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  • Articles  (77)
  • Gas chromatography  (39)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (38)
  • Springer  (77)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (77)
  • 1988  (77)
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  • Articles  (77)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (77)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High frequency FLP-independent homologous DNA recombination of 2 μ plasmid in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Site specific recombination ; 2 μ DNA plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this work is to identify and quantitate in vivo 2 μ plasmid FLP-independent recombination in yeast, using a nonselective assay system for rapid detection of phenotypic expression of the recombination events. A tester plasmid was constructed such that in vivo recombination between 2 μ direct repeat sequences produces the resolution of the plasmid into two circular DNA molecules. This recombinational event is detected as a phenotypic shift from red to white colonies, due to the mitotic loss of the plasmid portion containing the yeast ADE8 gene in a recipient ade1 ade2 ade8 genetic background. In the absence of the 2 μ FLP recombinase and/or its target DNA sequence, recombination is not abolished but rather continues at a high frequency of about 17%. This suggests that the FLP-independent events are mediated by the chromosomally-encoded general homologous recombination system. We therefore conclude that the totality of 2 μ DNA recombination events occurring in FLP+ cells is the contribution of both FLP-mediated and FLP-independent events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376739
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning of the ARG7 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encoding argininosuccinate lyase (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A gene bank of Sau3A partially restricted Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA in YEp13 was used to transform an arg4 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One colony was recovered which contained the YEp13 plasmid bearing a large insert complementing the argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) mutation. As shown by restriction mapping and subcloning experiments, the DNA sequence required for complementation is localized on a 2 kb BamHI-BamHI fragment. The plasmid complemented several S. cerevisiae arg4 mutants of independent origin and a S. pombe arg7 mutant lacking ASL. Low but significant ASL activities were detected in crude extracts of these transformants. No complementation of the E. coli argH mutant was observed. Southern blot hybridizations showed that the insert originates from the S. pombe genome. No cross-hybridization was found between this sequence and S. cerevisiae DNA. It can be concluded that the cloned DNA fragment bears the S. pombe ARG7 gene coding for ASL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419996
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of chromosome length polymorphisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome length polymorphisms ; FIGE ; OFAGE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains generally have similar chromosomal band patterns as revealed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, individual bands often move slightly differently from one strain to the other. Surveying strains from our stock collection, we found that nearly all the bands of a certain pair of strains differed in their mobility. Some of these chromosome length polymorphisms segregated in a 2:2 ratio, indicating that they resulted from single structural alterations (i.e. additions or deletions). One of these was mapped on the right arm of chromosome 1. Others did not segrate in a simple 2:2 ratio. That is, there were progenies which had bands not present in either parent. We suggest that these new bands are the products of recombination between homologous chromosomes having two or more structural alterations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00521262
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Tetrahymena ARS sequence function in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ARS ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Tetrahymena thermophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated several Tetrahymena thermophila chromosomal DNA fragments which function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) in the heterologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe selection systems. The Tetrahymena ARS sequences were first isolated in S. cerevisiae and were derived from non-ribosomal micro- and macronuclear DNA. Sequence analysis of the ARS elements identified either perfect or close matches with the 11 by S. cerevisiae ARS core consensus sequence. Subcloning studies of two Tetrahymena ARS elements defined functional regions ranging in size from 50 to 300 bp. Testing of the ARS elements in S. pombe revealed that most of the T. thermophila inserts confer ARS function in both yeasts, at least in the sense of promoting a high transformation frequency to plasmids which contain them. However, the actual sequences responsible for ARS activity were not always identical in the two yeasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376742
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Construction and characterization of a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that completely lacks all genomic CYH2 sequences (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 325-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ribosomal protein genes ; CYH2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A diploid strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed that has one copy of the ribosomal protein gene CYH2 completely deleted and replaced with the TRP1 gene using the method of Rothstein (1983). There are only small differences in growth rate and no detectable difference in steady state level of CYH2 mRNA between the diploid that is heterozygous for the CYH2 deletion and the parent diploid with two normal copies of this gene. This suggests that the diploid must partially compensate for the loss of one CYH2 gene. Tetrad dissection shows that haploid spores lacking the CYH2 gene cannot germinate. The lethality of this deletion can be rescued by a CYH2 cDNA on a low copy vector. Haploids which lack the genomic copy of the CYH2 gene, but contain a plasmid copy of the CYH2 cDNA are able to grow normally. These CYH2 deleted yeast haploids should be useful to analyze mutationally altered CYH2 genes and genes homologous to CYH2 from other organisms without interference from a genomic copy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419989
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The glucose- and ethanol-dependent regulation of PDC1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled by two distinct promoter regions (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 337-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Gene regulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDCI promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 870 by promoter fragment of the PDC1 gene that includes the carbon source dependent regulatory regions was investigated using 5′ and 3′ promoter deletions. The results indicate that glucose and ethanol regulation of PDC1 transcription are independently controlled by distinct cis-acting regions. The consensus sequence AAATCGATA may play a role in this regulation, while the sequence (ATCA)AACCT may be important in transcription initiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419991
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A colony procedure for transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 21-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid ; Colony ; Polyethylene glycol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and simple yeast transformation procedure has been developed using colonies on agar plates. Saccharomyces cerevisiae SHY3 cells were picked up from colonies on YPD plates grown freshly or stored at 4 °C and incubated with M13RK9-T DNA at 30 °C for 1–2 h in a solution of Li+, Ca2+, Mg2+, triacetin and polyethylene glycol. About 3,500 transformants were obtained per µg of double stranded M13RK9-T DNA. Unlike the existing spheroplast techniques, single stranded M13RK9-T DNA transformed intact cells below one-hundredth frequency of the duplex form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365751
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cosmids carrying Aspergillus terreus DNA can integrate into Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XII via recombination between yeast and foreign DNAs (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Aspergillus terreus clonotheque ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Homologous integration ; 2 μ circledirected chromosome destabilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A genome clonotheque consisting of 25- to 40-kb Sau3A1 fragments of Aspergillus terreus DNA was constructed in the episomal cosmid vector pES33 containing the yeastARG4 gene. From the 475 transformants of cir° yeast strain ESH-0, 23 stable Arg + transformants were independently selected. Genetic and Southern analysis of these stable transformants showed that 39% arose as a result of recombination between cloned A. terreus DNA sequences and yeast chromosome XII. The recombination events most likely occurred in the regions of homology within the rDNA clusters of A. terreus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376738
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of an ilv bradytrophic phenocopy in yeast by antisense RNA (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inducible antisense gene ; Acetolactate synthase ; Bradytrophic phenocopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report for the first time on the regulation of gene expression in yeast by antisense RNA. Chimaeric genes were constructed containing the 5′ upstream and partial coding sequence of SMR1 — a sulfometuron methyl resistant allele of the ILV2 locus. Such fragments were placed 5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′ under control of the GAL10 promoter and CYCl terminator in a high copy YEp plasmid. Following galactose induction only transformants containing antisense RNA genes showed biological activity against SMR1 gene expression. Antisense RNA inhibited synthesis of the SMR1 gene product acetolactate synthase and thus repressed cellular growth which resulted in a bradytrophic auxotroph revertable by addition of isoleucine and valine. Antisense RNA inhibition was enhanced in galactose medium containing sulfometuron methyl and in gcn4 cells deficient for positive regulation of the ILV2 locus. This system can be used to study factors that interfere with antisense RNA function and to assign biological function to randomly cloned DNA fragments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424421
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A yeast strain producing lys2 deletions at a high frequency after sporulation (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 331-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Meiosis ; Deletion mutations ; Sequence dissimilarities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A diploid yeast strain with extensive sequence dissimilarity in homologous regions near the LYS2 locus was sporulated, and spontaneous lys2 and lys5 mutant spores, selected on α-amino adipate, were analyzed. As many as 50% of the mutant spores contained a deletion in LYS2. These deletions occurred at a frequency of 5.0 × 10−7. While deletions of various sizes and endpoints were obtained, all the deletions recovered in this study included the border between homologous and non-homologous sequences located 4 kb upstream of LYS2. Large lys2 deletions that extended into an adjacent CYH2 duplication occurred at a frequency of 2.0 × 10−7, more than 1,000 times the frequency of the CYH2-LYS2 deletions found in a related haploid strain. This high frequency of CYH2-LYS2 deletions was observed only after sporulation of the diploid strain, and was dependent upon extensive sequence dissimilarity near the LYS2 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419990
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The allosuppressor gene SAL4 encodes a protein important for maintaining translational fidelity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 537-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Allosuppressor ; Translation ; Fidelity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Allosuppressor (sal) mutations enhance the efficiency of the yeast ochre suppressor SUQ5 and define five unlinked loci, SALT-SALS. A number of sal4 mutants were isolated and found to have pleiotropic, allele;specific phenotypes, including hypersensitivity in vivo to paromomycin and other antibiotics that stimulate translational errors in yeast. To examine further the nature of the SAL4 gene product, the wild type SAL4 gene was isolated by complementation of a conditional lethal allele sal4-2, and demonstrated to be a single copy gene encoding a single 1.6 kb transcript. Restriction mapping and DNA hybridisation analysis were used to demonstrate that the SAL4 gene is identical to the previously identified omnipotent suppressor gene SUP45 (SUPT). Our results implicate the SAL4 gene product as playing a major role in maintaining translational accuracy in yeast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434078
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hyperresistance to formaldehyde of Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems not to be correlated with the formation and removal of DNA protein cross-links (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 13 (1988), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Formaldehyde ; DNA-protein cross-links ; Repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Hyperresistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation and removal of formaldehyde-mediated DNA protein cross-linking was measured by CsCI density gradient analysis in yeast strains of differing resistance to formaldehyde. Wild-type cells and transformants made hyperresistant to formaldehyde by a multi-copy vector containing the yeast SFA gene were specifically labeled in their DNA and incubated in the presence of formaldehyde. Treatment with formaldehyde lead to the formation of equal amounts of DNA protein cross-links; subsequent liquid holding of cells for 24 h resulted in the removal of nearly all DNA protein crosslinks regardless of the original formaldehyde resistance status of the strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00365646
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent, inhibits zygote formation in yeast (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1988), S. 20-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating ; Zygote formation ; Chloroquine ; Lysosomotropic agent ; Plasma membrane ; Cell fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Haploid cells of opposite mating type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae conjugate to form zygote. During the conjugation process, the degradation or reorganization of the cell wall and the fusion of the two plasma membranes take place. Since chloroquine inhibits cellular events associated with the reorganization of the plasma membrane, the effect of the drug on conjugation was studied. Chloroquine at a concentration, at which cell growth was not retarded, inhibited zygote formation, while it did not affect other mating functions, such as sexual agglutination, production of and response to mating pheromone. Cells in a mating culture containing chloroquine formed no “prezygote” suggesting that they were not prepared for entering into fusion process. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine was reversible as cells formed zygote when they were washed after treatment with chloroquine. Zygote formation was unaffected in cells possessing chlorquine within vacuoles after incubation with the drug in complete medium (YPD) at pH 7.5, followed by washing. This suggests that chloroquine inhibits zygote formaton by adsorbing to the plasma membrane of S. cerevisiae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444663
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Yeast PAPS reductase: properties and requirements of the purified enzyme (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 313-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: 3′-Phosphoadenylyl sulphate reductase ; Sulphite formation ; Cysteine biosynthesis ; Thioredoxin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; HPLC enzyme analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The enzymatic mechanism of sulphite formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated using a purified 3′-phosphoadenylsulphate (PAPS) reductase and thioredoxin. The functionally active protein (MR 80–85 k) is represented by a dimer which reduces 3′-phosphoadenylyl sulphate to adenosine-3′,5′-bisphosphate and free sulphite at a stoichiometry of 1:1. Reduced thioredoxin is required as cosubstrate. Examination of the reaction products showed that free anionic sulphite is formed with no evidence for “bound-sulphite(s)” as intermediate. V max of the enriched enzyme was 4–7 nmol sulphite · min-1 · mg-1 using the homologous thioredoxin from yeast. The velocity of reaction decreased to 0.4 nmol sulphite · min-1 · mg-1 when heterologous thioredoxin (from Escherichia coli) was used instead. The K m of homologous thioredoxin was 0.6 · 10-6 M, for the heterologous cosubstrate it increased to 1.4 · 10-6 M. The affinity for PAPS remained practically unaffected (K m PAPS: 19 · 10-6 M in the homologous, and 21 · 10-6 M in the heterologous system). From the kinetic data it is concluded that the enzyme followed an ordered mechanism with thioredoxin as first substrate followed by PAPS as the second. Parallel lines in the reciprocal and a common intersect in the Hanes-plots for thioredoxin were seen as indication of a ping-pong (with respect to thioredoxin) uni-bi (with respect to PAPS) mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408300
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arachidonic and oleic acids stimulate zygote formation in the presence of mating pheromone in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1988), S. 507-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating reaction ; Zygote formation ; Mating pheromone ; Fatty acid ; Arachidonic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effect of exogenous fatty acids on zygote formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Arachidonic and oleic acids considerably stimulated zygote formation, but other fatty acids tested, linoleic, linolenic, stearic and palmitic acids, did not. Pretreatment experiments with arachidonic acid showed that the stimulation of zygote formation by the fatty acid required the presence of mating pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446752
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osmotic pressure effects and intracellular accumulation of ethanol in yeast during fermentation (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1988), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Osmotic pressure ; Intracellular ethanol ; Yeast ; Nutrient ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The intracellular accumulation of ethanol in yeast and its potential effects on growth and fermentation have been topics of controversy for the past several years. The determination of intracellular ethanol based on the exclusion of [14C]sorbitol to estimate aqueous cell volume was used to examine the question of intracellular ethanol accumulation. An intracellular accumulation of ethanol inSaccharomyces cerevisiae was observed during the early stages of fermentation. However, as fermentation continued, the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of ethanol became similar. Increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium with glucose or sorbitol was observed to cause an increase in the intracellular ethanol concentration. Associated with this was a decrease in yeast growth and fermentation rates. In addition, increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium was observed to cause an increase in glycerol production. Supplementation of the media with excess peptone, yeast extract, magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate was found to relieve the detrimental effects of high osmotic pressure. Under these conditions, though, no effect on the intracellular and extracellular ethanol distribution was observed. These results indicate that nutrient limitation, and not necessarily intracellular ethanol accumulation, plays a key role during yeast fermentations in media of high osmolarity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569575
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  • 17
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    Gating behaviors of a voltage-dependent and Ca2+-activated cation channel of yeast vacuolar membrane incorporated into planar lipid bilayer (1988)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 106 (1988), S. 47-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: vacuole ; lipid bilayer ; K-channel ; single channel ; DIDS ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ca2+ activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A voltage-dependent and Ca2+-activated cation channel found in the vacuolar membrane of the yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was incorporated into planar lipid bilayer and its gating characteristics were studied at the macroscopic and single-channel levels. The open-channel probability at steady state, which was estimated by the macroscopic current measurement, gave a maximum value at −10 mV and decreased in a graded fashion as the voltage became more positive or more negative. The steady-state voltage dependence was explained by assuming two independent gates, which had different rate constants and opposite voltage dependence. The fast-responding gate opened when the voltage of thecis side (the side to which the vesicles were added) was made more negative and the slow-responding gate behaved in the opposite direction. Relatively high concentrations of Ca2+, about 1mm, were required on thecis side for opening the slow gate in a voltage-dependent manner. DIDS increased the open-channel probability of the fast gate when added to thecis side, but was ineffective on the slow gate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871766
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  • 18
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    Enhancement of copper resistance and CupI amplification in carcinogen-treated yeast cells (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 88-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: CupI ; Gene amplification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Carcinogen-induced amplification at the CupI locus, coding for a metallothionein protein, was studied in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exposure of cells from three different haploid strains, 4939, DBY746 and 320, to chemical carcinogens such as N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4NQO) enhanced the frequency of copper-resistant colonies up to several hundred fold. Copper-resistant clones obtained from strains DBY746 and 320, which contain more than one copy of the CupI locus, displayed a four-to eightfold amplification of the CupI sequences. In these clones the amplified CupI sequences were organized in a tandem array. Carcinogen treatment of strain 4939 in which only one copy of the CupI gene is present produced resistant colonies without CupI amplification. The possible use of the yeast system to study gene duplication and amplification is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338397
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  • 19
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    Structural analysis of the 5′ regions of yeast SUC genes revealed analogous palindromes in SUC, MAL and GAL (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 446-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Invertase genes ; Promoter sequences ; Palindromes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae six unlinked structural genes for invertase, the SUC genes, are known. We sequenced about 800 bp of the 5′ non-coding region and the first 220 bp of the coding region of the genes SUC1, SUC3, SUC4 and SUC5 and compared them with the previously sequenced genes SUC2 and SUC7 (Sarokin and Carlson 1985a). All are highly homologous within the coding region but in the non-coding region SUC1 shows some differences and SUC2 is more highly diverged. Two different kinds of TATA boxes were identified: the more strongly expressed genes SUC1, 2 and 4 have the sequence TATAAA and the more weakly expressed genes SUC3, 5 and 7 have TACAAA. Though the SUC1 sequence is in general more homologous to the other SUC genes, the region between-140 and + 100 of SUC1 is nearly identical to SUC2. This could be due to a gene conversion between SUC1 and the silent suc2 o allele which occurs in the strains carrying SUC1. Within the upstream regions of all the SUC genes three regions with palindromic sequences analogous to stem and loop structures were identified. Comparable structure could be detected in similar positions in the upstream sequences of the divergently transcribed yeast gene pairs MAL6S-MAL6T and GAL1-GAL10. Implications for the importance of these structures in the regulation and initiation of transcription are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425699
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    The Escherichia coli proB gene corrects the proline auxotrophy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae pro1 mutants (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 212 (1988), S. 124-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: l-azetidine-2-carboxylate resistance ; Escherichia coli ; γ-glutamyl kinase ; Proline ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We constructed plasmids carrying the Escherichia coli proB gene that encodes γ-glutamyl kinase, under the control of the yeast GAL1 promoter. This construction was carried out with both the wild-type proB + gene and a mutant allele, proB74, that specifies an enzyme resistant to feedback inhibition by proline. Yeast pro1 mutants harboring these plasmids are proline prototrophs. We conclude that the pro1 mutation results in a deficiency in the γ-glutamyl kinase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of the proB74 allele in yeast resulted in enhanced resistance to the proline analogue l-azetidine-2-carboxylate and in a 2.4-fold elevation of the intracellular free proline levels. This result suggests that γ-glutamyl kinase is the rate limiting step in proline biosynthesis in yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322454
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  • 21
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    Random cloning of bent DNA segments from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and primary characterization of their structures (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bent DNA ; DNA structure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2 μm circle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Until recently it was assumed that any short segment of DNA could be approximated as a straight rod. Many instances, however, have been reported in which the helical axis is curved. We have devised a simple method for selective identification of DNA segments containing a sequence-directed bend (curvature), by means of a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In order to gain general insights into the structural features and the functional significance of sequence-directed bends, a bank of plasmids carrying bent DNA inserts from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae total genomic DNA was constructed. Primary characterizations of a set of bent DNA segments randomly cloned from S. cerevisiae are presented. One of the cloned DNA segments appears to be derived from a yeast plasmid, the 2 μm circle DNA.
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    Expression of MFα1 in MATa cells supersensitive to α-factor leads to self-arrest (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; α-Factor ; Cell-cycle arrest ; STE genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary MATa cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in both the SST1 and SST2 gene products exhibit selfarrest when they express the MFα1 gene under the control of the GAL1 promoter. This reponse to endogenously produced pheromone can be alleviated by mutations which prevent the production of, or response to, α-factor. Suppressors of the self-arrest phenotype include a class of mutants which remain responsive to low levels of pheromone, but are resistant to high levels of α-factor. One of these mutants has been mapped to chromosome X, 31 cM distal to SUP4, and defines a new locus designated STE18.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340184
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    PHO85, a negative regulator of the PHO system, is a homolog of the protein kinase gene, CDC28, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 162-164 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: CDC28 ; Phosphate regulation ; PHO85 ; Protein kinase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The product of the PHO85 gene, which encodes one of the negative regulatory factors of the PHO system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, shows significant amino acid sequence homology with the CDC28 protein kinase. However, overexpressing PHO85 did not suppress the temperature sensitive phenotype of the cdc28-1 mutation. The nucleotide sequence of the PHO85 gene strongly suggests the presence of an intron near the sequence encoding the N-terminal region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340196
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    Structure of the ARO3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 165-169 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ARO3 gene ; DAHP synthase ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the genes ARO3 and ARO4 encode isoenzymes of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase. Both genes are derepressed seven-fold under the general control of amino acid biosynthesis. A previously isolated 1.7kb fragment containing the ARO3 gene and the 5′- and 3′-flanking regions was sequenced. The endpoints of the ARO3 transcript coding for a 370 amino acid protein were mapped by primer extension experiments and S1 nuclease digestion. Promoter elements involved in transcription initiation and responsible for the strong general control derepression response are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340197
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    Structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA4 gene encoding dihydroorotase (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 212 (1988), S. 134-141 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Dihydroorotase ; URA4 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The URA4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, coding for the third enzyme of the pyrimidine pathway, has been cloned through phenotypic complementation of a ura4 mutant of S. cerevisiae. Subcloning of an original 9 kb DNA fragment, carrying the yeast URA4 gene, allowed us to localize the gene on a 2 kb ClaI-BamHI fragment. The sequence of the URA4 structural gene and surrounding DNA was determined by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. The URA4 gene encodes a dihydroorotase subunit of calculated molecular weight 40600. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that transcription of URA4 is initiated at four major start sites located at positions-42,-30,-22 and-18. A set of potentially significant sequences was identified in the 5′ OH non-coding region of the gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of dihydroorotase was examined and compared with homologous amino acid sequences of Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Drosophila melanogaster. S. cerevisiae dihydroorotase shows 40% homology with the S. typhimurium and E. coli enzymes and 23% homology with the D. melanogaster enzyme. A potential active site has been predicted for dihydroorotase from these comparisons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00322456
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    The sporulation capable (sca) mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an allele of the SIR2 gene (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 430-434 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; SCA gene ; RME1 gene ; Haploid meiosis ; Mating type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have used the special properties of the spo13-1 mutation in order to study the regulation of yeast meiosis by the mating type loci. We have found that both the rme1-1 mutation and the sca mutation allow haploid meiosis in spo13-1 strains. Therefore, haploid meiosis is regulated in the same manner as diploid meiosis. Unlike rme1-1, the sca mutation allows meiosis through derepression of the silent mating type cassettes; sca strains can sporulate only because they express both MAT a and MATα information. We have found further that sca is an allele of SIR2, one of the genes involved in repression of the silent cassettes. Therefore, the RME1 gene is the only known candidate for a master negative regulator through which the MAT locus controls meiosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425696
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    An AT rich region of dyad symmetry is a promoter element in the yeast TRP1 gene (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 472-476 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP1 promoter ; REgion of dyad symmetry ; AT rich tracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transcription from the yeast TRP1 promoter results in two classes of transcript, I and II, that are influenced by different promoter elements. The 5′ flanking region contains a region of dyad symmetry (RDS) which contains a 12 nucleotide AT rich inverted repeat, separated by a 21 bp spacer region. The RDS lies within a region of the promoter required for transcription of calls II RNAs. A series of internal deletions and insertions have been constructed in vitro around the RDS and the effect of each mutation on transcription has been analysed. Deleting either of the repeats abolishes class II transcription and disruption of both repeats influenced the levels of the larger class I transcripts. Deletion of the spacer had no effect but increasing the length to 33 bp reduced transcription. These results show that the RDS is an important component of the TRP1 promoter, that both repeats must be preserved and that there is some constraint on the spacing of the repeats for maximal function.
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    The promoter of the β-glucosidase gene from Kluyveromyces fragilis contains sequences that act as upstream repressing sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 150-154 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: β-Glucosidase ; Kluyveromyces fragilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Upstream repressing sequence ; Gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the promoter length of the Kluyveromyces fragilis β-glucosidase gene and the level of its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by gene fusion between deleted promoter fragments of various lengths and the promoterless β-galactosidase gene of Escherichia coli. The removal of a region from position-425 to-232 led to a tenfold increase in the expression of the gene. The same results were obtained for the reconstructed β-glucosidase gene with the same promoter length. It is likely that the deletion of this part of the promoter removes negative regulatory elements which are functional in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This increase in activity is the main event which may explain the high increase in gene expression (60-fold) previously observed for an upstream deletion obtained during subcloning experiments of the β-glucosidase gene. It is also shown that the expression of the gene greatly depends upon the nature of the recipient strain, the growth phase of the cell and that of the vector carrying it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333412
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    The detection of mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy in yeast using a gene dosage selection system (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1988), S. 10-18 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aneuploidy ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate ; Mitosis ; Meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A system is described in which spontaneous and chemically-induced mitotic and meiotic hyperploidy can be assayed in the same diploid culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Monitoring gene dosage changes at two loci on chromosome VIII, the test utilizes a leaky temperature-sensitive allele arg4-8 and low level copper resistance conferred by the single copy allele cup1 s. An extra chromosome VIII provides simultaneous increased dosage for both genes, resulting in colonies that are both prototrophic for arginine at 30° C and copper resistant. During mitotic cell divisions in diploids, spontaneous chromosome VIII hyperploids (trisomes and tetrasomes) occur at a frequency of 6.4×10-6 per viable cell. Among ascospores, the spontaneous chromosome VIII disome frequency is 5.5×10-6 per viable spore. The tubulin-binding reagent methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC) elicits enhanced levels of mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy relative to control levels. The system represents a novel model for examining chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis and provides a sensitive and quantifiable procedure for examining chemically induced aneuploidy.
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    Regulation of the TRP4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at the transcriptional level and functional analysis of its promoter (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 168-175 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP4 gene ; PRtransferase ; Promoter analysis ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The TRP4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encoded anthranilate phosphoribosyl transferase (E.C.2.4.2.18), is subject to the general control of amino acid biosynthesis. The regulation takes place at the transcriptional level by increasing the amount of initiation and not by changing the stability of mRNA. We have observed a change in the utilization of TRP4 mRNA start sites, depending on whether cells were grown under repressing or derepressing conditions. The function of promoter elements has been tested by deletion analysis with a plasmid-encoded TRP4 gene. A routinely practicable method was used for copy-number calibration of plasmids based on 2 μm DNA. Promoter structures and spacing problems in the TRP4 promoter region are discussed.
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    Simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) method in the qualitative and quantitative GC analysis of cheese volatile components (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 861-864 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Simultaneous distillation-extraction ; Cheese volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simultaneous distillation-extraction apparatus proposed by Godefroot has been used for the GC study of volatile components of cheese. 5–10 g of cheese provide a fraction that can be directly injected into a GC or a GC/MS. Two capillary columns (SE-30 and SP-1000) were evaluated, the second one being adequate for quantitative determinations. Camphor was used as internal standard. The coefficients of variation ranged from 1.4 to 11.8. The technique can be used as a fast method for the characterization of cheeses from their volatile component concentrations.
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    Slope of the log plot of adjusted retention time against carbon number for various homologues serices (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 1087-1088 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Log plot ; Homologous series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The slope of the log plot of the adjusted retention time of a homologous series usually varies from that of the n-alkane series by no more than 2%, though with unusual interactions between the functional group and the stationary phase the difference may be as high as 7%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259389
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    Comparison of the elution curves of pure components and their mixture and prediction of elution curves by a theoretical plate model in preparative gas-liquid chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 961-964 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Preparative scale separations ; Plate model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two close-boiling materials, diethyl ether (DEE) and dichloromethane (DCM), were separated to investigate the effects of the pure components and the mixture on elution in preparative gas-liquid chromatography. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas, and the chromatographic column (1 cm I.D. and 0.75m length) was packed with Chromosorb A with different quantities of dinonyl phthalate stationary phase and particle sizes. Below ca. 7% (by wt.) of feed concentration, the experimental elution curves of pure DEE and DCM were almost the same as those of the mixture, and the theoretical plate model can be used successfully to predict the elution curves.
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    On some aspects of the silica surface modification with hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane and their mixtures (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 404-408 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Silica surface modification ; Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane ; Hexamethyldisilazane ; Support materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The paper is concerned with the structure of an organic layer bonded to the silica surface modified with silazanes. The changes of the retention volumes of hydrocarbons is studied for the silicas modified with hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane and their mixtures. It is shown that most of the carbon in the layer after hexamethylcyclotrisilazane modification is bonded to the surface by Si−O−Si bonds. This fact supports the assumption of a fragmentation of the cyclosilane used for modification.
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    Testing for linearity in retention time — Carbon number plots for n-alkanes (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 389-392 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Statistical criteria ; Non-linear models ; Constants for n-alkane retention curve ; Multiparametric least-squares adjustment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Multiparametric, least-squares, regression treatment of G.C. data is extended to describe deviations from the usual linear model. Through statistical evaluation of results, four parameters models are generally found adequate and the use of higher degree empirical models is discouraged.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02324779
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    Calculation of retention indices at an assigned temperature from temperature-programmed data (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 539-542 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Temperature programming ; Retention index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is presented for the calculation of retention indices at an assigned temperature from temperature-programmed data. If the retention times at two different program rates for the solutes and the n-alkanes are known, the retention indices at an assigned temperature can be calculated directly.
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    Theoretical background of multicomponent gas chromatography for high concentrations (1988)
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    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 125-132 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Non-equilibrium frontal chromatography ; Nonlinear isotherms ; Variable velocity ; Multicomponent mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The paper presents a classification of various theoretical models for multicomponent gas chromatography at u=var for high concentrations of the mixture components with consideration of the major distinctive features of the interphase mass exchange inside the porous grains of the adsorbent and outside them within the porous medium of the chromatographic column. It has been shown that the conditions determining a given front behaviour of multicomponent gas mixture at u=var depend on: theoretical models for the kinetics and dynamics of adsorption; the values of mass exchange parameters inside the porous grains and in the porous medium. Formulae have been derived for calculating the values of the quantities characterising the frontal behaviour in the stage of adsorption and desorption of multicomponent mixture at u=var.
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    Amplification of plasmid copy number by thymidine kinase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 155-159 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Copy number ; Thymidine kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 2 μm circle-based chimaeric plasmid containing the yeast LEU2 and the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) genes was constructed. Transformants grown under selective conditions for the LEU2 gene harboured the plasmid at about 15 copies per cell whilst selection for the HSV-1 TK gene led to an increase to about 100 copies per cell. Furthermore, the plasmid copy number could be controlled by the stringency of selection for the TK gene, and the increase in TK gene dosage was reflected in an increase in intracellular thymidine kinase activity. The mitotic stability of the plasmid in “high-copy” and “low-copy” number cells was determined. “High-copy” number cells showed a greater mitotic stability. The relationship of TK expression to plasmid copy number may be useful for the isolation of plasmid copy number mutants in yeast and the control of heterologous gene expression.
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    The 2 μm D region plays a role in yeast plasmid maintenance (1988)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 212 (1988), S. 426-431 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2 μm circle ; Plasmid-partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast 2 μm circle encodes four major transcribed open reading frames, A, B, C and D. Products of ORF's A, B and C, together with the inverted repeats and the other cis-acting loci ORI and STB, have been shown to be involved in plasmid maintenance. However, the function of ORF D has remained unclear. We have therefore carried out studies on 2 μm derivatives with both insertional and frameshift mutations in D. Our results indicate that there is a protein product encoded by ORF D, which is involved in plasmid maintenance. When the copy number of the C gene was reduced to one, by chromosomal integration, we observed striking differences in the efficiency of partitioning of D + and D − plasmid derivatives. Absence of D function could be compensated by an increase in dosage of the C gene, indicating that the D product may act to regulate C expression. Since the C product has been implicated in copy number control as well as partitioning, our data suggest that the D product may also be involved in both of these processes.
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    A consensus transcription termination sequence in the promoter region is necessary for efficient gene expression of the TRP1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 212 (1988), S. 495-504 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP1 gene ; Yeast promoter ; Yeast vectors ; Copy number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The TRP1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the only TRP gene which is not derepressible by the general control regulatory system. In the TRP1 promoter transcription starts at five initiation sites, organized in two clusters. The two transcripts of the first, more upstream cluster include a long leader sequence of approximately 200 bp. A transcriptional terminator element located in the 5′ region of the TRP1 gene is essential for accurate gene expression. In partial TRP1 promoters lacking the terminator, like the original EcoRI TRP1 fragment used in numberous vectors, plasmid-encoded transcription is initiated predominantly in adjacent vector regions, resulting mainly in large, poorly translated transcripts. This poor translation is not due to mRNA instability. The effect can be suppressed by introducing artificial transcription barriers between vector sequences and the truncated EcoRI TRP1 fragment.
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    Nuclear and mitochondrial revertants of a yeast mitochondrial tRNA mutant (1988)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 425-434 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Transfer RNA ; syn - mutation ; Revertants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We isolated revertants capable of respiration from the respiratory deficient yeast mutant, FF1210-6C/ 170, which displays greatly decreased mitochondrial protein synthesis due to a single base substitution at the penultimate base of the tRNAAsp gene on mitochondrial (mt) DNA. Three classical types of revertant were identified: (1) same-site revertants; (2) intragenic revertants which restore the base pairing in the acceptor stem of the mitochondrial tRNAAsp; and (3) extragenic suppressors located in nuclear DNA. In addition a fourth type of revertant was identified in which the mutant tRNAAsp is amplified due to the maintenance of both the original mutant mtDNA and a modified form of the mutant mtDNA in which only a small region around the tRNAAsp gene is retained and amplified. The latter form resembles the mtDNA in vegetative petite (rho -) strains which normally segregates rapidly from the wild-type mtDNA. Each revertant type was characterized genetically and by both DNA sequence analysis of the mitochondrial tRNAAsp gene and analysis of the quantity and size of RNA containing the tRNAAsp sequence. These results indicate that the mitochondrial tRNAAsp of the mutant retains a low level of activity and that the presence of the terminal base pair in tRNAAsp is a determinant of both tRNAAsp function and the maintenance of wild-type levels of tRNAAsp.
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    The base-alteration spectrum of spontaneous and ultraviolet radiation-induced forward mutations in the URA3 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 396-404 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; URA3 locus ; Cyclobutane dimer ; Pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct ; “A rule”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A forward mutation system has been developed to obtain rapidly clonable mutants at the URA3 locus in yeast by means of selection for 5-fluoroorotic acid resistance. We have used this system to determine base changes in 35 spontaneous and 34 ultraviolet radiation-induced ura3 base substitution mutants. Other mutants (frameshift, deletion, duplication, replacement) were detected as well. Evidence is reported which suggests cyclobutane dimers are the principal mutagenic lesions induced by UV radiation in stationary phase cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Since most of the induced lesions are at 5′-TT-3′ sites, the results suggest that the “A-rule”, preferential insertion of adenine residues opposite poorly pairing sites in DNA, does not apply for yeast cells irradiated in stationary phase, whereas the spontaneous mutation data indicate that the A-rule applies for cells in logarithmic phase. Most of the spontaneous mutations are transversions. UV-induced transitions and transversions occur at approximately equal frequencies.
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    Transmission of yeast mitochondrial loci to progeny is reduced when nearby intergenic regions containing ori sequences are deleted (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 425-432 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Intergenic sequences ; Transmission ; Genetic crosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from four stable revertant strains generated from high frequency petite forming strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to contain deletions which have eliminated intergenic sequences encompassing ori1, ori2 and ori7. The deleted sequences are dispensable for expression of the respiratory phenotype and mutant strains exhibit the same relative amount of mtDNA per cell as the wild-type (wt) parental strain. These deletion mutants were also used to study the influence of particular intergenic sequences on the transmission of closely linked mitochondrial loci. When the mutant strains were crossed with the parental wt strains, there was a strong bias towards the transmission into the progeny of mitochondrial genomes lacking the intergenic deletions. The deficiency in the transmission of the mutant regions was not a simple function of deletion length and varied between different loci. In crosses between mutant strains which had non-overlapping deletions, wt mtDNA molecules were formed by recombination. The wt recombinants were present at high frequencies among the progeny of such crosses, but recombinants containing both deletions were not detected at all. The results indicate that mitochondrial genomes can be selectively transmitted to progeny and that two particular intergenic regions positively influence transmission. Within these regions other sequences in addition to ori/rep affect transmission.
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    Yeast nuclear gene CBS2, required for translational activation of cytochrome b, encodes a basic protein of 45 kDa (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 263-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: DNA sequence ; PET gene ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcription initiation ; Translation activator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In yeast, synthesis of apocytochrome b from mitochondrial COB mRNA depends on at least three nuclear gene products. The translation stimulatory effect by two of these nuclear genes, CBS1 and CBS2, is mediated by the 5′-untranslated leader of COB mRNA. In this report, we show that CBS2 is located on chromosome IV and provide genetic evidence that the CBS2 gene encodes a polypeptide. Determination of the DNA sequence reveals a contiguous open reading frame of 1167 bp. The deduced polypeptide has a calculated molecular weight of 44.5 kDa and is characterized by a high content of positively charged amino acids. It has no significant homology to any known protein. The CBS2 gene is transcribed into low abundance mRNA species with a major transcription initiation site located 97 bp upstream from the ATG start codon next to a poly(dA-dT) stretch.
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    The effect of growth conditions on production and excretion of extracellular antigens by three ascomycetous yeasts (1988)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 54 (1988), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: extracellular antigens ; extracellular polysaccharides ; Hansenula wickerhamii ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Stephanoascus ciferrii ; yeast antigens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ascomycetous yeasts produce extracellular antigens that are almost specific for the species. The antigen production by Hansenula wickerhamii and Stephanoascus ciferrii was independent of the carbon source and was proportional to the final cell density of the cultures. The same was true of chemostat cultures of Stephanoascus ciferrii, irrespective of the dilution rate and whether glucose or ammonia was the limiting nutrient. In cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, however, antigen excretion mainly took place in the late exponential growth phase. Large amounts of antigen were extracted from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A small amount was detected in the cytoplasm.
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    An evaluation and comparison of micro-techniques for concentration of volatile components from dilute solutions (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 21-24 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sample concentration ; Chromatographic evaporation ; Solvent effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Several micro-techniques for the removal of solvent from dilute solutions of volatile compounds have been compared. Large solute losses were experienced when the conventional blow-down technique was applied. Better yields could be obtained with static evaporation procedures, as long as an effective reflux was maintained. However, careful optimization of the vessel design and operating conditions is necessary. The most efficient volume reduction technique was shown to be chromatographic evaporation. Quantitative recoveries were obtained for the compounds tested and the process was significantly faster than static concentration. Moreover, operating conditions (gas flow, temperature) are less critical. With modifications, the principle can be used for the concentration of large sample volumes down to a few microliters.
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    The polarity of polyoxyethylene glycol dialkyl ethers and their sulphur analogs as measured by parameters considering intermolecular electric interactions (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 95-98 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phase polarity ; Polarity parameters ; Structure-retention relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The new stationary phase polarity parameters BN and BS evaluated from the concept of the electric intermolecular interactions are used to describe the polarity of polyoxyethylene glycol dialkyl ethers and their sulphur analogs. Relations between the discussed parameters and accepted measures of surfactants' polarity are presented and discussed. The considered parameters are correlated with the compound structures. Structural increments for characteristic fragments of the molecule are calculated and use to predict BN and BS values.
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    Gas chromatographic investigations of the adsorption of n-octane on the surface of sulfur (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 134-138 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sulfur ; n-Octane adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary From the adsorption isotherms of n-octane on the surface of sulfur at 29.8°C and 40.6°C some thermodynamic functions were determined. On the basis of these data the structure of the adsorbed layer of n-octane is postulated. The molecular interactions and adsorption mechanism are also discussed. It is stated that both quasi-liquid and quasi-sold layers may be formed on the surface of sulfur depending on the surface coverage with n-octane.
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    Predicting retention data using the slope of the log adjusted retention time vs. carbon number plot for n-alkanes (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 313-318 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Slope of log plot ; Homologous series ; Partition coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The slope of the n-alkane log plot dt′R/dnc (t′R=adjusted retention time; nc=carbon number) for a stationary phase can be used to obtain the retention index of an unidentified substance in a chromatogram containing only one peak with a known retention index, or to predict the retention time of a substance from that of a different homolog in the same series. It can also be used to translate retention indices into relative retention time, partition coefficient or specific retention volume. Published values of the slope are collected and critically evaluated. Equations are deduced that predict its approximate value at a specified temperature given the value at only one other temperature.
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    Gas chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric and diastereoisomeric amino acid esters on Chirasil-Val capillary column (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 393-396 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Separation of optical isomers ; Chirasil-Val capillary columns ; Amino acid esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary D,L-amino acids were derivatized with (+), (±)-2-butanol or N-trifluoroacetyl-L-prolyl chloride (L-TPC) and then chromatographed. Four optical isomers were separated on a Chirasil-Val capillary column. By this method, the concentration of optical impurities arising from the commercial optically active reagents can be determined. The observed abnormal elution orders of enantiomeric amino acid esters may be caused by a selective intermolecular force.
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    Determination of the evaporation rate of essential oils and perfumery compositions using gas chromatography (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 520-522 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Essential oils ; Evaporation rate ; Perfume composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple method was developed for the determination of the evaporation rate of essential oils and perfumery composition using gas chromatography with temperature programming. The volatility of 19 essential oils and 17 perfumery composition was evaluated. The method is useful for different comparative measurements.
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    An improved method for steroid profile analysis using capillary gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 598-602 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Steroid profiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Steroid conjugates are hydrolysed enzymatically using β-glucuronidase after extraction from urine using a solid phase extraction cartridge. After hydrolysis the free steroids are removed from the matrix, again utilising solid phase extraction. Derivatisation of the free hydroxyl groups using Hydrox-Sil AQ produces the respective TMS ethers which are extracted into hexane, in which solvent they are stable for many days. Capillary GC analysis with flame ionisation detection produces a profile of the steroids present in the sample. This technique is suitable for following changes in the urinary excretion profiles of patients undergoing investigation for a variety of steroid production-related diseases.
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    Determination of the triglyceride composition of grapes by HPLC (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 609-612 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Triglyceride composition of grapes ; Identification system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The triglyceride composition of the Tempranillo grape (Vitis vinifera) has been examined by a combination of HPLC and GLC. To identify the triglycerides, equations were applied relating log k′ with the molecular variables: equivalent carbon number, chain length and number of double bonds in each of the fatty acids in the glycerides. Ten triglycerides were found, the principal ones being trilinolein (35.75%), dilinoleyl-olein (21.03%) and dilinoleyl-palmitin (17.02%).
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    Influence of structure of alkenes on their retention on different stationary phases (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 655-658 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Structure-retention relationships ; Connectivity indices, topological indices ; Alkenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention indices of different alkenes are correlated with connectivity and topological parameters. The appropriate statistically valid relations hips are derived and discussed.
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    Separation and identification ofα, ω-diiodoperfluoroalkanes in gas chromatography (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 735-736 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; α,ω-diiodoperfluoroalkanes ; Separation ; identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of α,ω-diiodoperfluoralkanes on a glass capillary column coated with OV-101 methylsilicone was investigated. Retention indices were determined at three temperatures (140, 150 and 160°C). The correlation between the retention indices and the boiling points of the investigated compounds was studied.
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    The temperature dependence of retention indices in gas chromatography (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 731-734 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention Index (l) ; Temperature dependence of Retention Index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A linear dependence of (T−T1)/[1(T)−1(T1)] on temperature (considering the retention index 1(T1) at temperature T1 as a standard value) is derived. Both ther retention index at an assigned temperature and the temperature dependence of the retention index can be calculated from retention data measured at two temperature-programing rates.
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    Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solid sample material using a desorption device coupled to a GC/MS system (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 171-177 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; GC/MS analysis ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Bituminous coal ; Brown coal ; Plant waxes ; Thermodesorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) today are ubiquitous detectable constituents of recent sediments. The compounds are adsorbed on particulate emissions and are thus transferred to the environment. To date the analysis of PAH in sediments, dust samples and plant material is based mainly on the application of solvent-extraction methods followed by liquid chromatography and/or gas chromatographic separation of the extracts. An alternative approach for the analysis of PAH in solid samples such as coal, sediments, dust samples and plant waxes is shown in this contribution. A commercially available device for the analysis of volatile compounds present in solid matter is connected on-line to a GC/MS system. The device enables the thermal desorption of hydrocarbons at a temperature of 320°C. Subsequently, the hydrocarbons trapped on the initial part of the capillary column are analyzed by GC/MS. The application of mass chromatography provides the possibility of detection and quantitation of PAH in complex mixtures even when they coelute with other compounds. The sample amount required varies between 1 and 10 mg depending on the hydrocarbon content.
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    Immobilisation of Chirasil-Val on glass capillaries (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 229-233 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillaries ; Chirasil-Val ; Immobilisation ; Enantiomeric separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Immobilisation methods of the chiral silicone stationary phase Chirasil-L-Val have been studied. In addition to the standard techniques of radical-induced immobilisation with dicumyl peroxide and azo tert-butane, immobilisation was solely achieved by thermal treatment: conditioning at low flow-rates or under stop-flow conditions led to unexpectedly high immobilisation despite mild temperatures. The presence of water vapor in the carrier gas accelerated the immobilisation process. While up to 75% immobilisation was attainable with both ATB and thermal methods, immobilisation with DCUP did not exceed 50%, despite relatively high DCUP concentrations. Whilst all immobilisation methods were accompanied by varying degrees of racemisation at the chiral centre, it was possible to establish conditions that yielded a high immobilisation (in excess of 70%) with a negligible loss in enantiomeric selctivity. The immobilisation reactions also slightly affected the polarity of the stationary phase, reflected in a shift of the Kovats-Indices of amino acid derivatives and in the accompanying “Squalane-Effect”. With respect to immobilisation, racemisation and polarity shift, thermal immobilisation with water-saturated carrier gas proved to be the optimum method.
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    The use of activated (S)-(+)-naproxen for the gas chromatographic resolution of some amino acid methyl esters (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 925-927 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; (S)-(+)-Naproxen ; Amino acid methyl esters ; Resolution of diasteroisomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A GC method has been elaborated for the separation of enantiomers of some amino acid methyl esters after derivatization with activated (S)-(+)-naproxen. Nine amino acid ester paris were completely resolvede in a single run on a fused silica capillary column.
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    Micropacked column gas chromatography with vapour of organic substance as the mobile phase (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 993-998 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; HPLC system ; Micropacked column ; Organic mobile phase ; UV detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention behaviours of aromatic hydrocarbons were examined by using the vapour of an organic substance as the mobile phase and silica gel as the stationary phase. Gas chromatographic separation of aromatic hydrocarbons was demonstrated by using a system comprising a liquid chromatographic (LC) pump, a micropacked column for LC, a column oven and a UV detector.
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    Comparative evaluation of retention of hydrocarbons present in the C5-petroleum fraction on methylsilicone and squalane phases (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 177-180 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention of hydrocarbons present in the C5 pyrolysis fraction of gasolines on the stationary phases squalane and methylsilicone oil JXR at 30, 40 and 50°C was investigated by capillary gas chromatography. The unified retention indices of the hydrocarbons were also calculated on squalane. The retention indices obtained on these two phases were interrelated and the quantitative relationship with the structure of the solutes was studied. Equations based on the unified retention indices calculated on squalane and some selected structural elements of the solutes permit the calculation of their retention on methylsilicone with sufficient accuracy.
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    Determination of the gas chromatographic gas hold-up time (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 589-592 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Hold-up time determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary New versions are suggested for the gas hold-up time calculation in gas chromatography. The results are compared with those obtained by using other methods. The advantages of the suggested ways of calculation are pointed out.
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    Reaction gas chromatography: Study of the photodecomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 621-626 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pre-column photolysis ; Halogenated hydrocarbons ; Identification of photolysis products ; Reaction mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Photodecomposition of chloro- and bromoderivatives of saturated, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied under flow conditions using reaction gas chromatography. The photodegradation products were separated on a column coated with squalane and identified by comparing the measured retention data with those of standards and published retention indices, The results can be used to clarify the decomposition of such compounds.
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    Empirical correlation equations describing retention data of hydrocarbons on dinonylphatalate and polyethyleneglycol 4000 (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 725-730 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Structure-retention correlation ; Kováts retention index ; Alkylaromatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Relative retention data and Kováts retention indices were measured for several hydrocarbons (mainly for alkylbenzenes) on dinonylphtalate and polyethylenelycol 4000 stationary phase. Correlations were searched between these retention data and the following physical (boiling point, molrefraction, molvolume) and topological (connectiviity index and general index of molecular complexity) properties of solutes. The best fitting equations was choosen among more than 150 equations involving linear, quadratic, exponential, two variables linear and quadratic dependence of retention data and the properties mentioned as well as their inverses.
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    Determination of 3-phenyl-4-hydroxy-6-chloropyridazine in groundwater using enrichment on porous organic polymers (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 817-821 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Water analysis ; Macroreticular polymeric adsorbent resins ; Herbicides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of 3-phenyl-4-hydroxy-6-chloropyridazine in potable water. The method is based on isolation and enrichment by passing the water sample through a column of macroreticular polymeric adsorbent resin, concentration, derivatisation with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride and GC measurement with a N-specific detector. The individual experiments for establishing the working conditions, especially the adsorption characteristics of different types of resin, are described. The highest enrichment efficiency is obtained with the methacrylate-type resin XAD7. In field-sampling experiments a 10cm column yields 57% recovery at 100mLmin−1 flow rate, 0.3 ppb concentration level and 1 L sample volume. The method is completely documented; performance data are a detection limit of 0.07 μg L−1 and a mean recovery of 75% at the 0.3 ppb level.
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    Thermodynamic properties of solutions by gas chromatography using a liquid crytal compound 4,4-bis(heptyloxy)azoxybenzene as solvent (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 825-830 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid crystals ; Thermodynamic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Thermodynamic properties of 22 solutes at infinite dilution have been determined in the smectic, nematic and isotropic mesophases of 4,4′-bis(heptyloxy)azoxybenzone. The thermodynamic properties are discussed in relation to the solute-solvent (liquid crystal) interactions as conditioned by the degree of order in the liquid crystal.
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    Interpolation of relative retentions as a tool for identification of perhalogenated compounds (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 168-170 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Perhalogenated compounds ; Relative retentions ; Identification by interpolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Separation of perhalogenated compounds resulting from thermolysis, photolysis or radiolysis of mixtures of halogens in carbon tetrachloride was carried out by programmed temperature gas chromatography. Plots of relative retentions (to CBr4) vs the number of bromine atoms present for known compounds of the general formula CxBryClz (x=1 and 2; y+z=4 or 6) gave three linear correlations (all with r〉0.99). These correlations permitted projections of the identities of reaction products for which no standards were available. These projections were later confirmed by CG-MS. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A0732166 00010
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    Automated on-line gas chromatographic injection of samples completely liquified by pressure (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 383-386 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; On-line process analysis ; Injection of volatile compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A modified on-line liquid injection technique with rotary valves for gas chromatography has been developed. Applications for the on-line analysis of 2-methylpropene, cyclohexene and 1-butene are described. All samples were loaded under pressure. The results obtained show excellent reproducibility with less than 0.1% relative standard deviation (r.s.d.; n=6) for the peak areas measured. The method is particularly advantageous for samples containing both gas and liquid ccomponents at one bar.
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    Gas chromatographic method for determining free fatty acids in cheese (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 87-90 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Free acids in cheese ; Tetramethylammonium hydroxide soaps ; Packed and capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid gas chromatographic method for the analysis of individual free fatty acids (FFA) in cheese has been developed. Lipds were extract from a cheese paste acidified with diethyl ether and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAM) was used for converting the FFA to TMA-soaps, which are transformed to methyl esters in the chromatographic injector. The effect of lactic acid was determined. The reproducibility of the method was studied and the coefficient of variation for the total FFA was found to be 2.2%. Recovery of individual FFA was in the range 87 to 106%.
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    Measurement of activity coefficients in polymer solutions by the reversedflow technique (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 453-454 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Polymer activities ; Polymer interaction parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The reversed-flow, gas-chromatographic method for measuring activities and activity coefficients in binary liquid mixtures is now extended to the determination of activity coefficients of the solvent in polymer-solvent systems over the whole range of polymer concentration, as well as for the calculation of Flory-Huggins interaction parameters. The parameters found by the present method are compared with those determined by other techniques or calculated theoretically.
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    Determination of bile acids in serum and bile by a modified gas chromatographic glass capillary technique (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillary columns ; Bile acids ; Hexafluoroisopropyl esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A modified gas chromatographic glass capillary technique for determination of five major bile acids (Cholic acid: CA, Chenodeoxycholic acid: CDCA, Deoxycholic acid: DCA, Lithocholic acid: LCA and Ursodeoxycholic acid: UDCA) has been developed after preliminary extraction with XAD-2 resin. Enzymatic hydrolysis prevents the formation of interferring degradation products. Ether extraction with centrifugation eliminates water soluble interferring substances. Derivatization to hexafluorpropyl- instead of methyl esters results in better separation, shortens analysis time and prolongs the life span of the column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02324790
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    A review of very large scale chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 547-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid column chromatography ; Process scale separations ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The relative merits of large scale gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have not been reviewed for some considerable time. Although methodologies capable of manufacturing high efficiency (and hence cost effective) plant have existed for over a decade, commercial introduction has been remarkably slow. This has primarily been caused by confidentiality restrictions placed on equipment manufacturers, in turn severely limiting wide ranging applications data. These are necessary to raise potential end users confidence that both techniques offer viable large scale routes to separation and purification of mixtures as analysed by laboratory chromatographic methods. Considerable recent progress has been made with large scale HPLC plant, which has led to sufficient published data to make both technical and economic comparisons against GC possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02324833
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    Determination of toluenesulfonic acid isomers by gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 618-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Toluenesulfonic acid isomer distribution ; Ethyl toluenesulfonate isomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method for the determination of isomeric distribution in toluenesulfonic acid samples is described. The acids are transformed into the corresponding ethyl esters by reaction with triethyl orthoformate in toluene. The reaction mixture can be injected, without further purification, into the gas chromatograph. The separation is best performed on columns containing OV-210 or polyphenyl ether (6 rings) as the stationary phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327658
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  • 74
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    Electronic Resource
    Capillary gas chromatography of some metal acetylacetonates (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 691-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Al, Cr, Co and Fe acetylacetonates ; Capillary column separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention and resolution of simple mixture of Al(III), Cr(III), Co(III), and Fe(III) acetylacetonates were investigated on capillary columns coated with methyl and methyl phenyl silicones (OV-1 or OV-17) used as the stationary phase, at different column temperatures and carrier gas flow rates. Successful elution and good resolution were obtained only for the Al(III) and Cr(III) complexes, both under isothermal and programmed-temperature conditions; better resolution was observed on the column coated with OV 17.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290472
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    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of heavy organic pollutants of confined atmospheres (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Phenolic compounds ; Air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An improved procedure for the determination of the less volatile air pollutants of recycled closed atmospheres by activated carbon-Soxhlet extraction is proposed. After total treatment of desorbate, PAH determination is then accomplished by RP-HPLC using both adsorptiometric and fluorimetric UV detection; phenolic compounds are determined by GC-MS. This technique is suitable for very low levels of PAH and phenolic compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268170
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  • 76
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    GC analysis of gas in halogen lamps using a new sampling device (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 34-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas analysis in halogen lamps ; Sampling device
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new type of gas sampling device was constructed to improve the analysis of the gas in halogen lamps. Low levels of gases such as O2, CH4, C2H4 and CH3Br could be determined by the techniques worked out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268121
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    GC analysis of the gas filling of incandescent lamps: Determination of oxygen impurity in argon (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 413-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas analysis in incandescent lamps ; Gas chromatographic determination of O2 impurity in argon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive GC method was developed to analyse O2 (∼10–400ppm) in argon, by using Ar as carrier gas. A sampling method was developed for lamp analysis, and the O2 impurity content in the gas filling of incandescent lamps was measured. The results of the GC and MS measurements were in good agreement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268191
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