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  • temperature  (38)
  • Transformation  (34)
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • Wheat
  • Springer  (112)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1985-1989  (112)
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  • 1989  (112)
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  • 1985-1989  (112)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; phytotron ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des plants de maïs se développent dans un phytotron dans 4 conditions d'humidité du sol (de la saturation à la dessication) et à 3 températures constantes (20°, 25° & 30°C). Chaque pied est contaminé au moment de l'émission du pollen, par une ooplaque d'O. nubilalis Hübn. (ECB) de race européenne E. L'installation, la colonisation et le développement des chenilles sont notés lors de 12 périodes de prélèvements destructifs (4 par température). La vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est affectée par la température, main non par l'humidité du sol. Les 4 niveaux d'humidité du sol n'ont aucun effet sur la teneur en eau des tiges de maïs. En fait, les feuilles de maïs présentent une senescence précoce lorsqu'il y a déficit en eau dans le sol. La teneur en eau du sol agit sur l'installation, sur la distribution verticale, la dispersion et le lieu d'alimentation des chenilles; mais ces effets sont légers et ne modifient pas la vitesse de développement. L'environnement larvaire dans la tige de maïs est efficacement isolé des variations externes par l'aptitude de la plante à maintenir la teneur en eau des tiges relativement élevée et stable. Ainsi, des changements importants au niveau du sol n'ont pratiquement pas d'effets sur le développement d'O. nubilalis, malgré les conséquences brutales pour la plante. Cette étude montre que la vitesse de développement d'O. nubilalis est relativement insensible aux modifications de la teneur en eau du sol ainsi qu'aux effets de ce stress de sécheresse sévère sur le pied de maïs. La discussion porte sur l'importance de ces résultats pour la modélisation de la dynamique de l'insecte, la physiologie de la culture et les interactions entre insecte et plante.
    Notes: Abstract Maize plants were grown under four moisture regimes (wet to extreme deficit) and three constant temperatures (20°, 25° & 30°C) in a phytotron. Each plant was infested with one E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubn.)] (ECB) egg mass at pollen shed. ECB development, location, and establishment were recorded over the course of 12 destructive sample dates (4/temperature). ECB developmental rates were not significantly affected by soil moisture treatments, but were significantly affected by temperature. In spite of successful establishment of four distinctly different soil moisture regimes, the maize stalk tissue water levels were not significantly different among soil water treatments. Instead, the maize plants exhibited accelerated leaf senescence in response to the water deficit conditions. Among the soil water treatments, differences were found in larval establishment, vertical distribution and dispersion, and feeding site selection; however, those effects were slight and could not explain the similarity in ECB developmental rates observed in these treatments. In maize, the larval environment within the stalk was effectively insulated from changes in the external environment by the plant's ability to maintain a relatively high and stable stalk tissue water content. Thus, large changes to the soil environment had essentially no effect on ECB development, though drastic consequences for the plant. This study indicates that ECB rates of development are relatively insensitive to changes in the soil water environment as well as the associated changes in the maize plant that accompany severe drought stress. The significance of these findings to insect modelling, crop physiology, and insect-crop interactions is discussed.
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  • 2
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    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 849-852 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: alternative mating tactics ; temperature ; Stictia heros ; Sphecidae ; Costa Rica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 171-173 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Estrogen receptor ; homogenization ; temperature ; nucleus ; uterus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Homogenization of rat uterus at elevated temperatures results in an increased nuclear localization of unoccupied estrogen receptor. This is a nonlinear effect which is accounted for by an increased population of KCl-resistant nuclear binding sites at the elevated homogenization temperatures.
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  • 4
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 349-351 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; temperature ; brain ; hibernation ; Helix aspersa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ablation of the brain from hibernatingHelix aspersa maintained at 25°C causes a significant increase in the proliferation of male cells in the gonad, whereas the ablation of the optic tentacles has no effect. The brain, therefore, produces a factor which specifically inhibits the multiplication of spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; Morimus funereus ; development ; laboratory conditions ; food quality ; temperature ; season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur les effets d'une température constante (23 °C), de la qualité de l'aliment,-B = aliment naturel, c'est-à-dire de l'écorce de chêne pulvérisée; B+C = aliment naturel enrichi avec de la poudre de biscuits sucrés-, et de la saison sur le développement larvaire de M. funereus L. La température de 23 °C a été défavorable aux larves récoltées en septembre dans des souches de chênes et élevées sur aliment B: les larves étaient mortes en 30 jours. Avec aliment B+C, l'effet défavorable a été neutralisé et le poids des larves augmenté de 543%, 897% et 1179% en 1, 2 et 3 mois. Des larves néonates d'été ou d'hiver se sont bien développées sur B+C, mais toutes les larves d'hiver étaient mortes sur B en 40 j. Des larves de mêmes parents, écloses à différentes époques de l'année, ont présenté des différences saisonnières du taux de survie et de la vitesse de développement lors de leur élevage à 23 °C sur B+C. Le développement le plus rapide et la meilleure survie ont été obtenus avec des larves écloses au début ou au milieu de l'été; tandis que le développement le plus lent et la plus mauvaise survie ont été obtenus avec les larves écloses à la fin de l'été. Les changements saisonniers synchrones des adultes et de leurs descendants, exprimés à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique, suggèrent l'existence d'un rythme annuel endogène qui dépend de l'expression de différents gènes au cours du cycle annuel.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of constant temperature (23 °C), food quality (B, natural diet i.e. powdered oak bark; B+C, natural diet enriched with powdered sweet crackers) and season on larval development of the cerambycid Morimus funereus L. were studied. The temperature of 23 °C exerted an unfavourable effect on larvae collected from oak stumps in September and bred on B; i.e. the larvae died within 30 days. When the larvae consumed B+C the unfavourable effect of temperature was abolished and the larvae increased their weight by 543%, 897% and 1179% in 1, 2 and 3 months, respectively. Newly hatched summerand winter-larvae developed successfully on B+C, while all the winter-larvae died within 40 days on B. Larvae of an identical parentage hatched in different phases of the annual cycle and showed seasonal differences in the rate of development and survival when reared on B+C at 23 °C. The fastest development and the highest survival rate were observed in larvae which emerged in early- and midsummer, whereas the slowest development and the lowest survival rate were in those hatched in late summer. The synchronized seasonal changes of adults and their offspring, as expressed at different levels of biological organization, suggest the existence of an endogenous annual rhythm which is dependent upon the expression of different genes in the course of the annual cycle.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 185-188 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Dolycoris baccarum ; S. Norwegian population ; adult hibernal diapause ; diapause completion ; diapause activation ; diapause induction ; diapause prevention ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Developmental rates ; temperature ; parasitoid ; mealybug ; Hymenoptera ; Encyrtidae ; Epidinocarsis diversicornis ; Acerophagus coccois ; Homoptera ; Pseudococcidae ; Phenacoccus herreni ; cassava ; yucca
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les vitesses de développement des oeufs et de tous les stades larvaires mâles et femelles de P. herreni Cox & Williams ont été déterminées à 18°, 20°, 22°, 25°, 30° et 35°C. La longévité des adultes mâles et femelles a été déterminée. Les vitesses de développement de la ponte à la formation du cocon et de celleci à l'émergence de E. diversicornis Howard, encyrtide parasite de P. herreni ont été déterminées à 18°, 20°, 25° et 30°C. Il en a été de même pour un second encyrtide parasite A. coccois Smith à 20°, 25° et 30°C. Les équations polynomiales des derniers carrés dérivés et les équations logistiques ont été ajustées pour chaque lot de données (à l'exception de A. coccois) de façon à ce qu'elles aient pu être interpolées pour analyser l'impact de ces parasites sur la dynamique de population de P. herreni. Les résultats de cette analyse sont présentés à part.
    Notes: Abstract Developmental rates for Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams were determined at 18°, 20°, 22°, 25°, 30° and 35°C for the egg, all juvenile male and all juvenile female stadia. Longevity was determined for adult females and adult males. Developmental rates for the P. herreni parasitoid Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard) were determined at 18°, 20°, 25° and 30°C for the oviposition-to-mummy-formation period and the mummy-formation-to-adult-eclosion period. Developmental rates were determined for the P. herreni parasitoid Acerophagus coccois Smith for the same two life stages at 20°, 25° and 30°C. Least-squares-derived polynomial equations or logistic equations were fitted to each data set (except for A. coccois) so that rates could be interpolated for temperatures between observed points for use in an analysis of the impact of these parasitoids on population dynamics of P. herreni. Results of this analysis are presented separately.
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 185-193 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: temperature ; development ; simulation ; phenology ; budmoth ; Zeiraphera canadensis ; Tortricidae ; degree-days
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La diapause des oeufs de Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura et Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) a été complétée après 15 semaines d'élevage à 0,5°C. A ce stade de leur développement, une température supérieure à 30°C leur est létale. Les relations entre la température et le développement des larves sur l'épinette blanche, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, et des pupes ont été observées au laboratoire. Les temps de développement les plus courts ont été observés à 28°C. Les larves sont tolérantes à la chaleur et se développent à 32 C, une température qui est létale aux pupes. II y a peu de variabilité des taux de développement de tous les stades immatures. Ceci explique le haut degré de synchronie observé au sein de populations de cet insecte. Un modèle simulant la phénologie a été mis au point et calibré pour prédire la fréquence des divers stades du cycle vital sous des conditions de terrain. La processus de calibration a révélé que la température dans le microhabitat des oeufs est très semblable à celle de l'air, mais que les larves, retrouvées sous l'enveloppe des bourgeons, sont exposées à des températures pouvant excéder celle-ci de plusieurs degrés. Pour des fins de planification du synchronisme entre le développement de l'insecte et des programmes de suivi et de lutte, le nombre de degré-jours nécessaires pour atteindre 10% d'éclosion des oeufs ou 75% d'émergence des adultes ont été estimés à partir d'une température seuil de 4,4°C.
    Notes: Abstract Diapause requirements of eggs of Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura and Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are satisfied by 15 weeks of storage at 0.5°C. Temperatures above 30°C are lethal for this life stage. Temperature-dependent development of larvae fed on white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and of pupae was observed under laboratory conditions. The shortest development times were observed at 28°C. Larvae are tolerant to heat, and developed at 32°C, a lethal temperature for pupae. There was little variation of development rates in all stages of the life cycle, explaining the high degree of phenological synchrony reported in populations of this species. A phenological model was developed and calibrated to simulate the relative abundance of the various immature stages under field conditions. The calibration process suggested that temperature in the microhabitat of eggs may be very close to air temperature, but that temperatures under bud caps where larvae are feeding may rise several degrees above air temperature. For the purposes of planning the timing of survey and control practices, degree-day requirements for 10% egg hatch and 75% adult emergence were estimated based on a 4.4°C threshold temperature.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Wheat ; Paddy straw compost ; N and P enrichment ; Rock phosphate ; Pyrite ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A nutrient-rich compost from paddy straw was prepared using urea and Mussoorie rock phosphate for N and P enrichment respectively. Inorganic N was partly conserved in the compost by the addition of pyrite. Citric-acid-soluble P also increased with the addition of pyrite. Compost containing about 1.6% total N and 3.3% total P was found to be a good source of P for a wheat crop and also supplied a significant amount of N to the plants.
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  • 10
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    Biology and fertility of soils 8 (1989), S. 356-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Plant-root associations ; Azospirillum spp ; Rhizosphere ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) ; Phytohormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are extensively studied for their plant-growth promoting effect following inoculation. Physiological and biochemical studies of these diazotrophic bacteria are now benefiting from recent breakthroughs in the development of genetic tools for Azospirilum. Moreover, the identification and cloning of Azospirillum genes involved in N2 fixation, plant interaction, and phytohormone production have given new life to many research projects on Azospirillum. The finding that Azospirillum genes can complement specific mutations in other intensively studied rhizosphere bacteria like Rhizobia will certainly trigger the exploration of new areas in rhizosphere biology. Therefore a review of the Azospirillum-plant interactions is particularly timely.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nodule damage ; Rivellia angulata ; Nitrogen fixation ; Cajanus cajan ; Pigeonpea ; Vertisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Damage caused by Rivellia angulata larvae to pigeonpea root nodules at the ICRISAT center in India was greater in the crop grown on Vertisols (up to 86%) compared to that on Alfisols (20%). Attempts to quantify the field effects of nodule damage on growth and yield of pigeonpea in a Vertisol, involving many heavy applications of soil insecticides (aldrin and hexachlorocyclohexane) failed because the insecticides did not control the pest and adversely affected the growth of the pigeonpea and the subsequent crop of sorghum (Sorgorum bicolor L. Moench). The impact of nodule damage on pigeonpea growth, yield and nutrient uptake was successfully studied in greenhouse-grown plants at three N levels. In this pot study, artificial inoculation with Rivellia sp. led to substantial nodule damage (70%). The results of this damage were a significant overall reduction in nodule dry weight (46%), acetylene reduction activity (31%), total leaf area (36%), chlorophyll content of leaves (39%) and shoot dry weight (23%) 68 days after sowing. At maturity, Rivellia sp. infestation caused significant reductions in top dry weight (22%), root and nodule dry weight (27%), seed dry weight (14%), and total N (29%) and P uptake (19%). The problems and prospects of manipulating nodule damage so as to reduce N losses in pigeonpea are discussed.
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  • 12
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    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Herbicides ; Wheat ; Glomus spp. ; Spore germination ; Root infection ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Bifenox ; Mecoprop ; Difenzoquat methyl sulphate ; Chlortoluron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We studied the effects of field application rates of four herbicides (Avenge, Ceridor, Dicurane, and Harrier) on spore germination and infection of wheat roots by three species of Glomus grown under conditions of low P availability. Low concentrations of Ceridor (bifenox, mecoprop) and Harrier (mecoprop, ioxynil, clopyralid) inhibited spore germination while higher concentrations were stimulatory. Avenge (difenzoquat methyl sulphate) prevented spore germination completely, while Dicurane (chlortoluron) had no effect. The herbicide applications had no significant effect on the infection rates of any of the three fungi except Harrier on G. geosporum. The herbicide treatments did, however, affect plant growth and ear yields. Ceridor and Harrier increased ear yields, while Dicurane showed marked phytotoxic effects.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Dentrification ; Immobilization ; Tillage ; N leaching ; Wheat ; Wetland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field study was undertaken to examine the effects of various management strategies on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) performance and N cycling in an intensively cropped soil. Microplots receiving 100 kg N ha−1 as15NH4 + 15NO3 − at sowing, tillering or stem elongation were compared with unfertilized microplots. Stubble from the previous rice crop was either incorporated, burnt without tillage, burnt then tilled or retained on the surface of untilled soil. Wheat grain yield ranged from 1.5 to 5.1 t ha− and was closely related to N uptake. Plant accumulation of soil N averaged 36 kg N ha−1 (LSD 5% = 10) on stubble-incorporation plots and 54 kg N ha−1 on stubble-retention plots. Fertilizer N accumulation averaged 18 kg N ha−1 (LSD 51% = 6) on stubble-incorporation plots and 50 kg N ha−1 on stubble-retention plots. Tillage had little effect on burnt plots. Delaying N application from sowing until stem elongation increased average fertilizer N uptake from 26 to 39 kg N ha−1 (LSD 5% = 6), but reduced soil N uptake from 50 to 37 kg N ha− (LSD 5% = 10). Immobilization and leaching did not vary greatly between treatments and approximately one-third of the fertilizer was immobilized. Less than 1% of the fertilizer was found below a depth of 300 mm. Incorporating 9 t ha−1 of rice stubble 13 days before wheat sowing reduced net apparent mineralization of native soil N from 37 to 3 kg ha−1 between tillering and maturity. It also increased apparent denitrification of fertilizer N from an average 34 to 53 kg N ha−1 (LSD 5% = 6). N loss occurred over several months, suggesting that denitrification was maintained by continued release of metabolizable carbohydrate from the decaying rice stubble. The results demonstrate that no-till systems increase crop yield and use of both fertilizer and soil N in intensive rice-based rotations.
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  • 14
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    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1989), S. 269-274 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Frankia-Ceanothus spp. association ; Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) ; Microsymbiont population ; Nodules ; Actinomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wildland shrub improvement is needed for sound range and disturbed land revegetation practice. The possibility of selecting superior N2-fixingFrankia-Ceanothus spp. actinorhizal associations was examined. Greenhouse tests were used to expose various soil-borne microsymbiont andCeanothus sp. population accessions in reciprocal combination. The acetylene reduction rate was used as a measure of N2-fixation capacity. There was no significant interaction between host and microsymbiont regardless of source for all variables measured. The acetylene reduction rate, nodule number and mass, plant biomass, and root: shoot ratio were significantly different among soil sources. The acetylene reduction rate was not significantly different amongCeanothus sp. accessions. Neither was it strongly correlated with other variables. It was concluded that the N2-fixation rate is more a function ofFrankia sp. than the hostCeanothus sp. in actinorhizal associations. It appears possible to select soil sources with superior N2-fixing microsymbiont populations.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Vector ; Glyphosate resistance ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The E. coli aroA gene was inserted between yeast promoter and terminator sequences in different shuttle expression plasmids and found to confer enhanced EPSP synthase activity as well as resistance to glyphosate toxicity. Subsequently, a transformation system using these newly constructed vectors in yeast was characterized. The efficiency of the glyphosate resistance marker for transformation and selection with plasmid pHR6/20-1 in S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 was found to be relatively high when compared with selection for LEU2 prototrophy. The fate of the recombinant plasmid pHR6/20-1 in the transformants, the preservation of the aroA E. coli DNA fragment in yeast, mitotic stability, EPSP synthase activity, and growth on glyphosate-containing medium have been investigated. As this plasmid also allows direct selection for glyphosate resistant transformants on rich media, the glyphosate resistance marker was used for transforming both S. cerevisiae laboratory strain SHY2 and brewer's yeast strains S. cerevisiae var. “uvarum” BHS5 and BHS2. In all cases, the vector pHR6/20-1 was maintained as an autonomously replicating plasmid. The resistance marker is, therefore, suitable for transforming genetically unlabeled S. cerevisiae laboratory, wild, and industrial yeast strains.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica ; Invertase ; Secretion ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Few selective markers are available for the transformation of the industrial yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, and those that are require the use of specialized hosts (e.g., auxotrophs, antibiotic sensitive). To enable the transformation of any Y. lipolytica strain, we used the property that Y. lipolytica cannot use sucrose as a sole carbon source. We have constructed a gene fusion where the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SUC2 gene is placed under the control of the promoter and signal sequence of the Y. lipolytica XPR2 gene, which encodes an Alkaline Extracellular Protease (AEP). Strains bearing this fusion express invertase activity and grow on sucrose as a carbon source. The activity follows the same regulation as does the alkaline extracellular protease, is secreted into the periplasm and confers a Suc+ phenotype. It was shown that this chimeric gene could be used as a dominant marker for transformation in a one-step procedure.
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  • 17
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    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 339-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Transformation ; ss carrier DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A method, using LiAc to yield competent cells, is described that increased the efficiency of genetic transformation of intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to more than 1 × 105 transformants per microgram of vector DNA and to 1.5% transformants per viable cell. The use of single stranded, or heat denaturated double stranded, nucleic acids as carrier resulted in about a 100 fold higher frequency of transformation with plasmids containing the 2μm origin of replication. Single stranded DNA seems to be responsible for the effect since M13 single stranded DNA, as well as RNA, was effective. Boiled carrier DNA did not yield any increased transformation efficiency using spheroplast formation to induce DNA uptake, indicating a difference in the mechanism of transformation with the two methods.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; Transformation ; pKD1 ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The host specificity of the 2μ-like circular plasmid pKD 1 is such that this plasmid replicates stably in several species of Kluyveromyces yeasts, but not in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. pKD 1-derived plasmids containing various parts of the pKD 1 sequence were capable of transforming Kluyveromyees lactis with high efficiency. When such vectors were introduced into host strains that contained resident pKD1 plasmid, the input DNA frequently recombined with it to produce high proportions of additive recombinant molecules that replicate stably. Recombination events were shown to occur with vectors differing for the presence or absence of the putative origin of replication and of the inverted repeats. Structure, stability and copy number of the recombination products were analyzed for various types of vectors.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Aspergillus oryzae ; pyrG ; β-galactosidase ; β-glucuronidase ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A homologous transformation system for Aspergillus oryzae is described. The system is based on an A. oryzae strain deficient in orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase (pyrG) and the vector pA04-2, which contains a functional A. oryzae pyrG gene as selection marker. Transformation of the A. oryzae pyrG mutant with circular PA04-2 resulted in the appearance of Pyr+ transformants at a frequency of up to 20 per μg of DNA, whereas with linear pA04-2 up to 200 transformants per μg DNA were obtained. In 75 % of the Pyr+ transformants recombination events had occurred at the pyrG locus, most of which (90%) resulted in insertion of one or two copies of the vector and the others (10%) in a replacement of the mutant allele by the wild-type allele. Vector pA04-2 is also capable of transforming a corresponding mutant of Aspergillus niger. This transformation system was used to introduce into A. oryzae the heterologous and non-selectable bacterial genes lacZ, encoding β-galactosidase, and uidA, encoding β-glucuronidase. Using the Aspergillus nidulans gpdA promoter to drive bacterial gene expression in A. oryzae, relatively high levels of activity, as well as protein per se, as judged by western blot analyses, were obtained.
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  • 20
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    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Coprinus cinereus ; Transformation ; Heterologous expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Direct selection for TRP+ transformants of a trp-2 mutant of Coprinus cinereus showed that the gene mutation could be complemented by the heterologous gene from two other basidiomycete species, Schizophyllum commune (trp1) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (trpC) but not by an ascomycete gene from Aspergillus nidulans (trpC). Cotransformation was used to confirm that the Aspergillus nidulans gene could be integrated but not expressed. Cotransformations were also used to show that the Aspergillus nidulans isocitrate lyase gene (acuD) and a construct containing the bacterial HygB gene fused to a hemibasidiomycete gene promotor from Ustilago maydis were also unexpressed in Coprinus cinereus.
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    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 57-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Podospora anserina ; Immortal mutant ; Transformation ; Benomyl resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Podospora anserina immortal mutant incoloris, vivax was transformed to benomyl resistance with a β-tubuline gene from a resistant Neurospora crassa strain. The transforming plasmid was integrated into the genome of the transformants, and subsequent Southern analysis and retransformation experiments provided no evidence for autonomous replication. Non-homologous integration was demonstrated in some of the transformants. Resistance to benomyl varied widely among the transformants and was conserved after the transformants were grown on non-selective medium.
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    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 95-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces ; Transformation ; 2μ-like plasmids ; G418 resistance ; pKDI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary pKDI is a 2μ-like circular plasmid found in the yeast Kluyveromyces drosophilarum that can also stably replicate in Kluyveromyces lactis. We have found a short intergenic region in this genome that appears to be functionally neutral; that is, the introduction of foreign sequences into the single EcoRI restriction site located near one of the inverted repeats did not affect the high stability of the natural plasmid. By introducing a G418 resistance gene at this site, we constructed an autonomous recombinant plasmid. Since this vector did not require cir + hosts for its stable maintenance, it could be used to examine the transformation host range of pKD1 among all the species belonging to the genus Kluyveromyces. Both species closely related to K. drosophilarum as well as a few other species that are very different in chromosomal GC % could be transformed to yield highly stable transformant clones.
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  • 23
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    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 307-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Penicillium nalgiovense ; Transformation ; amdS gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Penicillium nalgiovense was transformed with the amdS gene from Aspergillus nidulans as a selectable marker. The vector apparently integrated at multiple sites into the chromosomes of the transformants, which were mitotically stable. A transformation efficiency of 12 transformants/μg vector DNA was achieved when the expression phase was prolonged to 8 h.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schwanniomyces occidentalis ; Transformation ; Autonomous replication ; α-Amylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary High frequency transformation of a Schwanniomyces occidentalis mutant defective in the last step of tryptophan synthesis was achieved with plasmids containing the tryptophan synthetase gene (TRP5) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and an autonomous replication sequence from S. occidentalis, which we called “SwARS1”. The SwARS1 fragment is also functional in S. cerevisiae. The average copy number of the plasmids in both yeast species was 5–10 per cell under selective conditions. S. occidentalis cells that were transformed with an autonomously replicating plasmid carrying the cloned α-amylase gene from S. occidentalis secreted about five times more α-amylase than cells without additional copies of the α-amylase gene. Both the chromosomal copy and the plasmid-carried copies of the α-amylase gene were repressed in the presence of glucose. This transformation system provides a possibility to improve starch degradation by S. occidentalis.
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  • 25
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    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 415-420 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gliocladium ; Hygromycin B ; Transformation ; Electroporation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gliocladium roseum and G. virens are saprophytic fungi with biological control activity against various plant pathogens, including those causing seedling diseases in cotton. Genetic transformation systems were developed to provide the potential for incorporating additional traits to improve the biocontrol efficacy of Gliocladium. Gliocladium roseum protoplasts were transformed with G. virens genomic DNA. The 6.7 kb plasmid pH1S containing a bacterial hygromycin B resistance gene, hygB, was used to transform G. virens. Up to ten methionine-independent G. roseum transformants were recovered per microgram of G. virens DNA. Transformation frequencies as high as 150 hygromycin B-resistant transformants per microgram of circular palsmid DNA were observed with electroporation at a field strength of 500 V/cm. Total DNA was isolated from G. virens transformants and hybridized to purified hygB or pBR322 (the vector used in the pH1S construct) DNA. The hygB DNA was integrated into genomic DNA. Precise excision of the plasmid by two different restriction endonucleases provided evidence for the presence of multiple tandem copies in some transformants. The presence of multiple bands in digests of other transformants suggested multiple sites of integration.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: γ-Tocopherol ; Transformation ; α-Tocopherol ; Ratten ; Generationsversuch ; γ-tocopherol ; transformation ; α-tocopherol ; rats ; generation-experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The biosynthesis of α-tocopherol, the most effective vitamer among the vitamin E-group, is found only in higher plants and microorganisms. Due to the lack of the shikimate pathway, animals are not able to synthesize α-tocopherol. Also not found is a whole enterai synthesis; only the conversion of dimethyletocol to trimethyletocol seems to be possible. Using four generations of rats, we sought to determine: Is a transformation of γ-tocopherol to α-tocopherol in the animal body possible? Are there any differences in the transformation rates in organs, tissues, or in the entire body along the generations? Does gut flora play any role in the conversion of γ-tocopherol? Is it possible to increase the efficiency of the transformation by supplying additional CH3-groups? Wistar rats were fed a semisynthetic basal diet, supplemented with 78.8 mg DL-γ-tocopherol/kg in the first three generations (F1–F3). In the fourth generation (F4), some of the animals were fed a vitamin E-free diet and γ-tocopherol (approx. 1.5 mg on alternate days) was injected s.c. Two other groups of animals received the basal diet containing additional methionine (0.25 %) or choline (0.45 %), as well as γ-tocopherol (as in F1–F3). α- and γ-tocopherol were analyzed by HPTLC in the whole body and in serum, liver, heart, lung, gut, gonads, and feces. The ratio of α-/γ-tocopherol (μg/μg) as transformation rate and vitamin E-biopotency (μg α-tocopherol equivalents/g) were calculated. Growth and fertility were normal until the fourth generation; no abnormal developments could be recognized. α-tocopherol was found in the whole-body as well as in all tissues and organs. In the whole-body, vitamin E-biopotency decreased 25–70 % in F2 and F3. On the other hand, the increase of the transformation rate of γ- to α-tocopherol amounted to 23 % (F2) and 168 % (F3). Highest conversion rates were found in F2 and F3 for feces, followed by gonads and lungs; the lowest rates were found for serum and liver. Due to the s.c.-injection of γ-tocopherol, feces showed a four-times lower transformation rate in F4 than in F3. There was an increase in heart, gut, lung and serum for both transformation rate and vitamin E-biopotency. These parameters could be improved also by the additional supplements of methionine and choline. Both methyl-group-donators revealed nearly the same positive effect. The results show that the animal organism can adapt to γ-tocopherol supply over generations. γ-tocopherol seems to be a direct precursor for the α-tocopherol synthesis. The methylation of γ-tocopherol in the organs and tissues occurs, presumably, according to their specific α-tocopherol requirement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Biosynthese des α-Tocopherols, des wirksamsten Vitamins innerhalb der Vitamin-E-Gruppe, ist beschränkt auf höhere Pflanzen und Mikroorganismen. Wegen des Fehlens des Shikimatweges vermag der tierische Organismus das α-Tocopherol nicht zu bilden. Auch eine vollständige enterale Synthese ist nicht bekannt. Es wird angenommen, daß die Umwandlung im Tierkörper von Dimethyltocol zum Trimethyltocol möglich sei. In einem Experiment an Ratten über vier Generationen wurde folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Findet eine Umwandlung von γ- zu α-Tocopherol statt? Ändert sich die Effizienz der Transformation auf Gewebs- und Organebene bzw. im gesamten Körper über die Generationen? Welche Rolle spielt die Darmflora? Kann die Effizienz der Transformation durch zusätzliche Gaben an CH3-Gruppen verbessert werden? Über vier Generationen erhielten Wistarratten eine halbsynthetische Grunddiät mit 78,8 mg DL-γ-Tocopherol/kg (F1–F3). In F4 erhielt ein Teil der Tiere die tocopherolfreie Grunddiät, γ-Tocopherol (ca. 1,5 mg, alle zwei Tage) wurde den Tieren subkutan verabreicht. Weitere zwei Kollektive bekamen mit dem Grundfutter γ-Tocopherol (wie in F1–F3) und zusätzlich Methionin (0,24 %) bzw. Cholin (0,45 %) oral verabreicht. In einer Ganzkörperanalyse in F1–F3 und in Serum, Erythrozyten, Leber, Herz, Lunge, Darm, Gonaden und Kot wurden α- und γ-Tocopherol mittels HPTLC bestimmt. Das Verhältnis α-γ-Tocopherol (μg/μg) und die Vitamin-E-Wirksamkeit (μg α-Tocopheroläquivalente/ml bzw. g FS od. g TS) wurden errechnet. Bis zur 4. Filialgeneration waren Wachstum und Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit normal; keine äußeren oder anatomischen Abnormitäten wurden beobachtet. Im Gesamtkörper und in Geweben und Organen der Generationen F1–F4 wurde α-Tocopherol gefunden. Gemessen an den Ergebnissen der Ganzkörperanalyse nahm die Vitamin-E-Wirksamkeit in F2 um 25 % und in F3 um 70 % ab. Die Effizienz der γ-Tocopheroltransformation stieg dagegen um 23 % in F2 und 168 % in F3. Höchste Transformationsraten wurden in F2 und F3 für Kot, gefolgt von Gonaden und Lunge, festgestellt, die niedrigsten für Serum und Leber. Durch die subkutane γ-Tocopherolapplikation war die Transformationsrate im Kot in F4 um Faktor 4 schlechter als in F3. Die Effizienz der Transformation und die Vitamin-E-Wirksamkeit nahmen in Herz, Dickdarm, Lunge und Serum zu. Ebenso besser fielen die Werte für diese Parameter unter der Mehrzufuhr an Methionin und Cholin, wobei sich mit beiden Methylgruppendonatoren die gleiche positive Wirkung erzielen ließ. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß sich der Körper an eine γ-Tocopherolzufuhr über Generationen adaptieren kann. γ-Tocopherol dient auch im tierischen Organismus als unmittelbare Vorstufe der α-Tocopherolsynthese. Dieser Syntheseschritt erfolgt wahrscheinlich über eine Transmethylierungsreaktion in den verschiedenen Geweben und Organen gemäß ihrem spezifischen Bedarf an α-Tocopherol.
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    Biodegradation 7 (1989), S. 159-193 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Brachiopod biogeochemistry ; diagenesis ; secular isotopic variations ; carbon isotopes ; oxygen isotopes ; Sr/Ca ; temperature ; Recent ; Late Paleozoic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sr/Ca ratios in modern brachiopod shells reflect variations in ambient seawater, whereas their Na contents show no relationship with water depth or habitat. Their Mn and Fe contents are controlled, in part, by leaching of these elements from oxide coatings or the low input/sedimentation rate of detrital material into depositional areas such as Quatsino Sound. For most Carboniferous brachiopods from North America, the Mn and Fe contents are similar to those recorded by their Recent counterparts. The high Mn and Fe contents in the brachiopods from shales suggest several possibilities for these levels. One possibility is the leaching of Mn and Fe from oxide coatings/matrix which was not completely removed in the cleaning process, or the high levels in part reflect unusual depositional conditions (some degree of anoxia) for the local shaly environments. The Sr/Ca ratio of brachiopods and, by inference, complementary seawater, did not vary significantly during the Carboniferous. The Sr/Ca minimum observed in brachiopods of Mississippian age coincides with a dip in the 87Sr/86Sr curve and correlates with the Hercynian orogeny. This is attributed to the cycling of seawater through mid-ocean ridge basalts, and postulated exchange reactions account for variation in the composition of seawater-Ca. The unidirectional trend of heavier δ13C values from the Devonian to the Permian is intricately coupled with the evolution of the terrestrial biomass. In addition to expansion of terrestrial plants, burial of reduced carbon in the form of coal (organic matter) contributed to the observed shift. The start of the Permo-Pennsylvanian glaciation is marked by a negative excursion of the secular carbon trend, which is linked to weathering of reduced carbon and its return to the oceanic reservoir with its oxidized carbon. The oxygen isotope values reflect the unidirectional trend towards higher values of the carbon data with decreasing geologic age. Negative excursions of the trend may be related to extensive weathering of terrestrial and submarine rocks, whereas positive excursions may be related to hydrothermal alteration of submarine rocks and dehydration of oceanic crust during times of active sea-floor spreading. Oxygen-calculated water temperatures of unaltered brachiopod material are unrealistically high for all of the Devonian, and the Chesterian-Meramecian, Desmoinesian-Missourian, and Artinskian Epochs. During these times maximum water temperatures of 42° to 56°C are well above the thermal threshold of protein denaturation. This process, which is lethal to most higher organisms, demands an adjustment in oxygen of -2.5%. for samples older than Missourian, and of -1.250%. for samples spanning the Missourian-Artinskian interval. With these adjustments and salinity considerations made prior to calculations, water temperatures become reasonable for the Late Paleozoic epeiric, tropical seas of North America.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 102-103 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Djungarian hamster ; photoperiod ; temperature ; T3 ; T4 ; testosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of photoperiod, temperature and testosterone treatment on plasma T3 and T4 levels were investigated in the Djungarian hamster. Plasma T3 level was affected by temperature (25°C〈7°C) but not by photoperiod. Plasma T4 level was affected by photoperiod (short day 〈 long day) at 25°C. Administration of testosterone increased plasma T4 level under short photoperiod at 25°C. Thus, higher plasma T4 level under long photoperiod at 25°C might be induced by testosterone.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Zea mays L. ; Transformation ; Protoplast ; Kanamycin ; β-glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The importance of cell culture conditions, including the use of feeder cells, on protoplast growth and transformation in maize (Zea mays L.) was investigated. Total GUS activity, measured two days after transformation, was five-fold higher in protoplasts cultured on feeder cells compared to those grown in the absence of feeder cells. Since the specific activity of GUS was only slightly higher in the transformed protoplasts plated over feeder cells, the stimulation in transient gene expression resulted mainly from the improved environment provided by the feeder system. For stable transformation, either PEG treatment or electroporation of protoplasts was used to introduce the neo gene. When PEG was used, over 85% of the putative transformants (resistant to kanamycin) contained the neo gene. The combination of PEG transformation and the optimized cell culture protocol using feeder cells enabled the selection of about 100 stably transformed lines per gFW of cells. Electroporation was less efficient.
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    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 566-568 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Lichen ; Lobaria ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thalli of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., a nitrogen-fixing epiphyte common in mesic temperate forests, were collected in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) forest near Corvallis, Oregon, and maintained for 20 to 40 days in controlled-environment chambers with atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 374 and 700 μll-1. Nitrogenase activity, which was assayed by the acetylene reduction method, was approximately doubled in the lichen maintained in elevated CO2. Increases in nitrogen fixation by lichens may be an important part of the integrated ecosystem response to rising CO2.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Pisum sativum L. ; Transformation ; T-DNA ; Opines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To determine the best combination for potential use in transformation of Pisum sativum L., 13 genotypes were inoculated with wild-type Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains A281, C58 and Ach5. A281 appeared to be the most virulent strain, as determined by size and number of tumours, followed by C58 and Ach5. Genotypes differed considerably in their response to inoculation and genotype x strain interaction was evident. Genotypes also responded differently to in vivo or in vitro inoculation. Axenic calli from tumours could be grown on hormone-free medium and the presence of the specific opines for each strain in the callus indicated successful transfer and expression of T-DNA. Southern blot analysis of DNA from callus of A281-inoculated material showed that both TR and TL T-DNA had been incorporated into the pea genome.
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    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 445-453 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Growth yield measurements ; Nitrate respiration ; Nitrogen fixation ; Proton translocations in respirations ; Azospirillum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract For Azospirillum brasilense Sp7, the energy transformation efficiencies were measured in anaerobic respirations with either nitrate, nitrite or nitrous oxide as respiratory electron acceptors by determining the maximal molar growth yields and the H+-translocations using the oxidant pulse method. In continuous cultures grown with malate limiting, the maximal molar growth yields (Y s max -values) were essentially the same with O2 or N2O but were 1/3 and 2/3 lower with NO 2 - or NO 3 - , respectively, as respiratory electron acceptors. Both the maximal molar growth yields and the maintenance energy coefficients were surprisingly high when Azospirillum was grown with nitrite as the sole electron acceptor and source for N-assimilation. Growth under N2-fixing conditions drastically reduced the Y s max -values in the N2O and O2-respiring cells. In the H+-translocation measurements, the $$\vec H^ + $$ /oxidant ratios were 5.6 for O2→H2O, 2.5–2.8 for NO 3 - →NO 2 - , 2.2 for NO 2 - →N2O and 3.1 for N2O→N2 respirations when the cells were preincubated with valinomycin and K+. All the values were enhanced when the experiments were performed with valinomycin plus methyltriphenylphosphonium (=TPMP+) cation. The uncoupler carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone diminished the H+-excretion indicating that this translocation was due to vectorial flow across the membrane. In the absence of any ionophore, nitrate and nitrite respirations were accompanied by a H+-uptake $$(NO_3^ - \to N_2 = - 2.9 \vec H^ + /NO_3^ - and NO_2^ - \to N_2 = - 2.5 \vec H^ + /NO_2^ - )$$ . Any significant H+-translocation could not be detected in N2O- and O2-respirations under these conditions. It is concluded that nitrate reduction proceeds inside the cytoplasmic membrane, whereas nitrite is reduced extramembraneously. The data are not conclusive for the location of nitrous oxide reductase. The maximal molar growth yield determinations and the absence of any H+-uptake in untreated cells indicate a cytoplasmic orientation of the enzyme similar to the terminal cytochrome oxidase of respiration. The low H+-extrusion values for N2O-respiration compared to O2-respiration in cells treated with valinomycin plus TPMP+ are, however, not in accord with such an interpretation.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Gene cloning ; Heme ; Marker exchange mutagenesis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Respiration ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Random and site-directed Tn5-induced mutagenesis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum yielded two mutations, one in strain 2960 and the other in strain 2606::Tn5-20, which mapped close to each other but in separate genes. The corresponding wild-type genes were cloned, and their approximate location on the cloned DNA was determined. Mutant 2960 was Fix- and formed green nodules on soybean, whereas strain 2606::Tn5-20 had ca. 4% of wild-type Fix activity and formed white nodules. Cytochrome oxidase assays (Nadi tests) showed a negative reaction with both mutants, indicating a functional deficiency of cytochrome c or its terminal oxidase or both. However, the mutants grew well under aerobic conditions on minimal media with different carbon sources. Furthermore, mutant 2960 had a reduced activity in hydrogen uptake, was unable to grow anaerobically with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor and 2960-infected soybean nodules contained little, if any, functional leghemoglobin. Southern blot analysis showed that a B. japonicum heme biosynthesis mutant [strain LO505: O'Brian MR, Kirshbom PM, Maier RJ (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 8390–8393] had its mutation close to the Tn5 insertion site of our mutant 2606::Tn5-20. This finding, combined with the observed phenotypes, suggested that the genes affected in mutants 2960 and 2606::Tn5-20 were involved in some steps of heme biosynthesis thus explaining the pleiotropic respiratory deficiencies of the mutants. Similar to strain LO505, the mutant 2606::Tn5-20 (but not 2960) was defective in the activity of protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase which catalyzes the penultimate step in the heme biosynthesis pathway. This suggests that one of the two cloned genes may code for this enzyme.
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    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 180-182 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Nitrogen fixation ; nifL ; Regulation ; Oxygen control ; Nitrogen control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A number of in-frame deletions have been constructed in the Klebsiella pneumoniae regulatory gene nifL. The effects of each nifL mutation on NifA-mediated expression from the nifH promoter of K. pneumoniae have then been assessed with respect to both nitrogen and oxygen control. These experiments indicate that, in contrast to the situation with the homologous regulatory proteins NtrB and NtrC, NifA activity is not impaired in the absence of NifL. We conclude that the only function of NifL is to inactivate NifA in response to an increase in the nitrogen or oxygen status of the cell.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; Auxin and thiophene in roots ; Root culture ; Root morphology ; Tagetes ; Thiophene ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Roots of marigold (Tagetes patula L.) accumulate thiophenes, heterocyclic sulfurous compounds with strong biocidal activity. In detached roots cultured in vitro, the thiophene content was 5 μmol·(g fresh weight)-1 which is 25-times higher than in roots attached to the plant. In roots derived from tissues transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, the morphology and thiophene content varied with the bacterial strain used. Transformation stimulated the elongation of the root tips and the formation of lateral roots but lowered the thiophene level to 20–50% relative to the concentration in untransformed detached roots. A negative correlation was found between the number of laterals in a root system and the thiophene content. Extensive branching and a decrease in thiophene accumulation was evoked in untransformed roots by indole-3-acetic acid (1–10 μmol·l-1) added to the medium. Within the roots, the highest thiophene concentrations were found in the tips. The results indicate that auxin directly or indirectly plays a role in the regulation of the thiophene level in root tips.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glutamate synthase ; Glutamine synthetase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus (glutamate synthase) ; Plastid (glutamate synthase) ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The two isoenzymes of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.14), previously identified in root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris L., have both been shown to be located in root-nodule plastids. The nodule specific NADH-GOGAT II accounts for the majority of the activity in root nodules, and is present almost exclusively in the central tissue of the nodule. However about 20% of NADH-GOGAT I activity is present in the nodule cortex, at about the same specific activity as this isoenzyme is found in the central tissue. Glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) occurs predominantly as the γ polypeptide in the central tissue, whereas in the cortex, the enzyme is represented mainly by the β polypeptide. Over 90% of both GS and NADH-GOGAT activities are located in the central tissue of the nodule and GS activity exceeds NADH-GOGAT activity by about twofold in this region. Using the above information, a model for the subcellular location and stoichiometry of nitrogen metabolism in the central tissue of P. vulgaris root nodules is presented.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Wheat ; Maize ; Intergeneric cross-Embryo culture ; Haploid production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four Japanese wheat varieties, three crossable and one non-crossable with Hordeum bulbosum, were pollinated with maize pollen of 5 genotypes. By the application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid after pollination, embryos kept developing on wheat plants until 14 days after pollination. The frequency of embryo formation was significantly different among the maize genotypes, varying from 18.0% to 31.9%, but not among the wheat varieties. By bagging spikes with flag leaves the frequency of embryo formation was increased by about 7%. Ten- to twelve-day-old embryos gave higher frequencies of plant formation (83.6%) than 14-day-old embryos(50.0%). All 6 regenerated plants investigated cytologically were found to be haploid. Twelve of the 14 colchicine-treated plants produced florets setting seeds. The overall efficiency of our procedure is considered to be higher than that reported by Laurie and Bennett (1988).
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    The journal of membrane biology 112 (1989), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: myelinated nerve fiber ; gating current ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Asymmetrical displacement currents and Na currents of single myelinated nerve fibers ofXenopus laevis were studied in the temperature range from 5 to 24°C. The time constant of the on-response atE=4 mV,τ on, was strongly temperature dependent, whereas the amount of displaced charge atE=39 mV, Qon, was only slightly temperature dependent. The mean Q10 forτ on -1 was 2.54, the mean Q10 for Qon was 1.07. The time constant of charge immobilization,τ i , atE=4 mV varied significantly (α=0.001) with temperature. The mean Q10 forτ i -1 was 2.71±0.38. The time constants of immobilization of gating charge and of fast inactivation of Na permeability were similar in the temperature range from 6 to 22°C. The Qoff/Qon ratio forE=4 mV pulses of 0.5 msec duration decreased with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence of the time constant of the off-response could not be described by a single Q10 value, since the Q10 depended on the duration of the test pulse. Increasing temperature shifted Qon (E) curves to more negative potentials by 0.51 mVK −1, but shiftedP Na (E) curves andh ∞ (E) curves to more positive potentials by 0.43 and 0.57 mV K−1, respectively.h ∞ (E=−70 mV) increased monotonously with increasing temperature. The present data indicate that considerable entropy changes may occur when the Na channel molecule passes from closed through open to inactivated states.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; Chondriome variability ; In vitro culture ; Plant regeneration ; Wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plants have been regenerated from short-and long-term in vitro somatic tissue cultures made from immature embryos of the hexaploid wheat cultivar “Chinese Spring”. The mitochondrial genome organization of each regenerated plantlet was studied, after one selfing, by probing Sal I-restricted total DNA with cloned Sal I fragments of wheat mitochondrial DNA derived from a segment of the genome, which displays marked structural changes in response to in vitro culture. Short-term in vitro cultures give rise to regenerated plants whose mitochondrial genome organization is either close to that of the parental cultivar or to that of embryogenic callus cultures, except for a single plant which has an organization resembling that of short-term non-embryogenic cultures. In contrast, all but one of the plants regenerated from long-term cultures exhibited a mitochondrial genome organization similar to that of long-term nonembryogenic cultures. In addition, extra labelled bands were detected in some of the regenerated plants with two of the probes used. These results emphasize the importance of the duration of the in vitro step preceding the regeneration process: the longer it is, the higher the probability is of obtaining mitochondrial DNA variability in regenerated plants. Furthermore, since increasing the duration of the in vitro stetp results in the production of regenerated plants with a mitochondrial genome organization resembling that of non-embryogenic tissue cultures, the question is thus raised as to whether regeneration from long-term cultures is suitable for use in plant breeding.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Aegilops ventricosa ; Powdery mildew resistance ; Biochemical markers ; Addition and transfer lines
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gene encoding a variant of alcohol dehydrogenase, Adh-μ, has been found to be associated with the chromosome of the Mv genome which is present in type 9 wheat/Aegilops ventricosa addition line, to which the genes for protein CM-4 and for a phosphatase variant, Aph-v, had been previously assigned. Transfer line H-93-33, which has 42 chromosomes and has been derived from the cross (Triticum turgidum x Ae. ventricosa) x T. aestivum, carries genes encoding all three biochemical markers. Linkage between these genes has been demonstrated by analysis of individual kernels of the F2 (H-93-33 x T. aestivum cv. “Almatense” H-10-15). A study of the hybrids of line H-93-33 with T. aestivum H-10-15 and with the 4DS ditelosomic line has confirmed that, as suspected, the linkage group corresponds to chromosome 4Mv from Ae. ventricosa. Additionally, it has been found that the previously reported resistance of line H-93-33 to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) is also linked to the biochemical markers; this indicates that either the gene responsible for it is different from that in lines H-93-8 and H-93-35, or that a translocation between two different Mv chromosomes has occurred in line H-93-33.
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  • 41
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 469-472 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; Transformation ; Trans-genosis ; Electrophoresis ; Embryos of plants
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A method is described for transfection (genetic transformation) of barley caryopsis electrophoretically with DNA. β-Glucuronidase activity was detected after the electrophoretic transfection with plasmid pBI221 DNA carrying the cauliflower mosaic virus promotor and bacterial β-glucuronidase coding sequence. Electrophoretic transfection is evidently effective with pieces of callus and seeds of many plants.
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  • 42
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 516-520 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Single seed descent (SSD) ; Single plant selection (SPS) ; Bulk population (BP) ; Mechanical mass selection (MMS)
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four methods of generation advance (SPS, SSD, BP and MMS) were compared in F3 and F4 generations. In the F3 generation, the SPS and SSD methods of generation advance proved superior to the BP and MMS methods for grain yield per plant and for at least one of the yield component traits. The F3 SSD population did not differ significantly from the F3 SPS for any of the traits. However, the F3 SSD population retained more range and cv for different traits than with other methods of generation advance. F4 progenies derived from F3 SSD population were significantly superior for grain yield than lines derived from the other three F3 populations. The MMS method of generation advance proved useful for increasing the 1,000-grain weight for which initial selection was made.
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  • 43
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 685-688 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticale ; Cytoplasmic effects
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thirteen wheat-like advanced-generation triticale x wheat derivatives, having tetraploid wheat cytoplasm from triticale, were reciprocally crossed with three improved bread wheats, and the resulting F1s were evaluated for determining the comparative performance of the bread wheat and triticale cytoplasms for different traits. Significant reciprocal differences in the mean performance were observed for days to heading, days to maturity, spikes/plant, flag-leaf area, peduncle length, plant height, spike length, grains/spike, 1,000-grain weight, grain yield and grain protein content, and most of them were in favour of hexaploid wheat cytoplasm. However, this superiority of the hexaploid cytoplasm was not universal for a particular trait, implying that the differences in the performance of the evaluated reciprocal crosses depended not solely on the cytoplasmic background, but also on the interplay of the specific genotype with the cytoplasm.
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  • 44
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 809-814 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Ribosomal DNA ; Tissue culture ; Somaclonal variation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a previous study we observed extensive Nor region variability in tissue-culture derived plants of only one out of three tested wheat cultivars. This finding prompted us to further question whether or not this variability was invariably caused by in vitro culture. In the present study, the upper halves of spikes from four source plants of the inbred cultivar ‘ND7532’ were removed 12 days after anthesis. The immature embryos from these halves were cultured and regenerated into plants. The lower halves of the same spikes were retained on the plants to obtain mature caryopses. DNA was extracted from seedlings, cut with TaqI endonuclease, run on agarose gels, and the respective Southern blots were probed with the plasmid pTA71 to reveal the Nor region patterns. The sexual progeny of regenerants from three out of four source plants derived from the immature embryos provided Nor region patterns which were exactly identical to the patterns obtained from seedlings which germinated from the caryopses matured on the respective source spikes. The regenerants from the fourth source plant provided variable Nor region patterns. Analyses of the Nor region patterns of 21 individual seedlings germinated from caryopses of this source plant showed that 18 had a three-fragment pattern (consisting of 3.0, 2.7 and 1.9 kb fragments) while three seedlings lacked one (2.7 of 1.9 kb) fragment. Furthermore, the next sexual progeny of the regenerants which had a three-fragment pattern further segregated into three- and two-fragment patterns.These results, in conjunction with previous reports on Nor region variability among tissue-culture derived plants, suggest that this variability is not invariably related to in vitro culture.
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  • 45
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 57-60 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hybrid necrosis ; Wheat ; Immature embryoculture ; Young ear culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hybrid necrosis in wheat is a barrier to gene transfer in wheat breeding practice. It is based on two complementary genes, Ne1 and Ne2. Recovery mutants (Re1, Re2 and Re3) which can grow to maturity were recovered from immature embryo cultures of necrotic hybrids between T. aestivum and T. durum. Cytological observation demonstrated that Re1 had 34 chromosomes instead of 35. This indicated that one of the chromosomes carrying the Ne genes was lost. Genetic study suggested that for Re1, the lost chromosome was chromosome 5B of the durum parental line. Re mutants are male sterile but can be maintained through a young ear culture method. Re mutants could be successfully pollinated by either parental line and the BC1 progeny is partially fertile. Re mutants were repeatedly induced in about 1% of the regenerated plants from immature embryo culture. This technique provides a practical way to bypass hybrid necrosis.
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  • 46
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 137-142 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Diallel analysis ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Plant regeneration ; In vitro culture
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Diallel analyses of F1 and reciprocal crosses among five winter wheat lines show that additive, non-additive, and cytoplasmic genetic effects were significant in the genetic control of somatic embryogenesis, shoot, and root induction frequencies as well as in numbers of somatic embryos, shoots, and roots. However, additive genetic effect appears to be most important since, in most cases a larger portion of the cross variation was accounted for by general combining ability. The results suggest that somatic embryogenesis and organ regeneration in winter wheat can be improved through genetic manipulation. Due to the presence of maternal effects, it may be critical to use a suitable genotype as a female parent in a selection program.
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  • 47
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 783-787 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Tissue culture ; Callus ; Wheat ; Ditelosomics ; Nullisomic-tetrasomics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ability of immature embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to respond to tissue culture has been shown to involve the group 2 chromosomes. The available group 2 ditelosomic and nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat were used to determine the chromosome arm location and chromosome dosage effect associated with the expression of tissue culture response (TCR). Significant differences were found between the aneuploid lines and the euploid control for the expression of both regenerable callus formation and callus growth rate. A model is proposed suggesting that a major TCR gene is located on 2DL and that 2AL and 2BS possess minor TCR genes. Furthermore, a major regulatory gene controlling the expression of TCR genes may be located on chromosome 2BL.
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  • 48
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 867-872 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Cytoplasm ; Anther culture ; Microspore embryogenesis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, ‘Siete Cerros 66’ and ‘Penjamo 62’, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of ‘Penjamo 62’ in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Anther culture ; Regeneration ability
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Marked effects of genotype on wheat anther culture response have been observed. Genetic factors have been recognised to be one of the major contributors to in vitro responses of cultured wheat tissues. In wheat anther culture, embryo induction, plant regeneration and albina/green ratio have been determined to be heritable traits. Using Chinese Spring (CS) monosomic 1D, single chromosome substitution lines of chromosome 5B or chromosome arm 5BL from Chinese Spring into six varieties, and F1 hybrids heterozygous for the 1B chromosome structure (1BL-1BS/1BL-1RS), the anther culture response was studied: genes on CS1D chromosome and 5BL chromosome arm increases the embryo frequency; gene(s) involved in regeneration ability are located on the 1RS chromosome arm; a gene increasing albina frequency is located on Chinese Spring 5B chromosome. Our results support the fact that without gametic selection, a differential development occurred from the particular classes of microspores carrying genes for higher regeneration ability. Moreover, in some crosses, a few genes with major effects were involved in determination of anther culture response.
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  • 50
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 173-176 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Tiller index ; Competitive ability ; Interplant competition ; Modified pedigree method of selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A dismal 81% failure of newly bulked lines against checks was observed in Indian wheat material evolved by the pedigree method. This is considered to be the consequence of selection in space planting in early generations followed by yield tests in a competitive environment which did not allow any scope of selection for competitive ability. Thus, most of the homozygous lines, which were until now raised and carried forward under space planting, failed to compete with the checks for yield in close planting. It is, therefore, necessary to modify the method to combine both the competitive ability and identity of selected plants. The proposed modified procedure involves raising the population under spaced planting as well as under drilling from F2 onwards. Evaluation for tiller index marks an important step. On the basis of tiller index, single plants are isolated from spaced populations. Steps of the modified procedure are outlined in detail. The modified method, which economises on breeders' workload and other physical inputs, besides having other advantages, can also be used for certain other grain crops. Preliminary results based on the modified method during the past two seasons have indicated its utility.
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  • 51
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Isozymes ; Triticeae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A third set of malate dehydrogenase loci have been identified and located on the short arms of homoeologous group 5 chromosomes in wheat. Allelic differences have been found at each of the three Mdh-3 loci. However, Mdh-D3 appears to be least variable, with a second allele found only in Sears' ‘Synthetic’ among a survey of 42 varieties. Homoeoloci were identified on chromosome 7 (5H) of Hordeum vulgare, the short arm of 5E in Agropyron elongatum and 5U in Aegilops umbellulata.
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  • 52
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 433-435 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Irradiation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Vicia
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sumary The objective of this work was to know the behaviour and variability of Rhizobium leguminosarum after irradiation. The induced variation was tested under greenhouse conditions on the variety JV 3 of broad beans (Vicia faba) in six replications. Induced genetic variabilty was observed for strain, parent and mutant versus parent. Out of 24 irradiated strains, strain 93-32 performed better with a greater number of nodules and higher dry weight of nodules per plant and biological yield. Environment played an important role in the expression of characters observed. High heritability and genetic advance of these traits indicated that the nitrogen fixation ability of Rhizobium can easily be improved by selection.
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  • 53
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 436-444 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Intergeneric hybrids ; Wheat ; Leymus ; Chromosome pairing ; Meiosis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hybrid plants were obtained between Triticum aestivum (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and Leymus innovatus (2n=4x=28, JJNN) at a frequency varying from 0.4% to 1.2% of the pollinated florets. Improvement of the embryo culture medium resulted in a higher frequency of embryo rescue. Eight of ten hybrids had the expected chromosome number of 35 (ABDJN). Meiotic analysis indicated that there was no homology between the genomes of the two species. Two hybrids had only 28 chromosomes. Comparison of chromosome pairing between the two types of hybrids suggested that Leymus innovatus carries genes that affect chromosome pairing and behavior. The relatively high occurrence of spontaneous doubling in the meiocytes of these hybrids may indicate that backcrossing of the hybrids to wheat should be possible, although frequent chromosome irregularities observed in the meiocytes of the hybrids may decrease the probability of success of this step, which is essential to the process of gene transfer from L. innovatus to wheat.
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  • 54
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 495-504 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Genetic mapping ; RFLPs ; Isozymes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping was attempted using 18 cDNA clones, 14 anonymous and 4 of known function, which had been shown to have homologous DNA sequences on the group 7 chromosomes of wheat. The loci identified by these probes have been mapped on one or more chromosomes in this homoeologous group using linkage data derived from various F2, random inbred, doubled haploid and single chromosome recombinant populations. The maps also include three isozyme loci, five disease resistance loci, two anthocyanin pigment loci and a vernalisation response locus. The mapping data have been used to determine the extent of map co-linearity over the A, B and D genomes, the degree of RFLP variability in the three genomes and the relative efficiency of various restriction enzymes in detecting RFLPs in wheat. The strategy for future mapping in wheat, particularly the use of “alien” genomes or segments, such as that from Aegilops ventricosa used here, is discussed.
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  • 55
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 657-664 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aminopeptidase ; Wheat ; Isoelectric focussing ; Isozymes
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    Notes: Summary Isoelectric focussing was used to separate the isozymes of aminopeptidase of wheat and its relatives. Three distinct homoeoallelic sets of genes have been shown to be present. AMP-1, controlled by genes on the long arms of group 6, has previously been described, but two new systems, AMP-2 (group 4) and AMP-3 (group 7) are described here. The three systems are distinguished by their electrophoretic characteristics, by their genetic control and by their substrate specificity. Intervarietal, interspecific and intergeneric polymorphism has been observed at most of the loci. A further set of isozymes, AMP-4, was detected but the chromosomal control of these could not be determined.
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  • 56
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 831-835 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Haploid ; Transformation ; Canola ; Octopine ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus were transformed using the disarmed octopine-producing LBA4404 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the binary vector pBin19. Octopine-producing strains have previously been reported to be ineffective in transforming Brassica. Four actively growing yellow/ green sectors were selected from the embryos on 50 mg/l kanamycin and plants regenerated. Analysis for NPT-II activity in these young plants initially indicated no expression of the bacterial NPT-II gene. The plants were nevertheless grown to maturity, selfed and S1 seed was collected. Three of the S1 plants produced microspores which were from 4 to 20 times more tolerant to kanamycin than the original parent. Southern analysis revealed that one plant (EC-1) had a single site of insertion and the other two plants (EC-2 and EC-6) had two sites of insertion with sequence homology to the bacterial NPT-II gene. Microspores from the EC-2 and EC-6 transgenics produced embryos on approximately five times the level of kanamycin tolerated by microspores from untransformed plants, while the EC-1 transgenic produced microspores with more than 20 times the tolerance to kanamycin. Analysis of S1 progeny of the EC-1 transgenic indicated that 100% of the progeny exhibited the trait through both Southern analysis and by expressing tolerance to kanamycin in microspore-derived embryos.
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  • 57
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 879-883 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Anther culture ; Androgenetic responsiveness ; Albinism ; Genetic control
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of the ability to respond in wheat anther culture was studied from 6×2 reciprocal crosses between six varieties with high and two varieties with low capacity for green plant formation and their parents, replicated in two environments. Effects of genotypes dominated embryo formation and percentages of green plants, accounting for 78.4% and 85.4% of total variation, respectively, while smaller genetic effects were indicated for regeneration. Nuclear genes could explain almost all the genotype effects in this material. Embryo formation showed heterosis over high parent for 5 of the 12 hybrids, while percentages of green plants from the hybrids were intermediate to the parents. General Combining Ability (GCA) could explain 78.8% of the variation for embryo formation among the hybrids, whereas differences in percentage of green plants were dominated by Specific Combining Ability (SCA), accounting for 67.9% of hybrid variation. A positive correlation (r=0.81**) was observed between the genetic capacity for regeneration and green plant formation. Analysis of covariance indicated that effects causing GCA for green plant formation were mainly responsible for this correlation. A regression model with two parallel lines divided the six parent lines with high green plant formation into three groups with respect to their reactions with the two testers. The results are discussed with regard to possible involvement of two sets of nuclear genes affecting the percentage of green plants obtained in wheat anther culture: one set consisting of mainly additive effects affecting green plant percentage through an initial effect on regeneration ability, and another set of two or a few more major genes with dominance or epistatic effects uncorrelated with regeneration.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: M. soleus ; M. extensor digitorum longus ; Neuromuscular junction ; Motor end-plate ; Synaptic membranes ; Transformation ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In normal (untreated) rats the mean length ratio of postsynaptic to presynaptic membrane was 2.7±0.8 for neuromuscular junctions of slow-twitch soleus muscle fibres and 4.2±1.0 for neuromuscular junctions of fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle fibres; this difference was significant (P〈0.001). After experimental double innervation by fast and slow muscle nerves for four months, the ratio was (1) 2.9±0.8 for the original slow-twitch fibre end-plate and 2.8±0.8 for the newly established one, both not significantly different from that of the normal slow-twitch fibres; and (2) 2.2±0.5 for the original fast-twitch fibre end-plate and 2.2±0.7 for the newly established one, both significantly smaller than that of the normal fast-twitch fibres (P〈0.001). This means that the double innervated slow-twitch muscle fibres retained their original neuromuscular junction type, whereas the doubly-innervated fast-twitch muscle fibres underwent a dramatic transformation of their neuromuscular junction from the fast-muscle to the slow-muscle type. In both doubly innervated fibres, the ultrastructural characteristics of neuromuscular junctions, whether altered or not, were identical at both end-plate regions.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 217 (1989), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Transposable elements ; Transgenic tobacco ; Maize ; Transformation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A two component maize transposon system comprising a stable but trans-active Ac element and a cis responsive Ds element has been established in transgenic tobacco. The development of this system is desirable for the realization of a gene tagging strategy employing these elements in heterologous plant species. Transgenic tobacco with a single transposed Ac element (Ac-18) which has sustained a 4 bp terminal deletion has been identified. Transposase activity of the stable Ac-18 was demonstrated in a tissue culture assay as well as in transgenic plants. When plants containing Ac-18 were crossed with transgenic plants carrying a Ds element, 25%–50% of the F1 progeny showed trans-activation of Ds transposition. Analysis of DNA of several F1 plants showed that each plant displayed a unique pattern of Ds transposition to new chromosomal sites.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 216 (1989), S. 175-177 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Transformation ; Electroporation ; Gram-negative bacteria ; pKT231
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have undertaken a systematic study to test the transformation of various species of gram-negative bacteria using the electroporation method. The data obtained show very clearly that a great variety of gram-negative bacteria — 15 different species belonging to 11 different genera — including freshly isolated wild-type strains can be transformed efficiently by use of the electric-field mediated transformation technique. These include species of the families Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, photosynthetic bacteria and strains for which transformation could not be achieved, up to now, by other methods.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 216 (1989), S. 484-491 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; nifL ; Repression ; Metal ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ability of the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifL gene product to antagonise NIFA mediated transcriptional activation from the nifH promoter in vivo was inhibited either by metal deprivation, or by the presence of the iron chelators EDDA or Desferal in the growth medium. This inhibition of the repressive activity of NIFL was reversed by the addition of ferrous or manganous ions to the medium but was unaffected by other transition metals. The dependence on metal ions for NIFL activity was observed when NIFL was overexpressed and when cultures were exposed to oxygen or high levels of fixed nitrogen. Immunochemical evidence suggests that NIFL and NIFA associate to form a functional protein complex. Metal ions are apparently not required for the formation of this complex.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: glnB ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Nitrogen control ; Glutamine synthetase ; Nitrogen fixation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The role of theKlebsiella pneumoniae PII protein (encoded byglnB) in nitrogen regulation has been studied using two classes ofglnB mutants. In Class I mutants PII appears not to be uridylylated in nitrogen-limiting conditions and in Class II mutants PII is not synthesised. The effects of these mutations on expression from nitrogen-regulated promoters indicate that PII is not absolutely required for nitrogen control. Furthermore the uridylylated form of PII(PII-UMP) plays a significant role in the response to changes in nitrogen status by counteracting the effect of PII on NtrB-mediated dephosphorylation of NtrC. PII is not involved in thenif-specific response to changes in nitrogen status mediated by NifL.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: LMW glutenin ; Seed storage protein ; Molecular evolution ; Tissue-specific expression ; Wheat
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    Notes: Summary The isolation and characterisation by DNA sequencing of a low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin gene from wheat is described. The deduced protein contains a signal peptide, a central repetitive region rich in proline and glutamine and N and C terminal non-repetitive domains, similar to other prolamins. A detailed comparison of the C terminal domain of 20 prolamin genes enabled us to divide them into 4 families. The LMW glutenin family is distinct from the α, β-and γ-gliadin families of wheat and is closest to the B hordein genes of barley. This and other comparisons were also used to assess the pattern of genetic variation among prolamin sequences and to provide a molecular basis for the interpretation of prolamin size polymorphism. The 5′ flanking fragment of the isolated gene was previously shown to direct endosperm-specific expression of a reporter gene in transgenic tobacco. Evidence is provided that the isolated gene is also active in wheat and its transcription initiation site was determined. Features of the gene which may be relevant to its activity are discussed.
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  • 64
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aspergillus nidulans ; Transformation ; Acetate ; Malate synthase ; Acetyl-Coenzyme A synthetase ; Gene regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Acetate inducible genes of Aspergillus nidulans were cloned via differential hybridization to cDNA probes. Using transformation of mutant strains the genes were identified as facA (acetyl-Coenzyme A synthetase) and acuE (malate synthase). The levels of RNA encoded by these genes were shown to be acetate inducible and subject to carbon catabolite repression. Induction is abolished in a facB mutant and carbon catabolite repression is relieved in a creA mutant.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Random cartridge mutagenesis ; Transformation ; Recombination ; Genetic mapping
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Photosynthetic mutants of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 were produced by a random cartridge mutagenesis method leading to gene inactivation. This procedure relies on random ligation of an Escherichia coli kanamycin resistance (Kmr) gene to restriction fragments of genomic DNA from the host. Then recombination occurring during transformation promotes integration of the marker gene into the genome of the recipient cells. Several mutants impaired in photosynthesis were obtained by this procedure. All are partially or totally defective in photosystem II activity and some of them also harbour a functionally modified photosystem I. Restriction and recombination data showed that one mutant (AK1) is best explained as an insertion of the Kmr gene into an AvaII restriction site of the gene psbD-1. All other harbour a deletion, ranging from at least 1.15 kb (AK3) to more than 50 kb (AK9), which partly or fully overlaps the genes psbB and/or psbD-1, depending on the mutant. A genetic-physical map of the more than 60 kb region of the cyanobacterial genome harbouring the genes psbB, psbC and psbD-1 was constructed by combining published sequence data on these genes with the results of recombination and restriction mapping.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Isopenicillin N synthase ; ips gene expression ; Transformation ; Penicillinum chrysogenum ; Penicillin biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene (ips) encoding the isopenicillin N synthase of Penicillium chrysogenum AS-P-78 was cloned in a 3.9 kb SalI fragment using a probe corresponding to the aminoterminal end of the enzyme. The SalI fragment was trimmed down to a 1.3 kb NcoI-BglII fragment that contained an open reading frame of 996 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 331 amino acids with an Mr of 38012 dalton. The predicted polypeptide encoded by the ips gene of strain AS-P-78 contains a tyrosine at position 195, whereas the gene of the high penicillin producing strain 23X-80-269-37-2 shows an isoleucine at the same position. The ips gene is expressed in Escherichia coli minicells using the λ phage PL promoter. Some similar sequence motifs were found in the upstream region of the ips gene of P. chrysogenum when compared with the upstream sequences of the ips genes of Cephalosporium acremonium and Aspergillus nidulans. Primer extension studies indicated that the start of the mRNA coincides with a T in position-11 which is located in a conserved pyrimidine-rich sequence, near two CAAG boxes. Clones of P. chrysogenum Wis 54–1255 transformed with the ips gene showed a five-fold higher isopenicillin N synthase activity than the untransformed cultures.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Rhodobacter capsulatus ; Nitrogen fixation ; DNA sequence analysis ; nifE, nifN, nifX genes ; Protein comparisons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Rhodobacter capsulatus genes homologous to Klebsiella pneumoniae nifE, nifN and nifX were identified by DNA sequence analysis of a 4282 bp fragment of nif region A. Four open reading frames coding for a 51188 (NifE), a 49459 (NifN), a 17459 (NifX) and a 17472 (ORF4) dalton protein were detected. A typical NifA activated consensus promoter and two imperfect putative NifA binding sites were located in the 377 bp sequence in front of the nifE coding region. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of R. capsulatus NifE and NifN revealed homologies not only to analogous gene products of other organisms but also to the α and β subunits of the nitrogenase iron-molybdenum protein. In addition, the R. capsulatus nifE and nifN proteins shared considerable homology with each other. The map position of nifX downstream of nifEN corresponded in R. capsulatus and K. pneumoniae and the deduced molecular weights of both proteins were nearly identical. Nevertheless, R. capsulatus NifX was more related to the C-terminal end of NifY from K. pneumoniae than to NifX. A small domain of approximately 33 amino acid residues showing the highest degree of homology between NifY and NifX was also present in all nifB proteins analyzed so far. This homology indicated an evolutionary relationship of nifX, nifY and nifB and also suggested that NifX and NifY might play a role in maturation and/or stability of the iron-molybdenum cofactor. The open reading rame (ORF4) downstream of nifX in R. capsulatus is also present in Azotobacter vinelandii but not in K. pneumoniae. Interposon-induced insertion and deletion mutants proved that nifE and nifN were necessary for nitrogen fixation in R. capsulatus. In contrast, no essential role could be demonstrated for nifX and ORF4 whereas at least one gene downstream of ORF4 appeared to be important for nitrogen fixation.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: In vitro shoots ; Pisum sativum ; Meristematic cells ; Shoot apices ; Transformation ; Agrobacterium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Different tissues in cultured pea shoots were inoculated withAgrobacterium tumefaciens wild types C 58 and ACH 5 andA. rhizogenes wild type 9402. The C 58 and 9402 bacteria induced the formation of tumours and hairy roots respectively while the ACH 5 was inactive. The younger the tissue the more rapidly it responded to the active bacteria. The shoot apex was the most reactive organ and developed into a tumour, theA. rhizogenes tumours subsequently giving rise to transformed hairy roots. Histological examination showed that transformed cells (including those within the apical dome) initially became highly vacuolate before dividing rapidly to form a tumour. These changes were accompanied by cell division in surrounding tissues.
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  • 69
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    Protoplasma 150 (1989), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Peanut ; Root nodules ; Dense body ; Microbody ; Oleosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen-fixing peanut root nodules are characterized by their unique structural organization, distinct from other legume nodules. The focus of this study has been in and around the hostsymbiont interface, where the bacterioid and the host cell surface (peribacteroid membrane envelope) interact during symbiosis. The infected nodule cells have revealed the presence of lipid bodies (oleosomes) in intimate association with the peribacteroid membrane, which encloses the large spherical bacteroids with a relatively narrow peribacteroid space. Electron dense structures, referred to as dense bodies have been found attached to the bacteroid outer membranes at the host-symbiont interface. The dense bodies are osmiophilic, amorphous and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine positive. The isolated intact bacteroids with dense bodies attached to their cell wall showed significant catalase activity. Many microbodies showing DAB-positive reaction have been found in the host cytoplasm, associated closely with the peribacteroid membrane. These ultrastructural and cytochemical characteristics of peanut root nodules suggest that lipids are utilized during symbiosis and the dense bodies and microbodies may be involved in the catabolic process.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Plectonema boryanum ; Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen starvation ; Immunogold localization
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of fructose-supplemented and unsupplemented nitrogen-fixing (fix +) and nonfixing (fix −)Plectonema boryanum UTEX 581 cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The most prominent structural differences included the arrangement and morphology of the thylakoids and alterations in the appearance of the interthylakoidal spaces. These ultrastructural differences, together with other observations such as glycogen content and presence of nitrogenase (using acetylene reduction assay and immunogold localization), readily distinguished nonfixingP. boryanum from nitrogen-fixing cells.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Rhizobium ; Symbiosis
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    Notes: Summary Two methods have been developed in order to discriminate between lateral roots, nodules and root-derived structures which exhibit both root and nodule histological features and which can develop on legumes inoculated with certainRhizobium mutants. The first method, known as the “clearing method”, allows the observation by light microscopy of cleared undissected root-structures. The second, known as the “slicing method”, is a complementary technique which provides a greater degree of structural information concerning such structures. The two methods have proved invaluable in defining unequivocally the nature of the interaction between a rhizobial strain and a legume host.
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  • 72
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    Plant ecology 82 (1989), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Distance ; Hausdorf distance ; Levenshtein distance ; Ordered category ; Rank correlation ; Similarity ; String ; Transformation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cover-abundance estimates are commonly employed in phytosociological investigations to record the performance of species. Because the coded values are on an ordinal scale of measure, various authors have suggested that some transformation is necessary before such values can be used for classification and ordination. However, it is not clear that transformation is a sufficient treatment, and it would seem preferable to use ordinal data directly. In this paper we examine such direct use of partial rankings and show that several dissimilarity measures can be defined for this case without invoking any transformations. They include dissimilarity measures associated with various rank correlation measures and with distances between strings; all the measure are variant forms of Hausdorf's interset distance. Certain other kinds of data, such as those employing dominant and subdominant species and the dry-weight-rank estimation of biomass, are also on an ordinal scale and could be analysed using similar techniques. To illustrate the approach, a string dissimilarity measure is used to analyse a set of data from Slovakian grasslands which appear to reflect a simple gradient. The original data were recorded with 10 classes of performance and are analysed using hierarchical and nondeterministic, overlapping, classifications.
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  • 73
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    Journal of applied phycology 1 (1989), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: temperature ; acclimation ; Eucheuma alvarezii ; Eucheuma isiforme
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    Notes: Abstract Branch cultures ofEucheuma alvarezii Doty var.tambalang Doty, farmed in the Philippines, andE. isiforme (C. Agardh) J. Agardh var.denudatum Cheney, from the west coast of Florida, were gradually transferred through three temperature regimes over a 6-week period. Photosynthetic responses were measured under a series of irradiances (P-I curves) and temperatures to determine immediate responses of the plants before, during and after completion of the transfers. The Philippine variety did not show acclimation to 18 °C either after gradual transfer from the initial culture temperature of 25 °C or when abruptly transferred from 25 to 18 °C. The Florida variety did show acclimation to 25 °C when gradually transferred from 18 to 22 to 25 °C over the 6-week period, but not if abruptly transferred from 18 to 25 °C. The west coast variety ofE. isiforme from Florida shows a temperature acclimation ability that parallels the seasonal changes in water temperature of its habitat.
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  • 74
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    Plant ecology 81 (1989), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Cluster analysis ; Databank ; Ordination ; Resemblance ; Table sorting ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of numerical syntaxonomy during its first 20 yr is reviewed. The use of methods of numerical classification and ordination is the dominating feature of the development. National and local phytosociological data banks were established, large data sets handled and many important vegetation monographs were methodically based on multivariate data analysis. Particularly the development in Italy, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden contributed to new theoretical elements of numerical syntaxonomy. Ordination became a common tool of searching for reticulate synsystematic relations between community types. The most popular ordination techniques have been Principal Components Analysis and Detrended Correspondence Analysis. Hierarchical agglomerative techniques of clustering still prevail in classification, although the divisive strategy of TWINSPAN has also become an effective tool for phytosociological clustering and table sorting. Extensive program packages, also for personal computers have now become standard equipment for many vegetation scientists.
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 87-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: irradiance ; root development ; root growth ; shoot development ; shoot growth ; temperature ; thermal time ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants were grown in columns of soil until early stem elongation at a wide range of constant root temperatures. Two light environments were imposed and three levels of nitrogen fertilizer added at sowing. Shoot and root development and growth were measured by destructive sampling to investigate the combined effects of temperature and changing nutrient and assimilate supply. Both mainstem leaf and root axis production were linearly related to thermal time above a base temperature of 0°C. Low irradiance affected the appearance of mainstem tillers and associated nodal root axes. Nitrogen had little effect on shoot or root development but increased shoot area between 6 and 8 mainstem leaves. Higher temperatures and supplementary light resulted in larger root systems when compared at equivalent times after sowing. Total root length and root dry weight increased exponentially with thermal time, based on the mean of 4 cm soil and 2 cm air temperatures, but no single relation existed for all temperature and light treatments. Total plant dry matter, root length and root dry weight increased linearly with accumulated, intercepted, photosynthetically active radiation. Root growth responded less than the shoot to supplementary light. Increasing temperature reduced the proportion of root weight to total plant weight.
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  • 76
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 99-110 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Irradiance ; root development ; root growth ; temperature ; thermal time ; winter wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winter wheat was sown on 2 dates with 3 levels of nitrogen fiertiliser (0, 50 and 200 kg N ha−1) in one year and on 2 sites in a followign season. Shoot and root development and growth were measured between emergence and anthesis in the first season and emergence and 7 mainstem leaves in the second. Differences in temperature and light regime led to significant differences in shoot and root development and growth between sowing dates. A thermal time-scale, based on soil surface or air temperatures, with a base of 0°C, adequately described the production of mainstem leaves and nodal root axes over all treatments. Autumn applied nitrogen had little effect on development. Shoot growth and green area index increased exponentially with thermal time prior to spring nitrogen application and the completion of canopy development. Early-sown crops had larger root systems than late-sown crops prior to winter and this divergence was retained until anthesis. The relationship between root growth and thermal time was little better than with days after sowing and was not improved by either varying the site of temperature measurement or the base temperature used for calculation. Differences in soil texture and drainage, between sites, led to significant changes in root length distribution. Although spring applied nitrogen generally increased root length, its effects were inconsistent. There was a curvilinear relation between root length and the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted; this relation was unaffected by sowing date or nitrogen treatment. The amount of root produced per unit PAR decreased as the season progressed, reflecting the decrease in the proportion of total dry matter partitioned to the root system.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Nitrogen fixation ; nif/fix genes ; Escherichia coli minicells ; Transcription regulation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary On the Rhizobium leguminosarum PRE sym plasmid, fixABC and a novel gene fixW were identified upstream of the regulatory gene nifA. The molecular masses of FixABC, 29, 44 and 50 kDa respectively, were estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and of FixW, 25 kDa, by PAGE and nucleotide sequencing. Hybridization studies using bacteroid mRNA as a probe showed that fixABC is one operon which can be transcribed independently of fixW. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that both fixW and fixA are preceded by a nif consensus promoter. The fixA promoter partly overlaps the 3′-terminal coding region of fixW, indicating that readthrough from fixW into fixA is possible. Two open reading frames, ORF71 and ORF79, precede fixW and form one operon with fixW. ORF71 contains sequences homologous to the fixA promoter and 5′-terminal coding region. One more duplication of fixA sequences was detected, also located within the sym plasmid nif/fix clusters. One duplication of fixW sequences was found. No fixW homologue could be found in other nitrogen fixing organisms except in a number of R. leguminosarum strains.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; draT ; draG ; TTG initiation codon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen fixation activity in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum is controlled by the reversible ADP-ribosylation of the dinitrogenase reductase component of the nitrogenase enzyme complex. This report describes the cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the ADP-ribosyltransferase (draT) and the ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase (draG) involved in this regulation. These genes are shown to be contiguous on the R. rubrum chromosome and highly linked to the nifHDK genes. Sequence analysis revealed the use of TTG as the initiation codon of the draT gene as well as a potential open reading frame immediately downstream of draG. The mono-ADP-ribosylation system in R. rubrum is the first in which both the target protein and modifying enzymes as well as their structural genes have been isolated, making it the model system of choice for analysis of this post-translational regulatory mechanism.
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  • 79
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 270-276 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Transformation ; Homologous integration ; Instability ; DNA sequence replacement ; Podospora anserina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed in Podospora anserina a two-step procedure for DNA sequence replacement through transformation which might be applicable to other filamentous fungi. Targeting of transforming DNAs to their homologous locus is achieved provided a cosmid vector is used. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNAs from a set of transformants is presented. The data confirm that cosmids integrate into the chromosome through mostly homologous recombination which leads to a duplicated sequence separated by the vector. This event was found to be unstable in crosses. We show that this instability is due to the frequent excision of the vector together with the selective marker and one copy of the duplication, either the resident or foreign sequence. The two sequences can be distinguished because they exhibit restriction fragment length polymorphism. Therefore, Podospora anserina treats duplications occurring through transformation in a way differing from that exhibited by Neurospora crassa and Ascobolus immersus.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; Genetics ; Transformation ; trpC lacZ gene fusion ; Gene replacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Aspergillus niger tryptophan auxotrophic mutants have been isolated after UV irradiation of conidiospores. The mutants belong to two different complementation groups, trpA and trpB, which complement each other in heterokaryons. Neither of the mutations could be complemented with the cloned A. niger trpC gene. To obtain A. niger trpC mutants in a direct way, gene inactivation by cotransformation was performed. For this purpose an in-frame gene fusion between the A. niger trpC and Escherichia coli lacZ genes was constructed and shown to be functionally expressed after introduction into A. niger by cotransformation with the pyrA gene as selective marker. Among the β-galactosidase expressing cotransformants, obtained with either circular or linearized vectors, no trpC mutants were detected, even after enrichment. Such mutants, however, could be obtained by cotransformation of A. niger with specific fragments of the fusion gene. Biochemical analysis of the cotransformants indicated that in nearly all cases the fusion gene had replaced the wild-type trpC gene. Genetic analysis showed that the trpC mutation is not linked to any of the A. niger loci described so far. The trpC mutants can be complemented by the cloned A. niger trpC gene as well as by the A. nidulans trpC gene.
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  • 81
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 220 (1989), S. 140-146 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Recombination ; Transformation ; Multigene family ; Molecular evolution ; Alcohol dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed an experimental system to assay conversion and reciprocal exchange between tandem repeats in Drosophila melanogaster. In this system, the recombining markers map 0.76 kb apart within the Adh gene, and the length of the repeated unit is 4.75 kb. Our results provide a preliminary record of germline frequencies of gene conversion and unequal exchange between these markers. Conversions involving dispersed repeats were not observed, and may be less frequent. This work demonstrates that conversion takes place at an appreciable frequency between tandem repeats in metazoan germline. It confirms that gene conversion can mediate homogenization of reiterated sequences in higher eukaryotes.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; Transformation ; Leaf disc infection ; Nicotiana tabacum ; TR promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The physiological function in planta of T-DNA gene 6b was studied under various experimental conditions. For this purpose the coding region of gene 6b was cloned behind the 1′-promoter of the TR-DNA to enhance expression of the gene product in transformed plant cells. Expression of the recombinant gene in leaf discs of Nicotiana tabacum altered the capacity for shoot formation of the discs, induced by exogenous (i.e. BAP in the growth medium or agrobacterial trans-zeatin produced under control of gene tzs) or endogenous cytokinins (i.e. isopentenyladenosine produced under control of T-DNA gene 4). The data obtained indicate a reduction of cytokinin activity within the plant cells by the product of T-DNA gene 6b.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 220 (1989), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Transformation ; Single-stranded DNA ; Agrobacterium ; Transient expression ; Extrachromosomal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transfer of the Agrobacterium T-DNA to plant cells involves the induction of the Ti plasmid virulence genes. This induction results in the generation of linear single-stranded (ss) copies of the T-DNA inside Agrobacterium and such molecules might be directly transferred to the plant cell. A central requirement of this ss transfer model is that the plant cell must generate a second strand and integrate the resulting double-stranded (ds) molecule into its genome. Here we report that incubating plant protoplasts with ss or ds DNA under conditions favouring DNA uptake results in transformation. The frequencies of transformation are similar and analysis of ss transformants suggests that the introduced DNA becomes double stranded and integrated. Analysis of transient expression from introduced ss DNA suggests that generation of the second strand is rapid and extrachromosomal.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 390-396 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Sordaria macrospora ; Transformation ; Filamentous fungi ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We present here the first report of a transformation system developed for the filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora. Protoplasts from a ura-5 strain were transformed using the cloned Sordaria gene at a frequency of 2×10-5 transformants per viable protoplast (10 per microgram of DNA). Transformation occurred by integration of the donor sequences in the chromosomes of the recipient strain. In 71 cases out of 74, integration occurred outside the ura5 locus; frequently several (two to four) copies were found at a unique integration site. Using the advantage of the spore colour phenotype of the ura5-1 marker, we have shown that the transformed phenotype is stable through mitosis and meiosis in all transformants analysed. No methylation of the duplicated sequences could be observed during meiotic divisions in the transformants.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 294-299 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Upstream regulatory element ; Gene expression ; Z-DNA ; Transformation ; Nopaline synthase promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fine deletion mutants were generated in the upstream control region of the nopaline synthase (nos) promoter to define the position and role of upstream regulatory elements. The results indicated that the 8 bp sequence (CAGAAACC) at -106/-113 and its inverted repeat (GGTTTCTG) at -140/-147 are important for promoter function. The downstream element appears more important than the upstream element since deletion of the former reduced promoter activity more significantly than deletion of the latter. Deletion of the element alone, however, did not abolish promoter function, whereas, deletion of the 10 bp potential Z-DNA-forming (Z) element located between the repeat elements nullified promoter activity. Therefore, it appears that the Z element is an essential upstream regulator and the repeated elements are upstream modulators of the nos promoter. These elements are functionally distinct since alteration of stereospecificity or insertion of short oligonucleotides between the elements did not significantly influence promoter activity. These regulatory elements were unable to function from 200 bp upstream of the CCAAT-TATA box region.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 507-516 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; Rhodobacter capsulatus ; Gene sequences ; Transcription factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have determined the DNA sequence for the genes nifR1, nifR2 and nifR4 in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. These genes regulate transcription of the nifHDK operon and so limit the expression of nitrogen fixation activity to periods of low environmental concentrations of both oxygen and fixed nitrogen. The sequences of these three genes are similar to components of the ntr regulation system in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The two-component regulatory system of ntrB and ntrC in E. coli is represented by nifR2 and nifR1 in R. capsulatus and nifR4 in R. capsulatus is the equivalent of the E. coli ntr-related sigma factor ntrA.
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    Euphytica 41 (1989), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fragaria ; Potentilla ; intergeneric hybrids ; pollen storage ; temperature ; relative humidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Low temperature and humidity were used for the storage of pollen of four species of Fragaria (2n=14, 42 and 56) and two species of Potentilla (2n=14). The stainability of Fragaria pollen was assessed over a number of years by use of aceto-carmine stain and its viability by cross-pollinations; stainability of Potentilla pollen was assessed by acetocarmine. Fragaria pollen so stored remained stainable for seven years and showed the ability to set seed for three years. over the latter period, aceto-carmine staining gave a reasonable prediction of seed set produced by the stored pollen of Fragaria and so is of value in estimating pollen viability in that genus. Potentilla pollen remained stainable for three years.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; herbicide binding ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time courses of some Photosystem II (PS II) parameters have been monitored during in-vivo and in-vitro photoinhibition of spinach chloroplasts, at room temperature and at 10 °C or 0 °C. Exposing leaf discs of low-light grown spinach at 25 °C to high light led to photoinhibition of chloroplasts in-vivo as manifested by a parallel decrease in the number of functional PS II centres, the variable chlorophyll fluorescence at 77K (F v /F m ), and the number of atrazine-binding sites. When the photoinhibitory treatment was given at 10 °C, the former two parameters declined in parallel but the loss of atrazine-binding sites occurred more slowly and to a lesser extent. During in-vitro photoinhibition of chloroplast thylakoids at 25 °C, the loss of functional PS II centres proceeded slightly more rapidly than the loss of atrazine-binding sites, and this difference in rate was further increased when the thylakoids were photoinhibited at 0 °C. During the recovery phase of leaf discs (up to 9 h) the increases in F v /F m preceded that of the number of functional PS II centres, while only a further decline in the number of atrazine-binding sites was observed. The recovery of variable chlorophyll fluorescence and the concentration of functional PS II centres occurred more rapidly at 25 °C than at 10 °C. These results suggest that the photoinhibition of PS II function is a relatively temperature-independent early photochemical event, whereas the changes in the concentration of herbicide-binding sites appear to be a more complex biochemical process which can occur with a delayed time course.
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  • 89
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    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Chrysanthemum morifolium ; chrysanthemum ; tolerance ; temperature ; days to flower ; breeding ; component analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty seven clones of chrysanthemum, 19 of which were selected at low temperature, were flowered at 10, 14, 18 and 22°C. The number of days to flower in response to temperature could, for each genotype, be described by a parabola with the parameters: optimum temperature, days to flower at the optimum temperature and curvature which represents the sensitivity to temperature. The low-temperature selections did not have a reduced optimum temperature but reduced sensitivity to temperature accounted for most of the ability to flower at low temperature. The parameters may vary independently. Examples are given to show how these parameters can be combined to construct genotypes with a required temperature response.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acanthocyclops ; productivity ; temperature ; food limitation ; generation time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The generation time of the predatory cyclopoid copepod Acanthocyclops robustus was estimated on 11 occasions during the years 1980 to 1982 in Alderfen Broad. In a multiple regression model, generation time was found to be uncorrelated with temperature, positively correlated (p 〈 0.05) with the densities of Bosmina longirostris and rotifers, and negatively correlated (p 〈 0.001) with the density of nauplii of the calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis. It is suggested that generation time was determined largely by the availability of calanoid nauplii as prey, even though these constituted only 2% of zooplankton standing biomass.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cyclopoid copepods ; development times ; eggs ; instars ; temperature ; diapause
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The duration times of eggs, combined naupliar instars and of the different copepodite stages of five species of cyclopoid copepods — Acanthocyclops robustus, Cyclops vicinus, Diacyclops bicuspidatus, Mesocyclops leuckarti, and Thermocyclops crassus — were investigated at five different temperatures. The five species can be divided in two groups: two species, C. vicinus and D. bicuspidatus, adapted to cold water conditions and three species, A. robustus, M. leuckarti and T. crassus adapted to warm water conditions. The cold water species showed a faster egg development than M. leuckarti and T. crassus at 5–15 °C. The eggs and instars of the warm water species M. leuckarti tend to develop faster than those of the former two species at higher temperatures. A. robustus showed the shortest egg and instar development at 10–25 °C. The warm water species T. crassus produced no eggs at 10 °C and temperatures below. At higher temperatures (20, 25 °C) the egg and instar duration times were similar or longer than those of the other species. When cultured in total darkness a great part of the CIV respectively CV copepodites of the summer forms entered arrest and the percentage of copepodites that showed an arrest of development was highest at lowest temperatures. The present results are compared with data from literature and differences are discussed.
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  • 92
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    Hydrobiologia 186-187 (1989), S. 81-102 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; rate of population increase ; life span ; temperature ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A review of temperature and salinity effects on rotifer population dynamics is presented together with original data of these effects for three clones of Brachionus plicatilis. There is a clear relationship between temperature and the intrinsic rate of increase, r: an increase of temperature — within the natural environmental range — produces an exponential increase of r, and the slope of the response depends on the genotype. The effect of salinity is also genetically dependent; the highest r for each clone is observed at the salinity close to that of its environmental origin. The response of r to temperature is mainly a consequence of the response of the individual rates of development and reproductive timing. The effect of temperature on fecundity (number of descendents per individual life time) is negligible when temperature values are within the normal habitat ranges. On the other hand, salinity seems to affect primarily fecundity. The interaction salinity-temperature may be important in clones or species living in fluctuating environments with positive response to the more frequent combinations found in the corresponding habitats.
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  • 93
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    Hydrobiologia 186-187 (1989), S. 129-136 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Hexarthra ; salinity ; alkalinity ; wind action ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Neusiedler See, a shallow alkaline lake with fluctuating water level and salinity, four species of Hexarthra occur: H. mira, H. fennica, H. jenkinae (occasional) and H. polyodonta. The analysis of longterm data reveals a general phenological pattern which does not change from year to year. They first occur in May, develop a maximum in June/July, sometimes a second one in August/September and disappear in October. But the species succession is different in the various years, occasionally only one species (H. mira or H. polyodonta) being present. There is a fairly consistent relation between the chemical conditions and the prevalent species; an increase in salinity favours the development of H. polyodonta. Low temperature and wind generated suspended particles have a negative influence on the development of the Hexarthra populations. Smaller populations of Hexarthra are in a relation to the occurrence of Leptodora indicating predation pressure of the latter species. In Neusiedler See the Hexarthra populations seem to be controlled to a great extent by abiotic factors, but predation by Leptodora and most probably by young fish seems to play an important role too.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; resting eggs ; light ; temperature ; hatching ; mixis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis typicus (Clone 8105A, Univ. of Tokyo) was cultured in 500 ml beakers to form resting eggs. Tetraselmis tetrathele was used as a culture food. Just after formation, resting eggs were exposed to various temperature (5–25 °C) and light regimes (24L: OD and OL : 24D). When eggs were exposed to light just after formation, the eggs hatched sporadically over a month. No hatching was observed for six months when eggs were preserved under dark conditions regardless of the temperature. These eggs hatched simultaneously after being exposed to light and eggs preserved at 5 °C showed twice as high hatching rate (40%) as that of eggs preserved at 15–25 °C (24%). Clones from resting eggs that were kept under different temperature and light regimes were reared individually to the third generation. Incubation at 25 °C with lighting produced the highest (5.4% and 5.2 %) rate of mictic females during their 2nd and 3rd generations, respectively. The lowest rates (0 and 1.5%) were found when the eggs were kept at 5 °C in total darkness for six months. A lower rate of amictic female production was found in clones with higher rates of mixis.
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  • 95
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    Hydrobiologia 186-187 (1989), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; distribution ; temperature ; oxygen content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lunzer Obersee, a small lake located at an altitude of 1100 m above sea level, was investigated from July 1985 to October 1987. The rotifer community consists of 7 dominant species, 7 subdominant species and 34 species which occasionally occurred in the plankton. The dominant species show rather different demands in relation to temperature and oxygen content; e.g.: Filinia hofmanni was found at a wide range of oxygen concentrations (0.6–13.3 mg O2l−1) and low temperatures (4–6 °O, living in the upper water layers (1–7 m) during spring and in the deeper, anoxic zone in summer. In contrast, Asplanchna priodonta was found at rather high oxygen contents (〉 9 mg O2 l−1), ), and showed a wide range of temperature tolerance (4–15 °C). On the basis of field data the temperature and oxygen requirements of several species are described and discussed.
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  • 96
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    Hydrobiologia 186-187 (1989), S. 363-369 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; temperature ; food concentration ; bioenergetic parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature and food quality was studied on the following energy balance parameters of B. angularis: ingestion, production, growth and mortality. The ingestion rate rises to an optimum at 15 and 20 °C and decreases at 25 °C. The other rates increase continuously over the 5–25 °C range. The Q10-values of production rate are higher than those of ingestion rate. Temperature also modifies the relationship between food concentration and bioenergetic rates. They react according to a Monod function (production at all temperatures, growth at 10 °C) or decrease at high concentrations (growth at 15° and 20 °C.)
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  • 97
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    Hydrobiologia 186-187 (1989), S. 381-386 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: biometric analysis ; resting eggs ; rotifers ; salinity ; temperature ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature and salinity on resting egg size of two Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifers) clones was investigated. Clones were selected according to their different behaviour in laying resting eggs: one clone ejects them, whereas they remain inside the females body in the other clone. The difference in resting eggs size between the two clones is noticeable, although the difference is not as great as that between female body size. An important temperature-salinity interaction on resting egg size has been observed. The general inverse relationship between size and temperature is only true at lower temperatures. At high temperatures size varies around the mean although could be greater than at intermediate temperatures. This is more evident at the intermediate salinity tested which is considered to be the closest to the optimum in our experiments. This pattern of variation suggests that mean size is bigger than expected, in relation to temperature and salinity, when these factors have values close to the extremes of their range, normally found in nature, and to which adaptative mechanisms can evolve. Size is bigger at the salinity — temperature low - low and high - high combinations which are the most commonly found in the temperate environments.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctica ; bacteria ; biofilms ; cyanobacteria ; microbial mats ; Nostoc ; Phormidium ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; stream algae ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Water temperatures in southern Victoria Land streams fluctuated over the range 0 to 10 lay close to freezing. In a series of controlled assays at Fryxell Stream, Taylor Valley, the benthic microbial mats showed strongly positive metabolic responses to increases in temperature well above ambient. Rates of polysaccharide and lipid biosynthesis increased with temperature over the range 0 to 25 °C. Between 0 and 10 °C, Q10 values for the cyanobacterial mats were 1.7 to 3.2 for gross photosynthesis, 2.5 to 5.7 for respiration, 2.2 to 2.5 for acetate incorporation into lipid, 1.9 to 3.8 for glucose catabolism, and 1.9 to 2.8 for thymidine incorporation. Respiration accounted for a high percentage of gross photosynthesis, and a net respiratory loss of carbon from three communities was either induced or worsened by an increase in temperature from 0 to 10 °C. The chlorophyll a content of Nostoc disc incubated for one month in darkness decreased by 27% at 5 °C, but by 99% at 25 °C. This set of assays suggests that the cyanobacterial mats contained large amounts of chlorophyll a and carbon associated with inactive or senescing cells. This unusual standing stock could probably not persist under warmer conditions, which would promote both increased respiratory losses and faster rates of bacterial decomposition.
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  • 99
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    Hydrobiologia 173 (1989), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic fungi ; temperature ; seasonal periodicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence, distribution and seasonal periodicity of 49 species of aquatic fungi belonging to the orders Chytridiales, Lagenidiales, Blastocladiales, Saprolegniales and Peronosporales from two tanks of Kurukshetra, India, is described. Seasonal periodicity was found to be governed by temperature.
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  • 100
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    Hydrobiologia 174 (1989), S. 89-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carbon ; Illinois ; light ; nitrate ; nutrient limitation ; periphyton ; phosphate ; streams ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Factors limiting periphyton accrual in east-central Illinois agricultural streams were investigated. Nutrient-diffusing substrata were used to examine periphyton macronutrient limitation in streams in two agricultural watersheds. Substrata consisted of sand-agar mixtures with one of six experimental treatments. Macronutrients included carbon, nitrate, phosphate and combinations of the three. Substrata were collected after a 5 and 9 day period and analyzed for chlorophyll a. None of the treatments were significantly greater than the controls at any of the seven stations, thus we conclude that periphyton in these streams was not nutrient limited. Highest periphyton colonization/growth rates were associated with the smaller upstream reaches, while lower rates occurred in the larger downstream reaches. Multiple regression showed that most of the variance in the rate of chlorophyll a accrual after five days was explained through water temperature and turbidity (r2 = 0.91); whereas, stream nitrate and phosphate concentrations accounted for no significant portion of the variance. We conclude that instream primary production in agricultural streams of central Illinois is limited by temperature and light.
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