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  • 1988  (3,171)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (3,171)
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  • Articles  (3,171)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EDITORIAL (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00625.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING FROM SPOT IMAGERY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A previous paper (Gugan, 1987) described the geometric model used to find the exterior orientation of dynamic SPOT imagery. The present paper considers the results of measurement and interpretation tests performed on a number of stereomodels. The image quality is assessed in comparison with the original digital data. Level 1A stereomodels with different base height ratios, numbers of control points and with different control point accuracies are compared. Accuracies obtained with level 1P and 1B data are also reported. The information content of the imagery is assessed by feature plotting followed by comparison with the 1:50 000 and 1:100 000 scale maps of the area. The importance of high quality photographic imagery and operator experience are noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00629.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GROUND CONTROL DETERMINATION FOR REGISTRATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERY USING DIGITAL MAP DATA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Work is reported on the production of terrain elevation data from SPOT imagery. An important step in this process is determination of exterior orientation parameters for the images. Although an initial estimate is available in the SPOT header, refinements are required based on plan and height data. These are generally derived from photogrammetric measurements (or sources such as global positioning satellite systems), but accurate manual determination is time consuming.This paper reports an alternative approach by investigating the use of existing map data (located on the earth's surface and in a known projection) to find corresponding “ground control points” in both map and image. Available maps may be in digital or paper form depending on the state of development of mapping in the part of the world being studied. The last revision date and the cartographic generalisation employed will also effect the fidelity of the final result. Practical semi-automatic techniques for determining the height of ground control points from existing map data are described, including multiple profiles through digitised contour data, a commercial terrain modelling package based on Delaunay triangulation and the use of triangulation points on prominent features.Comparisons between the methods are made and results obtained are compared with Institut Géographique National datasets and photogrammetric measurements. Methods for fully automating not only the height determination but also the location of ground control features within a map database are discussed. Map and image registration is described and illustrated using Laser-Scan's Rover software. Interactive and automated methods of registration are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00631.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING WITH SPOT 1 DATA: A PRACTICAL APPROACH BY THE ORDNANCE SURVEY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Overseas Surveys Directorate (OSD) of the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OS) has experimented with using SPOT I HRV data for topographic line mapping at 1:100 000 scale in the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). Results of these tests indicate that sufficient accuracy to support 1:100 000 scale mapping with a 40 m contour interval is possible but that the compilation of detail is incomplete. More emphasis on field completion and verification is required than with traditional techniques to maintain a standard 1:100 000 scale mapping specification. Costs of mapping large areas can be significantly reduced but savings are yet to be made in providing ground control. OSD has acquired expertise and hardware in a new mapping process, not to replace traditional mapping systems but to complement them under appropriate conditions. OSD has developed sufficient confidence in the use of SPOT to commit itself to mapping approximately 25 000 square kilometres of north east Yemen Arab Republic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00633.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AWARDS TO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY MEMBERS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00637.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BUNDLE TRIANGULATION IN ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY: THE BASILICA OF SAN FRANCESCO IN SIENA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Bundle triangulation is an efficient tool for spatial point determination in architectural photogrammetry. All the information available in image and object space may be introduced in a combined adjustment yielding high precision and reliability. Camera calibration performed simultaneously with the object restitution process enables the application of convenient and flexible imaging systems based on professional photographic technology. Thus the survey of monuments can be carried out rapidly with a minimum of personnel and equipment. The photogrammetric recording of the basilica of San Francesco in Siena is presented as an example of the application of this survey procedure. The field work was accomplished in a few days. The equipment used consisted of a partial metric camera, an engineering theodolite and a tape. The bundle adjustment results gave spatial object co-ordinates with a r.m.s.e. of ± 15 mm for a point.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00635.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEWS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book review in this aticle:INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS AND TECHNIQUES OF REMOTE SENSING. By C. Elachi.COMPUTER PROCESSING OF REMOTELY-SENSED IMAGES. By P. M. Mather.ARCTIC AIRMEN. B E. Schofield and R. C. Nesbit.WARBURTON'S WAR. The life of Wing Commander Adrian Warburton, DSO and Bar, DFC and Two Bars, DFC (USA). By T. Spooner.MAP PROJECTIONS—A WORKING MANUAL. By. J. P. Snyder.WORLD MAPPING TODAY. By R. B. Parry and C. R. Perkins.CONTROL SURVEYS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING. By M. A. R. Cooper.INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING. By J. B. Campbell.ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By S. K. Ghosh.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00639.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODELLING FOR DIGITAL TERRAIN AND LANDSCAPE VISUALISATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Methods of creating digital terrain and landscape models for regional and site specific visualisations are described. A number of alternative approaches are discussed and their relative accuracies are considered. This is followed by a review of the computer graphics procedures which can be used to render such models. Particular attention is directed towards methods for depth cueing, hidden surface removal, shading and texturing. The effects of the atmosphere and methods of producing shadows are also examined. The paper then presents varied applications of such visualisations, including small scale, regional examples and large scale, site specific applications. In conclusion, the role of photogrammetry in the process of visualisation is assessed and possible future developments in this field are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00626.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS PRODUCED BY AUTOMATIC STEREOMATCHERS FROM SPOT IMAGE PAIRS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A number of published steromatching algorithms have been implemented and tested on SPOT images of areas for which gridded digital elevation models (DEMs) are available with spacings of 80 m or less, as well as ground control checkpoints.Results are presented for comparison of stereomatched output with the DEMs as well as an analysis of the errors arising and their causes. Results are discussed for planimetrically geocoded and epipolar resampled data. An error budget describing effects due to orientation, feature localisation and matching are discussed and conclusions drawn for future work in this area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00630.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SOME ASPECTS OF HEIGHT EXTRACTION FROM SPOT IMAGERY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Military systems are becoming far more demanding in their requirement for geographical information. Military Survey must be able to support these requirements and consequently undertake a continuous evaluation of new potential sources and exploitation systems. In considering SPOT data, both the improved spatial resolution and the three dimensional capability afforded by the system must be investigated. Military Survey, together with universities and industry, is conducting trials on the accuracy and detail obtainable from both film and digital data. This paper will consider the three dimensional geometric fidelity of SPOT data using three different systems. The first exploits the data as a stereopair of diapositives using an analytical plotter. The second is a hybrid system in that the stereoscopic digital data are loaded into an image processing workstation which projects a stereo-image onto a split screen. This is then treated as “hardcopy” and is interactively exploited by a conventional stereoscope. The third system is completely digital in that height extraction is undertaken within a digital environment incorporating autocorrelation routines. Overall system errors of 10 m to 12 m (σ) were recorded for each exploitation system. Digital elevation model accuracies varied depending upon terrain type and image contrast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00632.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00638.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOTES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00640.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AERIAL TRIANGULATION FOR CONTROL PROVISION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author has been involved in aerial triangulation, in various capacities, for some 27 years. This period has seen some very significant changes worthy of remark. This essay is a general review of that period; it does not go into detail and no formulae are quoted. The idea has been to look at the more notable developments, skipping the earlier and well documented period in favour of more recent times, particularly as regards the references. The objective will have been achieved if it provides a starting point, indicating further reading, for those who wish to study the subject in greater depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00610.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND THE REPRESENTATION OF ARCHITECTURE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00615.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOTES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00621.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    To the Editor, The Photogrammetric Record (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00622.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00624.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    STATISTICAL CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEYING (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper was prepared as supporting documentation for a tutorial given by the authors under Photogrammetric Society auspices. The authors do not make any claims of novelty or innovation but they feel that the information contained in the paper will provide useful study material, especially for practitioners of photogrammetry and surveying. The following topics are covered: functional and stochastic models; the least squares process; statistical testing; optimal design methods; and numerical examples in the design of a horizontal control network and of a close range photogrammetric survey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00612.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CASA DEL AGUA: A RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT IN TUCSON, ARIZONA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A typical single family residence in Tucson, Arizona, was retrofitted to incorporate low-water-use fixtures and water reuse systems. The use of municipal water was reduced by 53 percent to 53 gallons per capita per day (gpcd) and total water use at the home was reduced by 33 percent to 74 gpcd.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03039.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RESISTANCE TO FLOW OVER RIPRAP IN STEEP CHANNELS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A series of flume tests were conducted to determine the flow resistance of angular shaped riprap in steep channels. Flow resistance was expressed in terms of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor and the Manning's roughness coefficient. Prototype channels of 4 ft. (1.2 m) and 12 ft. (3.7 m) in width were constructed at slopes ranging from 0.01 to 0.20. The channel beds were comprised of angular riprap of median diameters of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 inches (2.59, 5.59, 10.41, 12.95, and 15.75 cms). The Darcy-Weisbach and Manning's coefficients were determined for each test condition prior to bed failure.The resulting Darcy-Weisbach coefficients were related to the channel energy gradient and the bed relative submergence for highly turbulent flow. Also, Manning's roughness coefficients were related to the product of the median stone diameter and energy gradient. Because of the angular shape of the riprap and the wedging and/or packing of the bed materials, the resistance to flow was found to exceed the flow resistance values predicted by previous studies. Expressions were presented for estimating the resistance to flow for angular riprap in steep channels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03038.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DETERMINATION OF UNGAGED TRIBUTARY FLOWS AND INTERSEGMENTAL RESERVOIR FLOWS USING SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Spreadsheet software was utilized on two related large scale trial and error problems. Gaged streamflow data and known reservoir volumes were used to construct a daily continuity balance in order to estimate the daily mean flows from ungaged portions of a study watershed over one year. Watershed yield coefficients were determined for two diverse types of watersheds with and without significant ground water contribution. Subsequently, a spreadsheet template was devised to ensure than an EPA supported water quality model, WASP, would successfully model the actual segmental volumes of a flood control reservoir. Inlet, outlet, and intersegmental advective flows were determined on a two week average basis using a continuity balance, segmental routing, and known segmental volumes. The protocols described relate the use of microcomputers to the resolution of hydraulic and hydrologic problems requiring iterative solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03023.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODELING INSTREAM RECREATIONAL BENEFITS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A basic problem in the management of rivers has been how to balance the tradeoffs between instream and out-of-stream uses. Traditionally, the problem has been addressed by optimizing the economic benefits of flow diversions and regulated releases with instream uses as a flow constraint. An alternative method is to model the effect different river flows have on various recreational uses (e.g., boating, fishing) and then use the results as an additional function or piece of information to determine river project operations and benefits. A methodology that is based on multiobjective decision theory and that relates instream recreational preferences to river flow is proposed. The methodology consists of determining, standardizing, and combining recreational benefit functions, and incorporating potential sources of uncertainty into an estimate of total instream benefits. Thus different types of flow patterns, resulting from reservoir regulation (out-of-stream water uses), can be analyzed to determine their potential instream impact. The methodology is applied to the New River Gorge, West Virginia, which has been designated as a National River.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03024.x
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  • 23
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    FORECAST UNCERTAINTY IN WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIR OPERATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This research investigates the benefits of forecasting in water supply systems. Questions relating operational losses to forecast period and accuracy are addressed. Some simple available forecasting techniques are assessed for their accuracy and applicability. These issues are addressed through the use of a simulation model of the Cedar and South Fork Tolt Rivers, where the system is modeled as a single purpose reservoir supplying municipal and industrial water to the Seattle metropolitan area. The following conclusions were made for this system: (1) reservoir operation deteriorates markedly with the loss of forecast accuracy; (2) the optimal length of forecasting period is five months; (3) reservoir operation may be improved by as much as 88 percent if perfect predictive abilities are available; (4) the mean of the historic data is not recommended to predict future flows because Markov methods are always superior; and (5) lag-one autoregressive Markov schemes exhibit about a 9 percent improvement in operation over no forecasting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03043.x
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  • 24
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    WATER POLICIES FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: ABSTRACF: Examination of a series of studies of the economically efficient water allocations in the Upper Colorado River, Yellowstone River, and Great Basins indicate that water is not a serious general physical constraint on the development of energy resources, so long as public institutions do not hinder the exchange of water rights in markets. Energy development will cause limited impacts on other water-using sectors, principally agriculture. There appears to be little reason to develop large-scale water storage facilities, even during periods of reduced water production. Water storage developments appear to be necessary only when institutional constraints severely restrict water rights markets and transfers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03044.x
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  • 25
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    “Relationship Between Annual Runoff and Watershed Area for the Eastern United States” (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03029.x
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  • 26
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    “Relationship Between Annual Runoff and Watershed Area for the Eastern United States,” by Barry P. Rochelle, M. Robbins Church, Warren A. Gebert, David J. Graczyk, and William R. Krug (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03028.x
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  • 27
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    “Privatizing the Ground Water Resource: Individual Use a Alternative Specifications,” by David T. Fractor (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03030.x
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  • 28
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    “Privatizing the Ground Water Resource: Individual Use and Alternative Specifications” (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03031.x
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    EMPIRICAL MODELS FOR TROPHIC STATE IN SOUTHEASTERN U.S. LAKES AND RESERVOIRS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A cross-sectional data set of 80 lakes and reservoirs in nine southeastern states was examined to specify and parameterize trophic state relationships. The relationships fitted are based on measurements of several limnological variables taken over the course of a growing season or year in each of the lakes. The trophic state models relate phosphorus and nitrogen loading to inlake phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, which in turn are related to maximum chlorophyll level, Secchi disk depth, dominant algal species, and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen status. Due to the empirical nature of the study, causal conclusions are limited; rather, the models are most useful for prediction of average growing season conditions related to trophic state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00923.x
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    ASSESSING THE THREAT TO LIFE FROM DAM FAILURE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To facilitate decisions regarding the need for modification of potentially unsafe dams, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation developed procedures for assessing the threat to human lives posed by the failure of individual dams. The procedures provide a conceptual model of the variables influencing the loss of life from dam failure and a method for predicting loss of life based on the size of the population at risk from failure and the amount of warning time available for that population. The prediction equations are based on an analysis of 24 dam failures and major flash floods occurring since 1950. Adjustments to the predictions to reflect special local conditions are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03051.x
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    THE W-INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An index of residential water efficiency - a “W-Index” - can serve as a measure of effectiveness of water conservation features in the home. The index provides a calculated numerical value for each dwelling unit, derived from the number and kind of water-saving features present, including indoor and outdoor water savers and water harvesting or recycling systems.A W-Index worksheet, devised for on-site evaluation of single-family residences in the Tucson, Arizona, region shows that a nonconserving residence with all the water-using features would use 151,000 gallons per year or 148 gallons per capita per day (gpcpd), while the fully conserving model would use 35,300 gallons per year or 35 gpcpd and with water harvesting and graywater recycling systems would have a maximum W-Index of W-160. A Tucson water conservation demonstration home, Casa del Agua, received a rating of W-139, and field tests of about 30 homes in new Tucson subdivisions show values ranging from W-75 to W-100, indicating the incorporation of some water conservation in current new models.By adjustment of some climatic or water-use parameters, the W-Index format can be applied to various types of dwelling units or to other urban areas. The W-Index can be used by individual homeowners or builders to evaluate water efficiency of residential units, or by water providers or water management agencies as a device for promoting and achieving water conservation goals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03050.x
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    USE OF MICROCOMPUTERS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER QUALITY DATA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Information on raw water quality, treatment process removal efficiency, and distribution system monitoring is essential to the proper management and operation of a water utility system. Microcomputer hardware and software systems using commercially available data base management systems (DBMS) have emerged within the last few years as an effective means of managing, analyzing, and displaying water quality data. Understanding hardware, software, and training requirements is essential to the proper use of these systems. Three types of data base design are common: relational, hierarchical, and network. Only the relational type of data base architecture is widely implemented on microcomputer DBMS. In this paper two examples of the application of DBMS to water utility problems are presented. One example deals with collection and analysis of data concerning the water quality of the Mississippi River. The second example deals with the DBMS as a means of analyzing water quality data in the North Penn Water Authority (NPWA) distribution system.
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    “Aggregate Marginal Returns from Western Irrigated Agriculture,” by Roger B. Long (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03055.x
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    THE STRUCTURE AND ROLE OF RIVER AUTHORITIES IN TEXAS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Texas river authorities are a type of large, regional water district that must be financially self-sufficient. An institutional and historical study of Texas river authorities reveals the broad power of these organizations and their influence in water management. River authorities now control 25 percent of surface water deliveries in Texas. Over two-thirds of authority water was developed by river authorities; nearly one-third was purchased from private or public ventures. While river authority activities have been effective where these services are marketable, the provision of public good services is limited. Increased visibility of these organizations is paralleled by challenges to their traditional autonomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03053.x
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    EFFECTS OF SPATIAL ORIENTATION OF MULTIPLE PLATE ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATES ON INVERTEBRATE COLONIZATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Jumbo multiple plate samplers were suspended in a river at 0.3 and 1 m depth in one of three orientations: interplate spaces closed to downwelling light and open to flow, open to light and flow, or open to light and closed to flow. Mean numbers of colonizing taxa and individuals were not significantly different among orientations after eight weeks of submergence. All variables tested decreased significantly with depth. Mean number of taxa, number of individuals (1 m only), and insect diversity decreased between samplings at four and eight weeks for samplers that were closed to light and open to flow. All orientations, depths, and durations had one-half to two-thirds of the total taxa. Colonization was affected by location in the river and position on sampler suspension equipment. The results indicate lack of orientation effects on colonization or high variability that obscured such effects. The sampler suspension equipment possibly increased among-sampler variability by forming artificial snag habitats, and interplate light and flow conditions at different orientations may not have been sufficiently distinct to elicit different biological responses. Individual samplers provided diverse microhabitats regardless of orientation, but it would be prudent to include orientation among the variables considered in use of multiple plate samplers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00929.x
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    Reply to DISCUSSION by Robert A. Young, Joel R. Hamilton, Norman K. Whittlesey, Richard L. Gardner, and William E. Martin“Aggregate Marginal Returns from Western Irrigated Agriculture” (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03056.x
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    CONSUMPTIVE USE OF STREAMFLOW INCREASES IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This study examined the disposition of streamflow increases that could be created by vegetation management on forest land along the upper reaches of the Colorado River. A network optimization model was used to simulate water flow, storage, consumptive use, and loss within the entire Colorado River Basin with and without the flow increases, according to various scenarios incorporating both current and future consumptive use levels as well as existing and potential institutional constraints. Results indicate that very little of the flow increases would be consumptively used at current use levels, or even at future use levels, if water allocation institutions remain unchanged. Given future use levels and economically based water allocation institutions, up to one-half of the flow increases could be consumptively used. The timing of streamflow increases, and the institutional constraints on water allocation, often limit the potential for consumptive use of flow increases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00931.x
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    STREAM CHEMISTRY IN THE SOUTHERN BLUE RIDGE: FEASIBILITY OF A REGIONAL SYNOPTIC SAMPLING APPROACH (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A pilot study, which was conducted in the Southern Blue Ridge geographical province of the Southeastern U.S., demonstrated the feasibility of a probability-based regional synoptic design for the National Stream Survey, which is a project aimed at estimating the number and percentage of streams in various regions of the U.S. that are acidic or at risk from acid deposition. Estimated population distributions for key chemical variables were not appreciably affected by week-to-week variability in stream chemistry during the spring index period chosen for the study. Differences were observed in estimated acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), nitrate, and pH frequency distributions between spring and summer. Observations made at the downstream node did not represent the chemistry of the entire reach for some variables (ANC and nitrate) as indicated by differences in chemical concentrations between upstream and downstream sampling locations. Coefficients of variation in chemical species were low enough to provide a reasonably stable classification of streams based on ANC. Although median ANC, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations were quite low in the region, the probability of finding streams with ph 〈 6.3 is less than 1.3 percent at the α= 0.05 confidence level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00933.x
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    LOCAL SCOUR AROUND CYLINDRICAL OBJECTS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Several predictors for the maximum local scour around cylindrical objects are compared to available experimental data. The range of flow parameters for which these formulas are valid are presented. The best predictors among those compared in this study were identified. Based on the available data a formula for estimating local scour around cylindrical objects is also given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00935.x
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    MUNICIPAL RESPONSES TO VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WISCONSIN GROUND WATER (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Contamination of ground water supplies with volatile organic compounds is a new and significant problem. Municipalities and their community water systems are often the first to discover ground water contamination because of the monitoring programs they are required to carry out. When contamination exceeds standards, some action is required.The responses of Wisconsin municipalities to volatile organic compounds that exceed standards in their ground water sources is described. Actions to protect human health are prompt, but the survey results indicate plumes of contaminated ground water are usually not treated. They may continue to migrate and contaminate other private and public wells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00936.x
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    AN INDEX FOR MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH AN APPLICATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper presents a statistically valid index for measuring the performance of irrigation systems. The index is applied to a sample of 39 farms on a watercourse under the warabandi system of irrigation management in India. It is found that while the farmers in fact irrigated almost exactly the total amount of irrigated area as designed, inter-farm variations were considerable. The index shows that the degree of error of managerial effectiveness of irrigation on this watercourse is 20 percent. Therefore it is concluded that the system is performing at 80 percent effectiveness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00937.x
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    CAGED FISH AS MONITORS OF POLLUTION: EFFECTS OF CHLORINATED EFFLUENT FROM A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Fish confined to cages were used to determine the effects of effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Control fish were kept in cages in an aquaculture pond. Acute effects of the effluent entering the final oxidation pond of the WWTP were determined by confining channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at the pond inlet; the mean total residual chlorine (TRC) concentration was 0.9 mg/l during this exposure. After 8 h, 42 percent of the fish had died and survivors had severe lesions of the skin and gills. During the first two weeks of exposure, channel catfish at the outlet of the final oxidation pond (mean TRC=0.1 mg/l) were predisposed to bacterial infection but lost the parasitic trematodes that were on the gills when the fish were placed in cages. After several weeks, exposed fish had histologic lesions, enlarged livers, and reduced growth. The presence of unidentified carcinogen(s) in the effluent of this WWTP was indicated by papillomas developing on caged black bullheads (Ictalurus melas) and hepatic-enzyme induction in channel catfish. In situ exposure of caged fish was advantageous because storage and pretreatment of water samples were not required, and exposure levels corresponded to those present in the environment. The use of cages for containment of fish during field exposure allowed confinement to the location of interest and convenient sampling of the fish. Unlike wild fish, the caged fish could be compared to control fish with the same pre-exposure history.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03009.x
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    DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN FISHERY POPULATIONS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Diseases in wild fish populations may have multiple economic and social impacts. Epidemics of infectious diseases, which are associated with the presence of some microbe or parasite, have recently been observed in several major estuarine systems in the eastern United States. The most prevalent of these problems is ulcerative mycosis (UM), a fungal infection. The agents responsible for UM and many of these other diseases are opportunistic pathogens that are not believed to infect normal, immunocompetent individuals. While inroads have been made into determining the infectious agents associated with these diseases, we know very little of how pollution may influence their prevalence. Understanding the importance of pollution requires an awareness of all the environmental conditions that can affect the health of wild populations. In this paper, a multistep examination of the interactions between the host, pathogen(s), and environment is outlined.
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    FISH TUMORS AND ECOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE: A CAUTIONARY EXAMPLE FROM PORT PHILLIP BAY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Interest in the development of strategies using faunal populations for monitoring chemical contamination of the environment was promoted, in part, by earlier investigations of skin lesions that were mistakenly diagnosed as epidermal papillomas in flatfish from Pacific coastal waters of the northern hemisphere. A survey aimed at exploring chemical pollution effects was also undertaken in the southern hemisphere in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, where over 15,000 fish, involving ten mainly bottom-feeding species, were sampled. Only two cases of true neoplasia (both in the sand flathead) were found, but there was a high prevalence of cancer-like growths in certain species of leatherjacket and a low prevalence in spiky globe fish. Morphological analysis proved these to be subacute inflammatory or chronic granulomatous reactions possibly due to parasitic infestation. These findings were discussed in relation to recent work that shows the epidermal papilloma to be a pseudotumor, and the propensity for fish to develop exuberant inflammatory responses to exogenous stimuli which mimic neoplasia.
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    THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY ON MONITORING STRATEGIES: METALLOTHIONEINS AS AN EXAMPLE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An increasing need exists to determine the relative health of estuarine and coastal systems with respect to their ability to support populations of fishery organisms. Many monitoring programs developed for this purpose utilize physiological and biochemical techniques to determine if marine organisms axe stressed by contaminant exposure. The use of the low molecular weight, metal-binding protein, metailothionein, is used as a model technique to detect non-lethal stress in aquatic organisms. Test organisms were the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, and the beaked whale, Mesoplodon europaeus. The data presented illustrates how natural environmental and physiological factors can affect the mobilization and partitioning of metals by organisms and contribute to observed variability in data sets. The processes that affected trace metal partitioning and accumulation were: in oysters, the reproductive cycle/season of the year; in blue arabs, growth and the molt cycle; and in the whale, the type of food and habitat. To effectively monitor populations of fishery organisms, therefore, it is necessary to identify those factors that control survival, growth, and reproduction so that better predictive models can be formulated that will not be confounded by uncontrolled variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03013.x
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    CORRELATION OF COPROSTANOL TO ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS OF THE U.S. (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Results from the National Status and Trends Program, a nationwide effort to evaluate U.S. coastal and estuarine environmental quality, are analyzed to provide information about regional sources of organic contaminants in the benthic environment. Spearman's rank correlation procedure is applied to measurements of coprostanol, a chemical tracer of sewage, and three classes of organic compounds in sediments. The results suggest that discharges from publicly owned treatment works are responsible for concentrations of the organic compounds encountered in the northeastern coastal region, while other sources may predominate in the other regions of the country.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03014.x
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    FISH EMBRYOS: PRACTICAL INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF SIGNWICANCE TO FISHERIES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Cyto-embryological analyses of fish eggs collected in nature can be a more sensitive indicator of environmental pollution than more typical assays conducted on artificially-spawned eggs. This is because uncertainties associated with artificial spawning and rearing are dispensed with, as well as because of the sensitivity of some cellular and subcellular analyses. At the same time, such measures can provide information on interannual differences in egg viability of importance in elucidating great, unexplained variability in fisheries recruitment. Extensive experience with fish embryos from ocean plankton has led to the choice of a particularly useful, practical suite of observations for different developmental stages. This includes measures of embryo mortality, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, abnormal cell differentiation, and development rate. Atlantic mackerel egg mortality has been determined to be greater in the surface waters of the New York Bight apex and along the New Jersey coast than in less polluted portions of the Bight. Chromosome abnormality of mid-stage embryos was also greater in more impacted areas of the same water mass, as well as in the somatic cells of adult mackerel and winter flounder, and in juvenile and adult windowpane flounder caught in more impacted areas. Mortality and abnormality of the mackerel embryos showed statistical associations with toxic hydrocarbons as measured in plankton, and with heavy metals as measured in sea surface waters. The sensitivity, practicality, and relevance of the cytoembryological studies to population dynamics of resource species make this an important means of monitoring environmental quality.
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    USE OF IN SITU MICROCOSMS FOR EVALUATING RESERVOIR WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The use of in situ microcosms for performing reservoir trophic studies and aiding in the design of reservoir restoration programs are discussed. The site of this study was Lahontan Reservoir, Nevada, which has experienced water quality problems associated with monospecific blooms of blue-green algae and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen depletions. In situ microcosms were used to investigate the response of phytoplankton species composition to additions of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and the phosphorus precipitant aluminum sulfate. At the end of the 16-day experimental period, the microcosms receiving the phosphate treatments yielded the highest standing crops of algae and the greatest percentage composition of blue-green algae. The microcosms receiving the nitrate treatment exhibited greater initial algal concentrations followed by a decline in photoplankton, which coincided with an increase in the zoo-plankton population.The results presented here suggest that microcosms can be a cost-effective method for assessing reservoir water quality and planning restoration programs.
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    A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO ASSESS FACTORS AFFECTING WATER CHEMISTRY USING MONITORING DATA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A method to partition the variation in concentrations of water chemistry parameters in a river is described. The approach consists of fitting a family of curves for each chemical parameter. Each curve indicates the response of the parameter to river flow for a particular time period or location. An analysis of covariance is then used to identify statistically significant differences between curves. Such differences result largely from two factors: (1) the discharge of effluents and (2) river flow-concentration relationships. The deviations from the fitted curves indicate month-to-month variations unrelated to river flow that are controlled by factors such as temperature-related seasonal patterns. Underlying statistical assumptions are discussed with respect to water chemistry data. The technique is applied to a data set consisting of monthly samples of 22 water chemistry parameters from the Sulphur River of Texas and Arkansas. Several patterns of response to river flow and to two effluent discharges were revealed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03017.x
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    ESTIMATES OF MEAN CHLOROPHYLL-a CONCENTRATION: PRECISION, ACCURACY, AND SAMPLING DESIGN (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Data from 56 north-temperate lakes and reservoirs are used to develop models predicting temporal variance as a function of the mean chlorophyll-a concentration. Trophy, as estimated by mean chlorophyll-a concentration, is shown to have little effect on the sampling effort required to achieve a pre-determined level of precision for lakes sampled year-round. Collecting ten observations results in a coefficient of variation that averaged 20 percent; collecting more than ten observations yields increasingly marginal improvements in precision. The same guidelines apply to mesotrophic or eutrophic lakes sampled in the summer, whereas oligotrophic lakes sampled in the summer require fewer observations to achieve the same level of precision. The bias resulting from collecting too few observations is minimized if five or more observations are collected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03018.x
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    FRACTALS AND THE RIVER-LENGTH CATCHMENT-AREA RATIO (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The fractal nature of stream-length and catchment-area measurement is investigated using eight rivers in Missouri. The fractal dimension for the length measurement was found to average 1.158 and for area to average 1.0105. These values are close to those hypothesized by Mandeibrot (1983).
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    PARAMETRIC AND NONPARAMETRIC TESTS FOR DEPENDENT DATA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Simulation and analytical results show that ignoring serial dependence can have serious effects on the performance of the t, sign, and Wilcoxen tests. In particular, the true significance levels of these tests are altered significantly from the intended nominal levels. Modifications for these tests are given and shown to have the correct significance levels. Furthermore, an estimate of serial correlation is suggested for binary data and evaluated by simulation. An application to the toxic contaminants data from the Niagara River concludes the paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00901.x
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    A TAU-LIKE TEST FOR TREND IN THE PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE CENSORING POINTS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A common problem arises in testing for trends in water quality when observations are reported as “less than detection limit.” If a single detection limit is used for the entire study, existing non-parametric statistical methods, modified for ties, are applicable. If, however, the detection limit varies during the course of the study, resulting in multiple detection limits, then the commonly used trend detection methods are not appropriate. A statistic similar to Kendall's tau, but based on expected ranks, is proposed. Monte Carlo simulations show that the normal approximation to the distribution of this statistic is quite good, even for small samples and a large proportion of censored observations. The statistic is also shown to have greater power than the ad-hoc method of treating all observations less than the target censored observation as tied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00902.x
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    NONPARAMETRIC TESTS FOR TREND DETECTION IN WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A review of nonparametric tests for trend leads to the conclusion that Mann-Whitney, Spearman, and Kendall tests are the best choice for trend detection in water quality time series. Recently these tests have been adapted to account for dependence and seasonality in such series (Lettenmaier, 1976; Hirsch, et al., 1972; Hirsch and Slack, 1984). For monotonic trends, a procedure allowing to select the pertinent tests considering the characteristics of time series is proposed and the practical limitations of the tests are also brought out. This procedure has been applied to identify the appropriate trend detection test for the time series of nine water quality parameters at Lake Laflamme (Québec). When a time series can be tested with the Mann-Whitney, Kendall, Spearman, or Lettenmaier (1976) test, the number of observations required to detect trends of a given magnitude, for selected significance and power levels can be calculated with the power function of the t test. When the test proposed by Hirsch, et al. (1984), Hirsch and Slack (1984), or Farrell (1980) need to be used, the number of observations can only be estimated approximately from the results of empirical power studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    COMPARISON OF INSTREAM AND LABORATORY METHODS OF MEASURING SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) was determined at three sites in a gravel-bottomed central Missouri stream by: (1) two variations of an instream method, and (2) a laboratory method. SOD generally was greatest by the instream methods, which are considered more accurate, and least by the laboratory method. Disturbing stream sediment did not significantly decrease SOD by the instream method. Temperature ranges of up to 12° Celsius had no significant effect on the SOD. In the gravel-bottomed stream, the placement of chambers was critical to obtain reliable measurements. SOD rates were dependent on the method; therefore, care should be taken in comparing SOD data obtained by different methods. There is a need for a carefully researched standardized method for SOD determinations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00906.x
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    TRENDS IN LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN MAJOR U.S. RIVERS AND THEIR RELATION TO HISTORICAL CHANGES IN GASOLINE-LEAD CONSUMPTION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Declines in concentrations of dissolved lead occurred at nearly two-thirds of 306 locations on major U.S. rivers from 1974 to 1985. Declines in dissolved lead concentrations are statistically significant (p 〈 0.10) at approximately one-third of the sampling locations. Statistically significant increases in dissolved lead concentrations occurred at only 6 percent of the sites, but are clustered in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions. Possible explanations for the observed trends in lead concentrations are tested through comparisons with (1) records of lead discharges from major sources including leaded-gasoline consumption and municipal- and industrial-point source discharges, (2) trends in various water-quality constituents such as pH and total alkalinity, and (3) basin characteristics such as drainage area. Statistically significant declines in lead concentrations in streams and gasoline lead (i.e., the largest source of lead at these sites) are highly coincident for the 1979 to 1980 period at most sampling locations. The greatest amount of decline in gasoline lead occurred at sites showing statistically significant downtrends in stream concentrations of lead from 1974 to 1985. No more than 5 percent of the trends in stream lead are influenced by municipal- and industrial-point sources of lead. Factors that affect the transport of dissolved lead, including lead solubility, suspended sediment, and basin characteristics such as drainage basin size, are not significantly related to trends in dissolved lead. Trends in streamflow explain no more than 7 percent of the downtrends in concentrations of lead and may partly explain the frequent increases in lead concentrations in the Texas-Gulf and Lower Mississippi regions.
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    DRY STREAM REACHES IN CARBONATE TERRANES: SURFACE INDICATORS OF GROUND-WATER RESERVOIRS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The method of identifying dry stream reaches in carbonate terrane as surface indicators of potential ground-water reservoirs offers a valuable exploration technique that is more rapid and less expensive than traditional exploration methods involving random test drilling. In areas where dry stream reaches occur, subsurface drainage successfully competes with surface drainage, and sheet-like dissolution openings have developed parallel to bedding creating the ground-water reservoir. The occurrence and hydraulic characteristics of such reservoirs are highly variable, as attested to by the wide range of well yields.Union Hollow in south-central Tennessee is the setting for a case study that illustrates the application of the dry stream reach technique. In this technique, dry stream reach identification is based on two types of readily acquired information: (1) remotely sensed black and white infrared aerial photography; and (2) surface reconnaissance of stream channel characteristics. Test drilling in Union Hollow subsequent to identification of the dry reach proved that a localized ground-water reservoir was present.
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    TECHNOLOGY, INSTITUTIONS, AND SOCIAL GOALS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The cries of pending water crises are usually cast in terms of water availability and/or water quality. Unfortunately, the real factors underlying a perceived crisis are often overlooked and the solutions prescribed are fax from optimal when measured in either economic or social terms. Today's technology outstrips its implementation, yesterday's solutions are imposed on a new breed of problems, and a static game is being played in a dynamic world. There is a need for the application of innovative and revolutionary tactics, for modernizing institutions, and for educating technologists and decision makers alike in the art of communicating their views and skills. This is the challenge. If it is met, some predicted crises will not materialize, and many others will be diminished in scale. An exciting opportunity exists to extend the boundaries of a new era in water management.
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    IDENTIFYING CRITICAL ISSUES IN RECREATION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT: IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT-RESEARCH PARTNERSHIP (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The “nominal group” process is a proven technique to systematically arrive at a consensus about critical information needs in recreation planning and management. Using this process, 41 managers who attended a 1983 conference on river management identified 114 specific information needs grouped under 11 general questions. Clearly, some concerns of administrators are researchable; many are not.
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    INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFERS IN RIPARIAN STATES: A CASE STUDY OF GEORGIA (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Under the riparian doctrine of eastern states, transfers of water to nonriparian lands and, thus, to different river basins, are only possible if the natural flow theory has been modified to allow for reasonable use. Even this adaptation is too nebulous to provide water managers and water users with certainty regarding water transfers. To provide a more precise mechanism for allocating water, 14 eastern states have adopted some form of administrative permitting process. Of these, five states statutorily allow for interbasin transfers of water. Thus far, no states have successfully issued permits for interbasin water transfers but Georgia and South Carolina are positioned to do so. Whether the permitting process will deter court action may rest on the ability of affected parties to negotiate an equitable agreement.
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    AGRICULTURAL WATER MODELING AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION NEEDS UNDER THE MODEL WATER CODE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Economic information for efficient water allocation is difficult and costly to acquire under administrative water systems evolving under the Model Water Code. One approach to obtaining more information is to use a simulator like the Florida AGWATER model. The advantage of AGWATER is the potential for realistic prediction, because it operates at the field and day levels, using detailed information for each crop and tract. Unfortunately, such simulators are complex and require large amounts of costly input data. A better solution to the information problem may be to use markets for the marketable goods associated with water, because information is inherent in such a process. This approach will allow limited modeling and management resources to be put into using water models to generate information for the goods dependent on water that are difficult to market, like wildlife services.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00884.x
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    O&M SPENDING LEVELS IN THIRD WORLD IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: EXPLORING ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Third World irrigation and drainage systems have experienced major declines recently in both capability and performance. This is due initially to working them well beyond their design capaci-capacities; scouring, sedimentation, and overtopping result. Chronic O&M underfunding then adds heavily to this worsening malaise. International donors have assisted irrigation departments with rehabilitation projects and programs to improve O&M effectiveness on a grand (billions of dollars) scale. Despite their historical propensity to examine, almost fastidiously, program economic justifications (B/C, IRR, etc), the donors apparently have glossed over two basic analytic elements for (a) more spending on O&M as distinct from an equivalent spending on other means to provide farmers with an m3 of water; and (b) different levels of O&M spending on canals and drains. Surely those different levels provide differing benefits, in total, and at the margin. Which level is most economic? This paper identifies these latter analytical issues, posits methodologies key to an O&M spending level analysis, and discusses the information base. Particular attention is paid to identifying relevant costs and benefits, and to suggesting supplementary criteria for O&M spending level selection. The paper is an exercise in delineation of an imminently practical area of irrigation engineering economics.
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    VALUING IRRIGATION WATER: A SIMULATION/MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A two-stage simulation/mathematical programming model was developed to derive irrigation water values that reflect efficient response to reduced water supplies. The failure of many previous water valuation studies to represent the dynamic dimension of irrigation was shown to result in overestimation of derived water values. Water values are also shown to be dramatically influenced by both application system characteristics, as well as the relative costs of irrigation inputs. Finally, the marginal value of irrigation water was shown to vary considerably over the irrigation season, reaching its maximum when atmospheric demand is highest and crops are most susceptible to water stress. Results presented should be of interest to policymakers investigating the viability of alternative water reallocation mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00890.x
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    IDENTIFICATION OF MONTHLY TRENDS IN URBAN WATER USE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Monthly water use for the period 1960–1984 for the Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area is analyzed to identify differential monthly trends in growth of water use. By associating water use activities with the identified trend months, inferences may be made as to the possible underlying causes of the observed trend in overall water use. Three methods were found useful in determining monthly trends: 1) regression analysis on the monthly percentage of annual use, 2) regression analysis on the monthly water use data itself, and 3) analysis of the slope of the monthly water use regression line. Agreement between the three methods is strong, but each provides some insight not found in the others. All three should be used in drawing final conclusions. For the case study, usage in the Winter months January-April has grown considerably relative to the other months, while the Summer-Fall months of June, August, September, and October show a relative decline. A possible explanation for the trend is aging of the distribution system, with consequent general leakage and increased water main breakage caused by freeze/thaw conditions. More research needs to be carried out linking water use activities to particular months or groups of months.
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    SOME HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF PLOWING RANGELAND SOILS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Rainfall simulator studies were conducted during 1982 and 1983 on agricultural and native rangeland soils of the same soil series in northern Utah. Results indicate that the same soil series mapped at different locations on agricultural land will have similar 10, 20, and 30 minute infiltration rates and similar interrill erosion rates. Seasonal differences in infiltration and erosion rates were significant. Comparisons between agricultural and native soils were complicated by three-way statistical interactions. Seasonal variations in both infiltration rates and erosion rates were greatest on agricultural soils. Of four soil series on native rangeland, only one showed significant seasonal variation in infiltration rates, while erosion rates were similar across all seasons for all soil series. Soil and cover factors important in predicting infiltration and erosion were identified.
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    EFFECTS OF VARIABLE DISCHARGE SCHEMES ON DISSOLVED OXYGEN AT A HYDROELECTRIC STATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The effects of variable discharges during the summer on the dissolved oxygen (DO) content and water temperature upstream and downstream of the Conowingo Hydroelectric Power Station were investigated. The DO dynamics are controlled primarily by meteorological factors that are independent of the mode of hydrostation operation. DO stratification occurred during the summer in Conowingo Pond, but thermal stratification was not observed. The magnitude and duration of off-peak discharges including a run-of-the-river operation did not affect DO stratification in Conowingo Pond; little vertical mixing occurred. However, strong winds and/or high river flows temporarily destroyed DO stratification. The run-of-the-river operation or off-peak continuous discharge schemes did not provide better DO conditions downstream of the hydrostation than the peaking operation with intermittent off-peak releases.A statistical model predicted that a DO of 5 ppm occurs 0.6 miles downstream of the powerhouse when the natural river flow is consistently greater than 15,000 cfs and water temperature is less than 80°F. A mean daily DO of at least 4 ppm was predicted to occur over 80 percent of the time during the 92-day summer period. Farther downstream (1.3 miles from the powerhouse) a mean daily DO of at least 4 ppm was predicted to occur 90 percent of the time in summer.
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    AN ALTERNATIVE TO WATER POLLUTION CONTROLS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A hypothetical, although realistic, water pollution problem was studied from a property rights viewpoint. Theoretical and economic justifications were developed. A fully-liable, private owner was found to be financially profitable while improving the water quality and providing recreational potential. The example confirmed that property rights provides an answer to stream pollution problems, but contradicted the view that water pollution control must be justified by recreational benefits.
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    “Applicability of the t-Test for Detecting Trends in Water Quality Variables” (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00897.x
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    PRIORITIZING WATER MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: AN EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Southeast Asian nations with extensive water management systems have numerous candidate and ongoing programs and projects. They cannot possibly all be funded and implemented simultaneously in any serious way. Choices must be made. But how to select? What criteria can assist with the screening in an acceptable manner, particularly in the near absence of useful technical and economic information across them all. This paper suggests a methodology by which assessment criteria can be constructed which conforms to any given national information base and development needs. Criteria can be weighted one against the other in their relative importance. For each criterion a ranking scale puts the “best” (most, highest) at one end and the “worst” (least, lowest) at the other. Each candidate project is then subjected to these consistent assessment methods for a weighted “score.” Key criteria normally have surrogate measures depending on information available. Criteria are of three sorts: sheer volume, e.g., of a specific use, a benefit; ratios and relations, e.g., A as percent of B; and other more subjective criteria, e.g., regional or income distribution impacts. The basic criteria include, for example, time to full benefits (minimize), OM & R as percent of investment (minimize), and permanent rural jobs created (maximize).
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    RELIABILITY-BASED DESIGN CONCEPTS IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Different probability-based concepts for design of hydraulic structures are presented that could replace or complement traditional designs based on the concept of design load plus a safety margin. The traditional concept (here called Level I design) does not permit the assignment of the correct probability to the failure event. Concepts which are based on the correct probability of failure are based on descriptions of resistance and load as random variables. Level II design assumes these random variables to be Gaussian distributed. Level III is based on arbitrary distributions of load and resistance. Level II and III concepts are appropriate for evaluation of a design's reliability. Design Level IV is also based on the joint probability density function for loads and resistances; in addition, it requires the assignment of a consequence function to each combination of resistance and loads. The design concepts are illustrated with the design of a flood levee on a river.
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    SEDIMENT NUTRIENT FLUXES IN A TIDAL FRESHWATER EMBAYMENT (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Sediment-water exchanges of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate are incorporated into a eutrophication model of Gunston Cove, Virginia. The exchange rates are obtained from laboratory measurements and are modeled as empirical functions of temperature, concentration, and pH. Simulation of the period from June 1 to September 30, 1983, indicates nitrogen, phosphorus, and chlorophyll ‘a’ are correctly modeled only when the sediment-water nutrient exchanges are taken into account.
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    IMAGE MATCHING WORKSHOP (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00614.x
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    INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00616.x
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    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00619.x
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  • 75
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    OBITUARY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00623.x
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    A VIDEO TRACKING SYSTEM FOR A LIGHT AIRCRAFT (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Due to the inherent poor downward visibility of typical light faced wing aircraft the tracking of parallel flight lines is a problem. Various solutions have been examined and details of a remotely controlled colour video system are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00606.x
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  • 77
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    EVALUATING IMAGE QUALITY OF SMALL FORMAT AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY SYSTEMS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The use of small format systems for aerial photography as an alternative to employing the more customary larger 230×230 mm format cameras continues to gain acceptance in a number of applications on the basis of the lower operating costs involved. The reduced costs and relative ease of operation with small format systems can attract unskilled operators who, by producing inferior photographic coverage, may delay the more widespread introduction of smaller systems for photo-interpretation and photogrammetric surveys of local sites. Anticipating the need for a flying and photography specification that would serve the needs of all interested parties, a series of laboratory trials were undertaken in conjunction with a literature review to quantify the comparative image quality performance of both large and small format systems. The spatial resolution of a typical small format system was assessed by photographing a low contrast resolution target using a collimator-based system and also by directly recording the target at a predetermined reduction scale. Comparative results between the two methods of evaluation are assessed and a comparison is made with the performance of larger format cameras.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00608.x
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  • 78
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    INTEGRATED DIGITAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper reviews technological developments since the Second World War and their impact as catalysts in developing the concept of digital information systems. The case for, and progress towards, the establishment of a Geographic Information System for Northern Ireland is discussed together with consideration of the possible implications elsewhere based on the experience gained in Northern Ireland.“There is a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.”Brutus in Julius Caesar, Act IV Scene iii (William Shakespeare)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00611.x
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  • 79
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    SECOND INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING SURVEY CONFERENCE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00613.x
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  • 80
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    ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1987 (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00618.x
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  • 81
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    SPOT 1 IMAGE UTILISATION, ASSESSMENT AND RESULTS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00617.x
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  • 82
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book review in this aticle:COMPUTERS AND THE REPRESENTATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL DATA. By E. E. Shiryaev.CURVE AND SURFACE FITTING: AN INTRODUCTION. By P. Lancaster and K. Šalkauskas.ACTES DU COLLOQUE FI3G.DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ICE. By E. O. Lewis, B. W. Currie and S. Haykin.CLASSIFICATION OF REMOTELY SENSED IMAGES. By I. L. Thomas, V. M. Benning and N. P. Ching.NORFOLK FROM THE AIR. Edited by P. Wade-Martins.INFLUENCES OF REPRODUCTION TECHNIQUES ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC DETAILS ON ORTHOPHOTOMAPS. By Commission E (President W. Hofmann) European Organisation for Experimental Photogrammetric Research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00620.x
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  • 83
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    TERRAIN AND SURFACE MODELLING SYSTEMS: THEORY AND PRACTICE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper presents a critical investigation of those parts of digital mapping that relate to the specific area of terrain modelling systems. In addition, image processing and database systems are considered where they impinge on model creation or later analysis. The theoretical basis for surface mapping systems is described and an attempt is made to determine how best such systems can cover many of the practical requirements of commercial, industrial, and institutional surveyors and researchers. Some proprietary computer terrain modelling systems are mentioned where they have particular features that relate to the theme of the paper. However, most of the examples are derived from Panacea, the terrain modelling software written by the author, although in many cases any major modelling system could have been used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00627.x
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  • 84
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    SPOT DATA EVALUATION AND USE AT INSTITUT GÉOGRAPHIQUE NATIONAL, FRANCE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Since the launch of SPOT, Institut Géographique National, France has carried out several investigations concerned with in-flight evaluation, research operations and the setting up of production flowlines. The aims of assistance to data bank establishment, revision of existing maps and image map and thematic map production have now been achieved for the most part. Some procedures are already operational, including image product making, photogrammetry on SPOT images, classifications on image processing systems, manual information retrieval and image map production. Moreover, various research operations are virtually complete, including automatic correlation, composite processes between aerial photographs and SPOT images, quite promising mathematical morphology associated with expert systems for retrieving linear or complex textured (built up area) elements, and manual cartography on image processing system. These results confirm the great benefits of SPOT system capabilities and the characteristics of flexibility, accuracy and reliability.The Photogrammetric Society and the Remote Sensing Society held a one-day symposium at Burlington House, London on 11th November, 1987. The SPOT (Système Probatoire d'observation de la Terre) satellite had then been operational for 18 months and many organisations had been working with the data. This symposium reviewed the operation of the satellite and studies which had been carried out for mapping and for thematic applications. Six of the symposium papers are published here. It is expected that other papers from the symposium will be published in the International Journal of Remote Sensing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00628.x
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  • 85
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    MAP REVISION FROM STEREO-ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Map revision is now recognised as the major problem facing mapping organisations in developed countries and to a lesser extent in developing countries. This paper explores the long established, but little used, method of employing stereo-orthophotographs, in conjunction with two instruments. The Ross Stereo-orthophoto Plotter was developed specially for this purpose and the Cartographic Engineering CPI stereoplotter has been modified. A description is given of the techniques used to test the accuracy and efficiency of using stereo-orthophotographs for map revision at large and medium scales. Results indicate that the method is viable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00634.x
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  • 86
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    ON THE MEASURE OF DIGITAL TERRAIN MODEL ACCURACY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In digital terrain model (DTM) production, one important concern is the accuracy and a comprehensive measure of DTM accuracy is of significance. In this paper, the existing measures are evaluated; the potential measures are also discussed and, finally, a more comprehensive measure is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00636.x
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    To the Editor, The Photogrammetric Record (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00641.x
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    EDITORIAL (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00604.x
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  • 89
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    CENSUS OF GREY SEALS BY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The factors determining resolution in aerial photography of wildlife concentrations are considered and two developments that improve resolution with inexpensive equipment are described. Firstly, a rocking camera mount has been constructed that compensates for apparent image motion resulting from forward movement of the aircraft. The mount allows slower shutter speeds to be used so that aerial surveys can be conducted using high resolution colour film under poor light conditions. Secondly, critical prefocusing to the survey flying height is carried out, even for lenses of short focal length. Aerial photography of grey seal breeding colonies is used to illustrate these developments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00607.x
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  • 90
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    THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00642.x
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  • 91
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    SMALL FORMAT AERIAL SURVEYS FROM LIGHT AND MICROLIGHT AIRCRAFT (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Small format (SF) cameras, fitted to light or microlight aircraft, can provide an economic and convenient alternative to the more expensive conventional mapping systems. Further advantages accrue from the use of wider aperture lenses, an extensive range of easily available films and simplijed processing. These advantages can be exploited by employing light aircraft for small survey missions, such as map revision, and desktop photogrammetric systems dedicated to handling SF imagery. In this paper, an account is given of a research study involving SF map revision survey photography, using a modern microlight aircraft and a 70 mm metric camera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00605.x
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    REQUIREMENTS FOR PHOTOCONTROL (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 12 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Most normal requirements of photocontrol for mapping are outlined in terms of accuracies, patterns and densities of points, and methods of identification. An established mapping organisation is well able to make the necessary allowances for particular local difficulties.Ground control remains an expensive, high risk and time consuming part of the map production process which should be kept to a minimum by using aerial triangulation and airborne control where appropriate. Once the GPS (global positioning system) satellites become fully operational, the approach to control will have to be reassessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1988.tb00609.x
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  • 93
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    NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT: FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03032.x
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    INTERPRETATION OF “RESTRICTED VALIDITY” IRRIGATION PERMITS IN THE SVARTÅ RIVER BASIN, SWEDEN (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Irrigation permits in the Svartå River basin, Sweden, are issued with restricted validities by which irrigation is permitted only in those periods when the release from the primary regulation facility in the basin is greater than 2.0 m3/s. A “risk” measure describing the expected total duration of periods in which irrigation will not be permitted in the basin under a range of conditions has been formulated and applied to the basin. The measure recognizes only the period for which irrigation is not permitted and does not consider water availability as it is not a factor in this case. Comparison of the measure with a previously proposed approach shows that it provides a better measure of system behavior. The new measure is particularly useful for transferring to the nontechnical water user or manager an understanding of how well the overall irrigation system can be expected to perform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03033.x
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    THE USE OF WATER RESOURCE INFORMATION: THE SECOND NATIONAL WATER ASSESSMENT (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Despite discontinuation of periodic National Water Assessments resulting from the dissolution of the Water Resources Council (WRC), information that assesses the Nation's water quantity and quality remains important to those involved in water resource management. However, citing limited apparent use of the WRC's Second National Water Assessment, some have implied that past assessments have been of minimal value to water resource management and policy. This has led to numerous suggestions for modifying the assessment process in the belief that such changes would increase the perceived value of future national water assessment efforts.This paper examines use of the Second National Water Assessment by water resource managers and decision makers. Based upon the individual and organizational characteristics of users, conclusions are drawn regarding the nature of national assessment use. The paper concludes that the primary value of national water assessment stems from the fact that it provides a unifying general description of the Nation's water resource situation and that it serves as a symbolic statement that a rational thought process guides national water policy. (KEY WORDS: National Water Assessment; information use; water planning; water policy; organizational decision making; logit analysis.)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03034.x
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    A MULTIOBJECTIVE, DISCRETE SYSTEM REPRESENTATION OF RANGELAND WATERSHEDS (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Resource utilization as practiced by humans is identified as the main cause of the degradation of rangeland watersheds, a process referred to as desertification. This paper introduces a multi-objective decision making methodology for the selection of a plan which if implemented should limit the desertification process. The evaluation objectives are measured by quantitative and qualitative criteria. The quantitative criteria provide the performance level for production and sediment yield, while the qualitative criteria give such information as public acceptance of a particular alternative or worth of an appropriate wildlife habitat. A system model is applied to describe the dynamics of a range site in response to climatic and human inputs. As such it provides the information required by the quantitative criteria as well as a range condition index that identifies the productivity of a given range site. A multiobjective selection procedure is presented that will lead to the appropriate technique from an available set, in this case ESAP, Environmental Sensitivity Analysis Package. Four individuals with diverse backgrounds in natural resource management participated as decision makers and decided on their preferred alternatives. Finally, ranked alternatives in agreement with all of the decision makers were obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03019.x
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  • 97
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    FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GRAVITY CURRENTS WITH VARYING DENSITY (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A one-dimensional, gradually varying, non-uniform, flow equation is developed to describe the movement of a variable density gravity current through a reservoir. A linearly decreasing underflow density function is used to investigate the effect of in-reservoir density reduction on typical gravity current flow profiles. Only two types of flow profiles are found to exist for varying density underflows: Type I profiles where the underflow asymptotically approaches a horizontal surface, and Type III profiles where the underflow vertically approaches critical depth. Type I profiles pass through a transitional depth as the underflow density approaches that of the upper layer.Results indicate that a reservoir can be segmented into four distinct spatial regions with well defined flow profile characteristics. The location of these regions allows the sketching of interfacial flow profiles along with identifying the location of transitional depth conditions. Transitional depth conditions are utilized as the logical starting point for Type I flow profile numerical computation. (KEY WORDS: density; fluid flow; reservoirs; hydraulics.)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03020.x
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  • 98
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    WATER RESOURCES POLICY: OLD MODELS AND NEW REALITIES (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Policy models are designed to help describe the principal actors and processes by which decisions are made, but they also have prescriptive roles. They advance some interests over others and reflect policy biases about the nature of the desired policy outputs. Historically, federal water resources development policy could be most easily explained by reference to subsystem government (or iron triangles), a policy model that describes how local water interests, federal water construction agencies, and public works committees coalesce to effectively dominate the decisionmaking process by which water projects are authorized and funded. Using the programs and activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, this paper explains how prescriptive elements of two other policy models, administrative rationality and market allocation, have affected the traditional alignment of actors and policy outputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03021.x
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    WELFARE IMPLICATIONS OF TUBEWELL IRRIGATION IN BANGLADESH (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper investigates and estimates the welfare loss due to monopoly in tubewell irrigation water market in Bangladesh. In this context, an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficacy of the landless irrigation groups. Using cross-sectional data and regression analysis, cost and demand functions for irrigation water are estimated. The study demonstrates the relatively superior performance of the landless groups in terms of economic efficiency in shallow tubewell irrigation operation, in comparison to irrigation operation by the landowners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03022.x
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    WATER QUALITY AFTER LOGGING SMALL WATERSHEDS WITHIN THE BULL RUN WATERSHED, OREGON (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Road building, clearcutting 25 percent of the watershed, and slash disposal by broadcast burning or by natural decomposition caused changes in water quality of two small streams in the Bull Run Watershed in Oregon, which supplies water to the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area. Concentrations of suspended sediment increased slightly, primarily owing to construction of a permanent logging road that crossed streams. Changes in nutrient cycling occurred due to logging and slash disposal in both watersheds where cutting was done. NO3-N concentrations, which increased most where logging residue was left to decompose naturally, increased more than sixfold and commonly exceeded 100 pg/i during the October-June high-flow season for seven years after logging. Where logging slash was broadcast burned, NO3-N concentrations increased roughly fourfold, but rarely exceeded 50 μg/l, and increases had mostly disappeared six years after slash burning. Changes in outflows of cations and other anions were not apparent. Annual maximum stream temperatures increased 2–3°C after logging, but temperature increases had mostly disappeared within three years as vegetation regrowth shaded the streams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03027.x
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