ha-1 with 0,44, and 88 kg N ha-1 as urea in a factorial combination. N uptake was evaluated at maximum tillering, panicle initiation, and harvest. The incorporation of Leucaena increased N uptake throughout the vegetative period in both seasons, irrespective of the mineral-N level. At all levels of N, the grain yield increased significantly following the incorporation of Leucaena, and in both seasons the Leucaena treatment of 8 t ha-1 was almost as effective as the highest mineral-N application.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: reducing sugars ; processing quality ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Reducing sugar and sucrose contents of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) from six cultivars were monitored both during the growing season and after a four months storage period at 10°C. Significant correlations were found between tuber sugar contents (sucrose, reducing and total) measured at harvest and the reducing sugar content after storage. Similarly, in five of the six cultivars, the sucrose loss and the corresponding reducing sugar gain during storage were significantly correlated.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: cultivar differences ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationships between the number of initial sprouts, the number of main stems, stolons and tubers per plant are depicted in 4-quadrant figures. The number of sprouts per seed tuber varied because of different pre-sprouting conditions and/or because of the use of different cultivars. Good linear relationships are shown between the numbers of sprouts and stems, stolons and tubers, and sprouts and tubers, but especially between stolons and tubers within each trial with the one cultivar. When comparing different experiments with the one cultivar the linear relationship between the numbers of stems and stolons disappeared. When comparing different cultivars, no relation was found between the numbers of sprouts and stems. These two cases also led to a statistically less significant relation between the number of sprouts planted and the number of tubers harvested.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: bacterial wilt ; controlled environment ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato plants, after inoculation with a South African strain of biovar 2 or a strain of biovar 3 ofPseudomonas solanacearum were grown in growth chambers at temperatures ranging from 14/16°C (dark/light) up to 25/30°C. When grown at 14/16°C or higher, plants inoculated with the biovar 2 strain developed wilting symptoms and internal symptoms on progeny tubers and the disease was transmitted by the progeny tubers. When the plants were inoculated with the biovar 3 strain, wilting symptoms developed from 18/20°C, internal symptoms on progeny tubers from 20/22°C and the disease was transmitted by progeny tubers from plants grown at 16/18°C or higher.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Mediterranean region ; spring ; autumn ; cultivar response ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genotypic variation in the adaptation of potatoes of several maturity classes to the specific climatological conditions of the autumn season, to the high summer temperatures and to water deficit, was studied. Late-maturing cultivars exhibited the highest yielding potential both in the spring and autumn seasons but specific compatibility of cultivars to the autumn was detected. The late-maturing cultivars were more susceptible to high temperatures than were the early ones. However, there were significant differences in susceptibility to high temperatures among cultivars of the same maturity class. Susceptibility to water deficit was similar in the various maturity classes, but there were differences in the susceptibility to drought among cultivars of the same maturity class. High yielding potential generally resulted also in acceptable tuber yields under conditions of water deficit. High temperatures in combination with a water deficit aggravated yield losses, especially in the late-maturing cultivars.
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  • 54
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    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; photoperiod ; sucrose ; glucose ; fructose ; reducing sugars ; periderm ; crisp color ; chip color
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Single leaf cuttings with their subtended axillary buds proved to be useful models to study maturation and senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Senescence was more rapid if the cultivar was early maturing or if plants were exposed to short days before cuttings were taken. Rooting was decreased by short days before cutting; excision of the buried bud only partially overcame the effects on senescence and rooting. High rates of N to mother plants in the field delayed senescence of cuttings in a way analogous to the delayed senescence of field plants. The tuberization of cuttings from late maturing cultivars was decreased by high rates of N. The color of crisps made from bud tubers was positively correlated with the color of crisps made from ordinary tubers of the same cultivars. Sugar concentrations in bud tubers decreased as cuttings became more senescent and increased after cold storage. Bud tubers harvested while ‘immature’ had greater concentrations of reducing sugars after 90 d at 10°C than did ‘mature’ bud tubers.
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  • 55
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    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 131-133 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: disease screening ; Phoma exigua var.foveata ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tubers were obtained from 80 glasshouse-grown seedlings of each of twelve progenies, inoculated withPhoma foveata Foister, and the mean percentage of infected tubers recorded. There was a good correlation (r=0.798) between this assessment and that made previously on field-grown tubers of eleven of the progenies. A gangrene test on glasshouse-grown tubers is suggested as a more rapid means of identifying progenies with useful levels of resistance.
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  • 56
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    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 487-495 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: PVS ; ELISA ; cDNA ; cloning ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two complementary DNA (cDNA) clones (0.9 kb and 1.6 kb) reacting to the ordinary strain of potato virus S (PVS) were compared with single-stranded randomly primed cDNA (prepared to total genomic RNA) as probes for various strains of PVS, using the technique of nucleic acid spot hybridization (NASH). The cDNA clones detected 11 PVS isolates well, including both Andean and ordinary strains, while one of each strain was detected weakly. As little as 5 femtograms of PVS RNA could be detected. A low cross hybridization was observed with cDNA probes to PVS with potato virus M and carnation latent virus both members of the carlavirus group. No cross homology was detected with seven other potato viruses. NASH was as sensitive and specific as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with no pretreatments of crude sap being required before spotting on nitrocellulose filters. Cloned cDNA probes would be suitable for mass screening of PVS.
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  • 57
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    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 433-440 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potatoes were stored in three insulated bins having ventilation rates of 0.0190, 0.0306 and 0.0417 m3/s·t. The results showed that in the climate of northern Italy potatoes can be stored successfully at ventilation rates of not less than 0.0306 m3/s·t resulting in product weight loss of less than 2.0% after 100 days' storage. The incidence of diseases and of sprouting was very low at rates of 0.0306 and 0.0417 m3/s·t, but greater at 0.019 m3/s·t because of the higher tuber temperature. Laboratory tests simulating ambient conditions confirmed the validity of a thermodynamic model simulating air-potato heat exchange.
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  • 58
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    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 417-432 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: stolonization ; tuberization ; tuber bulking ; size grade ; stem number ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Tuber-size distribution is regulated by many diverse, interacting mechanisms and is therefore difficult to understand and manipulate. It is determined by plant density, number of stems per plant, number of tubers per stem, and yield. Seed size and plant number per unit area are easy to control, but stem number is affected by less controllable factors. Interactions between stems of different types are important for tuber-size distribution. The hormonal regulation of stolonization and tuberization is still unknown, but under the conditions of north-west Europe the process of tuber set (which is also poorly understood) makes a greater contribution to the final number of tubers than tuberization. The total yield is also relevant, because it affects both the average tuber size and its variation. Tubers on the same stem differ in timing, rate and duration of growth. The resulting hierarchy in sink strength is not consistent over time. Several mechanisms are suggested for this hierarchy.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: DNA probe ; nick-translation ; diagnosis ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To assess the reliability of dot-spot hybridization assay for the Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid, more than 1000 potato samples were cross-tested by biological and hybridization methods. Both methods gave similar results with a range of cultivars. The dot-spot hybridization test was reproducible with formaldehyde-denaturated cell-sap samples stored at room temperature for over 6 months. This finding means that samples can be transported from field stations to a diagnostic laboratory and allows for cross-checking of results between laboratories. The data suggest that dot-spot hybridization is suitable for breeding and quarantine purposes.
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  • 60
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    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: dehydroascorbic acid ; HPLC ; Dutch Food Composition Table ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Loss of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) from Dutch table potatoes during storage at 5–6°C over 8 months from November to July, was studied in two seasons. L-Ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid were analysed by HPLC. The amount of dehydroascorbic acid was negligible. Total loss of L-ascorbic acid varied between 21 and 60%. Some potato lots lost L-ascorbic acid rapidly in the first four months, others more gradually over the whole storage period. The L-ascorbic acid levels detected were 75–150% higher in the period March–June, but 35% lower in the period December–February than those indicated by the step-wise decreases in the Dutch Food Composition Table.
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    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: processing quality ; glucose ; fructose ; sucrose ; storage ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Reducing sugar and sucrose content of potato tubers (cv. Record) grown in Tayside (northern United Kingdom (UK)) and Lincolnshire (southern UK) were monitored during the 1984 growing season and after two months storage at 10°C. Neither latitude nor agronomic factors were shown to affect sugar content. Significant correlations were found between the post storage reducing sugar content and the sugar contents measured at harvest. Regression analyses indicated that in immature tubers sucrose breakdown was responsible for reducing sugar accumulation during storage.
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  • 62
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    Potato research 33 (1990), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: water saturation ; tuber injury ; lenticel perforation ; tuber maturity ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The intercellular volume within tuber tissue increases with tuber maturation. At the same time, both tuber injury after mechanical load and lentical perforation after water uptake by tubers in wet peat decreases. The degree of tuber injury is correlated with intercellular space (r=−0.667,n=16) and with water saturation of tissue (r=0.697,n=16). The tubers lose water during storage. In wet soil wilted tubers take up significantly higher amounts of water than turgid tubers, and lenticel perforation is much more frequent. Tuber maturation in autumn and low water loss during storage enhance the cushioning effect of the intercellular gas volume of tuber tissue against outside mechanical load and internal tension after water uptake.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell sap ; chloride ; fertilizer ; potassium ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; solute potential ; source: sink ; sulphate ; tuber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In pot experiments with Solanum tuberosum L. (cv Saturna) the application of KCl as compared to K2SO4 delayed tuber development. The solute composition of leaves of the KCl treated plants was significantly lower in K+ and NO3 -, but higher in Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl-. Since the solute potential in the KCl treated plants was more negative and associated with a higher water content, a higher turgor pressure can be assumed. This could explain the enhanced shoot growth observed with KCl. Application of K2SO4, on the other hand, accelerated the development of tubers. This might result from a less competitive shoot sink in K2SO4 treated plants and a stimulated phloem loading and translocation of assimilates by higher concentrations of leaf-K.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: enzyme activity ; potassium nutrition ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; starch synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Starch synthesis in potato tubers grown at varied K nutrition 0.1 (K1), 0.25 (K2) and 1.0 mmol K L- nutrient solution (K3) was investigated with particular regard to the activity of selected enzymes (sucrose synthase, UDP-D-glucose pyrophosphatase, starch phosphorylase, amylases) in dependence on tuber K content. Allocation of K to the tubers was nearly the same in all treatments. The activity of enzymes related to tuber K content did not differ significantly. Starch and K content of tubers increased with progressing age, whereas a decrease was observed in growth rate, starch synthesis per day and K uptake per day. Positive correlations between the rates of K uptake, starch production and growth indicate that the dynamic phase of K supply to the tubers is of greater importance for starch synthesizing processes than the influence of total K content.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chemical compounds ; field and pot trials ; mathematical optimization model ; mineral nutrients ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; threshold values ; tuber yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data of yield characteristics and the main chemical compounds of potato tubers, received from special NPK-fertilized pot and field trials, were individually evaluated by multiple regression analysis. The best suited mathematical functions, including linear, quadratic and interactive terms of N-, P- and K-concentrations in tuber dry matter, were integrated as independent variables into the models and the SUMT-method was applied for the nonlinear programming. Particular nutrient requirements could be derived from different NPK-ratios which were obtained by optimization. These ratios led to maximum tuber yield (=objective function) while at the same time observing special threshold values (e.g. nitrate) or limiting indices (=constraints) of tuber quality. By means of simulation it was possible to demonstrate characteristic differences between the effect of N-fertilization and varied N-concentrations on tuber yield and composition. Calculation of dependent variables by fixed NPK-ratios of the tubers resulted in excellent correspondence of the values for several parameters with the predictions made by both models, which were based on pot or field experiments.
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  • 66
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    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 227-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; root length density ; soil impedance ; tillage ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of various tillage methods on two wetland rice soils in the Philippines is reported. The soils differed principally in clay content, 38% for the clay loam (clayey, mixed isohyperthermic Entic Hapludoll) while 56% for the clay (clayey, mixed noncalcareous, isohyperthermic Andaqueptic Haplaquoll). This had a marked effect on their response to tillage and varying water regime. The clay soil, under field conditions, showed little change in pore size distribution or soil water behaviour with different tillage methods. Crop (Rice, Oryza sativa L., var. IR20) yields were unaffected by tillage. In contrast, tillage effects were very marked in the clay loam soil, which consisted of a greenhouse and a field trial. In the greenhouse, which experienced severe dry periods, wet tillage not only increased the moisture retentivity but also the soil impedance at soil matric potential (ψ)〈−0.01 MPa. Seasonal average ψ was 〈−1 MPa. Root length density decreased by 39% with dry tillage and by 56% with wet tillage compared with zero tillage. Grain yield however, did not vary with soil treatment. In the field, which experienced moderate dry spells, ψ varied between −0.13 and −0.48 MPa. Root length density was significantly reduced at soil impedance 〉0.75 MPa. Wet tillage increased soil moisture storage which minimized the soil impedance during the dry cycle more effectively than did dry tillage. The crop performed best under wet tillage and least under zero tillage. Wet tillage in this soil was more effective under moderate than under severe water stress conditions.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Canopy enclosure ; stomatal conductance ; light response curve ; light use efficiency ; photosynthesis ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; transpiration ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Aardappelplanten (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv.Saturna werden onderworpen aan stress als gevolg vanVerticillium dahliae en droogte. In vroege stadia van de groei werden stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese bij lichtverzadiging (PAR〉300 W m−2) gemeten aan individuele bladeren en met een mobiel instrumentarium met behulp van gewaskappen. Er werden geen significante verschillen gevonden in de waarden van de stomataire geleiding en de gasuitwisslingskarakteristieken als gevolg vanV. dahliae-besmetting tot een maand na opkomst. Daarna leidde infectie metV. dahliae tot een afname van de stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese, speciaal bij oudere bladeren en bij planten die meer aan zonlicht waren blootgesteld. Soms vertoondeV. dahliae interactie met droogte en bleken beide effecten minder dan optelbaar. De hoge waarden van de variatiecoëfficiënten maakten een groot aantal metingen per behandeling noodzakelijk; dit was vooral het geval bij metV. dahliae geïnfecteerde planten hetgeen aantoont datV. dahliae vooral in het begin van de groei niet alle bladeren in gelijke mate aantast. Door de matigende invloed van de integratie van alle bladlagen en mogelijk doordat de bovenste bladeren werden gestimuleerd, werd de totale gewasfotosynthese in mindere mate beïnvloed doorV. dahliae dan de individuele bladfotosynthese. De bovenste niet geïnfecteerde bladeren bleken verantwoordelijk voor het grootste gedeelte van de gewas-fotosynthese. De resultaten tonen aan, dat volgend op een infectie metV. dahliae, de fotosynthese reeds in een vroeg stadium van de groei wordt verminderd als een gevolg van droogtestress in de bladeren.
    Notes: Abstract Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants cv.Saturna were subjected to infection withVerticillium dahliae and drought stress. At the early stages of growth, stomatal conductance, transpiration and net photosynthesis were measured at light saturation (PAR〉300 m−2) on individual leaves and with mobile field equipment with the aid of field enclosures. No significant changes in stomatal conductance and gas exchange characteristics occurred as a result ofV. dahliae instomatal conductance, transpiration and and photosynthetic rates, especially on older leaves and on plants exposed to direct sunlight for a longer period of time. In combination with drought,V. dahliae only occasionally showed interaction; their effects being less than additive. High values of coefficients of variatoon necessitated a high number of measurements per treatment; the more so in the inoculated plants which shows thatV. dahliae seems to affect certain leaves while not affecting others early in growth. Crop photosynthesis was less reduced byV. dahliae than individual leaf photosynthesis due to the levelling effect of integration over the whole canopy and possibly through a stimulation of the top leaves. The upper non-affected leaves are responsible for the bulk of photosynthetic crop activity. The results indicate that following an infection withV. dahliae photosynthesis is reduced early in growth as a result of drought stress in the leaves.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium damping-off ; Pythium nunn ; Pythium ultimum ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two biological control agents, Pythium nunn and Trichoderma harzianum isolate T-95, were combined to reduce Pythium damping-off of cucumber in greenhouse experiments lasting 3–4 weeks. T. harzianum T-95, a rhizosphere competent mutant, was applied to seeds and P. nunn was applied to pasteurized and raw soils naturally and artificially infested with Pythium ultimum. Some treatments were also amended with bean leaves to enhance the activity of P. nunn. The biological control of Pythium damping-off was evaluated in a Colorado soil (Nunn sandy loam) and an Oregon soil mix, which were replanted twice after 2 and 3 months. Interactions between P. nunn and T-95 were detected in the Colorado but not the Oregon soil. No consistent evidence of antagonism between P. nunn and T. harzianum was seen, and significant interactions were detected in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In the first planting of some treatments, the combination of P. nunn and T. harzianum gave greater control of damping-off than either applied alone. P. nunn was most effective in soils that were pasteurized or amended with bean leaves. T. harzianum controlled Pythium damping-off in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In both soils, disease declined over time in treatments amended with bean leaves but without P. nunn or T. harzianum added. This suppression was greater in the Colorado soil, which contained an indigenous population of P. nunn. This work demonstrates that two compatible biological control agents can be combined to give additional control of a soil-borne plant pathogen.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Sogatella furcifera ; whitebacked planthopper ; insect resistance ; allelic relationship ; inheritance of resistance ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetics of resistance to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) in ten resistant cultivars was studied. The reactions of the F1, F2 and F3 populations of resistant varieties with Taichung Native 1, a suspectible check, showed that WBPH resistance is monogenic in nature and governed by dominant gene(s) in Ptb 19 and IET 6288 and recessive gene in eight cultivars viz. ARC 5838, ARC 6579, ARC 6624, ARC 10464, ACR 11321, ARC 11320, Balamawee and IR 2415-90-4-3. Allelic relationship of resistance gene(s) in the test cultivars revealed recessive gene in IR 2415-90-4-3, ARC 5838 and ARC 11324 to be allelic but it was non allelic to the resistance gene in ARC 6624. Cultivars ARC 6579, ARC 11321 and Balamawee have identical gene among themselves but their relationship with IR 2415-90-4-3, ARC 5838, ARC 11324 and ARC 6624 is unknown. The recessive gene in ARC 10464 is non-identical to all other cultivars having the recessive gene except ARC 6624 with which its relationship needs further investigation.
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  • 70
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    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 157-159 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; aroma ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of an aroma was worked out in crosses between ‘Brimful’ from Nepal as an aromatic rice and leading Japanese varieties ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘Nipponbare’ as non-aromatic ones. The F2 pattern of segregation for aroma to non-aroma was 3:13 indicating one dose gene for aroma and one dose inhibitor gene in two crosses. This ratio was confirmed by genetic behavior of F3 populations.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: ecotype ; indica ; japonica ; lowland rice ; Oryza sativa ; upland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) belonging to five ecotypes (aus, aman, boro, bulu and tjereh) and to two groups of Japanese rice (lowland and upland) are examined with respect to KClO3 resistance, phenol reaction and apiculus hair length. These characters have been used as available criteria to classify rice into two types indica and japonica, for the last thirty years. The findings of this study are that the aman, boro and tjereh ecotypes should be classified as typical indica; and that the Japanese lowland rice cultivars are mainly typical japonica. Some of the aus, bulu and Japanese upland rice cultivars differ from typical indica and typical japonica, so the respective terms aus type, bulu type and J.u.r. type, are proposed. Aman, boro tjereh and Japanese lowland rice are cultivated in lowland. Some of the aus, bulu and Japanese upland rice cultivars have the characteristics of upland rice. In general, lowland rice cultivars can be clearly classified into indica or japonica, while upland cultivars cannot.
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  • 72
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    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Manihot esculenta ; cassava ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; selection ; competition ; yield ; biomass yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relative importance of harvest index (I) and total biomass yield (B) to economic yield (Y) was assessed in several food crops at different levels of environmental productivity. Importance of B is generally higher in low than high yielding environments, while that of I is higher in high than low yielding environments. In some crops B is important throughout different yield levels while in others I is important even in low yielding environments. Past efforts by anonymous farmers have consummated a good part of genetic improvement of crop yields through improvement in B. Many venerable land cultivars of grain crops, adapted to unimproved, limited-input cultural conditions, evolved through this process. The same process may not have thoroughly exhausted the yield improvement opportunity through improving I. Success in yield improvement by modern breeding has been limited mainly to high-input cultural conditions characterized by higher soil fertility and irrigation mainly through improvement in I. Varietal improvement possibility for less productive environments is discussed.
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  • 73
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    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; ATPase ; succinic dehydrogenase ; heterosis ; correlation ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Activities of ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase were assessed in three F1 hybrids of rice and their parental lines during boot leaf stage, flowering, on 10th and 20th days after flowering. ATPase activity showed increase at the flowering and on 20th day after flowering. Succinic dehydrogenase activity continued to rise till 10th day after flowering and declined on 20th day after flowering. Hybrids with high yield were generally endowed with more positive heterosis for these two enzymes. Correlation coefficient of grain yield per panicle was significantly positive with ATPase activity at all the stages studied. Heterosis for ATPase activity might serve a reliable criterion for the selection of efficient F1 combinations.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; clonal propagation ; cytokinins ; shoot proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Shoot base segments have been explanted from seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. Japonica, cv. Arborio) and grown on agar-solidified MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of four cytokinins: kinetin, BAP, 2iP and zeatin. After one month, segments were explanted from proliferated shoots and subcultured on their respective media. BAP was by far the most effective in inducing shoot proliferation. Highest rates were achieved at the higher concentration used: 5 mg 1−1. Shoot base segments were subcultured fifteen times consecutively on seven different concentrations of BAP. Shoots grown in the presence of 5 mg 1−1 of BAP proliferated an average of 12 normal shoots for each base segment throughout the fifteen subcultures. The shoots rooted easily on hormone-free medium. The technique does not require any particular skill, it is very effective and, therefore, can be suggested as suitable for clonal propagation of rice.
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  • 75
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    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; cytoplasmic effects ; heterosis ; combining ability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of sterilizing (‘WA’) cytoplasm on heterosis and combining ability for days to flowering, plant height and grain yield in rice was studied in 70 crosses and their reciprocals produced by 10 cytoplasmic male sterile (A), their maintainer (B) and seven restorer (R) lines following line x tester design. The materials consisting of 140 hybrids (70 A/R and their reciprocal 70 R/B) plus 17 parental lines (10 B + 7 R) were evaluated under six environments, created by growing in three fields with different fertilizer doses (0, 60, 120 kg N/ha) and 2 seasons (dry and wet) during 1986 at IRRI farm. Reciprocal cross effect (A/R vs R/B) were highly significant for all the three traits. Interaction of reciprocal cross effects with environments were also highly significant for yield and days to flowering. Cytoplasmic effect for yield, days to flowering and plant height were estimated by comparing A/R and R/B combination and testing the significance of difference with LSD value. In order to avoid confounding effect of spikelet sterility on yields, twenty crosses showing normal spikelet fertility were selected. Both positive and negative cytoplasmic effects were observed for the three traits. The effects were modified by environments, except for plant height. Heterosis for all three traits was also affected by cytoplasm, however, manifestation of cytoplasmic effects was higher for heterosis for days to flower than in heterosis for yield and plant height. Effect of cytoplasm was more pronounced on general combining ability effects of parents than specific combining ability effects of crosses. Among the parents two CMS lines A4 (IR54752A) and A8 (IR22107-113-3-3A) and two R lines: R2 (IR46) and R7 (IR9761-19-1) showed consistent positive effect of cytoplasm on general combining ability. These lines have given several good heterotic combinations. The study indicated the usefulness of evaluating diverse cytoplasmic sources in various nuclear genotypes bred for hybrid rice breeding program.
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  • 76
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    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 215-218 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; indica rice ; cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four indica cultivars viz. Kalinga-I, Ptb. 10, IR 27280-13-3-3-3 and Co. 41 were found to possess male sterile cytoplasm with fertility restoring genes while the cultivar Krishna was found to maintain the male sterility in all the cases. All the plants in the F1 of Kalinga-I × Krishna were observed to be completely male sterile and continued to show complete pollen sterility in subsequent backcross generations when backcrossed with recurring pollen parent, Krishna. Thus, it was posible to develop a new cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line in indica rice (Krishna A) with Kalinga-I male sterile cytoplasm and this male sterile cytoplasm was found to be genetically different from others. Further, the newly developed male sterile line (Krishna A) was observed to be tolerant for low temperature at seedling stage.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor ; sorghum ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; Fraction-1-Protein inheritance ; Isoelectric focusing ; intergeneric hybrids ; Large and small sub-units ; rice × sorghum ; rice × wheat hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The polypeptide composition of Fraction-1-Protein (F1P) from rice × sorghum, rice × wheat hybrids and their respective parents have been analyzed by a microelectrofocusing method. The large sub-unit (LSU) is composed of three polypeptides and the small sub-unit (SSU) of two polypeptides in rice and sorghum parents and rice × sorghum hybrids. Similarly, LSU is composed of three polypeptides in the rice and wheat parents and rice × wheat hybrids. Two polypeptides occur in the SSU of rice parent and rice × wheat hybrids where as only one polypeptide in the wheat parent. These polypeptides also differ in their isoelectric points. Based on the previous reports of F1P inheritance in hybrids in other crops, F1P analysis of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids does not seem to be an important marker to identify such intergeneric hybrids. Since this is first such report of F1P inheritance in hybrids between distantly related plants, its implication in different modes of inheritance are discussed.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; drought resistance ; screening methods ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Although many selection indices have been used to screen rices (Oryza sativa L.) for drought resistance, there has been little comparison of the relative merits of these indices. Research was conducted to compare drought resistance as estimated from grain yields, canopy-temperature-based stress indices, visual scoring, and uprooting force for 30 rice genotypes grown in the field with a puddled Maahas clay (Typic Tropaquept) and to evaluate traits related to drought resistance from nonstressed plants grown in the field and in aeroponic culture. Water deficit was imposed in the field by withholding irrigation from 45 to 75 days after transplanting compared to a continuously flooded control. Grain yields in the stress treatment were most strongly correlated with visual assessment of drought stress symptoms according to a standard evaluation system (r = 0.66). Canopy-temperature-based indices were also significantly correlated with grain yields of the stress treatment (r from −0.55 to −0.63). No trait of aeroponically grown plants was correlated with traits of stressed plants in the field. We conclude that visual scoring of stressed plants was the best method of screening for drought resistance, but if controlled water deficit cannot be imposed, then drought resistance may be estimated by measuring both uprooting force and grain yield.
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  • 79
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    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Sorghum bicolor ; Triticum aestivum ; C3–C4 characters ; growth analysis ; rice × sorghum ; rice × wheat hybrids ; root studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO2 compensation pointdistinguishing C3 and C4 plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO2 compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C3 rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.
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  • 80
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    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; heterosis ; heterobeltiosis ; standard heterosis ; heterosis x environment interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten CMS (A) lines and their maintainers (B) and seven restorers (R) were used to make 70 crosses (A/R) and 70 reciprocals (R/B) following line x tester design. The 140 crosses and 17 parents (10 B + 7 R lines) were evaluated in six environments created by three nitrogen fertility levels (0, 60, 120 kg N/ha) and two seasons wet (WS) and dry (DS). Hybrids (both A/R and R/B) were superior to their parents in yield. Hybrids flowered earlier and were taller than the parents. Substantial heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were observed in different environments. Extent of heterosis was higher in WS (stress environment) than in DS (favorable environment). Twenty four hybrids outyielded the standard check (IR46) significantly. Most of them were derived from crosses with parental lines: IR54752A/B, IR58057A/B, IR46 and IR54. For days to flowering, the overall mean heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis were all negative values. Heterosis for plant height did not change the plant type of hybrids from semi-dwarf to tall because the parents possessed same dwarfing gene. With proper choice of parents hybrids possessing higher yield potential, early maturity and semi-dwarf plant type can be developed for the tropics.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile line ; Indica cytoplasm ; Japonica rice ; reciprocal differences in pollen sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary From 28 Indica-Japonica crosses, two Indica cultivars, V.20B and Sattari were identified to possess male sterile cytoplasm with fertility restoring genes. It was possible to develop a new Japonica cytoplasmic genetic male sterile line (Zhunghua-1) on Indica male sterile cytoplasm (V 20B) by repeated backcrossing the complete pollen sterile plants of V 20B x Zhunghua-1 to the recurring male parent, Zhunghua-1. The study indicated that it would be possible to develop male sterile lines rom indica-japonica crosses only when there is sufficient amount of reciprocal differences with respect to pollen sterility. Further, it was inferred that it would be easier to develop Japonica male sterile lines on Indica cytoplasm than developing Indica male sterile line with japonica cytoplasm.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici ; take-all ; Trichoderma harzianum ; T. koningii ; T. hamatum ; pyrones ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Antagonism tests on agar-plates and glasshouse screening indicated that three isolates ofTrichoderma harzianum varied in their ability to antagonize the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici). Isolate 71 which was the most effective in suppressing take-all of wheat, produced two pyrones and other undetermined analogues. Isolates ofT. koningii andT. hamatum shown to suppress take-all, produced a simple pyrone compound. AlthoughT. harzianum isolates 70 and 73 did not produce any pyrones, they reduced the disease albeit to a much lesser extent than isolate 71; with isolate 73 showing distinct host growth promotion effects. It is proposed that the success of isolate 71 ofT. harzianum was related to the pyrones it produces and that the ability of isolates 70 and 73 to reduce take-all may be related to mechanisms other than those involving antibiotics.
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  • 83
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    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; bioluminescence ; Enterobacter cloacae ; lettuce ; Pythium ultimum ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plasmid pUCD607 was mobilized into the biocontrol agent Enterobacter cloacae strain E6 by conjugation and the resultant strain, E6(pUCD607), was bioluminescent. Biocontrol of Pythium ultimum by E6(pUCD607) was similar to that of the parent strain, E6. The location of E6(pUCD607) in the soil and in the rhizosphere of lettuce was readily determined by pressing agar medium against plant roots in a root box, allowing the bacteria to grow overnight on the medium, and detecting the presence of bioluminescence by autophotography. There was a positive, linear correlation between population sizes determined by dilution plating and the quantity of light emitted due to bioluminescence. However, both the intercept and slope of this line varied among experiments possibly due to the differing physiological states of cells recovered from soils. The amount of light emitted by the bioluminescent strain E6(pUCD607) was not quantitative. This technique is useful for qualitative determinations of populations and for photographically locating bacteria.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: antibiosis ; bacterization ; biological control ; bacterial wilt ; Bacillus spp. ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Pseudomonas solanacearum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract From among 125 strains of fluorescent and 52 strains of nonfluorescent bacteria initially screened in the laboratory for their antibiosis towards the bacterial wilt pathogen, Pseudomonas solanacearum, strain Pfcp of Pseudomonas fluorescens and strains B33 and B36 of Bacillus spp., were chosen and evaluated further in greenhouse and field tests. Pfcp treated banana (Musa balbisiana), eggplant and tomato plants were protected from wilt upto 50, 61 and 95% in greenhouse and upto 50, 49 and 36% respectively in field. Protection afforded by the Bacillus strains was lower. In bacteria-treated plants which were subsequently inoculated with P. solanacearum plant height and biomass values increased and were close to those of nontreated and noninoculated control plants.
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  • 85
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    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Oryza glaberrima ; non-glutinous pollen ; glutinous pollen ; semi-sterility ; gametocidal factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Recurrent backcrossing has been carried out with a view to transfer a gene for non-glutinous endosperm from two strains of O. glaberrima (Wx g /Wx g ) to glutinous japonica and indica varieties (wx/wx) of Oryza sativa. In the course of backcrosses Wx g /wx segregants were crossed with each of the two glutinous varieties of sativa as the respective recurrent male parent. The wx/wx and Wx g /wx segregants in the successive generations were consistently fully fertile and semi-sterile, respectively. The semi-sterility of Wx g /wx plants was attributable to abortion of most of the pollen grains carrying the gene wx. The nucleus but not cytoplasm was related to the semi-sterility. The Wx g /Wx plants having the gene for non-glutinous endosperm of a glaberrima strain and a japonica variety of sativa were also semi-sterile. Both wx- and Wx-megaspores in the plants heterozygous for the gene Wx g were deleteriously affected. The results could be explained by assuming that a factor tightly linked with the gene Wx g of glaberrima sterilizes gametes not carrying it in the heterozygotes and that the gametocidal action is exerted when combined with the sativa nucleus by the recurrent backcross method.
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  • 86
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    Euphytica 49 (1990), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae ; bacterial blight ; disease ; inheritance of esistance ; dominant ; recessive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to the Punjab isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae of bacterial blight disease of rice was studied in seven breeding lines resistant to the disease. The results revealed that resistance in breeding lines PAU 122-73-1-4-1, PAU 164-102-1-2-1-1-1, KJT 24, IR 5657-33-2-1-2 and IR 22082-41-2-2 was controlled by single dominant genes allelic to the dominant gene which confers resistance to the Punjab isolate in Patong 32. Resistance to the Punjab isolate in breeding lines IET 7172 and RP 2151-40-1 was found to be controlled by single recessive resistance genes allelic to one of the recessive resistance genes present in BJ 1. The two genes are independently inherited and are being used to develop bacterial blight resistant varieties.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ; take-all ; Trichoderma harzianum ; T. koningii ; T. hamatum ; pyrones ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Antagonism tests on agar-plates and glasshouse screening indicated that three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum varied in their ability to antagonize the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici). Isolate 71 which was the most effective in suppressing take-all of wheat, produced two pyrones and other undetermined analogues. Isolates of T. koningii and T. hamatum shown to suppress take-all, produced a simple pyrone compound. Although T. harzianum isolates 70 and 73 did not produce any pyrones, they reduced the disease albeit to a much lesser extent than isolate 71; with isolate 73 showing distinct host growth promotion effects. It is proposed that the success of isolate 71 of T. harzianum was related to the pyrones it produces and that the ability of isolates 70 and 73 to reduce take-all may be related to mechanisms other than those involving antibiotics.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; Pythium damping-off ; Pythium nunn ; Pythium ultimum ; Trichoderma harzianum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two biological control agents,Pythium nunn andTrichoderma harzianum isolate T-95, were combined to reduce Pythium damping-off of cucumber in greenhouse experiments lasting 3–4 weeks.T. harzianum T-95, a rhizosphere competent mutant, was applied to seeds andP. nunn was applied to pasteurized and raw soils naturally and artificially infested withPythium ultimum. Some treatments were also amended with bean leaves to enhance the activity ofP. nunn. The biological control of Pythium damping-off was evaluated in a Colorado soil (Nunn sandy loam) and an Oregon soil mix, which were replanted twice after 2 and 3 months. Interactions betweenP. nunn and T-95 were detected in the Colorado but not the Oregon soil. No consistent evidence of antagonism betweenP. nunn andT. harzianum was seen, and significant interactions were detected in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In the first planting of some treatments, the combination ofP. nunn andT. harzianum gave greater control of damping-off than either applied alone.P. nunn was most effective in soils that were pasteurized or amended with bean leaves.T. harzianum controlled Pythium damping-off in the Colorado, but not the Oregon soil. In both soils, disease declined over time in treatments amended with bean leaves but withoutP. nunn orT. harzianum added. This suppression was greater in the Colorado soil, which contained an indigenous population ofP. nunn. This work demonstrates that two compatible biological control agents can be combined to give additional control of a soil-borne plant pathogen.
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  • 89
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    Plant and soil 129 (1990), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; chitinase ; cloning ; parasitism ; antibiosis ; competition ; rhizosphere ; Serratia marcescens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial antagonism, responsible for biological control, may operate by antiobiosis, competition or parasitism. Parasitism relies on lytic enzymes for the degradation of cell walls of pathogenic fungi. Serratia marcescens was found to be an efficient biocontrol agent of Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse conditions. Populations of 105 or 106 colony forming units g-1 soil were the most effective. Drench and drip application of S. marcescens suspension were more effective in controlling S. rolfsii than spraying, mixing in soil or seed coating. The highest population density of the bacteria in the rhizosphere was found on the proximal portion of the root, decreasing significantly until the tips, where it increased again. The isolated Serratia, found to possess chitinolytic activity, was able to release N-acetyl D-glucosamine from cell walls of S. rolfsii. The gene coding for chitinase was cloned into Escherichia coli and the enzyme was uniquely excreted from the bacterium into its growth medium. When S. rolfsii was sprayed by partially purified chitinase produced by the cloned gene, rapid and extensive bursting of the hyphal tips was observed. This chitinase preparation was effective in reducing disease incidence caused by S. rolfsii in beans and R. solani in cotton, under greenhouse conditions. A similar effect was obtained when a viable E. coli cell, containing the plasmid with the chitinase gene (pLCHIA), was applied. It appears that genetic engineering of the lytic enzymes, such as chitinase which play an important role in plant disease control, may improve the efficacy of biocontrol agents.
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  • 90
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    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; carnation ; iron ; pseudomonads ; rockwool ; siderophores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Verwelkingsziekte in anjers op steenwol, veroorzaakt doorFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi (Fod), werd gereduceerd indien het ijzer-chelaat Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA werd toegevoegd aan de nutriëntenvloeistof. Bacterisatie metPseudomonas sp. stam WCS417r had een additioneel effect bij de matig resistence cultivar Pallas maar niet bij de vatbare cultivar Lena. Toevoeging van Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA aan planten als ijzerbron resulteerde op de wortels in hogere aantallen en percentages fluorescerende pseudomonaden, diein vitro antagonistisch waren ten opzichte vanFod. De verschillen waren echter alleen significant 56 dagen na planten voor de cultivar Lena en 14 en 28 dagen na planten voor de cultivar Pallas. Beide chelaten vertoonden bij verschillende concentraties geen effect op de kolonisatie van de wortel door beide microorganismen. Echter, wanneer beide micro-organismen gezamelijk werden toegevoegd nam de wortelkolonisatie doorFod stam WCS816 af bij concentraties lager dan 10−5 M Fe-EDDHA. Er werd meer van het siderofoor fusarine doorFod stam WCS816 geproduceerd bij concentraties lager dan 10−4 M Fe indien Fe-EDDHA in plaats van Fe-DTPA als ijzerbron aan het cultuurmedium was toegevoegd. Er werd geen effect van beide chelaten gevonden op de siderofoorproduktie door WCS417r. Indien een overmaat van het gezuiverde siderofoor van WCS417r werd toegevoegd aan Fe-EDDHA werden een sterkere afname van de kiembuislengte gevonden dan toevoeging aan Fe-DTPA. De reductie van de kiembuislengte bleek niet volledig verklaard te kunnen worden door een afname van de ijzerbeschikbaarheid. Het chelaat EDDHA heeft ook een toxisch effect op conidiën van fusarium. Wij concluderen, dat de waargenomen reductie van de verwelkingziekte door Fe-EDDHA een gevolg is van de afname van de ijzerbeschikbaarheid voorFod. Dit wordt waarschijnlijk versterkt door de ontwikkeling van een antagonistische, fluorescerendePseudomonas-populatie die sterk concurreren om ijzer. Het additioneel effect dat door bacterisatie metPseudomonas sp. WCS417r van de met Fe-EDDHA behandelde matig resistante anjers (‘Pallas’) werd verkregen is voor een deel het gevolg van een directe concurrentie om ijzer tussen de sideroforen vanFod stam WCS816 en vanPseudomonas sp. stam WCS417r.
    Notes: Abstract In carnations grown on rockwool disease incidence of fusarium wilt caused byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi (Fod) was reduced when Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA was used as iron source in the nutrient solution. Addition ofPseudomonas sp. strain WSC417r intensified this reduction in the cultivar Pallas, moderately resistant to Fusarium, but not in the susceptible cultivar Lena. Treatment of plants with Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA as iron source resulted in higher numbers and percentages on the roots, ofin vitro antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads. However, differences were only significant at 56 days after planting for cv. Lena and at 14 and 28 days after planting for cv. Palas. Both chelators, at different concentrations, had no effect on root colonization by eitherPseudomonas sp. strain WCS417r orFod strain WCS816. However, when coinoculated, reduced numbers of propagules ofFusarium were found at concentrations of Fe-EDDHA lower than 10−5 M. Higher concentrations of the siderophore fusarine produced byFod strain WCS816 were demonstrated when Fe-EDDHA instead of Fe-DTPA was used as iron source in culture media. At equal concentrations, no such differences were found in the amount of siderophore produced by WCS417r. Germ tube length ofFod was less with Fe-EDDHA than with Fe-DTPA. The reduction of germ tube length was stronger when the purified siderophore of WCS417r was added in excess to the culture media with Fe-EDDHA than those with Fe-DTPA. Therefore, the observed reduction of germ tube growth can not completely be explained by iron deprivation. It appeared that EDDHA exhibited a toxic effect for conidia ofFod strain WCS816 as well. we conclude that the observed disease reduction by Fe-EDDHA is a consequence of a limitation of iron availability forFod. This limitation is possibly intensified by the increase in number or percentage of antagonistic fluorescent pseudomonads that strongly compete for iron. The additional effect after bacterization withPseudomonas strain WCS417r in Fe-EDDHA treated carnations of cv. Pallas is likely to be due, at least partly, to a direct competition for iron between the siderophores ofFod strain WCS816 and ofPesudomonas sp. strain WCS417r.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Orius insidiosus ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; biological control ; predation ; functional response ; Orius insidiosus ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; lutte biologique ; prédation ; réponse fonctionnelle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a observé que les adultes d'O. insidiosus mangeaient les œufs et les stades les plus jeunes de la chenille «légionnaire»Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Il y avait significativement plus de larves néonates tuées en 24 h que de larves âgées de 1, 2 ou 3 jours. Les prédateurs mâles et femelles ont montré une réponse fonctionnelle de type II lorsqu'ils se nourrissaient sur des densités variées d'œufs et de larves néonates de la chenille «légionnaire».
    Notes: Abstract Orius insidiosus (Say) was observed to successfully prey on eggs and earlier instar larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Significantly more neonates of FAW were killed per 24 h than either 1, 2 or 3 d old larvae. Female and male predators exhibited a typical type-II functional response when preying on varying densities of eggs or neonates of FAW.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Euclasta whalleyi ; Euclasta maceratalis ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; Gymnanthera nitida ; biological control ; Euclasta whalleyi ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; Gymnanthera nitida ; Euclasta maceratalis ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A Madagascar, la pyraleEuclasta whalleyi Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, se trouve surCryptostegia grandiflora R. br. et les autres genres de la sous-famille desPeriplocoideae de la famille desAsclepiadaceae. Les études faites sur sa biologie et sa spécificité ont montré qu'elle était inféodée à cette sous-famille. LeGymnanthera nitida R. Br. originaire d'Australie, fait aussi partie de cette sous-famille, et est l'hôte d'une espèce d'Euclasta originaire d'Australie,E. maceratalis Lederer. Malgré la possibilité d'attaquerG. nitida, et de rivaliser avecE. maceratalis, E. whalleyi a été approuvé pour être lâché en Australie en octobre 1987. Durant l'année 1988 plus de 22 000 larves ont été lâchées dans la nature, mais leur établissement n'y a pas encore été prouvé.
    Notes: Abstract In Madagascar, the leaf feeding Pyralid,Euclasta whalleyi Popescu-Gorj & Constantinescu, occurs onCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. and other genera in the subfamilyPeriplocoideae of the familyAsclepiadaceae. Studies on its biology and host plant specificity have shown it is restricted to this subfamily. The Australian native,Gymnanthera nitida R. Br., also belongs to this sub-family and is host to an Australian native moth,Euclasta maceratalis Lederer. Despite the likelihood ofE. whalleyi feeding onG. nitida and competing withE. maceratalis, the moth was approved for release in Australia in October 1987. During 1988 over 22,000 larvae were released; field establishment is not yet proven.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Miridae ; Macrolophus caliginosus ; predation ; functional response ; feeding preference ; biological control ; Myzus persicae ; Tetranychus urticae ; Heteroptera ; Miridae ; Macrolophus caliginosus ; prédation ; réponse fonctionnelle ; préférence alimentaire ; lutte biologique ; Myzus persicae ; Tetranychus urticae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude en laboratoire des réponses fonctionnelles des femelles adultes deMacrolophus caliginosus Wagner vis-à-vis des deux proiesMyzus persicae Sulzer etTetranychus urticae Koch montre dans les 2 cas une réponse de type II deHolling (1959). L'estimation du temps de manipulation (Th) et du taux d'attaque instantané (a) pour l'aphide (Th=.055 jour; a=1.035) et pour l'acarien (Th=.025 jour; a=.947) permet d'établir un modèle mathématique décrivant la prédation sur les 2 proies présentes simultanément et de préciser ainsi, au regard des résultats expérimentaux, l'existence d'une préférence du miride pour le puceronM. persicae.
    Notes: Abstract Functional response studies of females ofMacrolophus caliginosus Wagner for 2 prey speciesMyzus persicae Sulzer andTetranychus urticae Koch showedHolling's type II response (1959). Estimations of handling time (Th) and attack rate (a) obtained for the aphid (Th=.055 day; a=1.035) and for the mite (Th=.025 day; a=.947) enabled the development of a mathematical model which describes the predation rate on the 2 prey simultaneously. This mirid shows a sharp preference for aphids over mites.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Diaeretiella rapae ; cabbage aphid ; biological control ; allelochemic ; synomone ; Diaeretiella rapae ; puceron du chou ; lutte biologique ; allélochimique ; synomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une interaction transmise apparemment par synomones entreDiaeretiella rapae, parasitoïde primaire et le puceron du Chou,Brevicoryne brassicae a été étudiée dans les conditions naturelles. L'application directe d'une émulsion d'allylisothiocyanate à la dose de 0,25 ml par plant de Chou donnait des taux de parasitisme et/ou un nombre d'hyménoptères plus élevés que ceux observés sur plants traités avec 0,25 ml d'eau ou avec 0,25 ml d'extrait de moutard sauvage. Ces résultats suggèrent l'existence d'une interaction transmise par synomone entre les espèces impliquées indiquant des chemins potentiels pour accroître les taux de parasitisme naturels par la manipulation de l'environnement chimique des cultures de Colza.
    Notes: Abstract An interaction apparently mediated by synomones (Nordlund et al., 1981) betweenDiaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), a primary parasitoid and the cabbage aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), was investigated under field conditions. Direct application of an allylisothiocyanate emulsion at a rate of 0.25 ml per broccoli plant consistently gave higher aphid parasitization rates and/or number of wasps per plant than those observed on plants treated with 0.25 ml of water or with 0.25 ml of wild mustard extract. These results suggest the existence of a synomonemediated interaction between the species involved, indicating potential avenues to enhance field parasitization rates through manipulation of the chemical environment of cole cropping systems.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; egg parasitoids ; orchard pests ; false codling moth ; Lutte biologique ; parasitoödes oophages ; ravageurs de vergers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans la partie ouest de la province du Cap, en Afrique du Sud, des lâchers inondatifs du parasitoïde oophageTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja ont été réalisés contreCryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick), dans 5 exploitations de citrus, sur une période de 2 saisons consécutives. Un lâcher de 80 000 parasitoïdes par hectare et par semaine a été réalisé durant 29 et 33 semaines respectivement pour les 2 saisons. A la fin de chaque saison le nombre total de parasitoïdes atteint fut de 2.3 et 3.8 million d'individus par hectare respectivement. Comparée avec les zones non-traitées, sur les mêmes vergers, la population larvaire des zones de lâchers fut réduite de 54% lors de la 1re saison et de 60% lors de la 2c. Le pourcentage de perte de récolte a été réduit de 49.4±12.4 et de 61.1±8.3% respectivement. Ce résultat est à relier à l'augmentation du taux de parasitisme constaté sur la population des œufs. L'efficacité de ce traitement est semblable à celle obtenue avec l'application des inhibiteurs “de synthèse de la chitine”, mais le prix de la production des parasitoïdes n'est que de 30% par rapport à celui du prix de l'insecticide. Le travail manuel trop intensif, demande que des essais soient réalisés pour vérifier si des lâchers inoculatifs, à un taux plus élevé par semaine et sur une période plus courte seraient efficaces.
    Notes: Abstract Inundative releases of the egg parasitoidTrichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae Nagaraja were made againstCryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyrick) on 5 commercial citrus farms in the western Cape Province, South Africa, over 2 successive seasons. A target release volume of 80 000 parasitoids ha−1 week−1 was established for releases over 29 and 33 weeks during the 2 seasons. Total seasonal volumes reached an equivalent of 2.3 and 3.8 million parasitoids ha−1 respectively. Compared with check treatments on each farm, larval population size was reduced in the release areas by 54% in the 1st and by almost 60% in the 2nd season. Percentage crop loss was reduced by 49.4±12.4 and 61.1±8.3% respectively. Treatment effects were clearly related to increases in rate of parasitism measured in both artificially-placed and in nativeC. leucotreta egg populations. Treatment efficacy is similar to that obtained with applications of chitin synthesis inhibitors but parasitoid production costs are 30% of insecticide costs. Manual distribution of parasitoids is labour intensive, however, and further studies should investigate whether inoculative releases at higher rates per week over a shorter period, are effective.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Steatococcus ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; biological control ; Steatococcus ; Cryptostegia grandiflora ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La nouvelle espèce de cochenilleSteatococcus sp.nov., se trouve surCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. à Madagascar. L'étude de sa biologie et de sa spécificité a montré qu'elle peut survivre jusqu'à 6 mois sur quelques genres de la famille desApocynaceae et indéfiniment sur plusieurs genres de la famille desAsclepiadaceae. L'espèce a été, pour cette raison, refusée comme agent de lutte biologique pourC. grandiflora, importante mauvaise herbe dans le Nord de l'Etat du Queensland en Australie.
    Notes: Abstract The soft scale,Steatococcus new species, occurs onCryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. in Madagascar. Studies on its biology and host plant range showed colonies could survive for up to 6 months on some genera in theApocynaceae and indefinitely on many genera in the familyAsclepiadaceae. The species was therefore rejected as a biological control agent forC. grandiflora, a serious weed in northern Queensland, Australia.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Phenacoccus manihoti ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; Nigeria ; cassava ; biological control ; density dependence ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; manioc ; Nigéria ; lutte biologique ; dépendance de la densité
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Suite à l'introduction d'Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) en vue d'une lutte biologique contre la cochenille du manioc (CM)Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. dans le sud-ouest du Nigéria en 1981 et 1982, 11 groupes de champs situés dans 2 régions ont été échantillonnés toutes les 2 semaines jusqu'en 1988, afin d'estimer l'impact de cet auxiliaire. Les populations du ravageur sont restées au-dessous de 10 CM par pousse la plupart du temps, malgré la présence d'hyperparasitoïdes indigènes, prouvant ainsi le succès continu de la lutte biologique parE. lopezi dans la région. Les coccinelles indigènes et polyphages n'ont été présentes que pendant les sommets de population de la CM, tandis que le parasitoïde spécifique était commun toute l'année. Pendant certaines périodes la courbe du parasitisme suggère une dépendance de la densité retardée. Comme 89% de toutes les pousses sont exemptes de la cochenille et comme le parasitoïde est très mobile, les taux de parasitisme ont été calculés sur la base des pousses individuelles. Malgré la grande variance des données couvrant 4 878 pousses infestées, une légére augmentation du parasitisme et, par conséquent, une dépendance positive de la densité sont constatées sur toutes les pousses ayant entre 1 et 10 CM du 3e et 4e stade. De telles pousses représentent 64% de toutes les pousses infestées. Aux densités d'hôte plus élevées le degré de parasitisme diminue rapidement. Les résultats sont discutés à la lumière des différentes théories sur la régulation des populations par les ennemies naturels.
    Notes: Abstract Following the successful introduction ofEpidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) for biological control of the cassava mealybug (CM)Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. in southwestern Nigeria in 1981 and 1982, 11 groups of cassava fields were sampled every 2 weeks up to 1988 for impact assessment. After 1984, CM populations remained mostly below 10 per tip despite the presence of native hyperparasitoids, demonstrating the long-term success of biological control byE. lopezi in the region. Indigenous polyphagous coccinellids were found only during peak host densities, whereas the specificE. lopezi was common throughout the year. During some periods, percentage parasitism indicated delayed density dependence. Since 89% of all sampled cassava tips had no CM at all and the parasitisme is very mobile, parasitization rates were also calculated for individual infested tips (N=4,878). Parasitism increased slightly with host density on tips having between 1 and 10 CM of the 3rd and 4th instars, indicating positive density dependence. Such tips comprised 64% of all infested tips. At higher host densities, parasitism rates fell rapidly. The results are discussed in view of different theories on population regulation by biological control agents.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: insecta ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; Erynniopsis antennata ; Tetrastichus brevistigma ; Tetrastichus erynniae ; biological control ; Insect ; Xanthogaleruca luteola ; Erynniopsis antennata ; Tetrastichus brevistigma ; Tetrastichus erynniae ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani), parasitoïde larvaire introduit de la galéruque de l'orme,Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), a été trouvé dans 11 des 12 villes de Californie du nord où des échantillonnages surUlmus procera Salisbury etUlmus pumilla L. ont été effectués en 1986 et/ou 1987. Le parasitisme apparent maximum fut supérieur à 40 % dans 4 des localités, mais le parasitisme moyen pour l'ensemble des sites fut de 4.5 %. Un parasitoïde des nymphes, également introduit,Tetrastichus brevistigma Gahan, a été trouvé dans 7 villes seulement, avec un taux de parasitisme apparent moyen et maximum de 1.2 et 22 % respectivement.E. antennata peut être utile pour la gestion des populations de galéruques de l'orme, mais une connaissance approfondie de sa biologie et de meilleures méthodes d'échantillonnage sont nécessaires.
    Notes: Abstract Erynniopsis antennata (Rondani), an introduced larval and larval-adult parasitoid of the elm leaf beetle (ELB),Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), was found in 11 of 12 northern California cities whereUlmus procera Salisbury andUlmus pumila L. were sampled in 1986 and/or 1987. Maximum apparent parasitism was over 40% in 4 of the cities, but mean parasitism for all sites combined was 4.5%. An introduced pupal parasitoid,Tetrastichus brevistigma Gahan, was found in only 7 cities, with mean and maximum apparent parasitism of 1.2 and 22%, respectively.E. antennata may be of value in managing ELB populations, but more knowledge of its biology and improved sampling methods are required.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Microthrix inconspicuella ; Emex australis ; biological control ; apple orchards ; Microthrix inconspicuella ; Emex australis ; lutte biologique ; vergers de pommiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les tests de spécificité conduits au laboratoire en Australie en 1977, montraient queMicrothrix inconspicuella pouvait se développer sur le jeunes feuilles de pommiers (Harley et al., 1979). Les études conduites en vergers de pommiers en Afrique du Sud montraient la possibilité d'une faible alimentation, mais moins de 40% des derniers stades larvaires atteignaient le stade adulte quand ils étaient confinés dans des manchons sur des branches de pommiers. Il n'y avait ni alimentation, ni survie dans de grandes cages ou en plein air. Les adultes issus de larves nourries sur pomme étaient plus petits, déformés, s'accouplaient occasionnellement et pondaient des œufs fertiles, mais leur descendance ni se nourrissait, ni se développait sur fruit ou feuille de pommier. En conclusion, les larves deM. inconspicuella ne se développaient pas sur pomme ou sur feuilles de pommier en plein air, les dommages étaient principalement limités aux pommes déjà blessées et l'alimentation sur feuilles était minimale. Dans les conditions normales de la lutte contre les ravageurs, les populations deM. inconspicuella ne pouvaient survivre sur une partie quelconque du pommier ou surE. australis croissant sous les arbres.
    Notes: Abstract Host specificity tests carried out in the laboratory in Australia during 1977, showed thatMicrothrix inconspicuella Ragonot could develop on young apple leaves (Harley et al., 1979). Field studies in unsprayed apple orchards in South Africa showed that some feeding occurred, but fewer than 40% of late instar larvae developed to adults when confined in sleeves on apple tree branches. No feeding or survival occurred in large field cages or in the open. Adults which developed from apple fed larvae were smaller, deformed, occasionally mated and laid fertile eggs but their progeny did not feed or develop on apple fruit or leaves. In conclusion,M. inconspicuella larvae did not develop on apple fruit or leaves in the field, damage was mainly limited to apples already injured and feeding on leaves was minimal. Under normal pest control practicesM. inconspicuella populations did not survive on any part of the apple tree or onE. australis growing under the trees.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Phytomyza orobanchia ; Orobanche crenata ; Vicia faba ; biological control ; geographical distribution ; Syria ; Phytomyza orobanchia ; Orobanche crenata ; Vicia faba ; lutte biologique ; distribution géographique ; Syrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a conduit une étude en 1988 pour déterminer la fréquence et la distribution dePhytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach dans 21 emplacements du nord-ouest de la Syrie. Des capsules d'orobanche (Orobanche crenata Forska) ont été examinées dans des champs de fève (Vicia faba L.)P. orobanchia était présent dans 95% des emplacements et 55,5% des 630 plantes d'orobanche observées étaient infectées. Sur les 1 890 capsules examinées, 32,5% étaient attaquées. La population deP. orobanchia était plus importante sur la côte, où 79% des plantes étaient endommagées. La production de graines d'orobanche était réduite de 29,4% du fait d'une destruction moyenne de 91,1% des graines dans les capsules infestées.
    Notes: Abstract A survey was carried out in 1988 to determine the occurrence and distribution of the flyPhytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach [Diptera: Agromyzidae] on broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forskal) at 21 locations in northwestern Syria. Fruit capsules of broomrape were examined in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) fields. The fly was present at 95% of the locations sampled. Of 630 broomrape plants examined over all locations, 55.5% were infested. Of the 1,890 capsules examined, 32.5% were attacked. Fly populations were highest near the coast where 79% of the broomrapes were damaged. The total seed output of broomrape plants was reduced by 29.4% in the surveyed area due to a mean seed destruction of 91.1% per infested broomrape capsule.
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