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  • Articles  (8)
  • Denitrification  (8)
  • Springer  (8)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Elsevier
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Taylor & Francis
  • 1985-1989  (8)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1930-1934
  • 1988  (8)
  • Geosciences  (8)
  • Political Science
  • Economics
  • Geography
  • Mathematics
  • Natural Sciences in General
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  • Articles  (8)
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Keywords
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  • Springer  (8)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Elsevier
  • International Union of Crystallography
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  • 1985-1989  (8)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phytotron studies to compare nitrogen losses from corn-planted soil by the 15-N balance or direct dinitrogen and nitrous oxide measurements (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phytotron study ; Corn plants ; Denitrification ; 15N balance ; N2 flux by 15N method ; N2O flux by gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Containers filled with soil mixed with potassium nitrate highly enriched in 15N were planted with corn (Zea mays L.) and kept in a phytotron under controlled conditions for 79 days. Soil water content was normally maintained at exactly 60% water-holding capacity (−33 kPa), but it was increased several times to 85% (−5 kPa) for short periods to favour denitrification. The soil headspace was sealed from the phytotron atmosphere and aerated by a continuous stream of air. Nitrous oxide emission was measured by estimating the N2O concentration differences in the air entering and leaving the containers. Emission of N2 was estimated by mass spectroscopy from changes in the N2 composition in the temporarily enclosed soil headspace. Both methods were carefully checked for accuracy by different tests. At specific times during the experiment the distribution of 15N between plants and soil was determined and a 15N balance established. Emission of N gases peaked at times of increased water content and reached maxima of 149 and 142 μg N pot−1 day−1 for N2O and N2, respectively. While N losses of 5% ± 2% were indicated by the 15N balance, only 1.1% ± 0.3% loss from 2.7 g applied N was estimated from the N2O and N2 measurements after 79 days. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257925
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cellulose and straw incorporation in soil on total denitrification and nitrogen immobilization at initially aerobic and permanent anaerobic conditions (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1988), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Cellulose hydrolysis ; Straw ; Cellulolytic-denitrifying bacteria ; N immobilization ; Methane ; Decreasing aerobiosis ; Permanent anaerobiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Laboratory experiments were used to examine the influence of cellulose and straw on denitrification and N immobilization in a sandy loam soil. The soil was mixed with 300 μg nitrate-N/g and incubated in a special vessel under conditions that changed from aerobic to anaerobic or in the permanent absence of O2. Gases (O2, CO2, N2, N2O, NO and CH4) were analysed by gas chromatography at regular intervals and the soil was examined for nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and cellulose. Compared with controls, the application of straw and cellulose (0.5% and 1.0%, respectively) enhanced nitrate immobilization and decreased denitrification, under both anaerobic and originally aerobic (PO2 = 20 vol%) conditions. However, a comparison of results from the aerobic and the anaerobic incubations shows that an increase in denitrification and N immobilization was apparent at an original O2 concentration of 20 vol%. N2 was the major product of denitrification in all experiments. Free methane was apparent as soon as nitrate was respired. The stimulating effect of O2 on total denitrification in the presence of relatively high amounts of easily decomposable cellulose is ascribed to a higher turnover and an intensified mineralization rate (CO2 production), which increased the total demand for electron acceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262139
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of wheat roots on denitrification at varying soil air-filled porosity and organic-carbon content (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Air-filled porosity ; Rhizosphere effect ; Organic carbon content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of the air-filled porosity and organic-matter content of the soil on denitrification with non-limiting NO3 − concentrations was studied in unplanted pots and in pots sown to wheat. Four organic-C levels were established by using pure and mixed soil material from a Bt horizon with 0.12% organic-C and an Ap horizon with 1.31% organic C from a mollic luvisol. A range of air-filled porosities from 3% to 25% during denitrification assays was obtained by varying soil compaction. Beyond a 10% to 12% threshold of air-filled porosity the denitrification rates were at an insignificant and constant level in planted as well as in unplanted soil for all organic-C contents. Below this threshold denitrification increased exponentially with decreasing air-filled porosity. In planted soil the excess of denitrification over that of unplanted soil was inversely related to air-filled porosity. This rhizosphere effect on denitrification, which was confined to air-filled porosities lower than 10%–12%, became significantly greater with increasing soil organic-C content. The findings indicate that root dependent respiration amplifies O2 depletion in the rhizosphere and may accelerate the onset of denitrification in planted soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260723
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrification activity in submerged soils and its relation to denitrification loss (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 7 (1988), S. 16-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification activity ; Submerged soils ; Denitrification ; 15N balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrification activity (formation of NO 2 − + NO 3 − per unit soil weight) was measured in the surface layer of 15 presubmerged soils incubated in petri dishes under flooded but aerobic conditions. soils with pH above 5 nitrified quickly, whereas soils with pH below this level did not nitrify or nitrified slowly. The pH values between 7 and 8.5 were optimal for nitrification. Organic-matter levels in the 15 soils of our study did not influence their nitrification activities. In a follow-up greenhouse pot study, after a period of 3 weeks, 15N-balance measurements showed that the loss of N through apparent denitrification did not follow the nitrification patterns of the soils observed in the petri dishes. Apparent denitrification accounted for 16.8% and 18.9% loss of 15N from a soil with insignificant nitrification activity and a soil with high nitrification activity, respectively. These results, thus, indicate a lack of correspondence between the nitrification activities of soil and the denitrification loss of N when the former was measured in the dark and the latter was estimated in the light. Soils that nitrified in the darkness of the incubator did not nitrify in the daylight in the greenhouse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260726
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of fertilisation on soil nitrifier activity in experimental grassland plots (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1988), S. 344-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Deamination ; Grassland ; N fertilisers ; pH ; Denitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil nitrification was compared in soils from 89-year-old grassland experimental plots with diverse chemical characteristics. Measurements of NaClO3-inhibited short-term nitrifier activity (SNA) and deamination of 1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene were used to study nitrification and deamination activities, respectively, in soil from each of 12 plots. Using multiple regression analysis, an expression for the relationship between SNA, soil pH and fertiliser N additions was derived which indicated that both the frequency and the quantity of farmyard manure additions were important in determining the rate of nitrification. SNA was greatest where there were large and frequent additions of farmyard manure. In soil with pH below 5.2 SNA was very low or insignificant. The effect of (NH4)2SO4 additions could not be assessed because they acidified the soil. We suggest that additions of farmyard manure increase the potential for NO3 − leaching or for denitrification. Deaminase assays indicated that soils with a higher pH showed greater N mineralisation than soils with a lower pH, except at the low extreme. There was no obvious relationship between SNA and deaminase activity at higher levels of pH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262144
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between soil moisture content and nitrous oxide production during nitrification and denitrification (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 106-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Soil water content ; N2O production ; Acetylene ; Ammonium fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of soil water content [60%–100% water-holding capacity (WHC)] on N2O production during autotrophic nitrification and denitrification in a loam soil was studied in a laboratory experiment by selectively inhibiting nitrification with a low C2H2 concentration (2.1 Pa). Nitrifiers usually produced more N2O than denitrifiers. During an initial experimental period of 0–6 days the nitrifiers produced more N2O than the denitrifiers by a factor ranging from 1.4 to 16.5, depending on the water content and length of incubation. The highest N2O production rate by nitrifiers was observed at 90% WHC, when the soil had become partly anaerobic, as indicated by the high denitrification rate. At 100% WHC there were large gaseous losses from denitrification, while nitrification losses were smaller except for the first period of measurement, when there was still some O2 remaining in the soil. The use of 10 kPa C2H2 to inhibit reduction of N2O to N2 stimulated the denitrification process during prolonged incubation over several days; thus the method is unsuitable for long-term studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257658
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method of selective inhibition to distinguish between nitrification and denitrification as sources of nitrous oxide in soil (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 112-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Nitrification ; Selective inhibitors ; Nitrapyrin ; Acetylene ; Nitrous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrapyrin and C2H2 were evaluated as nitrification inhibitors in soil to determine the relative contributions of denitrification and nitrification to total N2O production. In laboratory experiments nitrapyrin, or its solvent xylene, stimulated denitrification directly or indirectly and was therefore considered unsuitable. Low partial pressures of C2H2 (2.5–5.0 Pa) inhibited nitrification and had only a small effect on denitrification, which made it possible to estimate the contribution of denitrification. The contribution of nitrification was estimated by subtracting the denitrification value from total N2O production (samples without C2H2). The critical C2H2 concentrations needed to achieve inhibition of nitrification, without affecting the N2O reductase in denitrifiers, must be individually determined for each set of experimental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257659
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denitrification under different cultivated plants: effects of soil moisture tension, nitrate concentration, and photosynthetic activity (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Denitrification ; Soil moisture ; Roots ; Photosynthesis ; Acetylene inhibition method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plant effects on the denitrification rate were investigated in pot experiments at different soil moisture tensions and nitrate concentrations. Nitrate concentrations and the soil moisture tension were regulated immediately before each measurement. The effects of the plants on denitrification rates were dependent on the soil moisture tension. At a low soil moisture tension (−7 cm H2O), there was a 10-fold increase in the denitrification rate (planted versus unplanted soil). At a medium moisture tension (−30 cm H2O) the plants had practically no effect, and at the highest tension (−60 cm H2O) the effect was slightly negative. Large differences in denitrification rates under different plant species were observed. At a low soil moisture tension, the average denitrification rate (μg N kg−1 soil h−1) was 39–42 under small grains (barley, wheat, and oats), 47–82 under the grasses (cocksfoot, meadow grass, meadow fescue, and timothy) and 18 under red clover. The differences between the monocots were attributable to differences in plant growth rates, rather than to any specific difference in stimulation or inhibition of denitrification, since the variations in photosynthetic activity fairly well predicted the differences in denitrification rates under different monocots. Clover, however, gave much lower denitrification rates than those predicted by the photosynthetic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261011
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