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  • Articles  (6,739)
  • 1985-1989  (6,739)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1988  (6,739)
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  • 1985-1989  (6,739)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Marginal Costs and Cost Savings from Economies of Scale in Municipal Waste Treatment: An Application to the Chesapeake Bay Region (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Marginal costs of removing effluent from waste treatment facilities are defined under different assumptions about regulatory policies. Marginal costs are different under a policy of uniform treatment for all plants compared to a least-cost policy, where different plants treat at different levels. The cost savings under these alternative policies are compared for river basins of the Chesapeake Bay when there are economies of scale in treatment costs. Current regulations for treatment plants in the Bay, which are not entirely uniform, are also compared to both the uniform and least-cost solutions. The potential savings from a least-cost policy are substantial for some basins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00479.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Spatial Impact of Reaganomics: A Test of Six Models (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Recent analyses of the Reagan budget reallocations suggest that the spatial distribution of public expenditures among the American states have undergone a major change. What remains unclear, however, is why the Reagan budget reallocations generated these clearly defined spatial effects. In trying to answer this question, we identify five explanations of the spatial impacts, explanations focusing on electoral, partisan, wealth, urban-rural, and expenditure base effects. Along with controls for regional effects, these explanations are tested by OLS regression analysis of data on the state allocations of federal expenditures from the last Carter to the first Reagan budgets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00482.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing Patterns of Migration and Regional Economic Growth in the U.S.: A Demographic Perspective (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: During the 1970s and early 1980s, the South and West Census regions accounted for over 90 percent of incremental national population, which was easily the highest percentage accounted for by these regions in the nation's history. This paper stresses the importance of powerful demographic forces that contributed to the regional shift, but it does not ignore important economic factors. A major theme of the paper is that because the baby boom has now largely matured out of the most mobile age classes, population and employment growth differentials that strongly favored the South and West will moderate in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00483.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effects of Environmental Regulation on Business Location in the United States (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This article empirically examines whether variations in state environmental regulations have affected the location of manufacturing branch plants by the Fortune 500 companies. Using several measures of environmental regulation, no statistically significant effects of environmental regulation on business location are found. For most manufacturing industries, the estimates are precise enough to rule out the possibility of large effects of environmental regulation on business location. For highly polluting industries, however, the variance in the estimates is quite large. We cannot rule out the possibility of effects of environmental regulation on the location of highly polluting industries that are large enough to be important to policymakers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00473.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Transfers on Remote Regional Economies: The Transfer Economy in Rural Alaska (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we examine the effects of transfers on the economies of remote regions. A model which describes the consequences of different types of transfers on settlement patterns is developed. The growth of the transfer economy in rural Alaska and its effect on population and income is reviewed. We find that transfer programs in remote regions may have consequences far broader than their original intent. While the programs may improve the standard of living for regional residents, they may also lead to inefficient settlement patterns, increasing dependence on transfers, and a higher cost of eventual adjustment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00467.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE CORPORATE ROLE OF LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study has three purposes. The first is to determine, for the 30 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in 1980. the relationship among population size, the number of major corporations headquartered in these centers, and the number of subsidiaries located there. The expectation is that there will be positive relationships in all cases. Second, this study, based on variations in the relationships examined above, sets forth a corporate classification of the 30 metropolitan areas and identifies common characteristics and locations among six categories of centers. Finally, using the six-fold classification of centers, metropolitan employment growth between 1980 and 1986 is analyzed, especially job growth in services and in finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE). The six-fold classification proves useful in understanding employment growth in these 30 centers during the 1980s and, with modifications, perhaps beyond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00470.x
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  • 7
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    Book Reviews (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Changing Commodity Regulation Jerry W. Markham, The History of Commodity Futures Trading and Its Regulation. Sitte and Cities George R. Collins and Christine Crasemann Collins, Camillo Sitte: The Birth of Modern City Planning with a Translation of the 1889 Austrian Edition of his City Planning According to Artistic Principles. Suburbs Here and Abroad Donald N. Rothblatt and Daniel J. Garr, Suburbia, an Znternutional Assessment. New Approaches to Development Inderjit Singh, Lyn Squire, and John Strauss, eds. Is the U.S. Economy All Right? F. Stevens Redburn, Terry F. Buss, and Larry C. Ledebur, eds. Revitalizing the U.S. Economy. A Success Story John R. Westley, Agriculture and Equitable Growth Mathematical Land Rent Models James B. Kau, C.F. Lee, and C.F. Sirmans, Urban Econometrics: A Wealth of Valuable Information F. Larry Leistritz and Brenda L. Ekstrom, Social Impact Assessment and Management
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00471.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic Heterogeneity Within Large Metropolitan Areas (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Recent research has indicated that individual income distribution in the United States has tended toward greater inequality in recent years. Hypotheses are presented on the expected effect of that trend on suburban municipalities within large metropolitan areas. One major expectation is that the distribution of per capita incomes among the municipalities will be found to bifurcate. A methodology that rests on a graphical depiction of income and a revision of the famous Pearson plane is used to identify trends. Results indicate that the long term trend (at least since 1960) toward income homogeneity came to a halt by 1979 and began to reverse itself in the early 1980s, although bimodal distributions of income are not yet (1983) in evidence. Rapidly growing and rich communities are tending toward greater internal income homogeneity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00460.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Human Capital Stock and Flow and Economic Growth Analysis: Note (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Human capital is becoming recognized as an increasingly important factor in rural economic development. Economic research, however, has not provided clear empirical support of the relationship between human capital investment and economic growth. This paper applies stock and flow concepts to human capital and suggests an operational approach for applying stock and flow concepts to the analysis of the impact of human capital investments through education on economic growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00462.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Book Reviews (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Vintage Wine James M . Buchanan, Liberty, Market and State: New Trade Outlook James J. Emery, Norman A. Graham, and Michael F. Oppenheimer An Interdisciplinary Approach Allan Schnaiberg, Nicolas Watts, and Klaus Zimmermann, eds. Small-Scale Farming Gerald G. Marten, ed. Traditional Agriculture in Southeast Asia: A Human Ecology Perspective. Technological Advancement Nathan Rosenberg and Claudio Frischtak, eds. Dividing up the Oil Walter J. Mead, Asbjorn Moseidjord, Dennis D. Muraoka, and Philip E. Sorensen A Substantial Work Herman Van der Wee, Prosperity and Upheaval: The World Economy 1945-1980. Development: Red, Blue, or Green? Herb Addo, et al. eds., Development as Social Transformation: Reflections on the Global Problematique. The European Experience Graham Hall, ed., European Industrial Policy. Urban Homesteading David P. Varady, Neighborhood Upgrading Assessment and Future Directions Martin Fransman, Technology and Economic Development. Technology, Economics, Energy Norman K. Whittlesey, ed., Energy and Water Management in Western Irrigated Agriculture. Israeli Enigma S.N. Eisenstadt, The Transformation of Israeli Society: An Essay in Interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00464.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    State and Local Government Finances: Was There a Structural Break in the Reagan Years? (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Reagan administration's “New Federalism” and tax reform proposals were expected to have chilling effects on growth of state and local government revenues and expenditures. This paper examines the hypothesis that there was a structural break in state and local government fiscal behavior in the 1980s. Although the evidence is far from conclusive, it does suggest some different fiscal patterns in this decade. However, the real structural break appears to have occurred in the late 1970s and these trends have continued during the Reagan years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00481.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Industrial Development Groups, Organizational Resources, and the Prospects for Effecting Growth in Local Economies (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Using data from a survey of directors of not-for-profit industrial development groups in the United States and from a variety of secondary sources, we test the hypothesis that the presence of an active industrial development group was a significant factor in the economic growth of its service area over the 1977-to-1982 period. The data permit us to control for different levels of organizational resources among growth promotion groups as well as other traditional factors of local economic change in a regression analysis. While growth promotion groups are judged to be effective in terms of the number of jobs that are created or preserved relative to their direct expenditures of resources, neither their presence nor the levels of their organizational resources are significantly related to service area net employment change. The efforts of growth promotion groups are simply overwhelmed in importance by factors such as population size, metropolitan accessibility, location in a growth region, and manufacturing wage rates that characterize the respective service areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00472.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    The Spatial Urban Hierarchy in Turkey: Its Structure and Some of Its Determinants (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper gives a detailed description of the Turkish spatial hierarchy, tests certain aspects of the central place theory, and identifies the principles by which the hierarchy is organized.From the results of a country-wide survey, a seven-level hierarchy is identified. The system does not conform to any of the pure theoretical networks. The number of lower order satellites per center and the sizes and populations of the nested tributary areas vary both vertically and horizontally-that is, both across and within levels in the hierarchy. The spreads around the means of center sizes in each level and the populations and sizes of tributary areas are too great to permit unequivocal statements about typical magnitudes of the variates. The trade areas of centers consist mostly of monopolistic zones of influence showing the effects of a centralized administrative system especially at the second and third levels of the hierarchy.Regression analysis reveals that different factors operate at different levels and with varying intensities in ordering the structure of the system with no one factor being predominant. Income per capita, the density of the road network, the nature of the terrain, the degree of spatial mobility, the structure of economic activity in rural areas, and the distribution of labor force by type of activity emerge as ordering the frequency of centers and the sizes of their nested tributary areas. The regression analysis also reveals that the hypothesized positive relationship between center size and complementary area population, although holding at the second and third order levels, breaks down at the first order, suggesting that first order centers are quasi-central places, with primary activities as the dominant mode of their economies. These centers appear to serve themselves principally, and only secondarily their hinterlands. Possibly this results from a lack of connectivity with the settlements in their tributary areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00475.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Real Wages and Unemployment in Local Labor Markets: Pennsylvania MSAs, 1975-86 (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper specifies an unemployment rate model with relatively long lags on the manufacturing real wage and the level of real GNP as the independent variables. Estimates of the model for 12 MSAs in Pennsylvania over the period from 1975:2 to 1986:4 generally indicate a fairly strong positive unemployment response to lagged real wages. This is consistent with theoretical models of the labor market that hypothesize strong real wage effects during periods of aggregate supply shocks. The unique characteristics of the time period under study and the disaggregation to local labor markets might account for the fact that, in contrast to many previous empirical studies, we are able to uncover evidence of a positive real wage-unemployment relationship in U.S. time series data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00474.x
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  • 15
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    Impacts of Air Pollution Control Strategies in Kentucky (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impacts of air pollution control strategies for one state, Kentucky, on its own economy. Effects of the Clean Air Act are estimated, but the emphasis is on scenarios for compliance with pending acid rain legislation. The most restrictive scenario involves a 478,000 ton per year reduction in SO2. Based on elasticity and engineering estimates, we project shifts from high-sulfur Western Kentucky coal to low-sulfur Eastern Kentucky coal, higher electric utility rates and manufacturing costs, and lower manufacturing employment. Impacts are always less than 6 percent of 1985 levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00468.x
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  • 16
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    Migration Regions and Population Redistribution (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Cross and net migration flows among the states for 1975-80 were used to define migration regions, or groups of states with similar patterns of net interchange. This typology may be characterized as a transition from a northeastern “core” which lost to all other regions to a northwestern “periphery” which gained from all other regions. Florida and California were found to have an important role in redistributing population. The typology was also valid for all age groups and across racial and ethnic categories. The typology remained meaningful when the 1975-80 data were compared to 1965-70 and 1980-85 data, despite great volatility in net migration and significant change in the placement of many states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00461.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Urban Water Demand Estimates Under Increasing Block Rates (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A residential water demand equation is estimated using the only data set on water consumption that contains time series (monthly) observations on individual customers facing an increasing block rate schedule. Because the price of water both determines, and is determined by, usage, ordinary least squares estimation will yield biased estimates. Thus, two-stage least squares and instrumental variables techniques are used. The estimated coefficients on lawn size, weather, house size, and income have the expected signs and are statistically significant. However, there is not any significant response to changes in water price, perhaps due to the relatively low cost of water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00458.x
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  • 18
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    Regional Population Growth Rate Differences: Note (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This note investigates regional population growth in the U.S. for 1959-84, taking into account four city sizes and three time periods. It is found that the growth is largest in city size (0.5 - 1.0) million and (1.0 - 2.0) million. Over time, the growth is largest in the less urbanized regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00463.x
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  • 19
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    Advantages of Place as Perceived by Sunbelt Promoters (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: A questionnaire was sent to 104 Chamber of Commerce executives in states and cities in the South and Southwest to evaluate the factors they perceive to be important in recruiting business and industrial migrants from the North. Eighty-one respondents rated 33 locational factors on a scale of 1 to 5. Results show variation in the perceived importance of factors between Southeast, South Central, and Southwest states and the Border states. Patterns of perceived competition among cities reveal that Border cities view Southern cities as their most important competitors but Southern cities see their major competitors as other rapidly growing Southern cities. Large cities do not see smaller cities as competitors with the exception of the “high tech” research centers such as Raleigh, NC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00480.x
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  • 20
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    Performance of High-Technology Firms in a Peripheral Resource-Based Economy: Alberta, Canada (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In the 1980s high technology moved into the forefront in regional development throughout North America and Europe as a leading strategy. The attraction of high technology more recently spilled over into the province of Alberta, a peripheral region in western Canada whose government is seeking to diversify its resource-based economy. This paper focused upon the performance of high technology firms measured by financial growth, R&D activity, employment created, and marketing. Data were drawn from a 100 percent survey of all identifiable high-tech firms which constituted the first academic inquiry into Alberta's high-technology development. Research hypotheses relating gross revenues and net profit to independent firms and subsidiaries, gross revenues to age of firm, and R&D activity to independent firms and subsidiaries were tested.The results indicate that Alberta's high technology sector is composed mainly of small independent firms in the early stages of growth. Widely divergent revenue and profit trends were found among all firms while 41 percent of the respondents received government assistance to fund R&D programs. A young high-technology base is reflected further in the small size of the labor force although three out of four firms created jobs between 1980 and 1984. Marketing was a key area of performance identified by respondent firms as companies attempted to diversify away from local markets. Overall, the systematic policies of support by the Alberta government were found to assist the growth of the high-tech industry. Whether or not this growth will be sufficient to substantially diversify this resource-based economy in a peripheral Canadian region remains to be seen. Further research, particularly in the area of job creation, is necessary to assess the impact of high-technology firms over a longer period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00484.x
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  • 21
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    American Fertility and Industrial Restructuring: A Possible Link (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Despite the fact that economic and demographic factors conventionally are considered to be integrally related, researchers have overlooked recent changes in the structure of the American economy that may have affected fertility in the United States. This article seeks to raise questions and explores the possibility that recent processes of industrial restructuring have created new employment patterns and socioeconomic conditions which have influenced American fertility positively. Specifically, conditions of underemployment and unemployment, generated by the service and manufacturing sectors, may be conducive to increased fertility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00476.x
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  • 22
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    Book Reviews (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Federal, State, Local Federal, State, Local J. Edwin Benton and David R. Morgan, eds Private Business in the Public Sector Calvin A. Kent, Ed., Entrepreneurship and the Privatizing of Government
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00478.x
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  • 23
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    Valuation Analysis of Commercial Real Estate Using the Nearest Neighbors Appraisal Technique (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The Nearest Neighbors Appraisal Technique (NNAT) is pitted against the traditional real estate appraisal process and ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates of value for various types of commercial real estate in Dallas, Texas. Additionally, time is explicitly entered into NNAT. NNAT estimates of value are significantly more accurate than the traditional appraisal process for all types of commercial real estate, it is significantly more accurate than OLS estimates for retail and miscellaneous properties, and it is more accurate, but not significantly so, than OLS estimates for other types of commercial real estate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00466.x
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  • 24
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    An Application of the Stock Adjustment Model in Estimating Employment Multipliers for the South Central Louisiana Petroleum Economy 1964–84 (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The South Central Louisiana Petroleum Economy received an economic rent from its petroleum resources during the energy crisis of the 1970s and early 80s. A differential export-base model incorporating a geometric lag was developed for estimating dynamic employment multipliers. This technique is especially applicable to regional economies in which exports are a major economic factor. Employment multipliers were estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Results from the analysis indicate that agriculture, oil and gas mining, and manufacturing are highly significant employment generators. Both long-run and short-run employment multipliers were derived from the model. It is estimated that a five-dollar change in the real price of crude oil will result in a long-run employment change of 8,027 for the oil and gas mining industry. Based on estimates of the long-run multiplier, this will result in a total employment change of 28,014 for this economy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00477.x
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    Dynamic Shift-Share Analysis (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Most applications of shift-share analysis to regional employment change have used a study period of several years and have examined conditions only at the beginning and end years. This comparative static approach does not take into account the continuous changes in both industrial mix and size of total employment of the region over the study period. Calculating the national growth effect, the industrial mix effect, and the competitive effect on an annual basis and then summing the results over the study period provides a more accurate allocation of job changes among the three shift-share effects. This approach, which we term dynamic shift-share analysis, also allows unusual years and years of economic transition to he identified. We illustrate the use of dynamic shift-share by presenting results of an analysis of New England employment growth from 1939 to 1984, using U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data. The use of the dynamic form of shift-share is important when the study period is characterized by either large changes in regional industrial mix or major differences between regional and national growth rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00465.x
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    Labor Environment and the Location of Electrical Machinery Employment in the US. South (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study focuses on the location of electrical machinery manufacturing in South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama (with special attention given to the first three states), and the degree to which this industry is associated with labor environments attractive to firms in the late stage of the product cycle. Labor-environment variables were selected from published sources and then collapsed into principal components. County-level component scores were then correlated with selected electrical machinery employment variables. The analysis suggests that, with the possible exception of electronic components manufacturing, there has been no widespread locational response by electrical machinery manufacturing in these states to labor environments attractive to firms in the late stage of the product cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1988.tb00469.x
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    The Decentralization of High-Technology Manufacturing to Nonmetropolitan Areas (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 19 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Historically, employment in high-technology manufacturing industries has been concentrated in metropolitan areas. The product life cycle theory of industrial location suggests, however, that employment in this sector will decentralize as these industries mature and production processes are standardized. This study utilized shift-share analysis and Enhanced County Business Pattern data to determine the extent to which a metropolitan-to-nonmetroplitan employment shift occurred from 1975 to 1982. Employment shifts for nonmetropolitan counties of different sizes, adjacency status, and cenus regions were estimated. Also, the specific high-technology manufacturers (four-digit SIC) participating in the decentralization process were identified. The findings of this study indicate that nonmetropolitan employment in the high-tech sector increased by more than 13,000 as a result of decentralization. Small- and medium-sized nonmetropolitan counties and nonmetropolitan areas in New England, the South, and the West experienced the greatest gains in high-technology employment. Urban-to-rural employment shifts in innovative high-technology industries was restricted to primarily counties adjacent to metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan counties in the New England and Pacific regions.
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    A SPATIAL COMPETITION APPROACH TO CENTRAL PLACE THEORY: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper investigates the potential offered by the model of spatial competition for the study of central place theory. We consider n firms selling m substitutable or complementary goods to a continuum of consumers evenly distributed along a linear segment. Consumers have the same income and the same utility function which is quadratic in the goods supplied by the firms and linear in the numeraire. The main results are as follows. (1) In any location equilibrium in which all goods are consumed everywhere, each good supplied by a single firm is sold at the market center. In Christaller's terminology, this means that when the exhaustive principle holds in equilibrium, highest-order goods are made available at the center. (2) When all goods (excluding the numéraire) are complements to each other and each good is sold by a single firm, there always exists an equilibrium in which all the firms locate coincidentally. (3) If the stores selling a given good are under the control of a single owner then, in any equilibrium for which the exhaustive principle holds, the stores are located in a way such that the total transport cost (borne by consumers) is minimized.
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    SPATIAL ENTRY DETERRENCE UNDER OLIGOPOLY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper examines colluding, oligopolistic firms in a linear market. By assuming that rivals do not compete for consumers at their market boundaries, it is shown that an equilibrium exists without adopting a convex transportation cost function. Two price profiles are derived. The first describes firm prices in the absence of threatened entry. The second details profit-maximizing prices which forestall entrants. Given infinite relocation costs, threatened entry leads to price adjustments by the incumbent firms.
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    THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL TAXES AND PUBLIC SERVICES ON RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper incorporates an exogenous taxing and service-providing public sector into a dynamic residential land-use model in order to examine how local-government fiscal policies alter the pace and pattern of residential development. The model is used to derive the comparative-dynamic responses to variations in the income, sales, and property taxes and public-service time paths. The results show how tax and expenditure effects systematically depend upon the anticipated relative growth rates in rents to alternative uses and vary across locations within a given urban area as well as across urban areas themselves.
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    SERVICE EXPORTS AND REGIONAL GROWTH IN THE POSTINDUSTRIAL ERA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The role of service industries in the regional growth process has been debated for decades. Although the importance of services in providing an essential framework for the development of exports has long been acknowledged, their ability to initiate growth has never been generally accepted. In this paper the change in composition of exports from Canada's four western provinces between 1974 and 1979 is analyzed. It was observed that service exports increased more rapidly than exports of goods on both a direct and a direct-plus-indirect basis in 88 percent of comparisons. In absolute terms, the gain in service exports was equal to 89 percent of that for goods exports.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1988.tb01084.x
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    MONOPSONY AND PLANT LOCATION IN A THÜNEN LAND USE MODEL (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . Previous work has developed a method for studying noninfinitesimal operational units, called “plantations,” with the Thüen model. In that model, increasing returns to scale generate large operational units, but the potential market power conferred by the scale economies is sidestepped as an issue. The present work introduces finite supply elasticities and examines their locational impacts. The profit-maximizing monopsonistic plantation is smaller, and the shipment distance for its processed output is shorter, than for a comparable competitive plantation. The present approach does not involve spatial competition strategies.
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    BOOK NOTES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1988.tb01095.x
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Analytical Behavioural Geography by Reginald G. Golledge and Robert J. Stimson.Managing Land-Use Conflicts: Case Studies in Special Area Management Planning, by David J. Brower and Daniel s. Carol (eds.).Filling Up America: An Economic-Demographic Model of Population Growth and Distribution in the Nineteenth-Century United States, by Morton Owen Schapiro.Economic-Ecological Modeling, by L. C. Braat and W. F. J. van Lierop (eds.).Invisible Factors in Local Economic Development, by Peter B. Doeringer, David G. Terkla, and Gregory C. Topakian.
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  • 35
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    NETWORK EQUILIBRIUM MODELS OF URBAN LOCATION AND TRAVEL CHOICES: A RETROSPECTIVE SURVEY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The origins and development of the network equilibrium problem are traced and interrelated. Two principal formulations are considered the network equilibrium problem with variable travel demand, and the combined model of trip distribution and traffic assignment. The relation of these models to subsequent developments concerning mode choice, residential location, estimation of origin-destination tables from link flows and stochastic route choice are then reviewed.
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    URBAN PRODUCTIVITY: CITY SIZE OR INDUSTRY SIZE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes the effect of city size and industry size on urban productivity in the food processing industry. Some formulations suggest productivity is associated with industry size rather than city size. However, when allowance is made for the tendency of food processing to locate near relevant raw materials and for regional dummies, there is no support for industry scale economies. Agglomeration effects, associated with city size, do exist. The central estimates are based on the Chan-Mountain version of the translog production function. The results provide information on some facets of the appropriate balance between industrial and agricultural production.
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    TRANSPORTATION RATES AND LOCATION OF THE FIRM: A COMPARATIVE STATIC ANALYSIS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the role of the structure of transportation rates in the Weber-Moses triangle model. It shows that, in Zeigler's analysis, the appearance of the price elasticities of demand for inputs actually vanish by a simple application of the envelope theorem. Applying comparative statics analysis, we show when transportation rates are a function of quantity and distance, the assumptions that the production function is homogeneous of degree one and the transportation rates elasticities with respect to quantity and distance are constant are not sufficient to insure that the optimum location is independent of the level of output. This result is significantly different from that obtained by either Miller and Jensen or Zeigler.
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    BOOK NOTES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1988.tb01215.x
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    INCOMES, TRADE, AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS WITHIN AN URBAN SYSTEM (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Attention is initially focused on the principal characteristics of a hierarchical urban system. The structure of trade flows among the various levels of the hierarchy is outlined, and consideration is then given to nontrade flows, these comprising government transfers and capital movements, as well as the associated property-payment flows. An equilibrium model is presented which is concerned with income at each level of the hierarchy. The balance-of-payments implications of the model are explored, and there is a discussion of the manner in which a trade imbalance at a particular level can be sustained in equilibrium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1988.tb01191.x
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    SUPPLY-SIDE MULTIREGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper introduces a new class of supply-side multiregional input-output (MRIO) models and provides the necessary and sufficient conditions on the regional trade matrices that ensure that a generalized supply-side model will be convergent. The paper also introduces a new version of the row coefficient model, conceived as the “mirror image” of the Chenery-Moses demand-side column coefficient MRIO model. Given that the conventional supply-side input-output model has been shown to perform equally as well as the demand side model in forecasting exercises, the supply-side MRIO model is expected to be of value for policy and planning purposes. Moreover, this model is of potential theoretical value for a broad synthesis of demand-side and supply-side MRIO models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1988.tb01194.x
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    POPULATION DENSITY FUNCTIONS: A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION APPROACH (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper introduces a new mathematical technique to describe population density functions. Two length scales, which characterize the variation of these density functions within a region, are identified. A differential equation is derived and asymptotic solutions obtained. Two specific techniques, the method of matched asymptotic expansions and the method of multiple scales, are introduced and illustrated by application to population densities at both the metropolitan and regional levels.
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    POPULATION GROWTH AMONG U.S. REGIONS AND METROPOLITAN AREAS: A TEST FOR CAUSALITY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores theories of population growth, and implied economic growth, among the major U.S. metro areas and regions. One set of theoretical arguments favor the growth of large cities, while an alternative set of arguments favor the growth of the smaller urban areas. Still another set of arguments combine economic space and urban size in the concept of regional growth centers as the engines of regional growth. Granger causality tests are applied to determine the role of urban size or growth centres as engines of regional growth. The test results indicate no causal relationship exists.
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    THE MOSES-PREDOHL PULL AND THE LOCATION DECISION OF THE FIRM (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper exploits the two-stage approach and the envelope theorem to examine the role of the Moses-Predhol pull in the cost-minimizing location theory of the firm. It shows that the two-stage approach introduces the Moses-Predohl pull into the first-order conditions. The Moses-Predohl pull is shown to be equal to zero through the envelope theorem. These results show why the assertions of Bossert and Buhl (1986) concerning Kusumoto (1984,1985) are incorrect.
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    BOOKS RECEIVED (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of regional science 28 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    K-Ar ages of Basaltic rocks collected during a traverse of the Frans Josef Land Archipelago (1895-1896) (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Age determinations for rock samples collected by Fridtjof Nansen during his trans-Arctic expedition from 1893-1896 have yielded additional information on the tectonic chronology of the Arctic Basin. The data suggest pulses of volcanic activity in the Frans Josef Land Archipelago with approximate averages of 120 ma and 135 ma. These ages are consistent with postulated opening dates for the western Arctic and thus suggest that initial volcanism affected the entire Arctic margin.
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    Seasonality in an Arctic fjord ecosystem: Hornsund, Spitsbergen (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Based on two complete years of marine ecological surveys (1981-82 and 1984-85) carried out in the Hornsund fjord on southern Spitsbergen (77N), the seasonal variation of physical and biological processes is presented. Physical parameters reflect the strong seasonality of sun radiation, while water salinity and temperature fluctuate within a narrow range. Concentrations of nutrients and suspended matter depend on meltwater discharge from glaciers and snow cover thickness. The breeding period of most marine invertebrate species is strongly related to the phytoplankton bloom which peaks in May. Ringed seal and polar bear occurrences are directly related to sea ice conditions. Both species are most numerous in Hornsund during March-April. Sea birds which nest in huge colonies along the Hornsund coasts arrive in April-May and leave by August-September except for Fulmars and Brünnich's Guillemots which were observed year-round.
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    Glacier mass balance investigations in the balance year 1986-87 (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Storbreen in southern Norway has been measured continuously since 1949. The mean specific net balance -0.29 m water equivalents. In 1987, however, the net balance was 0.32 m, which is the highest surplus in twenty years. The results of the whole period are given in Table 1In Svalbard the summer of 1987 was unusually cold, which resulted in the first year with positive net balance on Brøggerbreen and Lovénbreen since the measurements started in 1968, The net balance was 0.22 m and 0.24 m, respectively, while the average is -0.43 m and -0.34 m.Measurements at Kongsvegen in the inner part of Kongsfjorden started in 1987. The work was concentrated along the central flow line. The result was a positive net balance of 0.50 m.
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    Airborne pollen and spore registrations at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, summer 1986 (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Sampling of airborne pollen and spores at Ny-Alesund on Spitsbergen in the summer of 1986, by means of a Burkard pollen and spore trap, revealed only very low concentrations of air spora: a cumulative diurnal mean for the whole season of less than 200 pollen grains and just in excess of 9,000 moss and fungal spores. The most frequent pollen types recorded were those of the local taxa: Saxifraga, Salix and Oxyria digyna, whereas the share of pollen of exotic taxa, Betula, Pinus, Juniperus and Alnus, contributed only 9% of the total pollen sum. Back trajectories and pollen registrations at various aerobiological stations in Scandinavia designate central Finland as a possible source area both for the Betula and Pinus pollen. The maximum diurnal mean concentration of Cladosporium was merely 40 spores per m3 air. One may assert that the air at Ny-Alesund is almost free from allergenic pollen and spore types.
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    Palynology of two 4500 year old skua-mounds of the Arctic Skua (Stercorarius parasiticus (L.)) in Svalbard (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Skuamounds are peaty hillocks up to 70 cm high used by Arctic Skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus (L.)) for surveying their breeding territory. Well-developed skua-mounds in Svalbard can be considered as small guanogenic bogs', because the peat formation depends on manuring by birds and the water-table in the mound is higher than the surrounding tundra. Peat sections measuring 34 cm and 40 cm from two skuamounds from Edgeøya and Spitsbergen were radiocarbon dated and studied for pollen and spores. Peat formation on the two skua-mounds started c. 4500 calendar years ago. Concentration values of longdistance transported pollen were used to detect time gaps in the records. The time gap in the skua-mound from Spitsbergen was found to be considerably greater than in the skuamound from Edgeøya. Erosion has progressed considerably further on the Edgeøya skua-mound than on the skua-mound from Spitsbergen due to differences in hydrology: the peat of the former mound is dry and unfrozen in summer, whereas in the latter mound it is wet and frozen. Time gaps and erosion are probably associated with phases of decreased manuring by birds. At two levels in the Edgeøya skua-mound there is evidence of a climatic change towards cooler conditions, one being an early major climatic shift and the other a later minor climatic shift. A similar major climatic shift is associated with one level in the skuamound from Spitsbergen.
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    Expanding spread profile at the northern Jan Mayen Ridge (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: An expanding spread seismic profile at the central northern Jan Mayen Ridge, ESP-5, has yielded a crustal seismic velocity distribution which is similar to observations from the thinned continental crust at the Norwegian continental margin. The profile reveals a post-early Eocene sedimentary sequence, about 1. 5 km thick, overlying 1 km of volcanic extrusives and interbedded sediments. Below, there are about 3 km of pre-opening sediments above the seismic basement. The results indicate that the main ridge block is underlain by a thinned crust, possibly only 13.5 km thick. The results are compatible with a continental nature for the main ridge complex.
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    Aeromagnetic reconnaissance over the Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, east Antarctica (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: A single 160 km long aeromagnetic profile across the Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf from the coast to Vestfjella, indicates shallowing of the depth to the magnetic source from about 2 km below the sea floor at the ice front to a depth equivalent to ice thickness at the position of the grounding line about 80 km farther south. Adjoining marine multichannel seismic data and sonobuoy measurements suggest that the material below the ice shelf may be a prograding wedge of sediments of seismic velocity less than 3.5km/s. Parallel northeast trending magnetic anomalies between the Plogen and Dagvola nunataks in Vestfjella can best be modelled as three large dyke swarms at depth.
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    Decoupling as an alternate model for transpression during the initial opening of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Transpressive plate motions during the opening of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea were in some manner responsible for the development of Spitsbergen's Tertiary fold-and-thrust belt. A flower model has been proposed for the large-scale structural architecture of Tertiary deformation (Lowell 1972). An alternate model of decoupling, where convergent and transcurrent motions were accommodated in totally or partially separated, subparallel belts is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.1988.tb00590.x
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    Census of breeding Antarctic Petrels Thalassoica antarctica and physical features of the breeding colony at Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, with notes on breeding Snow Petrels Pagodroma nivea and South Polar Skuas Catharacta maccormicki (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Only about a dozen breeding colonies of the Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica are known, all confined to the Antarctic continent. In 1985 one of the largest colonies, situated in Muhlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, c. 200 km from the open sea and at an elevation of 1600 m a.s.l. was censused around the time of hatching. The colony size was estimated at about 207,000 breeding pairs. Three minor colonies were discovered at Jutulsessen, Gjelsvikfjella.Microclimatic measurements were made to evaluate the physical environment experienced by the breeding petrels and their chicks in the hostile Antarctic climate. The temperatures measured and energy budget made for the hillside, where the colony was located, showed that the nests of the Antarctic Petrel are placed at relatively favourable places. The northeast facing slope with the Antarctic Petrel colony absorbed large quantities of shortwave radiation during the birds’breeding season and provided suitable microclimatic conditions for breeding.
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    Did major fractures in continental crust control orientation of the Knipovich Ridge-Lena Trough segment of the plate margin? (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Orientation of the complex Knipovich-Lena spreading/transform system closely follows the secondary shear and extensional orientations that existed within adjacent continental crust prior to rifting. Major dextral faults and shear zones within continental crust appear to have affected both the lower crust and upper mantle during extension and to have caused the localization of the early transform rift system.
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    Muscicolous Lepraria species and other leprarioid lichens in the Antarctic (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 6 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Antarctic muscicolous leprarioid lichens are examined chemically and morphologically. The species belong to Lepraria, Lecidella and Lecanora. Crocynia nivea Hue, C. candidadissima Hue and Lepraria angardianaøvstedal are placed in synonymy with Lepraria caerulescens (Hue) Botnen &øvstedal comb. nov. (syn. Crocynia caerulescens Hue), and the species is lectotypifled. Lepraria arctica (Lynge) Wetmore is reported for the first time from the Antarctic and the southern hemisphere. Some non-leprose taxa are also discussed.
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    CASA DEL AGUA: A RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT IN TUCSON, ARIZONA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A typical single family residence in Tucson, Arizona, was retrofitted to incorporate low-water-use fixtures and water reuse systems. The use of municipal water was reduced by 53 percent to 53 gallons per capita per day (gpcd) and total water use at the home was reduced by 33 percent to 74 gpcd.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03039.x
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    RESISTANCE TO FLOW OVER RIPRAP IN STEEP CHANNELS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A series of flume tests were conducted to determine the flow resistance of angular shaped riprap in steep channels. Flow resistance was expressed in terms of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and the Manning's roughness coefficient. Prototype channels of 4 ft. (1.2 m) and 12 ft. (3.7 m) in width were constructed at slopes ranging from 0.01 to 0.20. The channel beds were comprised of angular riprap of median diameters of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 inches (2.59, 5.59, 10.41, 12.95, and 15.75 cms). The Darcy-Weisbach and Manning's coefficients were determined for each test condition prior to bed failure.The resulting Darcy-Weisbach coefficients were related to the channel energy gradient and the bed relative submergence for highly turbulent flow. Also, Manning's roughness coefficients were related to the product of the median stone diameter and energy gradient. Because of the angular shape of the riprap and the wedging and/or packing of the bed materials, the resistance to flow was found to exceed the flow resistance values predicted by previous studies. Expressions were presented for estimating the resistance to flow for angular riprap in steep channels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03038.x
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    DETERMINATION OF UNGAGED TRIBUTARY FLOWS AND INTERSEGMENTAL RESERVOIR FLOWS USING SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Spreadsheet software was utilized on two related large scale trial and error problems. Gaged streamflow data and known reservoir volumes were used to construct a daily continuity balance in order to estimate the daily mean flows from ungaged portions of a study watershed over one year. Watershed yield coefficients were determined for two diverse types of watersheds with and without significant ground water contribution. Subsequently, a spreadsheet template was devised to ensure than an EPA supported water quality model, WASP, would successfully model the actual segmental volumes of a flood control reservoir. Inlet, outlet, and intersegmental advective flows were determined on a two week average basis using a continuity balance, segmental routing, and known segmental volumes. The protocols described relate the use of microcomputers to the resolution of hydraulic and hydrologic problems requiring iterative solutions.
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    MODELING INSTREAM RECREATIONAL BENEFITS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A basic problem in the management of rivers has been how to balance the tradeoffs between instream and out-of-stream uses. Traditionally, the problem has been addressed by optimizing the economic benefits of flow diversions and regulated releases with instream uses as a flow constraint. An alternative method is to model the effect different river flows have on various recreational uses (e.g., boating, fishing) and then use the results as an additional function or piece of information to determine river project operations and benefits. A methodology that is based on multiobjective decision theory and that relates instream recreational preferences to river flow is proposed. The methodology consists of determining, standardizing, and combining recreational benefit functions, and incorporating potential sources of uncertainty into an estimate of total instream benefits. Thus different types of flow patterns, resulting from reservoir regulation (out-of-stream water uses), can be analyzed to determine their potential instream impact. The methodology is applied to the New River Gorge, West Virginia, which has been designated as a National River.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03024.x
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    FORECAST UNCERTAINTY IN WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIR OPERATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This research investigates the benefits of forecasting in water supply systems. Questions relating operational losses to forecast period and accuracy are addressed. Some simple available forecasting techniques are assessed for their accuracy and applicability. These issues are addressed through the use of a simulation model of the Cedar and South Fork Tolt Rivers, where the system is modeled as a single purpose reservoir supplying municipal and industrial water to the Seattle metropolitan area. The following conclusions were made for this system: (1) reservoir operation deteriorates markedly with the loss of forecast accuracy; (2) the optimal length of forecasting period is five months; (3) reservoir operation may be improved by as much as 88 percent if perfect predictive abilities are available; (4) the mean of the historic data is not recommended to predict future flows because Markov methods are always superior; and (5) lag-one autoregressive Markov schemes exhibit about a 9 percent improvement in operation over no forecasting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03043.x
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    WATER POLICIES FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: ABSTRACF: Examination of a series of studies of the economically efficient water allocations in the Upper Colorado River, Yellowstone River, and Great Basins indicate that water is not a serious general physical constraint on the development of energy resources, so long as public institutions do not hinder the exchange of water rights in markets. Energy development will cause limited impacts on other water-using sectors, principally agriculture. There appears to be little reason to develop large-scale water storage facilities, even during periods of reduced water production. Water storage developments appear to be necessary only when institutional constraints severely restrict water rights markets and transfers.
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    “Relationship Between Annual Runoff and Watershed Area for the Eastern United States” (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03029.x
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    “Relationship Between Annual Runoff and Watershed Area for the Eastern United States,” by Barry P. Rochelle, M. Robbins Church, Warren A. Gebert, David J. Graczyk, and William R. Krug (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03028.x
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    “Privatizing the Ground Water Resource: Individual Use a Alternative Specifications,” by David T. Fractor (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    “Privatizing the Ground Water Resource: Individual Use and Alternative Specifications” (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03031.x
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    EMPIRICAL MODELS FOR TROPHIC STATE IN SOUTHEASTERN U.S. LAKES AND RESERVOIRS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A cross-sectional data set of 80 lakes and reservoirs in nine southeastern states was examined to specify and parameterize trophic state relationships. The relationships fitted are based on measurements of several limnological variables taken over the course of a growing season or year in each of the lakes. The trophic state models relate phosphorus and nitrogen loading to inlake phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, which in turn are related to maximum chlorophyll level, Secchi disk depth, dominant algal species, and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen status. Due to the empirical nature of the study, causal conclusions are limited; rather, the models are most useful for prediction of average growing season conditions related to trophic state.
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    ASSESSING THE THREAT TO LIFE FROM DAM FAILURE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To facilitate decisions regarding the need for modification of potentially unsafe dams, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation developed procedures for assessing the threat to human lives posed by the failure of individual dams. The procedures provide a conceptual model of the variables influencing the loss of life from dam failure and a method for predicting loss of life based on the size of the population at risk from failure and the amount of warning time available for that population. The prediction equations are based on an analysis of 24 dam failures and major flash floods occurring since 1950. Adjustments to the predictions to reflect special local conditions are also discussed.
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    THE W-INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An index of residential water efficiency - a “W-Index” - can serve as a measure of effectiveness of water conservation features in the home. The index provides a calculated numerical value for each dwelling unit, derived from the number and kind of water-saving features present, including indoor and outdoor water savers and water harvesting or recycling systems.A W-Index worksheet, devised for on-site evaluation of single-family residences in the Tucson, Arizona, region shows that a nonconserving residence with all the water-using features would use 151,000 gallons per year or 148 gallons per capita per day (gpcpd), while the fully conserving model would use 35,300 gallons per year or 35 gpcpd and with water harvesting and graywater recycling systems would have a maximum W-Index of W-160. A Tucson water conservation demonstration home, Casa del Agua, received a rating of W-139, and field tests of about 30 homes in new Tucson subdivisions show values ranging from W-75 to W-100, indicating the incorporation of some water conservation in current new models.By adjustment of some climatic or water-use parameters, the W-Index format can be applied to various types of dwelling units or to other urban areas. The W-Index can be used by individual homeowners or builders to evaluate water efficiency of residential units, or by water providers or water management agencies as a device for promoting and achieving water conservation goals.
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    USE OF MICROCOMPUTERS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY DATA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Information on raw water quality, treatment process removal efficiency, and distribution system monitoring is essential to the proper management and operation of a water utility system. Microcomputer hardware and software systems using commercially available data base management systems (DBMS) have emerged within the last few years as an effective means of managing, analyzing, and displaying water quality data. Understanding hardware, software, and training requirements is essential to the proper use of these systems. Three types of data base design are common: relational, hierarchical, and network. Only the relational type of data base architecture is widely implemented on microcomputer DBMS. In this paper two examples of the application of DBMS to water utility problems are presented. One example deals with collection and analysis of data concerning the water quality of the Mississippi River. The second example deals with the DBMS as a means of analyzing water quality data in the North Penn Water Authority (NPWA) distribution system.
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    “Aggregate Marginal Returns from Western Irrigated Agriculture,” by Roger B. Long (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03055.x
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    THE STRUCTURE AND ROLE OF RIVER AUTHORITIES IN TEXAS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Texas river authorities are a type of large, regional water district that must be financially self-sufficient. An institutional and historical study of Texas river authorities reveals the broad power of these organizations and their influence in water management. River authorities now control 25 percent of surface water deliveries in Texas. Over two-thirds of authority water was developed by river authorities; nearly one-third was purchased from private or public ventures. While river authority activities have been effective where these services are marketable, the provision of public good services is limited. Increased visibility of these organizations is paralleled by challenges to their traditional autonomy.
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    EFFECTS OF SPATIAL ORIENTATION OF MULTIPLE PLATE ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES ON INVERTEBRATE COLONIZATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Jumbo multiple plate samplers were suspended in a river at 0.3 and 1 m depth in one of three orientations: interplate spaces closed to downwelling light and open to flow, open to light and flow, or open to light and closed to flow. Mean numbers of colonizing taxa and individuals were not significantly different among orientations after eight weeks of submergence. All variables tested decreased significantly with depth. Mean number of taxa, number of individuals (1 m only), and insect diversity decreased between samplings at four and eight weeks for samplers that were closed to light and open to flow. All orientations, depths, and durations had one-half to two-thirds of the total taxa. Colonization was affected by location in the river and position on sampler suspension equipment. The results indicate lack of orientation effects on colonization or high variability that obscured such effects. The sampler suspension equipment possibly increased among-sampler variability by forming artificial snag habitats, and interplate light and flow conditions at different orientations may not have been sufficiently distinct to elicit different biological responses. Individual samplers provided diverse microhabitats regardless of orientation, but it would be prudent to include orientation among the variables considered in use of multiple plate samplers.
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    Reply to DISCUSSION by Robert A. Young, Joel R. Hamilton, Norman K. Whittlesey, Richard L. Gardner, and William E. Martin“Aggregate Marginal Returns from Western Irrigated Agriculture” (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03056.x
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    CONSUMPTIVE USE OF STREAMFLOW INCREASES IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This study examined the disposition of streamflow increases that could be created by vegetation management on forest land along the upper reaches of the Colorado River. A network optimization model was used to simulate water flow, storage, consumptive use, and loss within the entire Colorado River Basin with and without the flow increases, according to various scenarios incorporating both current and future consumptive use levels as well as existing and potential institutional constraints. Results indicate that very little of the flow increases would be consumptively used at current use levels, or even at future use levels, if water allocation institutions remain unchanged. Given future use levels and economically based water allocation institutions, up to one-half of the flow increases could be consumptively used. The timing of streamflow increases, and the institutional constraints on water allocation, often limit the potential for consumptive use of flow increases.
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    STREAM CHEMISTRY IN THE SOUTHERN BLUE RIDGE: FEASIBILITY OF A REGIONAL SYNOPTIC SAMPLING APPROACH (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A pilot study, which was conducted in the Southern Blue Ridge geographical province of the Southeastern U.S., demonstrated the feasibility of a probability-based regional synoptic design for the National Stream Survey, which is a project aimed at estimating the number and percentage of streams in various regions of the U.S. that are acidic or at risk from acid deposition. Estimated population distributions for key chemical variables were not appreciably affected by week-to-week variability in stream chemistry during the spring index period chosen for the study. Differences were observed in estimated acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), nitrate, and pH frequency distributions between spring and summer. Observations made at the downstream node did not represent the chemistry of the entire reach for some variables (ANC and nitrate) as indicated by differences in chemical concentrations between upstream and downstream sampling locations. Coefficients of variation in chemical species were low enough to provide a reasonably stable classification of streams based on ANC. Although median ANC, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations were quite low in the region, the probability of finding streams with ph 〈 6.3 is less than 1.3 percent at the α= 0.05 confidence level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00933.x
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    LOCAL SCOUR AROUND CYLINDRICAL OBJECTS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Several predictors for the maximum local scour around cylindrical objects are compared to available experimental data. The range of flow parameters for which these formulas are valid are presented. The best predictors among those compared in this study were identified. Based on the available data a formula for estimating local scour around cylindrical objects is also given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00935.x
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  • 77
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    MUNICIPAL RESPONSES TO VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WISCONSIN GROUND WATER (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Contamination of ground water supplies with volatile organic compounds is a new and significant problem. Municipalities and their community water systems are often the first to discover ground water contamination because of the monitoring programs they are required to carry out. When contamination exceeds standards, some action is required.The responses of Wisconsin municipalities to volatile organic compounds that exceed standards in their ground water sources is described. Actions to protect human health are prompt, but the survey results indicate plumes of contaminated ground water are usually not treated. They may continue to migrate and contaminate other private and public wells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00936.x
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    AN INDEX FOR MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH AN APPLICATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper presents a statistically valid index for measuring the performance of irrigation systems. The index is applied to a sample of 39 farms on a watercourse under the warabandi system of irrigation management in India. It is found that while the farmers in fact irrigated almost exactly the total amount of irrigated area as designed, inter-farm variations were considerable. The index shows that the degree of error of managerial effectiveness of irrigation on this watercourse is 20 percent. Therefore it is concluded that the system is performing at 80 percent effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00937.x
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    CAGED FISH AS MONITORS OF POLLUTION: EFFECTS OF CHLORINATED EFFLUENT FROM A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Fish confined to cages were used to determine the effects of effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Control fish were kept in cages in an aquaculture pond. Acute effects of the effluent entering the final oxidation pond of the WWTP were determined by confining channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at the pond inlet; the mean total residual chlorine (TRC) concentration was 0.9 mg/l during this exposure. After 8 h, 42 percent of the fish had died and survivors had severe lesions of the skin and gills. During the first two weeks of exposure, channel catfish at the outlet of the final oxidation pond (mean TRC=0.1 mg/l) were predisposed to bacterial infection but lost the parasitic trematodes that were on the gills when the fish were placed in cages. After several weeks, exposed fish had histologic lesions, enlarged livers, and reduced growth. The presence of unidentified carcinogen(s) in the effluent of this WWTP was indicated by papillomas developing on caged black bullheads (Ictalurus melas) and hepatic-enzyme induction in channel catfish. In situ exposure of caged fish was advantageous because storage and pretreatment of water samples were not required, and exposure levels corresponded to those present in the environment. The use of cages for containment of fish during field exposure allowed confinement to the location of interest and convenient sampling of the fish. Unlike wild fish, the caged fish could be compared to control fish with the same pre-exposure history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03009.x
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    DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN FISHERY POPULATIONS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Diseases in wild fish populations may have multiple economic and social impacts. Epidemics of infectious diseases, which are associated with the presence of some microbe or parasite, have recently been observed in several major estuarine systems in the eastern United States. The most prevalent of these problems is ulcerative mycosis (UM), a fungal infection. The agents responsible for UM and many of these other diseases are opportunistic pathogens that are not believed to infect normal, immunocompetent individuals. While inroads have been made into determining the infectious agents associated with these diseases, we know very little of how pollution may influence their prevalence. Understanding the importance of pollution requires an awareness of all the environmental conditions that can affect the health of wild populations. In this paper, a multistep examination of the interactions between the host, pathogen(s), and environment is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    FISH TUMORS AND ECOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE: A CAUTIONARY EXAMPLE FROM PORT PHILLIP BAY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Interest in the development of strategies using faunal populations for monitoring chemical contamination of the environment was promoted, in part, by earlier investigations of skin lesions that were mistakenly diagnosed as epidermal papillomas in flatfish from Pacific coastal waters of the northern hemisphere. A survey aimed at exploring chemical pollution effects was also undertaken in the southern hemisphere in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, where over 15,000 fish, involving ten mainly bottom-feeding species, were sampled. Only two cases of true neoplasia (both in the sand flathead) were found, but there was a high prevalence of cancer-like growths in certain species of leatherjacket and a low prevalence in spiky globe fish. Morphological analysis proved these to be subacute inflammatory or chronic granulomatous reactions possibly due to parasitic infestation. These findings were discussed in relation to recent work that shows the epidermal papilloma to be a pseudotumor, and the propensity for fish to develop exuberant inflammatory responses to exogenous stimuli which mimic neoplasia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03012.x
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    THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY ON MONITORING STRATEGIES: METALLOTHIONEINS AS AN EXAMPLE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An increasing need exists to determine the relative health of estuarine and coastal systems with respect to their ability to support populations of fishery organisms. Many monitoring programs developed for this purpose utilize physiological and biochemical techniques to determine if marine organisms axe stressed by contaminant exposure. The use of the low molecular weight, metal-binding protein, metailothionein, is used as a model technique to detect non-lethal stress in aquatic organisms. Test organisms were the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus. The data presented illustrates how natural environmental and physiological factors can affect the mobilization and partitioning of metals by organisms and contribute to observed variability in data sets. The processes that affected trace metal partitioning and accumulation were: in oysters, the reproductive cycle/season of the year; in blue arabs, growth and the molt cycle; and in the whale, the type of food and habitat. To effectively monitor populations of fishery organisms, therefore, it is necessary to identify those factors that control survival, growth, and reproduction so that better predictive models can be formulated that will not be confounded by uncontrolled variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03013.x
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    CORRELATION OF COPROSTANOL TO ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS OF THE U.S. (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Results from the National Status and Trends Program, a nationwide effort to evaluate U.S. coastal and estuarine environmental quality, are analyzed to provide information about regional sources of organic contaminants in the benthic environment. Spearman's rank correlation procedure is applied to measurements of coprostanol, a chemical tracer of sewage, and three classes of organic compounds in sediments. The results suggest that discharges from publicly owned treatment works are responsible for concentrations of the organic compounds encountered in the northeastern coastal region, while other sources may predominate in the other regions of the country.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03014.x
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    FISH EMBRYOS: PRACTICAL INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF SIGNWICANCE TO FISHERIES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Cyto-embryological analyses of fish eggs collected in nature can be a more sensitive indicator of environmental pollution than more typical assays conducted on artificially-spawned eggs. This is because uncertainties associated with artificial spawning and rearing are dispensed with, as well as because of the sensitivity of some cellular and subcellular analyses. At the same time, such measures can provide information on interannual differences in egg viability of importance in elucidating great, unexplained variability in fisheries recruitment. Extensive experience with fish embryos from ocean plankton has led to the choice of a particularly useful, practical suite of observations for different developmental stages. This includes measures of embryo mortality, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, abnormal cell differentiation, and development rate. Atlantic mackerel egg mortality has been determined to be greater in the surface waters of the New York Bight apex and along the New Jersey coast than in less polluted portions of the Bight. Chromosome abnormality of mid-stage embryos was also greater in more impacted areas of the same water mass, as well as in the somatic cells of adult mackerel and winter flounder, and in juvenile and adult windowpane flounder caught in more impacted areas. Mortality and abnormality of the mackerel embryos showed statistical associations with toxic hydrocarbons as measured in plankton, and with heavy metals as measured in sea surface waters. The sensitivity, practicality, and relevance of the cytoembryological studies to population dynamics of resource species make this an important means of monitoring environmental quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03015.x
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    USE OF IN SITU MICROCOSMS FOR EVALUATING RESERVOIR WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The use of in situ microcosms for performing reservoir trophic studies and aiding in the design of reservoir restoration programs are discussed. The site of this study was Lahontan Reservoir, Nevada, which has experienced water quality problems associated with monospecific blooms of blue-green algae and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen depletions. In situ microcosms were used to investigate the response of phytoplankton species composition to additions of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and the phosphorus precipitant aluminum sulfate. At the end of the 16-day experimental period, the microcosms receiving the phosphate treatments yielded the highest standing crops of algae and the greatest percentage composition of blue-green algae. The microcosms receiving the nitrate treatment exhibited greater initial algal concentrations followed by a decline in photoplankton, which coincided with an increase in the zoo-plankton population.The results presented here suggest that microcosms can be a cost-effective method for assessing reservoir water quality and planning restoration programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03016.x
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    A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO ASSESS FACTORS AFFECTING WATER CHEMISTRY USING MONITORING DATA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A method to partition the variation in concentrations of water chemistry parameters in a river is described. The approach consists of fitting a family of curves for each chemical parameter. Each curve indicates the response of the parameter to river flow for a particular time period or location. An analysis of covariance is then used to identify statistically significant differences between curves. Such differences result largely from two factors: (1) the discharge of effluents and (2) river flow-concentration relationships. The deviations from the fitted curves indicate month-to-month variations unrelated to river flow that are controlled by factors such as temperature-related seasonal patterns. Underlying statistical assumptions are discussed with respect to water chemistry data. The technique is applied to a data set consisting of monthly samples of 22 water chemistry parameters from the Sulphur River of Texas and Arkansas. Several patterns of response to river flow and to two effluent discharges were revealed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03017.x
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    ESTIMATES OF MEAN CHLOROPHYLL-a CONCENTRATION: PRECISION, ACCURACY, AND SAMPLING DESIGN (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Data from 56 north-temperate lakes and reservoirs are used to develop models predicting temporal variance as a function of the mean chlorophyll-a concentration. Trophy, as estimated by mean chlorophyll-a concentration, is shown to have little effect on the sampling effort required to achieve a pre-determined level of precision for lakes sampled year-round. Collecting ten observations results in a coefficient of variation that averaged 20 percent; collecting more than ten observations yields increasingly marginal improvements in precision. The same guidelines apply to mesotrophic or eutrophic lakes sampled in the summer, whereas oligotrophic lakes sampled in the summer require fewer observations to achieve the same level of precision. The bias resulting from collecting too few observations is minimized if five or more observations are collected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03018.x
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    FRACTALS AND THE RIVER-LENGTH CATCHMENT-AREA RATIO (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The fractal nature of stream-length and catchment-area measurement is investigated using eight rivers in Missouri. The fractal dimension for the length measurement was found to average 1.158 and for area to average 1.0105. These values are close to those hypothesized by Mandeibrot (1983).
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    PARAMETRIC AND NONPARAMETRIC TESTS FOR DEPENDENT DATA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Simulation and analytical results show that ignoring serial dependence can have serious effects on the performance of the t, sign, and Wilcoxen tests. In particular, the true significance levels of these tests are altered significantly from the intended nominal levels. Modifications for these tests are given and shown to have the correct significance levels. Furthermore, an estimate of serial correlation is suggested for binary data and evaluated by simulation. An application to the toxic contaminants data from the Niagara River concludes the paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00901.x
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    A TAU-LIKE TEST FOR TREND IN THE PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE CENSORING POINTS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A common problem arises in testing for trends in water quality when observations are reported as “less than detection limit.” If a single detection limit is used for the entire study, existing non-parametric statistical methods, modified for ties, are applicable. If, however, the detection limit varies during the course of the study, resulting in multiple detection limits, then the commonly used trend detection methods are not appropriate. A statistic similar to Kendall's tau, but based on expected ranks, is proposed. Monte Carlo simulations show that the normal approximation to the distribution of this statistic is quite good, even for small samples and a large proportion of censored observations. The statistic is also shown to have greater power than the ad-hoc method of treating all observations less than the target censored observation as tied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00902.x
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    NONPARAMETRIC TESTS FOR TREND DETECTION IN WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A review of nonparametric tests for trend leads to the conclusion that Mann-Whitney, Spearman, and Kendall tests are the best choice for trend detection in water quality time series. Recently these tests have been adapted to account for dependence and seasonality in such series (Lettenmaier, 1976; Hirsch, et al., 1972; Hirsch and Slack, 1984). For monotonic trends, a procedure allowing to select the pertinent tests considering the characteristics of time series is proposed and the practical limitations of the tests are also brought out. This procedure has been applied to identify the appropriate trend detection test for the time series of nine water quality parameters at Lake Laflamme (Québec). When a time series can be tested with the Mann-Whitney, Kendall, Spearman, or Lettenmaier (1976) test, the number of observations required to detect trends of a given magnitude, for selected significance and power levels can be calculated with the power function of the t test. When the test proposed by Hirsch, et al. (1984), Hirsch and Slack (1984), or Farrell (1980) need to be used, the number of observations can only be estimated approximately from the results of empirical power studies.
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    COMPARISON OF INSTREAM AND LABORATORY METHODS OF MEASURING SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) was determined at three sites in a gravel-bottomed central Missouri stream by: (1) two variations of an instream method, and (2) a laboratory method. SOD generally was greatest by the instream methods, which are considered more accurate, and least by the laboratory method. Disturbing stream sediment did not significantly decrease SOD by the instream method. Temperature ranges of up to 12° Celsius had no significant effect on the SOD. In the gravel-bottomed stream, the placement of chambers was critical to obtain reliable measurements. SOD rates were dependent on the method; therefore, care should be taken in comparing SOD data obtained by different methods. There is a need for a carefully researched standardized method for SOD determinations.
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    TRENDS IN LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN MAJOR U.S. RIVERS AND THEIR RELATION TO HISTORICAL CHANGES IN GASOLINE-LEAD CONSUMPTION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Declines in concentrations of dissolved lead occurred at nearly two-thirds of 306 locations on major U.S. rivers from 1974 to 1985. Declines in dissolved lead concentrations are statistically significant (p 〈 0.10) at approximately one-third of the sampling locations. Statistically significant increases in dissolved lead concentrations occurred at only 6 percent of the sites, but are clustered in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions. Possible explanations for the observed trends in lead concentrations are tested through comparisons with (1) records of lead discharges from major sources including leaded-gasoline consumption and municipal- and industrial-point source discharges, (2) trends in various water-quality constituents such as pH and total alkalinity, and (3) basin characteristics such as drainage area. Statistically significant declines in lead concentrations in streams and gasoline lead (i.e., the largest source of lead at these sites) are highly coincident for the 1979 to 1980 period at most sampling locations. The greatest amount of decline in gasoline lead occurred at sites showing statistically significant downtrends in stream concentrations of lead from 1974 to 1985. No more than 5 percent of the trends in stream lead are influenced by municipal- and industrial-point sources of lead. Factors that affect the transport of dissolved lead, including lead solubility, suspended sediment, and basin characteristics such as drainage basin size, are not significantly related to trends in dissolved lead. Trends in streamflow explain no more than 7 percent of the downtrends in concentrations of lead and may partly explain the frequent increases in lead concentrations in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions.
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    DRY STREAM REACHES IN CARBONATE TERRANES: SURFACE INDICATORS OF GROUND-WATER RESERVOIRS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The method of identifying dry stream reaches in carbonate terrane as surface indicators of potential ground-water reservoirs offers a valuable exploration technique that is more rapid and less expensive than traditional exploration methods involving random test drilling. In areas where dry stream reaches occur, subsurface drainage successfully competes with surface drainage, and sheet-like dissolution openings have developed parallel to bedding creating the ground-water reservoir. The occurrence and hydraulic characteristics of such reservoirs are highly variable, as attested to by the wide range of well yields.Union Hollow in south-central Tennessee is the setting for a case study that illustrates the application of the dry stream reach technique. In this technique, dry stream reach identification is based on two types of readily acquired information: (1) remotely sensed black and white infrared aerial photography; and (2) surface reconnaissance of stream channel characteristics. Test drilling in Union Hollow subsequent to identification of the dry reach proved that a localized ground-water reservoir was present.
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    TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS, AND SOCIAL GOALS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The cries of pending water crises are usually cast in terms of water availability and/or water quality. Unfortunately, the real factors underlying a perceived crisis are often overlooked and the solutions prescribed are fax from optimal when measured in either economic or social terms. Today's technology outstrips its implementation, yesterday's solutions are imposed on a new breed of problems, and a static game is being played in a dynamic world. There is a need for the application of innovative and revolutionary tactics, for modernizing institutions, and for educating technologists and decision makers alike in the art of communicating their views and skills. This is the challenge. If it is met, some predicted crises will not materialize, and many others will be diminished in scale. An exciting opportunity exists to extend the boundaries of a new era in water management.
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    IDENTIFYING CRITICAL ISSUES IN RECREATION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT: IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT-RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The “nominal group” process is a proven technique to systematically arrive at a consensus about critical information needs in recreation planning and management. Using this process, 41 managers who attended a 1983 conference on river management identified 114 specific information needs grouped under 11 general questions. Clearly, some concerns of administrators are researchable; many are not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00910.x
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFERS IN RIPARIAN STATES: A CASE STUDY OF GEORGIA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Under the riparian doctrine of eastern states, transfers of water to nonriparian lands and, thus, to different river basins, are only possible if the natural flow theory has been modified to allow for reasonable use. Even this adaptation is too nebulous to provide water managers and water users with certainty regarding water transfers. To provide a more precise mechanism for allocating water, 14 eastern states have adopted some form of administrative permitting process. Of these, five states statutorily allow for interbasin transfers of water. Thus far, no states have successfully issued permits for interbasin water transfers but Georgia and South Carolina are positioned to do so. Whether the permitting process will deter court action may rest on the ability of affected parties to negotiate an equitable agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00883.x
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AGRICULTURAL WATER MODELING AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION NEEDS UNDER THE MODEL WATER CODE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Economic information for efficient water allocation is difficult and costly to acquire under administrative water systems evolving under the Model Water Code. One approach to obtaining more information is to use a simulator like the Florida AGWATER model. The advantage of AGWATER is the potential for realistic prediction, because it operates at the field and day levels, using detailed information for each crop and tract. Unfortunately, such simulators are complex and require large amounts of costly input data. A better solution to the information problem may be to use markets for the marketable goods associated with water, because information is inherent in such a process. This approach will allow limited modeling and management resources to be put into using water models to generate information for the goods dependent on water that are difficult to market, like wildlife services.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00884.x
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    O&M SPENDING LEVELS IN THIRD WORLD IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: EXPLORING ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Third World irrigation and drainage systems have experienced major declines recently in both capability and performance. This is due initially to working them well beyond their design capaci-capacities; scouring, sedimentation, and overtopping result. Chronic O&M underfunding then adds heavily to this worsening malaise. International donors have assisted irrigation departments with rehabilitation projects and programs to improve O&M effectiveness on a grand (billions of dollars) scale. Despite their historical propensity to examine, almost fastidiously, program economic justifications (B/C, IRR, etc), the donors apparently have glossed over two basic analytic elements for (a) more spending on O&M as distinct from an equivalent spending on other means to provide farmers with an m3 of water; and (b) different levels of O&M spending on canals and drains. Surely those different levels provide differing benefits, in total, and at the margin. Which level is most economic? This paper identifies these latter analytical issues, posits methodologies key to an O&M spending level analysis, and discusses the information base. Particular attention is paid to identifying relevant costs and benefits, and to suggesting supplementary criteria for O&M spending level selection. The paper is an exercise in delineation of an imminently practical area of irrigation engineering economics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00911.x
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VALUING IRRIGATION WATER: A SIMULATION/MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A two-stage simulation/mathematical programming model was developed to derive irrigation water values that reflect efficient response to reduced water supplies. The failure of many previous water valuation studies to represent the dynamic dimension of irrigation was shown to result in overestimation of derived water values. Water values are also shown to be dramatically influenced by both application system characteristics, as well as the relative costs of irrigation inputs. Finally, the marginal value of irrigation water was shown to vary considerably over the irrigation season, reaching its maximum when atmospheric demand is highest and crops are most susceptible to water stress. Results presented should be of interest to policymakers investigating the viability of alternative water reallocation mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00890.x
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