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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 35 (1989), S. 137-137 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    European journal of wildlife research 35 (1989), S. 151-163 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present report is part of a larger investigation aimed at differentiation among regional Hungarian red deer populations with the aid of morphological antler characteristics of shot red deer. However, this presentation is based on the use of morphological characteristics of cast off antlers as an extension of the previous work and encompasses a broader spectrum of antler formation. From a total of 418 cast off antlers from 4 different Hungarian red deer reserves, 14 morphological parameters were chosen. In order to characterize the distribution of mass along the antlers, a new parameter, the antler focal point was selected. The relationships among the parameters defining the cast off antlers were uniformly investigated within designated limits using simple correlation and regression calculations as well as with factorial analysis. The differences among the individual populations were investigated using graduated discrimination analysis. In numerous cases close positive correlations were demonstrated between the individual parameters; for example, between the selected parameter pairs — antler mass and antler length (r=0.84–0.92), lower antler circumference and antler mass (r=0.79–0.87), as well as upper antler circumference and antler mass (r=0.86–0.95). A comparison of the populations on the basis of the relationships existing between the parameter pairs showed only minimal differences. The factorial analysis demonstrated that the form variability of the cast off antlers can be characterized by the parameters of the lower and the upper antler masses, as well as by the relationship of the two — the antler focal point. For the investigated range of mass (0.3≤×≤3.0 kg), significant differences were in part determined between the individual populations from the results of the discrimination analysis. These differences, however, were very low. The antler focal point was also represented among the 6 parameters selected to differentiate respectively among the 6 different regions investigated. In 50% of the cases the individual cast off antlers were re-assigned to their correct areas of origin. Characteristic antler types could not be demonstrated. The results of the investigations of the antlers and cast off antlers were described. Other ways to compare red deer populations were discussed, whereby the complex investigations between morphological and biochemical-genetic parameters were emphasized.
    Abstract: Résumé Le présent travail se situe dans le cadre de nos recherches sur les possibilités de différencier les souches régionales du Cerf en Hongrie par l'analyse de caractères morphologiques des bois recueillis sur des cerfs abattus. Ces recherches se poursuivent par l'examen des caractéristiques des mues grâce auxquelles un spectre beaucoup plus étendu du développement des bois peut être pris en considération. Sur un total de 418 mues provenant de quatre territoires hongrois colonisés par le Cerf, 14 paramètres morphologiques ont été relevés. Afin de caractériser la répartition des masses sur les mues, on a fait appel à un nouveau paramètre défini comme «centre de gravité du merrain». Les corrélations existant entre les caractères des mues ont été uniformément analysées, dans des limites définies, au moyen de corrélations simples, de calculs de régression et d'analyses factorielles; les différences entre les populations, quant à elles, ont fait l'objet d'une analyse discriminante par degrés. Dans de nombreux cas, des liens positifs étroits ont pu être constatés entre les différents caractères examinés, par exemple, entre les couples de paramètres suivants: masse des merrains et longueur des merrains (r=0,84–0,92), périmètre inférieur des merrains et longueur des merrains (r=0,79–0,87) de même que périmètre supérieur des merrains et masse des merrains (r=0,86–0,95). Une comparaison des populations sur base des corrélations existant entre des différents couples de paramètres ne révèle que de faibles différences. L'analyse factorielle démontra que la variabilité des conformations des merrains pouvait être définie par les caractéristiques de la masse inférieure et de la masse supérieure de même que par le rapport des ces dernières à savoir le centre de gravité. L'analyse discriminante permit de dégager certaines différences significatives entre les différentes populations dans la fourchette observée au niveau des masses des merrains (0,3〈×〈3,0 kg); ces différences étaient cependant peu marquées. Parmi les six caractères départageant les territoires étudiés figurait également le centre de gravité des merrains. Dans 50% des cas en moyenne, les différentes mues purent être classées selon leur territoire d'origine effectif. Des types caractéristiques de bois ne purent être mis en évidence. Les résultats des recherches effectuées sur les bois et sur les mues font l'objet d'une discussion. D'autres études comparatives sur les populations de cerfs sont suggérées en particulier celles, complexes, relevant de caractères morphologiques ainsi que de caractères biochimiques et génétiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit nimmt im Rahmen unserer Untersuchungen zur regionalen Differenzierbarkeit ungarischer Rotwildvorkommen anhand morphologischer Geweihmerkmale erlegter Hirsche als Fortsetzung die Merkmale von Abwurfstangen zur Grundlage, mit welchen ein breiteres Spektrum der Geweihbildung erfaßt werden kann. An insgesamt 418 Abwurfstangen aus vier ungarischen Rotwildgebieten wurden jeweils 14 morphologische Parameter aufgenommen. Zur Charakterisierung der Massenverteilung an der Abwurfstange wurde der „Stangenschwerpunkt“ als neuer Parameter eingeführt. Die zwischen den Abwurfstangenmerkmalen bestehenden Zusammenhänge wurden einheitlich in definierten Grenzbereichen mit Hilfe der einfachen Korrelations- und Regressionsrechnung sowie der Faktorenanalyse, die Unterschiede zwischen den Einzelpopulationen mit der Methode der stufenweisen Diskriminanzanalyse untersucht. In zahlreichen Fällen konnten enge positive Korrelationen zwischen den Einzelmerkmalen nachgewiesen werden. So zum Beispiel bei den ausgewählten Parameterpaaren; Stangenmasse und Stangenlänge (r=0,84–0,92), unterer Stangenumfang und Stangenlänge (r=0,79–0,87) sowie oberer Stangenumfang und Stangenmasse (r=0,86–0,95). Ein Vergleich der Populationen auf Grundlage der zwischen den Parameterpaaren bestehenden Zusammenhänge erbrachte nur geringe Unterschiede. Die Faktorenanalyse zeigte, daß die Formenvariabilität der Abwurfstangen durch die Merkmale der unteren und der oberen Stangenmasse sowie durch das Verhältnis der beiden, den Stangenschwerpunkt charakterisiert werden kann. Im Ergebnis der Diskriminanzanalyse konnten im untersuchten Massebereich (0,3≤x≤3,0 kg) zum Teil zwischen den einzelnen Populationen signifikante Unterschiede ermittelt werden, welche jedoch gering waren. Unter den sechs die Untersuchungsgebiete abgrenzenden Merkmalen war auch der Stangenschwerpunkt vertreten. Die einzelnen Abwurfstangen wurden in durchschnittlich 50 % der Fälle richtig ihren eigentlichen Herkunftsgebieten zugeordnet. Charakteristische Geweihtypen konnten nicht nachgewiesen werden. Es werden die Ergebnisse der Geweih- und der Abwurfstangenuntersuchungen erörtert. Weitere Wege der vergleichenden Betrachtung zwischen Rotwildpopulationen werden aufgezeigt, wobei die komplexe Untersuchung morphologischer und biochemisch-genetischer Merkmale hervorgehoben wird.
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  • 3
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    European journal of wildlife research 35 (1989), S. 235-244 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present paper is concerned with research carried out in the Emmental area in Switzerland in a selection forest of the silver fir-beech typ(Abieti-Fagetum). The basis was a random survey, assessing density and browsing intensity for each species of the young forest trees. A total of 199 random samplings were taken, distributed systematically over 176 ha and comprising 30 young forest trees each. A regression and correlation analysis of the data showed that, on small browsing areas, browsing intensity of a specific tree species is highly influenced by the availability of any other browse plants. If beech and spruce are numerous, silver fir is subjected to increased browsing. On the other hand, a high density of silver fir can effectively ease the strain of browsing on both beech and spruce. A reduction of the browse impact on all tree species can be achieved by a high supply of sycamore maple, common ash, and mountain ash. Browsing by roe deer has now reached such proportions in the area investigated that silver fir suffers heavy losses through mortal browsing. The subsequent steady decline in the number of silver fir is further accelerated by the continued shift of the browse supply to beech and spruce.
    Abstract: Résumé La présente étude a été réalisée dans une forêt jardinée de l'Emmental (Suisse) sise dans le domaine de la hêtraie à sapins(Abieti-Fagetum). Les données de base ont été fournies à l'aide d'un relevé par échantillonnage, pour chaque essence, de la densité et de l'intensité de l'abroutissement sur de jeunes arbres forestiers. Il s'agit au total de 199 placettes réparties systématiquement sur 176 ha et contenant chacune 30 jeunes plantes. A l'aide d'une analyse de régression et de corrélation, la preuve a été faite que sur de petites surfaces de gagnage, l'intensité de l'abroutissement d'une essence donnée est fortement influencée par la quantité et la qualité des autres plantes susceptibles d'être abrouties. Une quantité importante de hêtres et d'épicéas induit un abroutissement plus intense du sapin blanc. Inversément, une forte densité de sapins blancs peut soulager efficacement de l'abroutissement tant le hêtre que l'épicéa. Une forte présence de l'érable de montagne, du frêne et du sorbier des oiseleurs provoque une diminution de la pression de l'abroutissement sur l'ensemble des essences. L'abroutissement du chevreuil atteint actuellement, pour la région étudiée, une proportion élevée qui a pour conséquence d'importantes défections dues à l'abroutissement létal. La régression continue du sapin blanc ainsi provoquée est de plus accélérée par le déplacement persistant de la proportion des essences au profit du hêtre et de l'épicéa.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde im Emmental (Schweiz) in einem Plenterwaldgebiet des Tannen-Buchenwaldes(Abieti-Fagetum) ausgeführt. Die Grundlage dazu lieferte eine Stichprobenerhebung, mit der baumartenweise die Dichte und Verbißintensität der jungen Waldbäume erfaßt worden waren. Insgesamt handelte es sich um 199, systematisch über 176 ha verteilte Stichproben zu je 30 jungen Waldbäumen. Mit Hilfe einer Regressions- und Korrelationsanalyse konnte der Nachweis erbracht werden, daß auf kleinen Äsungsflächen die Verbißintensität einer bestimmten Baumart vom Angebot der übrigen Verbißpflanzen erheblich beeinflußt wird. Ein hohes Angebot von Buche und Fichte zieht einen verstärkten Verbiß der Weißtanne nach sich. Umgekehrt kann eine hohe Dichte der Weißtanne sowohl die Buche als auch die Fichte wirkungsvoll vom Verbiß entlasten. Ein hohes Angebot von Bergahorn, Esche und Vogelbeere bewirkt bei sämtlichen Baumarten eine Verminderung der Verbißbelastung. Der Verbiß durch das Reh erreicht gegenwärtig im Untersuchungsgebiet einen Wert, der bei der Weißtanne hohe Abgänge durch Totverbiß zur Folge hat. Der dadurch ausgelöste stetige Rückgang der Weißtanne wird durch die anhaltende Verlagerung des Angebotes auf Buche und Fichte zusätzlich beschleunigt.
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  • 4
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    European journal of wildlife research 35 (1989), S. 252-256 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Presented is a case of periodontitis apicalis purulenta in the mandible of a roe buck, aged 16 to 18 months. The anomaly was caused by a 90 degrees rotation of the right P4 and the resulting failure to resorb the distal root of the right Pd4, which was not shed. In the course of the resorption of its mesial root the pulpal cavity of the Pd4 was exposed and invaded by bacteria. Through the apical foramen of the tooth's distal root the inflammation later extended into the periapical space.
    Abstract: Résumé Sont décrites les altérations pathologiques résultant d'un abcès périapical(Parodontitis apicalis purulenta) au niveau du rumen inférieur droit du maxillaire d'un brocard de 16 à 18 mois. L'altération résulte d'une rotation à 90° de la P4 par rapport à sa position normale dans le maxillaire et l'absence consécutive de résorption de la racine distale de la Pd4 restée en place. Lors de l'évacuation de la dent de lait, la cavité pulpaire de cette dent, en s'ouvrant, donne accès à une infection bactérienne. L'inflammation gagne ensuite l'espace périapical par leForamen apicale de la racine distale de la Pd4.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben werden die als Folge eines periapicalen Abszesses (Parodontitis apicalis purulenta) entstandenen pathologischen Veränderungen in der rechten Unterkieferhälfte eines 16 bis 18 Monate alten Rehbockes. Ursache der Erkrankung war die Rotation des P4 um 90 Grad gegenüber seiner normalen Position im Kiefer und das daraus resultierende Ausbleiben der Resorption der distalen Wurzel des stehengebliebenen Pd4. Im Zuge des Milchzahnabbaues erfolgte die Eröffnung der Pulpahöhle dieses Zahnes, in die anschließend bakterielle Infektionserreger eindrangen. Später dehnte sich der Entzündungsprozeß dann über das Foramen apicale der distalen Wurzel des Pd4 auf den periapicalen Raum aus.
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  • 5
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    European journal of wildlife research 35 (1989), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    European journal of wildlife research 35 (1989), S. 280-280 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Width function ; instantaneous unit hydrograph ; peak ; regression ; birth-death process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We investigate optimal predictors of the peak (S) and distance to peak (T) of the width function of drainage networks under the assumption that the networks are topologically random with independent and exponentially distributed link lengths. Analytical results are derived using the fact that, under these assumptions, the width function is a homogeneous Markov birth-death process. In particular, exact expressions are derived for the asymptotic conditional expectations ofS andT given network magnitudeN and given mainstream lengthH. In addition, a simulation study is performed to examine various predictors ofS andT, includingN, H, and basin morphometric properties; non-asymptotic conditional expectations and variances are estimated. The best single predictor ofS isN, ofT isH, and of the scaled peak (S divided by the area under the width function) isH. Finally, expressions tested on a set of drainage basins from the state of Wyoming perform reasonably well in predictingS andT despite probable violations of the original assumptions.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 68-69 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 9
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 281-292 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Generalised Pareto distribution ; Peaks over threshold ; Probability weighted moments ; Regionalisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A peaks over threshold (POT) method of analysing daily rainfall values is developed using a Poisson process of occurrences and a generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) for the exceedances. The parameters of the GPD are estimated by the method of probability weighted moments (PWM) and a method of combining the individual estimates to define a regional curve is proposed.
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  • 10
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 31-49 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Reservoir operation ; prediction ; Kalman filtering ; flood prevention ; fuzzy control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Japan has traditionally performed flood prevention through the construction and use of dikes, storage reservoirs, and basins which are costly and time consuming options. Another non-structural option is to operate the flood control system appropriately with a view to reducing flood damage. In this paper, a flood control system combining the runoff prediction model in the whole river basin with the reservoir operation is discussed. Different models of the runoff process are introduced in order to compare their accuracies and the computational time for the flood forecasting system. The reservoir operational rule is formulated in terms of fuzzy inference theory. Historical data are applied in a case study for verification of the proposed theories.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 69-69 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 12
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 154-154 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 13
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 155-178 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic differential equations ; Stochastic Taylor formula ; Numerical methods ; Simulations ; Strong convergence ; Weak convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The development of numerical methods for stochastic differential equations has intensified over the past decade. The earliest methods were usually heuristic adaptations of deterministic methods, but were found to have limited accuracy regardless of the order of the original scheme. A stochastic counterpart of the Taylor formula now provides a framework for the systematic investigation of numerical methods for stochastic differential equations. It suggests numerical schemes, which involve multiple stochastic integrals, of higher order of convergence. We shall survey the literature on these and on the earlier schemes in this paper. Our discussion will focus on diffusion processes, but we shall also indicate the extensions needed to handle processes with jump components. In particular, we shall classify the schemes according to strong or weak convergence criteria, depending on whether the approximation of the sample paths or of the probability distribution is of main interest.
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  • 14
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic integral equation method ; rainfall-runoff models ; confidence interval
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The stochastic integral equation method (S.I.E.M.) is used to evaluate the relative performance of a set of both calibrated and uncalibrated rainfall-runoff models with respect to prediction errors. The S.I.E.M. is also used to estimate confidence (prediction) interval values of a runoff criterion variable, given a prescribed rainfall-runoff model, and a similarity measure used to condition the storms that are utilized for model calibration purposes. Because of the increasing attention given to the issue of uncertainty in rainfall-runoff modeling estimates, the S.I.E.M. provides a promising tool for the hydrologist to consider in both research and design.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 241-260 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hat matrix ; Mahalanobis distance ; Additive outliers ; Innovation outliers ; Influential data ; Autoregressive models ; Threshold autoregression ; Lake Huron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A practical method is developed for outlier detection in autoregressive modelling. It has the interpretation of a Mahalanobis distance function and requires minimal additional computation once a model is fitted. It can be of use to detect both innovation outliers and additive outliers. Both simulated data and real data re used for illustration, including one data set from water resources.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 293-316 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Confined aquifer ; Transmissivity identification ; Geostatistics ; Inverse problem ; Ill-posedness ; Ill-conditioning ; Stability analysis ; Regularization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In recent years, geostatistical concepts have been applied to the inverse problem of transmissivity estimation from piezometric head data. It has been claimed that such methods overcome various difficulties encountered in other approaches. However, the reconstruction of transmissivity from head measurements is ill-posed as it depends on derivatives of the head field. Consequently, any accurate method for its solution is likely to encounter numerically ill-conditioned systems. This paper reviews the geostatistical approach, and uses the stability analyses of linear algebra to show that, as the amount of available data increases and the discretization of the system is refined, both a numerically ill-conditioned parameter estimation problem and ill-conditioned cokriging equations may appear. Therefore, while the geostatistical approach does have conceptual appeal, it does not avoid the fundamental difficulties arising out of the ill-posed nature of transmissivity identification. Instead, the method is likely to be quite sensitive to these difficulties, so care must be taken in its formulation to minimize their effects. A means to stabilize the geostatistical method is suggested and numerical experiments that highlight key points of our analysis are given.
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  • 17
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 56-75 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: free radicals ; cataracts ; antioxidant vitamins ; vitamin C ; vitamin E ; β-carotene ; Katarakte ; antioxidative Vitamine ; Vitamin C und E ; Betakarotin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Augenlinse kann durch einfallendes Licht und Sauerstoff photooxidativ so geschädigt werden, daß eine Trübung bzw. ein Katarakt entsteht. Sauerstoffradikale schädigen nicht nur die Kristalline, spezialisierte Linsenproteine, die Aggregate bilden und präzipitieren, sondern sie greifen auch proteolytische Enzyme an, deren Funktion es wäre, die geschädigten Proteine zu eliminieren. Neben einem enzymatischen Abwehrsystem gegen Sauerstoffradikale, bestehend aus Superoxiddismutase, Katalase und Glutathionperoxidase, enthält die Linse die antioxidativen Vitamine C und E und evtl. Betakarotin. Tierversuche an verschiedenen Spezies haben sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo eine Schutzwirkung gegen lichtinduzierte Kataraktbildung aufgezeigt. Eine ähnliche Wirkung war gegen Zucker- und Steroidkatarakte nachweisbar. Epidemiologische Studien am Menschen haben gezeigt, daß Personen mit vergleichsweise höherer Einnahme bzw. höheren Blutkonzentrationen antioxidativer Vitamine ein vermindertes Risiko der Kataraktbildung haben. Diese positiven Befunde rechtfertigen die Durchführung breit angelegter Interventionsstudien mit antioxidativen Vitaminen am Menschen.
    Notes: Summary The ocular lens, which is continually exposed to light and ambient oxygen, is at high risk of photooxidative damage resulting in cataract. Oxygen free radicals appear to impair not only lens crystallins which will aggregate and precipitate forming opacities but also proteolytic enzymes whose function it would be to eliminate the damaged proteins. Apart from an enzymatic defense system consisting of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase against excited oxygen species the lens contains the antioxidant vitamins C, E and presumably β-carotene as another line of defense. In vitro and in vivo studies in different animal species have demonstrated a significant protective effect of vitamins C and E against light-induced cataract. Sugar and steroid cataracts were prevented as well. Epidemiological evidence in humans suggests that persons with comparatively higher intakes or blood concentrations of antioxidant vitamins are at a reduced risk of cataract development. These positive findings established by several research groups justify extensive intervention trials with antioxidant vitamins in humans using presenile cataract development as a model.
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  • 18
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 103-129 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: geeignete Spezies ; analoge Reaktionen ; optimale Standardisierung ; ethische Grundsätze ; spezifische Alternativen ; suitablespecies ; analogousreactions ; optimalstandardization ; ethicalprinciples ; specificalternatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Experimental animals may serve as models for human beings, if analogies between animal and human functions exist. Therefore, the selection of species and strain plays an important role in the development of such models. Knowledge of the nutritional and physiological characteristics of a species is a prerequisite for the composition of complete diets. Often, preliminary work has to begin at the breeding farm in order to make use of such curative models possible. Only when the high requirements of standardization of experimental animals are met can clinical and subclinical symptoms be determined distinctly. By means of sensitive biochemical reactions, imbalances and interactions of nutritive and active ingredients, as well as successful substitutions, can be recorded. The study of absorption and metabolism of preparations is made possible by observing these reactions. However, negative influence on the results of analysis must be eliminated by correct selection of narcotics, and the proper excision and storage of organs. Because of its importance for the planning and evaluation of experiments, biometry is an integral part of every research project. The scientific information which must be gained from the whole experimental animal cannot be substituted by either isolated organs and cell cultures, or by means of computer simulation. A demanding effort, which includes biotechnological methods, is necessary to further reduce the number of experimental animals and, simultaneously, to enhance experimental evidence. In any case, all scientific aims must be in accordance with the ethical principles of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Versuchstiere können als Modell für den Menschen herangezogen werden, wenn Analogien zwischen tierischen und menschlichen Funktionen bestehen. Deshalb kommt der Wahl von Spezies und Stamm bei der Entwicklung solcher Modelle eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die Kenntnis der ernährungsphysiologischen Besonderheiten einer Spezies ist die Voraussetzung für die Herstellung vollwertiger Diäten. Oft sind Vorleistungen bereits in der Zuchtstation zu erbringen, um kurative Modelle überhaupt erst anwenden zu können. Nur wenn die hohen Anforderungen an die Standardisierung des tierexperimentellen Teiles einer Untersuchung erfüllt sind, können klinische und subklinische Symptome eindeutig zugeordnet werden. Mit empfindlichen biochemischen Reaktionen lassen sich sowohl Imbalanzen und Interaktionen von Nähr- und Wirkstoffen sowie Substitutionserfolge erfassen. Ebenso können die Resorption und der Stoffwechsel von Präparaten verfolgt werden. Negative Auswirkungen auf das Analysenergebnis sind bereits bei der Wahl des Narkotikums, der Entnahme und Lagerung von Organproben auszuschließen. Wegen ihrer Bedeutung für die Planung und Auswertung stellt auch die Biometrie einen integrierenden Bestandteil eines jeden Forschungsprojektes dar. Die am Ganztier erzielte wissenschaftliche Information kann weder mit isolierten Organen und Zellkulturen, noch mit Hilfe simulierender Computersysteme erreicht werden. Große Anstrengungen, auch unter Einbeziehung biotechnologischer Methoden, sind erforderlich, um die Tierzahlen weiterhin zu reduzieren und gleichzeitig die Aussagekraft der Experimente zu erhöhen. In jedem Fall jedoch müssen die wissenschaftlichen Zielsetzungen mit den ethischen Anliegen des Tierschutzes in Einklang gebracht werden.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fettemulsion ; MCT ; LCT ; Lipoproteine ; Elimination ; fat emulsion ; triglycerides ; medium chain (MCT) triglycerides ; long chain (LCT) ; lipoprotein elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A fat emulsion containing 20% fat as medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and long chain triglycerides (LCT) (1∶1) was injected as a bolus in an amount of 0.2 g fat per kg body weight to six patients, three to five days after a serious injury. Triglyceride concentrations increased within two min in lipoprotein fractions d〈0.95 g/ml (Chylomicrons), d〈1.006 g/ml (VLDL), d〈1.063 g/ml (LDL) and d〈1.21 g/ml (HDL). Sixty minutes after injection triglyceride concentrations had again reached preexperimental values in all lipoprotein fractions. Cholesterol values did not change. According to the composition of the fat emulsion, linoleic acid content increased in triglycerides of all lipoprotein fractions, whereas octanoic and decanoic acid did so only in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (d〈1.006). Half-life values of elimination of octanoic acid (3.3 min) and decanoic acid (3.9 min) in triglycerides of lipoprotein fraction d〈1.006 were nearly half as short as that of long chain fatty acids (linoleic acid, 6.4 min; oleic acid, 6.5 min; palmitic acid, 7.5 min). Thus in contrast to LCT, MCT are only found in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (d〈1.006) and are also eliminated more rapidly.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Fettemulsion mit 20% Fett aus mittelkettigen Triglyceriden (MCT) und langkettigen Triglyceriden (LCT) (1∶1) wurde als Bolus in einer Menge von 0,2 g Fett pro kg Körpergewicht bei 6 Patienten 3–5 Tage nach einem schweren Unfall injiziert. Die Triglyceridkonzentrationen stiegen innerhalb von 2 Minuten in den Lipoproteinfraktionen d〈0,95 g/ml (Chylomikronen), d〈1,006 g/ ml (VLDL), d〈1,063 g/ml (LDL) und d〈1,21 g/ml (HDL) an. 60 Minuten nach der Injektion hatten die Triglyceridkonzentrationen bereits wieder in allen Lipoproteinfraktionen dsie Vorwerte erreicht. Die Cholesterinkonzentrationen änderten sich nicht. Entsprechend der Zusammensetzung der Fettemulsion nahm der Linolsäureanteil in den Triglyceriden aller Lipoproteinfraktionen zu, während Octansäure und Decansäure nur in den triglyceridreichen Lipoproteinen (d〈1,006) anstiegen. Die Halbwertszeiten der Elimination der Octansäure (3,3 min) und Decansäure (3,9 min) in den Triglyceriden der Lipoproteinfraktion d〈1,006 waren fast halb so kurz wie die der langkettigen Fettsäuren (Linolsäure, 6,4 min; Ölsäure, 6,5 min; Palmitinsäure, 7,5 min). Demzufolge findet man im Gegensatz zu den LCT die MCT nur in den triglyceridreichen Lipoproteinen (d〈1,006), und sie werden daraus auch rascher eliminiert.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: RBP secretion ; vitamin A ; carotenoids ; goat ; RBP-Sekretion ; Vitamin A ; Carotinoide ; Ziege
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sekretion von retinolbindendem Protein (RBP) ins Blut von Ziegen wurde nach unterschiedlicher Verabreichung von Vitamin A (Retinylacetat), Β-Carotin und einer Mischung von pflanzlichen Carotinoiden untersucht. Die Zufuhr dieser Verbindungen — entweder in einer einzelnen hohen Dosis oder in der gleichen Menge gleichmäßig auf 4 Tagesdosen verteilt — führte zu einem deutlichen Anstieg der RBP-Sekretion. Diese Sekretion erfolgte in zwei Phasen, von denen eine früh und eine später einsetzte.
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted on the secretion of retinol-binding protein (RBP) in blood of goats given different treatments of preformed vitamin A, Β-carotene and plant carotenoids. Administration of these sources either in a single massive dose or massive dose split into four equal doses, markedly increased the secretion of RBP in blood. The secretion of RBP in blood occurred at least in two phases, one at early periods and the other at later periods.
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  • 21
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 265-265 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 22
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 300-309 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: tobacco protein ; Arnes test ; micronucleus test ; chromosome aberration test ; SCE test ; Tabakprotein ; Ames-Test ; Mikrokerntest ; Chromosomenaberrationstest ; Schwesterstrangaustauschtest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Tabakprotein wurde im Ames-Test und in drei In-vivo-Tests auf Mutagenität geprüft. In den Salmonellenstämmen TA 98 und TA 100 bewirkten Methanolextrakte des Tabakproteins und der Urin von Ratten, die mit Tabakprotein gefüttert waren, erhöhte Revertantenzahlen, nicht aber Fäzesextrakte. Im Mikrokerntest wurden durchgehend schwach positive Effekte des Tabakproteins in Chinesischen Hamstern und zwei Mäuse-Inzuchtstämmen erzielt, desgleichen im Chromosomenaberrationstest und im SCE-Test an Chinesischen Hamstern. Die in den analytischen Angaben des Tabakproteins ausgewiesenen Substanzen Nikotin, Chlorogensäure und Rutin wurden einzeln im Chromosomenaberrationstest geprüft. Dabei wurde das Nikotin als der verantwortliche Faktor oder einer der verantwortlichen Faktoren für die schwach positiven Testergebnisse erkannt.
    Notes: Summary Tobacco protein was assayed for mutagenicity using the Ames test and three in vivo tests. In the Salmonella strains TA 98 and TA 100 methanolic extracts of the tobacco protein and urine of rats fed tobacco protein exhibited increased revertant numbers, but extracts of feces did not. Using the micronucleus test throughout, weak mutagenic effects after feeding the tobacco protein were detected in Chinese hamsters and two inbred strains of mice, and again in Chinese hamsters when the chromosome aberration test and the SCE test were applied. The analytical specifications of the tobacco protein listed nicotine, chlorogenic acid and rutin as components. These were examined separately in a chromosome aberration test, and nicotine was discovered to be the factor or a factor responsible for the weak positive test results.
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  • 23
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Tryptophanschädigung ; Tryptophangehalt im Brot ; Tryptophangehalt im Keks ; tryptophan degradation ; tryptophan content inbread ; tryptophan content incookie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The change of tryptophan contents in proteins of bread and cookies under technological processing conditions were investigated. Tryptophan contents in all cookie samples were noted to be significantly (p=0.05) reduced in relation to corresponding dough. The relative decreases are significantly correlated with fat content and the degree of unsaturation of fats in the dough of cookies (r=0.802 and r=0.777, p=0.01), independently of various physical parameters during different cookie samples' processing. Tryptophan decrease in proteins of bread during baking was not significant.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß des technologischen Herstellungsprozesses auf die Gehaltsveränderung von Tryptophan in Brot- und Kekseiweißen untersucht. Es wurde eine signifikante (p=0,05) Tryptophanabnahme bei dem Backen der verschiedenen Keksarten festgestellt. Diese Abnahme korreliert linear mit dem Lipidgehalt und dem Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren der entsprechenden Keksteige (r=0,802 bzw. r=0,777 bei p=0,01), unabhängig von bedeutenden Schwankungen der physikalischen Parameter im Produktionsprozeß der verschiedenen Keksarten. Bei Brot blieb der Tryptophangehalt während des Backens praktisch unverändert.
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  • 24
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 345-345 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 25
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 263-264 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 26
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 240-259 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Data analysis ; health status ; food pattern ; nutrition behavior ; research strategy ; Gesundheitsstatus ; Ernährungsverhalten ; Forschungsstrategie ; Datenanalyse ; Nahrungsmuster ; Ernährungsepidemiologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Beziehungen zwischen Ernährungsfaktoren und Gesundheit in epidemiologischen Studien sind oft inkonsistent. Eine der möglichen Ursachen für diese Gegebenheit kann darin liegen, daß die Vielzahl der potentiellen Ernährungsdimensionen in der spezifischen Untersuchungssituation in unzulänglichem Maße berücksichtigt wurden. Solche Dimensionsbereiche sind vor allem die physiologische Individualität von Menschen, deren verschiedenen Lebensumwelten und die zahlreichen Interdependenzen zwischen Ernährungsvariablen. Diese Tatsachen sollten in ernährungsepidemiologischen Studien dadurch besser erfaßt werden, daß sowohl die Studienmodelle als auch die Datenanalysen entsprechend ausgerichtet werden. Anstelle von Untersuchungen an heterogenen Stichproben ist es ratsam, sich auf spezifische „Typen“ zu konzentrieren, wobei gemäß dem jeweiligen Studienziel solche „Typen“ aus den physiologischen Besonderheiten (z. B. Cholesterinempfindlichkeit), aus biologisch-konstitutionellen Faktoren (z. B. Körperbau-Typus), aus Lebensstil-Eigenschaften oder anderen Faktorenbereichen abgeleitet werden können. Die Variationsbreite der Ernährungsfaktoren geht über die üblicherweise verwendeten Nährstoffdimensionen hinaus, doch sie läßt sich durch integrierte Indizes — die „Nahrungsmuster“ — zusammenfassen. Zu solchen „Nahrungsmustern“ kann man auf verschiedene Weise kommen. Sie können aus Theorien abgeleitet werden und zu bestimmten Bewertungsrastern führen. Man kann sie aber auch mittels multivariater statistischer Analyse suchen. Die prinzipiellen Wege, die zu „Nahrungsmustern“ führen, werden dargestellt und diskutiert. Die hier vorgestellten und diskutierten Ideen leiten zu einem verbesserten Untersuchungsmodell für ernährungsepidemiologische Studien über. Die „Nahrungsmuster“ nehmen dabei eine wichtige Position ein. Man kann annehmen, daß durch diesen Untersuchungsansatz neue Erkenntnisse über die Beziehungen zwischen Ernährung und Gesundheit sichtbar werden, die helfen, den bisher noch diffusen Untersuchungsbereichen klare Konturen zu geben.
    Notes: Summary The relation between nutritional factors and health investigated in epidemiological studies are often inconsistent. One of the reasons for such findings can be the improper addressing of the multitude of nutritional dimensions in the specific study situation such as physiological individuality of human beings, different living conditions, or numerous interdependencies between nutritional variables. Epidemiological research in nutrition and health should recognize such facts and work with appropiate study models and adequate data analyses. Instead of investigating heterogenous populations it is advisable to concentrate on specific “types” of people. Under consideration of the study goals such “types” can be compiled according to physiological properties, e.g., cholesterol sensitivity, or biological-constitutional factors such as body build, life-style entities, or other factors. The variety of nutrition factors far beyond the commonly applied nutrient values can be expressed in integrated indices of “food patterns”. Such “food patterns” can be derived in many ways. They can be deduced from theories by using specific criteria, but also explored by modern multivariate statistical analyses. The ways leading to “food patterns” are discussed. The ideas presented and discussed in this paper lead to an improved model for research in the field of nutrition and health with integrated indices of “food patterns” as the critical point. It is assumed that using this approach will generate new insight in the relation of nutrition and health, a currently still diffuse research area.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: dietarycalcium ; dietarymagnesium ; dietaryphosphorus ; serumcholesterol ; livercholesterol ; fecalbile acids ; rats ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Phosphor ; Serumcholesterin ; Lebercholesterin ; Gallensäure im Kot ; Ratten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während 28 Tagen wurden an Ratten cholesterinfreie halbgereinigte Diäten, die verschiedene Konzentrationen von Calcium (0,13–0,75 g/100 g), Magnesium (0,02–0,04 g/100 g) oder Phosphor (0,2–0,8 g/100 g) enthielten, verabreicht. Die unterschiedlichen Mineralkonzentrationen hatten keinen Einfluß auf Serum- und Lebercholesterin oder die Ausscheidung von Gallensäuren im Kot.
    Notes: Summary Female rats were fed cholesterol-free, purified diets with different concentrations of calcium (0.13–0.75%, w/w), magnesium (0.02 or 0.04%) or phosphorus (0.2–0.8 %) as the only dietary variable. After 28 days, no effects of the minerals were found on liver cholesterol concentrations and rates of fecal excretion of bile acids.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Meerschweinchen ; Ascorbinsäure ; Adaption im Stoffwechsel ; Vitamin C ; guinea pigs ; adaptation inascorbic acid metabolism ; blood ; liver ; spleen ; adrenal glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Substitution mit 5 mg/100 g Vitamin C im Futter stellt für Meerschweinchen anscheinend die untere Grenze dar, um ein Überleben zu ermöglichen. Sie scheinen keine Möglichkeit zu haben, den Stoffwechsel der Ascorbinsäure an diese niedrige Substitution zu adaptieren. Meerschweinchen, die über lange Zeit (6–8 Wochen) 20 mg/100 g oder 680 mg/100 g Vitamin C im Futter erhalten hatten, zeigen, nachdem der Vitamin-C-Gehalt im Futter drastisch verändert worden ist, bei den Ascorbinsäurespiegeln mehrerer Organe das für eine ablaufende Adaptation typische Überbzw. Unterschwingen.
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs supplied with 5 mg/100 g vitamin in the food seem to be at the marginal substitution for a survival and show no ability to adapt the ascorbic acid metabolism to this low support. Guinea pigs longlastingly (6–8 weeks) supplied with 20 mg/100g or 680 mg/100g vitamin C in the food show the typical symptoms of an evolving adaptation by an overshooting in the course of the ascorbic acid levels in several organs after a switch to an extremely different vitamin C supply.
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  • 29
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 30
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Calciumversorgung ; Bioverfügbarkeit von Calcium ; Osteoporose ; osteoporosis ; osteoporosis ; pathogenesis of ; calcium supply ; nutritional aspects of osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Osteoporosis primarily affects women and is a bone disease of great socialmedical and economic importance. The pathogenesis is thought to be of multifactorial origin. The current work discusses nutritional aspects relative to osteoporosis. In this aspect, calcium supply seems to have the largest preventional importance. In contrast, food statistics and individual food records show that calcium intake of females is below the DGE's recommendation of 800 mg/daily. Furthermore, in view of skeletal integrity, calcium intake should be increased up to 1,500 mg/daily after menopause, because of endocrinological changes in calcium metabolism. Therefore, calcium intake on the whole is usually found to not be sufficient. The importance of further nutritional aspects for manifestation of osteoporosis are discussed. In some cases, influences on skeletal integrity are quite evident, whereas the literature has only infrequently drawn conclusions about the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Osteoporose ist eine Knochenerkrankung mit großer sozialmedizinischer und volkswirtschaftlicher Bedeutung, von der überwiegend Frauen betroffen sind. Die Pathogenese der Erkrankung ist multifaktoriell. Der derzeitige Kenntnisstand über die Bedeutung alimentärer Faktoren wird in diesem Zusammenhang dargestellt. Größte präventive Bedeutung besteht seitens der Ernährung in einer ausreichenden Calciumversorgung. Verzehrsstatistiken und individuelle Verzehrsprotokolle zeigen dagegen, daß die Versorgung mit Calcium beim weiblichen Geschlecht im Durchschnitt unter der Empfehlung der DGE von 800 mg/d liegt. Hinzu kommt, daß zur Aufrechterhaltung der Knochenhomöostase aufgrund endokriner Umstellungen im Calciumstoffwechsel empfohlen wird, nach der Menopause die Calciumaufnahme auf 1500 mg/d zu steigern. Die Versorgungslage mit Calcium ist somit insgesamt als sehr unzureichend anzusehen. Weitere ernährungsbedingte Faktoren mit Bedeutung für eine Osteoporosemanifestation werden diskutiert. In einigen Fällen ist hierdurch eine Beeinflussung der Knochenhomöostase durchaus denkbar, häufig ist das Datenmaterial allerdings noch zu unvollständig oder fehlt völlig, um Zusammenhänge zur Osteoporoseentstehung herstellen zu können.
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  • 31
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin A-Status ; polyhalogenierte aromatischeKohlenwasserstoffe ; Metabolismus ; polareRetinoide ; vitamin A status ; polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons ; metabolism ; polar retinoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausreichende Vitamin-A-Speicher und -Gewebslevel werden durch ein Gleichgewicht von Nachfrage der Gewebe nach Vitamin A und der Vitamin-A-Aufnahme durch die Nahrung aufrechterhalten und durch viele Faktoren beeinflußt. Es ist hinreichend bekannt, daß polyhalogenierte aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PHAH) die Vitamin-A-Speicher der Leber erniedrigen. Neuere Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, daß die Erniedrigung der Vitamin-A-Leberspeicher von einem Anstieg des Vitamin-A-Gehaltes in Serum und Niere sowie von einer erhöhten Abgabe von Vitamin-A-Metaboliten in Urin und Fäzes begleitet sind. Die Untersuchung der Vitamin-A-Verteilung in verschiedenen Geweben zeigte, daß die Zufuhr von PHAH zu einem verstärkten Auftreten polarer Vitamin-A-Metaboliten führt. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß die PHAH Enzyme beeinflussen, die entscheidend für die Regulation von Vitamin-A-Speichern sowie der Aktivität von für den Vitamin-A-Stoffwechsel wichtigen Enzymen sind.
    Notes: Summary Adequate stores and adequate tissue levels of vitamin A are maintained by a balance of tissue demands and dietary intake of the vitamin and are modified by many factors, including xenobiotics. It is well established that exposure to polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH) decreases hepatic content of vitamin A. Recent findings indicate that hepatic depletion of vitamin A is accompanied by an increase in serum and renal vitamin A content and enhanced excretion of vitamin A metabolites in urine and feces. Examination of tissue retinoid profiles reveals that PHAH exposure causes the generation of increased amounts of polar retinoids. It is very likely that PHAH affect enzymes crucial for regulation of vitamin A storage as well as enhance activities of specific enzymes in vitamin A metabolic pathway.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Stickstoffbilanz ; Proteinbedarf ; Krallenaffen ; Callitrichidae ; nitrogen balance ; protein requirement ; marmoset ; C allitrichidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An erwachsenen männlichen Weißbüscheläffchen (Callithrix jacchus) erfolgten Stickstoffbilanzmessungen bei Verfütterung von „halbsynthetischen“ und „synthetischen“ Diäten mit Proteingehalten von null bis sieben Prozent. Der tägliche Stickstoffverlust bei längerer proteinfreier Ernährung („Abnutzungsquote“) betrug 131±16 mg/kg Körpergewicht0,75. Eine N-Bilanz =±0 wurde mit der Zufuhr von 261 mg N/kg0,75 in Form hochwertiger Proteine erreicht. Sehr geringe Proteinaufnahme oder das Fehlen von Arginin und Histidin in einer Aminosäurenmischung führte zu Koprophagie. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Proteinbedarf erwachsener Krallenaffen dem des erwachsenen Menschen (auf der Basis des metabolischen Körpergewichts) sehr ähnlich ist. Etwa 6–7% Protein hoher Qualität, auf Trockensubstanz bezogen, genügen zur Vermeidung einer negativen Stickstoffbilanz.
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen balance studies were conducted in adult male marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) using purified and semipurified diets with protein levels between 0% and 7%. Daily nitrogen loss in a state of prolonged protein free nutrition was 131±16 mg/kg body weight0.75. Zero nitrogen balance resulted from mean daily intake of 261 mg nitrogen/kg0.75 when high quality protein sources were used. Very low protein intake or the lack of arginine and histidine in an amino acid mixture induced coprophagy. It is concluded that the protein requirement of adult marmosets is very similar to the protein requirement of adult humans (based on metabolic body weight). About 6–7% high quality protein, based on dry matter, suffice to avoid a negative nitrogen balance in all individuals.
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  • 33
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 211-224 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Klinische Ernährungstherapie ; Aminosäurenlösungen,Aminogramme ; Key words ; Clinical nutrition ; amino acids, analytical interpretation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The high value of clinical nutrition as an important component in polypragmatic therapy of severely ill patients with increasing age and restricted compensatory capacity is today unquestioned. The areas of interest and applications have reached a high degree of complexity by many differentiations. The metabolic interrelations under pathological conditions influence especially the application of amino acids. By the enormously increased standards of analytical procedures and instruments huge amounts of data have been gathered but methods and tools for interpreting the complex analytical results have not been developed to the same degree. Considering physiological, pathological biochemical, and biophysical alterations, this review discusses application of amino acids, evaluation and interpretation procedures, as well as indications, contraindications, and effective monitoring. The important regulatory function of the liver in connection with the urea production rate, and the physiological pattern and concentrations of amino acids in plasma are both discussed in detail. Also discussed is the therapeutic advantage of determining total concentration and relative composition of the amino acid pool in plasma, especially in severely ill patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der hohe Stellenwert der klinischen Ernährungstherapie ist in der heutigen polypragmatischen Therapie schwerstkranker und zum Teil sehr alter Patienten mit eingeschränkter Kompensationsfähigkeit unbestritten. Das Einsatzfeld der klinischen Ernährungstherapie hat dadurch eine starke Differenzierung und einen hohen Komplizitätsgrad erreicht. Diese Wechselbeziehung des pathologischen Ablaufs im Stoffwechsel nach äußeren und inneren Belastungen und den einzelnen Substraten betrifft im hohen Maße die Anwendung von Aminosäuren. Durch die enorme Zunahme der analytischen Leistungsfähigkeit ist das Erkenntnismaterial im Bereich der Aminosäurenversorgung zwar stark angewachsen, aber die Interpretation des komplexen Zusammenhangs der Aminosäuren keineswegs in gleicher Weise verbessert worden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird auf dem grobskizzierten Hintergrund physiologischer und pathologischer Stoffwechselzusammenhänge der Einsatz von Aminosäuren dergestalt abgehandelt, daß über eine plausible Interpretation der komplexen analytischen Daten die Indikation, Kontraindikation und überwachung der Aminosäurenapplikation verständlich wird. Vor allem die Bedeutung der Regulation durch die Leber, der Zusammenhang mit der Harnstoffproduktionsrate sowie die differente Bedeutung der mikromolaren und relativen Aminosäurenmuster im Plasma werden so abgehandelt, daß sie für die Interpretation auch schwerkranker Zustände herangezogen werden können.
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  • 34
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    European journal of nutrition 28 (1989), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Eisenmangel, Epidemiologie ; Eisenresorption ; Eisensubstitution ; Eisenintoxikation ; iron deficiency ; epidemiology ; iron absorption ; iron substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Iron is an essential trace element. In its heme-form as well as in its non heme-form it is a part of enzymes and hemoproteins. For a safe and adequate dietary intake 10–18 mg of iron are recommended daily. Frequently, this quantity is not available: approximately 20 % of the world population is iron-deficient. In this state the enteral transfer capacity for toxic metals, e.g., Cd and Pb, is increased and the adaptation to physical strain as well as the immunological responses are depressed. Alterations of body iron-stores are almost exclusively balanced by adequate adaptation of the enteral iron-transfer capacity. The mechanism of this adaptation process can neither be satisfactorily explained by the “mucosal block hypothesis”, nor by the “mucosal transferrin hypothesis”. When the time-course of iron storage and its relation to intestinal iron transfer was investigated after i.v. iron administration to iron-deficient rats, the results indicated that the process of adaptation is located in the intestinal mucosa. Intestinal iron loading is decreased in iron deficiency, whereas the iron transfer into the organism is increased. Further investigation is necessary to find out by which mechanism the iron manages to bypass existing mucosal storage capacity in this situation. The geographical distribution of iron deficiency is influenced by a variety of local factors. Still, the paramount causes of iron-deficiency are unbalanced iron losses and the lack of bioavailable iron in the diet. The bioavailability of non heme iron is influenced by the composition of the diet. The effect of promotors of iron absorption, such as meat, amino acids, polycarbonic acids and ascorbate is opposed by the influence of inhibitors, such as bran, soyaproducts, vegetables and egg-dishes. Iron losses are mainly due to blood losses. Thus, the wide distribution of hockworm diseases in tropical areas contributes significantly to the endemic iron-deficiency in these regions. A more physiological loss of iron is caused by menstruation and pregnancy. In small infants the iron-demand of the organism is increased by rapid growth, which in turn increases the intestinal iron transfer. An increased iron-demand can be balanced by an iron-supplemented diet or by pharmaceutical iron compounds. Acute intoxications can be caused by an overdose of such preparations. The pathophysiology and symptoms of acute iron intoxication are summarized. Their frequency has markedly decreased since “childproof” packaging has been introduced for iron-preparations. To meet the increased iron demand of young children, commercial infant formulas are frequently fortified with iron, preferentially with heme-iron. Inlight of the wide distribution of iron-deficiency a general iron fortification of staple food items is discussed controversially.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eisen zählt zu den essentiellen Spurenelementen. Es ist in seiner Häm- und Non-Häm-Form Bestandteil von Hämproteinen und Enzymen. Für eine ausreichende und sichere Versorgung des Organismus werden 10 mg bis 18 mg Eisen in der täglichen Diät empfohlen. Diese Menge wird erheblich häufiger unterals überschritten: Ca. 20 % der Weltbevölkerung haben einen Eisenmangel, der sich u.a. in einer gesteigerten enteralen Resorptionsfähigkeit für Cd und Pb äußert sowie in einer Einschränkung der physischen Leistungsfähigkeit und der Infektabwehr. Veränderungen im Körpereisenstatus werden fast ausschließlich durch Anpassung der enteralen Eisenresorption bedarfsgerecht ausgeglichen. Der Mechanismus dieser Anpassung kann weder durch „Mucosa-Block-Hypothese“ noch durch die „Mucosal-Transferrin“-Hypothese befriedigend erklärt werden. Kinetische Untersuchungen an eisenarmen Ratten über die Speicherung parenteral gegebenen Eisens und die Auswirkungen dieser Gabe auf die Eisenresorption deuten jedoch auf einen lokalen Adaptationsprozeß in der intestinalen Mukosa. Dabei ist die Beladung der Mukosa mit angebotenem Eisen im Eisenmangel herabgesetzt, der Transfer dagegen erhöht. Wie das Eisen in diesem Zustand an den vorhandenen Speicherkapazitäten der Mukosa vorbeigeleitet wird, bedarf weiterer Klärung. Die geographische Verteilung des Eisenmangels unterliegt einer Reihe lokaler Einflüsse. Hauptursachen des Eisenmangels sind der Mangel an bioverfügbarem Eisen in der Nahrung und unausgeglichene Eisenverluste. Die Bioverfügbarkeit von Non-Häm-Eisen in der Nahrung wird durch die Zusammensetzung der Diät beeinflußt. Resorptionsfördernde Komponenten wie Fleisch, Aminosäuren, Polycarbonsäuren und Ascorbat saldieren sich in der Wirkung mit Hemmstoffen der Eisenresorption wie z.B. Kleie und Sojaprodukte, Gemüse und Eispeisen. Eisenverluste sind in erster Linie Blutverluste, wobei der in den Tropen verbreitete Befall mit Hakenwürmern starken Anteil an dem dort endemischen Eisenmangel hat. Andere, eher physiologische Eisenverluste entstehen durch Menstruation und Schwangerschaft. Während des raschen Wachstums im Säuglingsalter entsteht ebenfalls ein stark erhöhter Eisenbedarf, der zu gesteigertem Eisentransfer führt. Erhöhter Eisenbedarf kann durch medikamentöse Eisensubstitution oder durch adäquate Ernährung gedeckt werden. Eisenmedikamente können jedoch bei nicht bestimmungsgemäßem Gebrauch zu akuten Intoxikationen führen, deren Bild detailliert beschrieben wird. Die Inzidenz solcher Vergiftungen ist seit Einführung „kindersicherer“ Verpackungen für Eisenpräparate stark zurückgegangen. Zur Deckung des durch Wachstum erhöhten Eisenbedarfs wird kommerzielle Säuglingsbeikost häufig mit Eisen fortifiziert, wobei Häm-Eisen die größeren Vorzüge bietet. Eine allgemeine Fortifikation von Grundnahrungsmitteln mit Eisen ist jedoch trotz der weiten Verbreitung des Eisenmangels stark umstritten.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: guinea pigs ; adaptation ofhepatic microsomal proteins andcytochromes P-450 and b5 to differentvitamin C supplies ; Meerschweinchen, mikrosomales Protein ; Cytochrome P-450 und b5 ; Vitamin-C-Substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Meerschweinchen, die über lange Zeit (6–8 Wochen) 680 mg/ 100 g Vitamin C im Futter erhalten hatten und dann 10 Wochen lang substituiert wurden mit 5 mg/100 g, konnten in der Leber nicht die Gehalte an mikrosomalem Cytochrom P-450 aufrechterhalten 20 mg/100 g, zeigten in der Leber das für eine Adaptation typische Unterschwingen bei dem Gehalt an mikrosomalem Cytochrom P-450.
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs longlastingly (6–8 weeks) supplied with 680 mg/100 g vitamin in the food and for ten weeks thereafter exposed to: 5 mg/100 g: show no ability to maintain the amounts of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 20 mg/100 g: show the typical symptom of an evolving adaptation by an overshoot of the amounts of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Paclobutrazol, triapenthenol (RSW0411), and BAS111 were applied to 4-week-old Delicious apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) as a root drench at 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg per plant. Paclobutrazol eliminated shoot extension growth for 8 weeks at all three rates. RSW0411 controlled shoot elongation only at the highest rate. BAS111 produced the widest response, with shoot growth ranging from 38% to 93% of controls for the highest and lowest rates, respectively. Generally, leaf area decreased and leaf density increased with increasing rates of all chemicals. Root weight of plants treated with paclobutrazol nearly doubled but increased only slightly with RSW0411 and BAS111. Chemical analysis of the leaf tissue 8 weeks after treatment showed paclobutrazol levels highest, followed by RSW0411 and BAS111.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growth retardants paclobutrazol (β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol) and RSW 0411 (β-(cyclohexyl methylene)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol) were tested on two-year-old trees of Granny Smith and Fuji apple. RSW 0411 at 100 mg/L did not cause any growth reduction in Granny Smith, while 500 and 1000 mg/L significantly reduced growth below that of the control between 27 and 40 days after application. Paclobutrazol at 100 mg/L had significantly reduced shoot growth between 27 and 55 days after application, and 1000 mg/L reduced shoot growth between 27 and 82 days after application. By 100 days after application, there were no longer differences between treatments. Shoot growth on Fuji trees was reduced below that of the control as follows: between 14 and 27 days following a single application of 500 mg/L RSW 0411; between 27 and 55 days following two applications; between 14 and 72 days following three applications; and between 14 and 82 days following four applications. Treatments were applied 14 days apart. Paclobutrazol was a more active growth retardant than RSW 0411 at the same rate, and the growth-retarding effects of RSW 0411 were short-lived.
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  • 38
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 211-223 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of 9-substituted derivatives of four common naturally occurring cytokinins was tested for growth response in the soybean callus assay. The 9-substituents, 2-carboxyethyl (-C2CO2H), 2-carbo-t-butoxyethyl (-C2CO2 tBu), and 2-nitriloethyl (-C2CN), all reduced the biological activity of the parent compound. The order of activities was, in general,-C2CO2H 〉 -C2CO2 tBu 〉 -C2CN and followed the unsubstituted cytokinin response pattern of E-zeatin (E-Z) 〉 Z-zeatin (Z-Z) 〉 ≅ (R,S)-dihydrozeatin [(diH)Z] 〉N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (iP). The nature of the dose-response curves indicate that the activities of the derivatives are a function of their affinities to a common receptor site and that their steric and polar properties determine that affinity. The 9-(2-carboxyethyl) cytokinins provide a practical alternate source of haptens for the raising of cytokinin antibodies, since sugar-cleavage oxidations are avoided in the preparation of the antigens. E-9-(2-carboxyethyl)-O-β-D-glucopyranosylzeatin (E-ZOG9C2CO2H) was synthesized for the purpose of making antibodies specific for E-O-β-D-glucopyranosylzeatin (E-ZOG) and was also assayed for its growth response. The results obtained with stable 9-substituted cytokinins are useful in defining guidelines for the design of ligands available to explore receptor-site topology.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 225-236 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aging carnation flower parts were used to determine whether or not any correlation existed between the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) and a predisposition of the tissue for ethylene synthesis. Levels of ABA were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following purification steps including prepacked silica gel columns. Increased ABA levels paralleled the increase of ethylene and the onset of irreversible wilting in the carnation petals. Neither the green tissue nor the receptacle showed any sign of wilting with the remainder of the flower parts, but increased ABA was detected in both tissues subsequent to, or coincident with, the ethylene climacteric peak in the senescing petals. An increase of ABA in both the styles and the ovary was detected in the preclimacteric flower, and did not appear to be triggered by the production of ethylene. Increased ABA in the gynoecium also did not result in the onset of ethylene production in the preclimacteric flower.
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  • 40
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 249-253 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) present in buds, meristematic tissues, and leaves of 1-year-old shoots of two selections (vigorous and dwarf) of a F2 generation apple population with original “Goldspur” × “Redspur” parentage were determined using gas chromatography—selected ion monitoring—mass spectrometry (GC-SIM-MS) with a13C-IAA internal standard. A comparison of IAA levels through one growing season was made in the shoots of two trees differing in growth. The levels of IAA in the leaves of the vigorous tree were higher in the early and late growing seasons, as compared to those in the dwarf tree. Levels of IAA in buds of the dwarf tree shoots were found to be higher than in those of the vigorous tree shoots.
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  • 41
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 273-282 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine gibberellins (GAs) have been identified from tissues of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fractionated extracts. These GAs are GA1, GA3, GA8, GA19, GA20, GA29, 3-epi-GA1, 2-epi-GA29, and iso-GA3. Selected-ion monitoring and stable-isotope dilution assays have been used to estimate levels of some of these GAs in vegetative and reproductive tissues. GA29 was found to be the most abundant GA measured. GA1 was found in all samples examined, and there was always less 3-epi-GA1 than GA1. GA20 was present in most extracts. Leaves of developing inflorescence shoots contained six times more GA29 than did leaves of comparable vegetative shoots. Levels of GA29 increased during the early stages of fruit development. GA20 may be more abundant in growing fruitlets than in those about to abscise; however, there were no consistent differences in the relative amounts of the other GAs. No major differences were found between tissues of immature seeded and seedless fruit, and developing seeds did not contain high levels of any of the GAs measured. It is concluded that seed-produced GAs are not essential for normal fruit development in Valencia orange.
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  • 42
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 301-307 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thidiazuron [(TDZ)N-phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thidiazol-5-ylurea] at 750 μM was applied to buds of apple trees to determine if it could substitute for the chilling requirement to induce bud break. Shoots of cv. ‘Anna’ (low chill), ‘Delicious’ cv. Redchief (medium chill), and ‘Northern Spy’ (high chill) were untreated, treated with TDZ prior to chilling (before-chill), and treated with TDZ at various intervals after the accumulation of specific amounts of chilling (after-chill). Shoots were stored in a cold room at 4°C. TDZ applied prior to chilling reduced the chill unit (CU) requirement (1 CU = 1 h at 4°C) for the promotion of bud break on 1-year-old shoots of ‘Anna’ and ‘Northern Spy’ and 1- and 2-year-old wood of ‘Delicious.’ TDZ applied after-chill promoted bud break only for ‘Anna’ and buds on 2-year-old wood of ‘Delicious.’ While accumulating CUs, untreated buds or buds treated with TDZ on 1-year ‘Delicious’ and ‘Northern Spy’ did not respond to the cold treatment even after 1848 h of CU accumulation. For all three cultivars, TDZ treatment was more effective in promoting bud break when applied before the initiation of chilling.
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  • 43
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three auxin-inducible genes of the soybean SAUR (small auxin up RNAs) locus, along with two flanking genes, have been transferred into petunia usingAgrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA transformation. Genomic analysis showed that two transgenic petunia plants contained one copy of the SAUR locus, and one plant contained approximately 10 copies of the transferred locus. Gene-specific probes were used to probe RNA blots, and our results indicated that the three genes were transcriptionally induced by the addition of the auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to excised young leaves of the transgenic plants. This suggests that elements involved in auxin-regulated gene expression are strongly conserved in soybean and petunia. The two plants containing one copy of the SAUR locus showed nearly equal expression of all three SAUR genes after 2,4-D induction, while the plant with 10 copies showed a dramatic under-expression of two of the three genes following auxin administration. RNase protection analysis of the transcript for SAUR locus gene 6B showed that the transcription start site for this gene in the three transformed petunia plants was identical to that in soybean.
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  • 44
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 8 (1989), S. 319-325 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yellowing is a visible result of ethylene-enhanced senescence. In certain plants, such asCucumis sativus, an increase in peroxidase levels occurs during this period. Experiments described here were designed to test the hypothesis that peroxidase levels induced during senescence play a role in chloroplast degradation. Inhibitors of heme synthesis and protein glycosylation, which had no effect on chlorophyll degradation, reduced the synthesis of pI 9 peroxidase. Decapitation of seedlings, which enhanced greening of cotyledons, increased levels of peroxidase. These observations are consistent with the view that while the role of aging- or ethylene-induced peroxidases are not known, they are not involved in chlorophyll degradation.
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  • 45
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic equations ; irregularly spaced observations ; prediction, interpolation ; random fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The steady state two dimensional groundwater flow equation with constant transmissivities was studied by Whittle in 1954 as a stochastic Laplace equation. He showed that the correlation function consisted of a modified Bessel function of the second kind, order 1, multiplied by its argument. This paper uses this pioneering work of Whittle to fit an aquifer head field to unequally spaced observations by maximum likelihood. Observational error is also included in the model. Both the isotropic and anisotropic cases are considered. The fitted field is then calculated on a two dimensional grid together with its standard deviation. The method is closely related to the use of two-dimensional splines for fitting surfaces to irregularly spaced observations.
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  • 46
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 71-84 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydraulics ; quasilinearization ; simulation ; stochastic ; estuarine system ; Monte Carlo methods ; random differential equations ; parameter uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new methodology is presented for the solution of the stochastic hydraulic equations characterizing steady, one-dimensional estuarine flow. The methodology is predicated on quasi-linearization, perturbation methods, and the finite difference approximation of the stochastic differential operators. Assuming Manning's roughness coefficient is the principal source of uncertainty in the model, stochastic equations are presented for the water depths and flow rates in the estuarine system. Moment equations are developed for the mean and variance of the water depths. The moment equations are compared with the results of Monte Carlo simulation experiments. The results confirm that for any spatial location in the estuary that (1) as the uncertainty in the channel roughness increases, the uncertainty in mean depth increases, and (2) the predicted mean depth will decrease with increasing uncertainty in Manning'sn. The quasi-analytical approach requires significantly less computer time than Monte Carlo simulations and provides explicit
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  • 47
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 135-153 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic partial differential equations ; maximum likelihood estimation ; parameter estimation ; moment equations ; stodhastic contaminant transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Many problems in hydraulics and hydrology are described by linear, time dependent partial differential equations, linearity being, of course, an assumption based on necessity. Solutions to such equations have been obtained in the past based purely on deterministic consideration. The derivation of such a solution requires that the initial conditions, the boundary conditions, and the parameters contained within the equations be stipulated in exact terms. It is obvious that the solution so derived is a function of these specified, values. There are at least four ways in which randomness enters the problem. i) the random initial value problem; ii) the random boundary value problem; iii) the random forcing problem when the non-homogeneous part becomes random and iv) the random parameter problem. Such randomness is inherent in the environment surrounding the system, the environment being endowed with a large number of degrees of freedom. This paper considers the problem of groundwater flow in a phreatic aquifer fed by rainfall. The goveming equations are linear second order partial differential equations. Explicit form solutions to this randomly forced equation have been derived in well defined regular boundaries. The paper also provides a derivation of low order moment equations. It contains a discussion on the parameter estimation problem for stochastic partial differential equations.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 179-190 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Groundwater ; Stochastic ; Monte Carlo simulation ; First order Taylor series approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The expected head and standard deviation of the head from the first order Taylor series approximation is compared to Monte Carlo simulation, for steady flow in a confined aquifer with transmissivity as a random variable. Emphasis is on the effect of changes in the covariance structure of the transmissivity, and pumping rates, on the errors in the first order Taylor series approximation. The accuracy of the first order Taylor series approximation is found to be particularly sensitive to pumping rates. With significant pumping the approximation is found to under estimate both the expected drawdown and head variance, and the error increases as the pumping rate increases. This can lead to large errors in probability constraints based on moments from the first order Taylor series approximation.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 227-240 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Kalman filter ; Maximum likelihood estimation ; Periodic models ; Stochastic hydrology ; Time series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An exact maximum likelihood procedure is presented for estimating the parameters of a periodic autogressive-moving average (PARMA) model. To develop an estimator which is both statistically and computationally efficient, the PARMA class of models is written using a state-space representation and a Kalman filtering algorithm is used to estimate the parameters. In order to demonstrate how to fit PARMA models in practice, the most appropriate types of PARMA models are identified for fitting to two average monthly riverflow time series and the new estimator is employed for estimating the model parameters.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic optimization ; linear programming ; simplex method ; Karmarkar's method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Optimization of multi-reservoir systems operations is typically a very large scale optimization problem. The following are the three types of optimization problems solved using linear programming (LP): (i) deterministic optimization for multiple periods involving fine stage intervals, for example, from an hour to a week (ii) implicit stochastic optimization using multiple years of inflow data, and (iii) explicit stochastic optimization using probability distributions of inflow data. Until recently, the revised simplex method has been the most efficient solution method available for solving large scale LP problems. In this paper, we show that an implementation of the Karmarkar's interior-point LP algorithm with a newly developed stopping criterion solves optimization problems of large multi-reservoir operations more efficiently than the simplex method. For example, using a Micro VAX II minicomputer, a 40 year, monthly stage, two-reservoir system optimization problem is solved 7.8 times faster than the advanced simplex code in MINOS 5.0. The advantage of this method is expected to be greater as the size of the problem grows from two reservoirs to multiples of reservoirs. This paper presents the details of the implementation and testing and in addition, some other features of the Karmarkar's algorithm which makes it a valuable optimization tool are illuminated.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 51-67 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Spatial rainfall estimation ; kriging ; ordinary co-kriging ; disjunctive co-kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of linear and nonlinear geostatistical estimation techniques for optimal merging of rainfall data from raingage and radar observations is investigated in this study by use of controlled numerical experiments. Synthetic radar and raingage data are generated with their hypothetical error structures that explicitly account for sampling characteristics of the two sensors. Numerically simulated rainfall fields considered to be ground-truth fields on 4×4 km grids are used in the generation of radar and raingage observations. Ground-truth rainfall fields consist of generated rainfall fields with various climatic characteristics that preserve the space-time covariance function of rainfall events in extratropical cyclonic storms. Optimal mean areal precipitation estimates are obtained based on the minimum variance, unbiased property of kriging techniques under the second order homogeneity assumption of rainfall fields. The evaluation of estimated rainfall fields is done based on the refinement of spatial predictability over what would be provided from each sensor individually. Attention is mainly given to removal of measurement error and bias that are synthetically introduced to radar measurements. The influence of raingage network density on estimated rainfall fields is also examined.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 97-110 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: ARMA processes ; fractionally differencedARMA processes ; long memory ; spectral density ; maximum likelihood estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A class of regression type estimators of the parameterd in a fractionally differencedARMA (p, q) process is introduced. This class is an extension of the estimator considered by Geweke and Porter-Hudak. In a simulation study, we compared three estimators from this class together with two approximate maximum likelihood estimators which are based on two separate approximations to the likelihood. One approximation ignores the determinant term in the likelihood and the other includes a compensating factor for the determinant. When the determinant term is included, the estimate tends to be much less biased and is in general superior to the other estimate. The approximate maximum likelihood estimator out performed, by a large margin, the regression type estimators for pureARIMA (0,d,0) processes. However, forARIMA (1,d,1) processes, a regression type estimator turned out to be the best for realizations of length 400 in 3 out of the 5 cases we tried.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 111-133 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall-runoff models ; random channel network ; regionalization ; flood frequency ; instanteous unit hydrograph
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A rainfall-runoff model is used in conjunction with a probabilistic description of the input to this model to obtain simple regression-like relations for basin runoff in terms of basin and storm characteristics. These relations, similar to those sought in regionalization studies, are computed by evaluating the conditional distribution of model output given basin and storm characteristics. This method of conditioning provides a general way of examining model sensitivity to various components of model input. The resulting relations may be expected to resemble corresponding relations obtained by regionalization using actual runoff to the extent that the rainfall-runoff model and the model input specification are physically realistic. The probabilistic description of model input is an extension of so-called “random-model” of channel networks and involves postulating an ensemble of basins and associated probability distributions that mimic the variability of basin characteristics seen in nature. Application is made to small basins in the State of Wyoming. Parameters of the input variable distribution are estimated using data from Wyoming, and basin-scale relations are estimated both, parametrically and nonparametrically using model-generated runoff from simulated basins. Resulting basin-scale relations involving annual flood quantiles are in reasonable agreement with those presented in a previous regionalization study, but error estimates are smaller than those in the previous study, an artifact of the simplicity of the rainfall-runoff model used in this paper. We also obtain relations for peak of the instantaneous unit hydrograph which agree fairly well with theoretical relations given in the literature. Finally, we explore the issues of sensitivity of basin-scale, relations and error estimates to parameterization of the model input probability distribution and of how this sensitivity is related to making inferences about a particular ungaged basin.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Random variable ; Distribution ; Estimation ; Probability analysis ; Cross-entropy ; Fractile constraints ; Flood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The cross-entropy method with fractile constraints has been developed to estimate a random variable when the data are a set of independent observations of the variable. The method can claim several advantages over existing methods. It uses a reference distribution like the prior distribution in Bayesian analysis and likewise generates a posterior distribution. The method is of interest, in particular, because it satisfies two fundamental requirements for selfconsistency in the analysis of a probabilistic system based on data: a principle of invariance and a principle of data monotonicity. The method is applied to flood analysis. Robustness of the minimum cross-entropy method is compared with other methods: the methods of moments and the maximum likehood.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 203-216 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Cloud seeding ; Rainfall enhancement ; Regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A comparison is carried out between historical records of the flow measured in Kinneret watershed during and prior to the time of cloud seeding for rainfall enhancement. Precipitation series for the control area of the meteorological experimentation serve as a reference for the comparison. The fluctuations of the flow, which would have occurred unless the effect of the seeding, are estimated by a linear regression on the precipitation as the control. The regression parameters are calibrated separately for the unseeded and for the seeded time series. The model with the parameters calibrated for the unseeded series is applied on the rainfall recorded during the seeded time, and vice versa. The difference between the measured and the computed data is attributed to the effect of cloud seeding. Similar comparisons are carried out with respect to rainfall series recorded at the target area and at the edge of the enhanced area. The results indicate that the flow from the affected sector of the watershed has been enhanced, with respect to the control, by 31×106 m 3/year, at a significance level of 31. This enhancement is 5% of the volume which is generated in that area. The rates found with respect to the rainfall at the edge are higher than those found with respect to the control, while those with respect to the rainfall at the center of the target area are lower.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 261-280 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rain fields ; time-space arrivals ; stochastic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Rainfall in time at any ground location can be described by the rain intensity distribution over the subtrajectories which are drawn by the ground location point on the radar-detected incremental rain fields (IRFs) that pass over this location. Based on this conceptualization, this study develops a stochastic description of the arrivals of IRF subtrajectories (SIRFs) onto any given set of ground locations over a geographical region. The arrivals of SIRFs is described by a multivariate doubly stochastic Poisson process, excited by the time-space arrival process of IRFs onto the designated geographical region. The arrival process of IRFs is described by a 3-level time-space nonhomogeneous Poisson cluster model. At the primary level of this model are the arrivals of synoptic cyclonic systems; at the secondary level are the arrivals of large mesoscale rain areas (LMSAs) and at the tertiary level are the arrivals of IRFs onto the designated geographical region, all detected by the weather radar. The models are substantiated both by the graphical analysis of rain fields, as detected on a radar scope, and by the statistical analysis of the arrivals data at all of the four levels at three different ground locations over a rectangular geographical region in Northern Kentucky. It is pointed out that a doubly stochastic Poisson process is basically a Poisson cluster process. Hence, the final process of SIRF arrivals onto any ground location may be interpreted as a 4-level Poisson cluster process. Finally, heavy tails in the sample covariance density functions of the IRF and SIRF arrivals are detected. This study shows that the appropriate incorporation of clustering at all observable distinct scales of the rain fields models the heavy tail behavior of the covariance density adequately.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 2-10 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides an analytical panorama of agriculture in the European context to be employed as a background for reading the articles contained in this issue of Agriculture and Human Values. Brief summaries of their contents constitute the concluding part of the present contribution.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 22-28 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The article analyzes changes in agricultural demand for industrial products for the 1970–1984 period within the EEC. Furthermore, it discusses adjustments in the product supplying process with emphasis on concentration and industrial diversification. Finally, it proposes some hypotheses in terms of orientation of techniques and productive agricultural systems.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract At a time when the long-established pattern of rural emigration in France is going into reverse, the number of French farmers is falling steeply. Whereas the French farming community represented over 50% of the total working population at the beginning of this century, their number will soon drop below the fateful 5% threshold. At a time when they see themselves (and are seen by others) as a minority, the farmers of France have become the world's second largest exporters of agricultural produce—yet they continue to glut the market with excess output and their income is steadily decreasing. Political reactions to these far-reaching changes are inadequate to meet the situation, and the unions are responding with internal strife and divisions. Faced with a radically new situation which is largely dominated by external factors, the government and the unions are quite unable to rebuild French farming policy.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Community (EC) has been criticized for causing a misallocation of resources, inequitable income transfers, and enormous budgetary costs. The purpose of this paper is to examine the political economy of agriculture and agricultural policy in the EC. The results of the analysis indicate that conflicts between national political objectives and broader, community-wide concerns are important factors in the performance of EC agriculture. The pressures for reform of the CAP will lead to modification of the system, but changes in EC agricultural policy are likely to be moderate because of the inherent inertia of the policy-making process. As a result, the agricultural system in the EC will probably continue to evolve in an atmosphere of crisis with most reforms directed at symptoms rather than fundamental problems.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 38-46 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this article the author offers, on the one hand, a general view of the forms of collective action that have taken place in Spanish agriculture during the democratic transition and that have facilitated the development of the farmers' unions and workers' unions. On the other hand, he analyses the problems that these organizations have had in trying to consolidate themselves in a context characterized by the presence of institutional remains of the old Franco-ist agrarian corporatism. Finally he analyses the role played by these organizations in the creation and implementation of Spanish agricultural policy as well as the changes that are taking place after the admission of Spain to the EEC.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 47-58 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the authors analyze the two most important interrelated processes of social change in Italian agriculture: first the increasing productive specialization of family farming, both full and part-time, lending to the persistence of small farms but also to their growing integration and complementarity with other economic activities; and second the increasing heterogeneity of agricultural workers accompanied by the destructuring of their strong working-class identity, which had matured in the previous decades. This identity, however, also reflected a deep separation between agricultural laborers, their labor market and institutions, and the rest of the working class. The authors argue that these changes are progressively contributing to the full integration of agricultural social relations within an increasingly complex society. The analysis of these two processes in recent Italian experience shows that this trend towards integration differs totally from the hypothesis often advanced in the past according to which the integration of agriculture would occur through the development of green factories, more and more similar to large Fordist manufacturing plants. On the contrary, at least in present-day Italy, integration means increasing heterogeneity, also of organizational patterns in manufacturing, and growing inter-dependence.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Greece's agricultural economy has undergone a gradual process of adjustment since World War II. While farm numbers have been reduced and average farm size has increased, the relative size of the farm population is still large by European standards. The slow rate of consolidation and adjustment in the agricultural sector of Greece is influenced by the following three factors: (1) lack of developed markets for long term capital; (2) multiple job holding among Greek farmers; and (3) protective agricultural policies. Greece's accession into the European Economic Community in 1981 has shifted her trade patterns towards her European partners. In terms of agricultural trade, Greece exported considerably more agricultural goods to EEC members in 1987 than was imported from EEC countries. Greece's agricultural trade balance with all nations of the world is roughly one to one, i.e., agricultural imports equal agricultural exports in value. Since entry into the EEC, Greece has improved her degree of competitiveness or self-sufficiency in vegetables, citrus, and wine, but has reduced her self-sufficiency or competitiveness in meat and livestock products. Improved competitiveness of Greece's agricultural sector in the 1990s will require adoption of known production technologies, reduction in government bureaucracy, development of new technologies for improving product quality and minimizing plant diseases, reduction in production and marketing costs, and more effective domestic and export group marketing strategies.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 70-81 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper investigates the crisis of Portugese agriculture and the challenges connected with Portugal's integration into the European Economic Community (EEC). An historical overview of the economic and social development of the agricultural sector since the 1950s is provided. Additionally, a discussion of the principal differences between the Portugese agricultural crisis and that of other advanced European countries and the U.S. is carried out. In this portion of the paper it is argued that agriculture in Portugal is characterized by low levels of productivity and production which contrast with the high levels of productivity and overproduction of other European and North American countries. Finally, an analysis of the possible future consequences of Portugal's further integration into the EEC is provided.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The article illustrates the major features of the development of Italian agriculture from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present. It is argued that such development has been characterized by dualism. At the structural level dualism refers to the existence of a large number of small and very small farms, a limited number of medium-sized farms, and the presence of a very small segment of large farms that control the bulk of agricultural production and sales. Structural dualism in Italy is accompanied by regional dualism, which refers to the sharply different characteristics of the agriculture of the north and that of the south. In the northern regions the most productive and advanced farms are concentrated, while in the south smaller and less viable units are present. Dualism has created serious contradictions in Italian society, which have not been resolved with the further integration of the country's agricultural sector into the European Community.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 59-69 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Family farming became a major social force in the Federal Republic following World War II. Several political, economic and social factors facilitated the development of a unified political representation within the farm sector. The German Farmers Union (Deutscher Bauernverband) became the main representative of the farm sector. Its platform included the preservation of family farms and it attempted to realize this goal through the promotion of commodity price support policies. Political support for these programs was legitimized with the elaboration of a system of values espousing the positive qualities of family farms. Price support policies were opposed by free market advocates with an alternative system of values that fundamentally contradicted those of family farm advocates. Although commodity price supports promoted by partisans of family farming dominated agricultural policy formation in the 1950s and 1960s, fiscal crisis in the EEC and economic differentation within the farm sector began to undermine the position of family farming as a social force. But economic stagnation also prevented the free market position from gaining dominance. Economic differentiation within the farm sector has had an important regional dimension, and this has served as a basis for policy compromise. Economic changes over the post-WWII period have undermined the family farm as a social force. Nevertheless, values associated with family farming continue to have a place in agricultural policy. However, family farming is valued less as an end in itself, and more as a means to the realization of more practical ends such as the preservation of rural landscapes for recreational purposes.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture in the Netherlands is a critical industry, in terms of both its share of available land and its importance to the Dutch economy. Cultural-technical improvements and intensification of land use have resulted in increased productivity, but have also threatened vulnerable and valuable natural habitats and landscapes. TheRelatienota, a government report issued in 1975, introduced an environmental policy implemented by regulation in 1983 and 1988. Under this policy,Relatienota areas (management areas and reserves) are established. Farmers in management areas voluntarily enter private contracts (management agreements) with the government, in which they promise to tailor agricultural production to nature and landscape conservation. By compensating farmers for activities that maintain existing natural conditions, management agreements provide the incentive for extraordinary efforts to protect agricultural environments for valuable plant and animal species. Particularly sensitive natural areas, where environmental values are incompatible with economic farming, are identified as reserves, and the land is purchased for specialized management. AlthoughRelatienota policy has been implemented on a limited number of hectares, it is an important component of the efforts in the Netherlands to protect and preserve vulnerable natural areas. As a model of negotiated cooperation between government, farmers, and nature protection interests, its success may encourage other nations in the Economic Community to use private contracts to further societal goals.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives an overview of the present state of Swedish agriculture and discusses some problems and experiences of general interest. After an introductory section on the characteristics of Swedish agriculture, a number of problems are described, such as social problems, market imbalances, environmental damage, changes in landscape amenities, and animal health. Possible causes of these problems are discussed. Recent attempts to solve the problems as well as the current Swedish debate on more radical changes in agricultural policy are also discussed. The main components of a suggested program are subsidies to farmers based on their acreage of grazed land or grassland and elimination of the present price supports and market regulations.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 110-116 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Danish agriculture is facing a turning point. Centuries of struggle to increase arable land area as well as its productivity is about to be reversed, due to overproduction and environmental problems. Some land will probably be turned back to nature, and the use of chemicals in agriculture in general will be reduced, perhaps with a lower productivity and a better environment as a consequence. This paper mainly describes some of the political actions taken in Denmark to influence environmental-agricultural issues. First, however, some of the recently perceived environmental problems and over-production problems connected with Danish farming are outlined.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 1-3 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 4-12 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Local knowledge (both technological and sociological) and communication systems represent a logical starting point and a rich body of resources for successful agricultural research, development, and extension (RD&E). Drawing upon concrete examples from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, this essay presents an overview of definitions, topics, and applications of local knowledge in agricultural RD&E. Also noted are caveats, future research and training needs, and human values issues related to the study and utilization of local knowledge systems and their products.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 25-31 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Traditional Central American peasant farmers know more about some aspects of the local agroecosystem than about others. In general farmers know more about plants, less about insects, and less still about plant pathology. Without discounting economic factors, ease of observability must explain part of this difference. Certain local beliefs may affect what farmers observe and know. For example, a belief in spontaneous generation may lead people to fail to observe insect reproduction. The implications of the gaps in farmer knowledge are discussed in terms of the sustainable agriculture movement.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 32-41 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Increasingly, it is accepted wisdom for agricultural scientists to get feedback from indigenous peoples—peasants—about new improved seeds and biotechnologies before their official release from the experiment station. What is not yet accepted wisdom is the importance of cognitive science to research on farmer decision making, especially of the type “Why don't they adopt.” In this paper, the impact of the cognitive revolution on models of farmer decision making is described, and decision making models before and after the cognitive revolution are contrasted. An example of a decision model after the cognitive revolution is given by the Malawi farmer's decision whether to use chemical fertilizers or organic fertilizers or both. Results of testing the model show that in Malawi, smallholders' lack of capital and credit are more important factors constraining use of chemical fertilizers than are indigenous beliefs in organic fertilizers or fears of a future dependency on chemicals.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 127-136 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article raises the issue of the extent to which a single nation can develop a “national agricultural policy,” pursuing internal goals in agrarian development, goals that vary significantly from those of other industrialized countries. What are the conflicts arising from such a policy and how do these conflicts interfere with the general agricultural crisis of these countries? The Norwegian case is explored as an example of a blend of social-democratic and center-populist agricultural policies. The decision in 1975 by the Norwegian Parliament to establish the income level of farmers at the same level as workers is seen as an experiment. As agricultural policy, this new departure represented a deviation from the earlier policies of rationalization. The Social Democrats developed their new position as a result of internal and external pressure. A series of reforms financed by the new state incomes from oil production were undertaken, of which income equalization and a farm relief service were the most important. Most Norwegian farmers speak of the reform years as “the good years of escalation.” Equity was reached in 1982, but nevertheless several problems emerged: 1) the escalation of subsidized incomes led to overproduction and decreasing incomes from the market (after 1982), 2) the large budgetary transfers to agriculture caused a legitimation crisis, fueling the constituency of the right-wing Progress Party, 3) the large subsidies to agriculture contributed to the fiscal crisis of the state, 4) the problems mentioned above, contributed to the general crisis of the Norwegian Social Democracy which finds itself with dwindling support. The likely outcome of the present Norwegian farm crisis is the implementation of an agricultural policy that will protect the most vulnerable sector and open the more competitive sector to market forces.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uses of the most “social” of the social sciences—sociology and anthropology—in international agricultural research and development (R&D) have often been poorly understood. Drawing upon a decade of work by the Sociology Project of the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program, this article exemplifies how and where social scientists can and have contributed to major development initiatives, and it illustrates some of the larger lessons to be learned for human values concerns in international agriculture.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 13-24 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Increasing attention has been given to “indigenous” knowledge in Third World rural societies as a potential basis for sustainable agricultural development. It has been found that many people have functional knowledge systems pertaining to their resources and environment, which are based on experience and experimentation, and which are sometimes based on unique epistemologies. Efforts have been made to include such knowledge in participatory research and projects. This paper discusses socio-political, institutional, and ethical issues that need to be considered in order to understand the actual limitations and contributions of such knowledge systems. It reviews the nature of local knowledge and suggests the need to recognize its unique values yet avoid romanticized views of its potential. Local knowledge and alternative bottom-up projects continue to be marginalized because of the dominance of conventional top-down R&approaches, pressures of agrochemical firms, scientific professionalism, and for other political-economic reasons. It is argued that the exploitation of local knowledge by formal institutions should be avoided; instead, people need to establish legitimacy of their knowledge for themselves, as a form of empowerment.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 52-67 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper has two purposes: To report the findings of a study of ethnic differences in cognition in a rural West Sumatran area; and to demonstrate the importance of ethnicity—in at least some contexts—for tailoring agricultural research to farmers' needs. A cognitive mapping technique, called a Galileo, was used to measure people's views of soil and its relation to people among three Indonesian ethnic groups living in the same area. Findings from participant observation and from collaborative agricultural fieldwork with farmers of all three ethnic groups are used to evaluate and interpret the Galileo results.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 92-98 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 85-91 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract International agricultural development as practiced by U. S. sponsored research groups in developing countries has emphasized technical questions of production, ignoring more fundamental social and economic issues that underline rural poverty and hunger. Rethinking the role of U. S. development assistance will require transcending the view that the only way to impact agriculture in the Third World is by increasing the intensity of land use in high potential agricultural areas. The challenge is to find ways of how to further increase agricultural productivity so that the rural poor significantly benefit, while at the same time conserving and regenerating the resource base. U. S. scientists must realize that this is only possible by improving the access of resource-poor farmers to land, water, other natural resources, as well as to equitable credit, markets, appropriate technologies, etc. Solidarious collaboration will emerge from the U. S. siding with progressive governments and/or community-based initiatives that promote political change aimed at securing farmers' control over resources and inputs, and changing the structural conditions and policies that perpetuate poverty.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 99-104 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Michael Eldridge's critique of the author's earlier paper on the place of theology in agricultural ethics at state universities fails in at least three places: (1) Eldridge presents an inadequate picture of how basic assumptions function in human thinking and misuses terms like “public,” “private,” “particular,” “empirical,” and “common experience”; (2) he wrongly distinguishes between philosophers and theologians on the bais of their openness to new data, ideas, and public criticism; (3) he misunderstands the meaning of the First Amendment. Baer argues that whenever faculty at a state university deal with the Big Questions—who we are, how we should live, and what it all means—they must be seen, for First Amendment purposes, as operating within the realm of religion. Without such a functional definition of religion, the state will inevitably give unfair advantage to nontheistic, secular answers to the Big Questions. Eldridge is wrong to claim that Dewey escapes the liabilities of particularity and parochialism in a way that theologians do not. He also misunderstands the nature of the First Amendment when he argues that public schools may legitimately propagate Dewey's naturalistic variety of “religion.” Baer claims that when state universities address the Big Questions, the demands of public justice will be met only if theologians participate in the discussion and debate.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 2-3 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 83
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Traditional forms of farming, herding, and fishing are remarkably adapted to African conditions but these traditional approaches are being overtaken by modern pressures, particularly population growth. According to a report published by the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), a nonpartisan analytical support agency of the U. S. Congress, one promising way to help African farmers and herders would be for development assistance organizations to focus more attention on the various forms of low-resource agriculture that predominate in Africa. In keeping with OTA's mission and primary audience, “Enhancing Agriculture in Africa: A Role for U. S. Development Assistance” (1988) is a policy-oriented synthesis of available technical information. The report provides Congress with a range of options that, if pursued, could help Africans enhance agriculture, increase their food security, and improve their lives. This paper is drawn from the larger OTA report, and it focuses on the role technology might play in enhancing low-resource agriculture. Readers should see the full assessment (OTA, 1988) for more information on policy considerations; the specific technologies mentioned; or a complete list of advisory panel members, workshops and participants, and commissioned papers. OTA's report comes at a critical time: for a variety of reasons—ranging from changing values to increased budget constraints—U. S. foreign assistance policy is undergoing a fundamental reevaluation. This review of the potential of low-resource agriculture, and options the United States might pursue to enhance this approach, was intended to aid in this reevaluation.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 4-11 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the last decade the systems approach to agricultural research has begun to subsume the older reductionist approaches. However, proponents of the systems approach often accept without critical examination a number of features that were inherited from previously accepted approaches. In particular, supporters of the systems approach frequently ignore the ironies and tragedies that are a part of all human endeavors. They may also fail to consider that all actual systems are temporally and spatially bounded. By incorporating such features into a systems perspective, it becomes possible to consider them as involving the manipulation of things, the reconstruction of institutions, and the reformulation of policies in accordance with democratic goals and objectives as part of a single web of interrelationships.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 12-20 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract National water quality concerns are creating momentum for legislation that takes a proactive stance toward agricultural practices involving agrichemicals. In response, the Environmental Protection Agency has asked the states to design appropriate non-point source pollution policies. This article examines the issues involved in two ways. First, it reviews the literature on previous conservation policies and discusses the implications for stricter regulation. Second, in order to determine the public opinion context for non-point source pollution policies, it examines the responses of a sample of Oklahoma rural leaders to a set of environmental, water quality, political, economic, and family farm orientation items developed in previous surveys. The analysis considers areas of agreement and disagreement related to socio-economic status, education, and extent of involvement in farming. It concludes that although Oklahoma's rural leaders are concerned about water quality problems, an environmentally-sound formulation of rural values has yet to develop. The most serious obstacle appears to be the perceived threat of environmental regulations to the variability of production agriculture.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 30-39 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a framework for exploring the temporal and behavioral aspects of the responses of various involved parties that may lead to governmental intervention in situations involving exposure of the public to hazardous substances. The activities of key individuals are closely scrutinized. Relevance of the framework to agricultural and food concerns is also indicated. The exemplary case is the contamination of livestock in Michigan that began in 1973, but other cases are discussed that conform closely to the pattern described by the framework.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 21-29 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Animal rights and experimentation have become the focus of a major controversy in the United States, with acute implications for animal-related research in the laboratories and veterinary schools of many American universities. To date, efforts to reduce fundamental disagreements between animal researchers and animal welfare groups or to redefine their differences in ways that satisfy all concerned have by and large not been successful. In such situations where it is not possible to identify a middle ground between conflicting positions, the best a policy analyst may be able to do is to accentuate the issue's manifest topsy-turviness and uncertainties. No one can afford or risk having an issue of such high uncertainty, inconsistency, and stakes defined in terms so stark that they feel compelled to choose between those who say they know that the future shall hold us accountable for our wholesale slaughter of animals and those who would blame us for the human deaths they say will surely follow when we do not allow that slaughter.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 47-53 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The current financial stress in the countryside and the future of the family farm are likely to be major issues in the formulation of the 1990 Farm Bill. Medium-sized commercial family farms may be especially targeted for support. These farms are the basis of rural economies and settlement patterns in many parts of nonmetropolitan America. Two possible changes in farm policy are debt restructuring and the decoupling of farm payments from commodity production. Many medium-sized family farms continue to face substantial debt problems, but most of these farms could be viable with some debt restructuring. Ccmmodity programs have become extremely expensive and encourage overproduction and the consolidation of farming resources into ever larger units. Federal farm programs may become based on need, with a sensitivity to differences in regional farming systems. Such a policy could support medium-sized family farms, slow the growth in superfarms, reduce surpluses, and reduce the overall cost of farm programs.
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 40-46 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The agricultural communicator is a key link in transmitting information to farmers. If agricultural communicators' ethics are compromised, the resulting biases in news production could have serious detrimental effects on the quality of information conveyed to farmers. But, to date, agricultural communicators' perceptions of ethical problems they encounter at work has not been examined. This study looks at the dimensions of ethical concerns for topics area (agricultural) journalists as defined by practitioners. To determine these dimensions, we sent open ended questionnaires (50 percent response rate) to members of two professional agricultural journalist associations: the Newspaper Farm Editors of America and the American Agricultural Editors' Association. Agricultural communicators overwhelmingly focus on one specific threat to objectivity—advertising pressure. Both NFEA and AAEA respondents indicated that agricultural journalists' responses to advertising pressure adversely affected the entire profession. The responses indicated that agricultural writers were concerned with the different types of pressures and the effects of advertising pressure on the industry as a whole. NFEA and AAEA respondents mentioned both indirect pressure, “freebies,” conferences, trips and press releases from advertising or public relations sections of agri-business firms, and direct pressures from advertisers, salesmen and publishers. The respondents were clearly more comfortable when newspaper policy protected them from advertising pressure and when they had techniques to reduce this pressure. The editors' and reporters' perceptions of advertising pressure clearly indicates that advertising abuses are a clear and present danger and one worthy of far more attention than it has previously received.
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  • 90
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 91
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 6 (1989), S. 54-61 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent debates over the persistence of family farms have focused on the importance of “naturalistic” obstacles to the capitalist development of agriculture. According to these arguments, the existence of these barriers in some realms of agricultural production precludes the development of wage labor. I argue, however, that in many instances these obstacles are based primarily on political factors. To demonstrate this thesis I illustrate how the tobacco program until recently has proved to be an obstacle to consolidation and structural change in tobacco production. The tobacco program has conditioned the extent of technological development and structural change in tobacco production. From the 1940s to the 1970s, the tobacco program maintained a system of small-scale producers and discouraged technological change in the industry. Changes in the program in the 1970s and 1980s, however, have contributed to the rapid mechanization and structural change among tobacco producers. Many of the “obstacles” to consolidation were overcome not by technological change, but by weakened political support for the tobacco program. These results suggest that in addition to economic and technological considerations, we need to assess more carefully the political foundations of the capitalist development of agriculture.
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  • 93
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Structural and conformational information obtained from the crystal structure and solution1H nmr investigations of the title compound are compared. The 4-aryltetralone, C24H24O10, crystallizes as a chloroform solvate in the monoclinic space group, P21/n, witha=12.519(4),b=17.938(6),c=12.534(9)Å,β=111.90(5)°, and Dcalc=1.51 g cm−3 forZ=4. The data for this compound were collected at −150°C. Least-squares refinement of 2796 observed [F o≥5σ(F o)] reflections led to the final agreement index ofR=0.062. A threefold static disorder was observed for one of the carboxyl groups. The second carboxyl group participates in an intramolecular hydrogen bond and is thus ordered. The1H nmr spectrum revealed the title compound to exist as a keto-enol tautomeric mixture in solution. Vicinal hydrogen coupling constant analysis proved reliable in ascertaining B-ring stereochemistry of 2,3-disubstituted-4-aryltetralones.
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  • 94
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ethanolic solutions of tetrapropylammonium bromide and copper(I) bromide, from which bis(tetrapropylammonium) hexa-μ-bromo-tetrahedro-tetracuprate(I), [N(C3H7)4]2[Cu4Br6], a bromocuprate(I) cluster comprised of three-coordinated copper(I), crystallizes have been shown, by means of far i.r. spectroscopy, to contain the centrosymmetric, monomeric [CuBr2]− anion as the major, and probably the sole, bromocuprate(I) species,υ 3=323 cm−1. Crystalline [N(C3H7)4]2[Cu4Br6], [N(CH3)4]3[Cu2Br5] and [P(CH3)4]2[CuBr3], all of which contain anions in which copper(I) is three-coordinated, dissolve in nitro-methane to give solutions of the dibromocuprate(I) monomer. Variation of the coordination number of copper(I) in bromocuprates(I) crystallizing with symmetrically substituted quaternary ammonium and related unipositive cations is discussed in terms of dilution of the bromide ions by the cations, and a tentative mechanism for the formation of such compounds is proposed. Toward the end of the precipitation of [N(C3H7)4]2[Cu4Br6] from the ethanolic solution of tetrapropylammonium bromide and copper(I) bromide, a few crystals of a second bromocuprate(I) phase were obtained. This compound has been identified as tetrapropylammonium dibromocuprate(I), and its crystal structure determined from X-ray diffraction data. [N(C3H7)4][CuBr2] crystallizes in space groupP2/n, witha=13.010(15),b=7.577(5),c=8.858(4) Å,β=91.09(7)° andZ=2. The anion is a monomer in which Cu-Br is 2.194(3) Å and Br-Cu-Br 178.4(1)°, copper(I) being situated on a twofold axis.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 19 (1989), S. 193-201 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [C16H27N2O2]+·ClO 4 − ·H2O,M r=396.87, orthorhombicP212121 a=13.708(4),b=16.930(7),c=8.311(3) Å,V=1928.3(13) Å3,Z=4,D x=1.367(2) g cm−3,λ(MoKα)=0.71068 Å,μ(MoKμ)=1.95 cm−1,F(000)=848,T=292 K,R=0.061 for 1324 unique reflections. RingsA,B,C,D have half-chair, chair, chair and chair conformations, respectively; the quinolizidone moietyA/E has a quasi-trans and the quinolizidine moietyC/D has a trans configuration. The cations are connected into chains along the crystallographic direction [001] by strong hydrogen bonds utilizing the water molecule: C(2)=O(5)⋯O(W)⋯O(6)-N(16) of 2.623(7) and 2.574(7) Å, respectively. The water molecule is also hydrogen-bonded to one oxygen atom of the perchlorate anion: O(W)⋯O(2) is 3.106(10) Å. A very short intramolecular distance between N(1) and O(6) of 2.696(7) Å, due to the quasitrans-trans configuration of theα-isolupanine skeleton, is observed.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 19 (1989), S. 289-298 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 4-aminoacetyl-N-p-nitrophenylsulfanilamide (C14H13N3O5S), a derivative of sulfonamide, has been determined from X-ray diffraction data using Cu-Kα radiation. The compound crystallised in the monoclinic space groupP21/c, witha=12.258(9),b=7.339(5),c=16.359(9) Å,β=98.84(4)°. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares to a finalR value of 0.047 with 2487 unique reflections. In packing, the molecules are found to be stabilised by N-H⋯ O hydrogen bonds.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 19 (1989), S. 299-306 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complextrans-[PtCl2 (Me2PhP)(cis-2,4-dimethylpyrrolidine)] has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 22/c witha=8.762(3),b=16.034(5),c=12.600(4)Å,β=93.43(3)° andZ=4. The structure was solved by heavy atom method and refined toR=0.052 for 3251 observed counter reflections. The coordination sphere of the Pt atom is square-planar with a geometry very similar to that of the studied complexes of the type trans-[PtCl2(R3P)L] whereL is either one of the possible isomers of theC,C′-dimethylpyrrolidine or the unsubstituted pyrrolidine. In the present complex the puckered five-membered ring of the dimethylpyrrolidine ligand assumes an envelope conformation with the maximum puckering at the N atom.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 19 (1989), S. 671-681 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The infrared and Raman spectra of 2,4,6-tribromobenzonitrile have been recorded in the solid state and in solutions. Assignments of the fundamental vibrations based on Raman polarization data and comparison with the spectra of benzonitrile and its trichloro derivative are given and discussed. The thermodynamic functions have been evaluated for a rigid-rotor harmonic oscillator approximation at several temperatures.
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  • 99
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystals of the title compound are monoclinic, P21/c, a=11.464(14),b=21.027(9),c=12.806(3) Å,β=108.00(6)°,V=2935.85 Å3,Z=8. The structure was solved by direct methods, from data collected at room temperature on an Enraf-Nonius CAD4 diffractometer, and refined by full matrix least squares to a finalR value of 0.089 using 3949 reflections. The two nonequivalent molecules are both disordered to the same extent, the ratio of the two models being 0.8∶0.2. In the minor model the substituent hydrogen atom at the 2-position is exactly eclipsed by a chlorine atom in the 2-CCl3 group whereas in the major model the normal staggered conformation is observed. C-Cl bond lengths and C-C-Cl angles in the major model are normal whereas those in the minor model are C-Cl(A) 1.51(3), C-Cl(B) 1.67(3), C-Cl(C) 1.95(3) Å, where Cl(C) is eclipsed, for one molecule and 1.85(3), 1.67(3), 1.94(2) Å for the other. Corresponding C-C-Cl bond angles (deg) are 115(1), 114(1), 80(1); and 120(1), 126(1), 90(1). A comparison is given with a structure which is not disordered but in which similar changes in the geometry of a∶CCl.CCl3 group are found.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 19 (1989), S. 695-700 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract C12H12N2O6 crystallized from methanol in the monoclinic space group P21/c (Z=4) witha=13.333(4),b=10.154(3),c=9.597(2) Å andβ=102.37(2)°.M r=280.24,V=1269.1(6) Å3,D x=1.466 g cm−3,λ(Mo Kα)=0.71069 Å,μ=1.29 cm−1,T=295 K. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares to a finalR (R w)=0.049 (0.057) for 916 observed reflections. The molecules are linked by strong N-H⋯O(4) hydrogen bonds with N⋯O distance of 2.995(4) Å. The infinite racemic chains run in [001] direction.
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