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  • Articles  (67,169)
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  • 1985-1989  (67,169)
  • 1987  (67,169)
  • Biology  (62,554)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (4,615)
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  • Articles  (67,169)
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  • 1985-1989  (67,169)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intestinal Mucus Protects Giardia lamblia from Killing by Human Milk (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously shown that nonimmune human milk kills Giardia lamblia trophozoites in vitro. Killing requires a bile salt and the activity of the milk bile salt-stimulated lipase. We now show that human small-intestinal mucus protects trophozoites from killing by milk. Parasite survival increased with mucus concentration, but protection was overcome during longer incubation times or with greater milk concentrations. Trophozoites preincubated with mucus and then washed were not protected. Protective activity was associated with non-mucin CsCl density gradient fractions. Moreover, it was heat-stable, non-dialyzable, and non-lipid. Whereas whole mucus inhibited milk lipolytic activity, protective mucus fractions did not inhibit the enzyme. Furthermore, mucus partially protected G. lamblia trophozoites against the toxicity of oleic acid, a fatty acid which is released from milk triglycerides by lipase. These studies show that mucus protects G. lamblia both by inhibiting lipase activity and by decreasing the toxicity of products of lipolysis. The ability of mucus to protect G. lamblia from toxic lipolytic products may help to promote intestinal colonization by this parasite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03124.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New Species of Perezia (Microsporida: Pereziidae) from the Argentine Grasshopper Dichroplus elongatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The new microsporidium (Microsporida: Pereziidae), Perezia dichroplusae n. sp., infects the epithelial cells of the Malpighian tubules of the Argentine grasshopper Dichroplus elongatus. Characteristics of the pathogen include the following: development in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm; bi-, tetra-, and sometimes multinucleate diplokaryotic meronts, rounded or elongate in shape; unikaryotic sporonts and sporogonial plasmodia, elongate in shape; sporoblasts and spores uninucleated; spores highly variable in size (1.6–6.7 by 1.0–2.7 μm, x̄= 3.5 ± 0.09 by 1.5 ± 0.02, n = 100) with eight or fewer polar tube coils and showing a posterior electron-dense inclusion body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03128.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adhesion, Morphology, and Locomotion of Paramoeba pemaquidensis Page (Amoebida, Paramoebidae): Effects of Substrate Charge Density and External Cations (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Morphology and locomotive behavior in the marine amoeba, Paramoeba pemaquidensis Page, was examined under different environmental conditions. Paramoeba requires a minimum surface negative charge density for adhesion of amoebae to substrata. Once adhesion to the substratum has been attained, however, surface negative charge density has no effect on morphology or locomotive rate. Divalent cations are not required for adhesion, but external calcium is required for normal locomotion. In the presence of calcium, Paramoeba often assumes a locomotive form with a broad, well-developed anterior hyaline region and truncate posterior region. Locomotive forms vary from those with only a well-developed hyaline region (Flabellula-like) to forms with long digitiform sub-pseudopodia (Vexillifera-like), with intermediate morphotypes. Locomotive rates decrease and anteroposterior polarity disappears in the presence of living or heat-killed bacteria, indicating that phagocytosis temporarily interferes with locomotion and alters form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03188.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some Factors Controlling the Distribution of Two Pond-Dwelling Ciliates with Algal Symbionts (Frontonia vernalis and Euplotes daidaleos) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The vertical distributions of two pond-dwelling zoochlorellae-bearing ciliates (Euplotes daidaleos Diller & Kounaris, 1966 and Frontonia vernalis Ehrenberg, 1838) were monitored over a 24-h period. Both species maintained peak abundance at a low O2 level (usually 〈 1 mg/liter). They did not migrate in response to the changing light level. Experiments with laboratory cultures indicated that the characteristic distribution in an O2 gradient in the dark was largely controlled by the oxygen tension. The increased motility in anoxia and high pO2 was independent of large changes in pCO2 and pH. Ciliates living in anoxia or a very low pO2 would migrate out of the dark and into the dimly lit (10 μE m-2 sec-1) part of a glass cell because there they could photosynthesize, produce O2, and create a suitable oxygenated microenvironment; a further increase in the light level caused a slow migration out of the light. Similar migrations were observed when the light level remained low but the pO2 was artificially raised. Ciliates suspended in 1 μM DCMU (an inhibitor of photosynthetic O2 evolution) took longer to migrate into the light and they did not avoid high light levels (〉 100, μE m-2 sec-1)- Frontonia suspended in water with a pO2 of 1% aggregated at a low light level (1 μE m-2 sec-1); peak daytime abundance in the pond occurred at about this light level. Frontonia vernalis tends to swim vertically upwards (anterior end up) when suspended in anoxic water. This apparent negative geotaxis compensates for the high sedimentation velocity (0.36 mm sec-1) of this large ciliate and facilitates its aggregation at the metalimnion. The O2 tension appears to be the principal factor controlling the vertical distributions of both species. Occasional, enhanced convection within the metalimnion has a secondary influence. Light influences the vertical profile only if it promotes photosynthesis and increases the intracellular pO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03189.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Populations of Leucocytozoon Gametocytes in Blue Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus) from Hardwicke Island, British Columbia (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Population dynamics of round and elongate gametocytes of Leucocytozoon in wild and captive blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus (Say)) from Hardwicke Island, British Columbia, were studied from 1980 to 1982. Blue grouse chicks were sampled weekly throughout each transmission season. Three patterns in the type of gametocyte produced during primary infection were observed in naturally-infected captive and wild blue grouse chicks. Such variation in the expression of the gametocyte stage within a single host population suggests a different interpretation than has been previously reported for species of Leucocytozoon. The data from the primary patterns and profiles coupled with reexposure data and the asynchronous appearance of round and elongate gametocytes can be best interpreted as infection with two concurrent species of Leucocytozoon in blue grouse. More detailed research on the life cycle is necessary to confirm if two species of Leucocytozoon exist in blue grouse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03192.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trypanosoma cruzi: Analysis of the Population Dynamics of Heterogeneous Mixtures (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Utilizing the previously reported inter-clonal differences in total DNA/organism, flow cytometry was used to analyze the population dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi clone mixtures growing in liquid medium or vertebrate cells. The growth of clone mixtures in liquid medium can be described by unique parameters reflecting exponential growth rate (r), stationary phase population density (1/k), and the interaction between the clones (h). The relative numbers of each clone in the population change rapidly with time and the results arc in quantitative agreement with mathematical models of competitive population growth. The relationship between the parameters for T. cruzi is such that, in general, there is no dynamic equilibrium with coexistence of clones with different growth rates; under all culture protocols, the faster growing clone will prevail. A computer simulation of the vertebrate cell cycle of T. cruzi suggests that clone mixtures grow relatively independently; the basic attributes of the model were substantiated experimentally. Although wide fluctuations in the proportion of each clone released occurred, the faster growing clone again predominated. Finally, these results underline the importance of working with well-defined clones in the laboratory to avoid inconsistencies and paradoxical results and stress the importance of the rapid isolation of single cell clones from clinical specimens when studying the relationship of the parasite to human disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03202.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Biogenic Amines on Phagocytosis in Tetrahymena thermophila (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Stimulation of phagocytosis by serotonin and catecholamincs in Tetrahymena grown in proteose-peptone medium proved to be concentration dependent, the optimal concentrations being ∼0.1 to 1.0 μM. The serotonergic antagonists, spiperone, and metergoline, also stimulated the process, whereas the β- and α-adrenergic antagonists, propranolol, alprenolol, and ergocryptine, had no effect or inhibited phagocytosis. A wide variety of derivatives of the biogenic amines had no effect on phagocytosis, demonstrating the specificity of recognition mechanism for neurohormones in Tetrahymena. Such hormones act by at least two independent mechanisms, one for adrenergic agonists, another for dopamine. Presumably, recognition mechanisms for hormones in protozoa resemble in some respects those in multicellular organisms, therefore bespeaking a common origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03208.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sarcocystis in Muscles of Raccoons (Procyon lotor L.) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sarcocysts of Sarcocystis sp. were found in 26 (50%) of 52 raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, and Maryland. Although only 4 (7.7%) of 52 cardiac muscle specimens were found to contain sarcocysts, 25% to 36.5% of tongue, diaphragm, masseter muscle, and esophagus specimens were found infected. By light microscopy, sarcocyst walls were 〈3 μm thick and had no conspicuous projections; interior septa were indistinct. By transmission electron microscopy, sarcocyst walls had short (mean = 2.7 μm), villus-like protrusions; thin septa were seen within the sarcocysts. The raccoon may be an intermediate host for a Sarcocystis sp. that completes its life cycle in an unidentified, wild carnivore.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03211.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell Adhesion in Trypanosoma: In Vitro Studies of the Interaction of Trypanosoma vivax with Immobilized Organic Dyes (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Certain bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma vivax have been shown to attach to Amicon Matrex™ Gel Green A dye beads in a manner similar to the in vivo binding of T. vivax to the inner surface of the tsetse fly proboscis. We now report an in vitro assay for trypanosome-bead attachment and show that only the 9,10-anthraquinone portion of the dye molecule is involved in the binding of trypanosomes to beads and that bead-bound dyes with similar structures also support binding to differing degrees. The binding is dependent upon the amount of dye on the beads and this, and other evidence, suggests that an array of dye molecules, rather than individual molecules, may be the actual recognition site. Various external effectors, including temperature, soluble protein-dye complexes, and serum of mice with chronic T. vivax infections, reduce trypanosome binding, indicating that at least one immunogenic trypanosome macromolecule is involved. The trypanosome-bead interaction mimics the in vivo binding to tsetse proboscis and warrants closer examination as a model of trypanosome cell adhesion in the tsetse fly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03215.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Redescription of Paralagenophrys singularis (Kellicott) n. comb. (Ciliophora: Peritricha: Lagenophryidae) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Lagenophrys singularis is removed from Lagenophrys and designated the type species of Paralagenophrys n. g. Compared to members of Lagenophrys, the oral area of P. singularis is radically distorted. Paralagenophrys apparently also lacks second-type division, a special phase of sexual reproduction characteristic of Lagenophrys and associated with its adaptation to symbiotic life on crustaceans. Members of Lagenophrys are obligate ectocommensals of crustaceans. In contrast, P. singularis (Kellicott, 1887) n. comb. occurs most often on the leaves of aquatic vascular plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03168.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental Vaccination of Chicks with Plasmodium gallinaceum Sporozoites. I. Circumsporozoite Proteins Are Expressed by Sporozoites Recovered from Both Salivary Glands and Midguts of Mosquitoes (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Immunogenicity of Plasmodium gallinaceum Sporozoites for chicks and their in vitro reactivity with normal and specific immune sera were studied. Two sporozoite populations recovered from experimentally infected Aedes fluviatilis were used: sporozoites from salivary glands and sporozoites from midgut oocysts. Populations seven to nine days old of sporozoites recovered from salivary glands were infective for all chicks until the chicks were three weeks old; however, sporozoites recovered from midguts containing oocysts infected these chicks only if isolated on days 8–9, but not on day 7 after the mosquitoes' infective blood meal. Infectivity of the sporozoites was lost after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light (30 min) or X-rays (13 krad). Inactivated sporozoites from both sources proved highly immunogenic to chicks that were immunized by several intravenous or intramuscular injections. These parasites elicited a strong humoral immune response in the chicks, as measured by the circumsporozoite precipitation (CSP) reaction. The levels of the CSP antibodies were similar with sporozoites from both sources, there being no detectable differences in the percentage of reactive sporozoites or the intensity of the CSP reaction with sera containing antibodies to either sporozoites from salivary glands or sporozoites from oocysts. These results provide the first evidence that avian malaria sporozoites express the circumsporozoite protein that has been extensively characterized in mammalian malaria (rodent, simian, human sporozoites). Furthermore, we observed that the yields of sporozoites obtained from mosquito midguts, on days 8 and 9 of the P. gallinaceum infection, were at least twice as great as those obtained by salivary gland dissection, even 20 days after a blood meal. This is an advantage since obtaining the midguts is less tedious, as well as more efficient and faster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03167.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Intranuclear Microsporidium Associated with Acute Anemia in the Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An intranuclear microsporidium is described from hemoblastic cells of the chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. The infection is associated with an acute anemia in the fish. Up to 47% of the hemoblast nuclei were infected in anemic fish. The organisms, found only in spleen and kidney tissues, were 1–2 μm in diameter and consisted of vegetative and early sporulation forms. This microsporidium differs from known species which parasitize fish in its tissue location; however, the absence of mature spores and other life cycle stages precludes determination of its precise taxonomic identity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03174.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular Killing of Trypanosoma cruzi Amastigotes by Human Eosinophils (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Granules released from human eosinophils upon interaction with Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes in vitro were seen attached to the surface of non-internalized parasites by electron microscopy. Amastigote damage was preceded by the binding of eosinophil granule material to its membrane, and eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP) bound to the parasite surface was readily detectable. Additional evidence of eosinophil cytotoxicity for extracellular amastigotes was the observation that amastigotes trapped between two eosinophils, without being ingested by either one, were destroyed at the interface. Amastigotes isolated from the spleens of infected mice or grown in culture were similarly sensitive to the lytic effects of purified MBP. These results demonstrate the ability of human eosinophils to lyse T. cruzi amastigotes extracellularly in the absence of antibody and suggest that MBP may be involved in the effect. Thus, eosinophils, known to be capable of destroying phagocytosed amastigotes, could also contribute to the clearance of these parasites through extracellular killing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03176.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further Characterization of Carbohydrate-Containing Fractions from Trypanosoma mega (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Epimastigotes of Trypanosoma mega were submitted to phenol extraction after lipid extraction, providing an extract whose carbohydrate portion (30%) contained fucose, ribose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. The purified fraction recovered in the void volume of Bio Gel P-150 gave on SDS-PAGE a band of Mr∼ 55,000 positive for protein and carbohydrate and a diffuse band strongly positive for carbohydrate and lipids (Mr∼ 22,000). The structural analysis of the carbohydrate moiety of this fraction by GLC-MS indicated the presence of nonreducing end groups of fucopyranose, mannopyranose, and galactopyranose, 3-O- and 4-O-substituted and 2,3- and 2,4-di-O-substituted galactopyranosyl units. Extraction of this fraction with chloroform/methanol/water provided a soluble fraction that on SDS-PAGE gave rise to a carbohydrate and lipid-positive band (Mr∼ 22,000). This fraction contained fucose, mannose, and galactose (1:1:1). As main branch points, 2,3-di-O-substituted galactopyranosyl units were present according to methylation data. Similar proportions of fucopyranosyl, mannopyranosyl, galactopyranosyl end units were present. The presence of lipids in this fraction was confirmed by methanolysis following isolation and characterization of the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters. Palmitic acid (16:0) and an 18:1 fatty acid were the predominant fatty acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03179.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serology of Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria lovaniensis in a Hospital Survey (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An avidin-biotin horseradish peroxidase method was used to detect antibodies to Naegleria fowleri and N. lovaniensis in human serum samples. Antibodies were detected in 101 specimens from 115 hospital patients ranging in age from 15 to 98 years. Class-specific anti-immunoglobulins identified antibodies as IgG and IgM. IgG antibody titers to both species ranged from 1:20 to 1:640. Seven of 15 serum samples collected from newborn infants also demonstrated IgG antibodies to these organisms with a titer range of 1:20 to 1:80. The immunoperoxidase test and Western blot analysis of selected serum samples demonstrated a close similarity in serological results between N. fowleri and N. lovaniensis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03183.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Kinetid Structures of the Choreotrichous Ciliate Strobilidium velox and an Assessment of Its Evolutionary Lineage (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ciliary (kinetid) structures of the ciliate Strobilidium velox have been examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Somatic kineties consist of a linear row of kinetosomes (monokinetids) and short cilia lying partially beneath a thin fold of cytoplasm. The only fibrillar kinetid structure extending from the kinetosomes is a transverse ribbon of microtubules. The paroral membrane is a single-file polykinetid possessing a possible transverse ribbon of microtubules and a nematodesma. The oral polykinetids or membranelles are complex, with microtubules extending from both anterior and posterior rows of cilia. While the kinetid structures do not satisfy the criteria for the order Choreotrichida, they are similar to the tintinnids in several other relevant ways. Strobilidium velox is proposed to be an unusual ciliate that is an exception to the concept that somatic kinetids are conservative and reliable phylogenetic indicator structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03145.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rumen Ophryoscolecid Protozoa in the Hindgut of the Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Rumen ophryoscolecid protozoa were observed in feces obtained from two capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) housed at the Columbus Zoo, Columbus, Ohio. Total numbers were 58.1 times 104 and 19.0 times 104 per gram of wet feces in a male and female capybara, respectively. Four common rumen species of Entodinium were observed in the feces from both animals, with low numbers of Eudiplodinium maggii and Elytroplastron bubali also occurring in the male. Establishment of rumen ophryoscolecid ciliates in the intestinal tract of non-ruminant herbivores has not been reported previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03150.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a Neutral Aminoacyl-Peptide Hydrolase from Naegleria fowleri1 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An intracellular alpha-aminoacyl-peptide hydrolase (EC 3.4.11.-) from Naegleria fowteri nN68 (ATCC 30894) has been characterized. The enzyme preparation hydrolyzed phenylalanyl-, tyrosyl-, leucyl-, arginyl-, alanyl-, tryptophanyl-, histidyl-, methionyl-, and lysyl-naphthylamide but not benzoylleucyl-, leucylglycyl-, glycylprolylleucyl-, glycyl-, threonyl-, aspartyl-, or glutamyl-naphthylamide. The aminopeptidase activity was inhibited by the cysteine-protease inhibitors—hydroxymercuribenzoate, chloromercurisulfate, and iodoacetate- by the aminopeptidase inhibitors-bestatin and trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucyl-agmatine- by an inhibitor of soluble alanyl aminopeptidase EC 3.4.11.14, puromycin, and by the metalloprotease inhibitor, o-phenanthroline. The exopeptidase activity was not inhibited by the chelator, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, or the serine-protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride. The pH optimum of the exopeptidase was between 7.0 and 8.0. Enzyme activity was stable at 55°C for 30 min, but all activity was lost after 15 min at 80°C. Enzyme activity was inhibited by 100 μM HgCI2 and CdCl2 but not by 1 mM CoCl2, CuCl2, MnCl2, NiCl2, FeCl2, or ZnCl2. Enzyme activity was inhibited by 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate but not by 0.2% Brij 35, Tween 20, Tween 80, or Triton X-100.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03151.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Vitro Reversible Transformation of Leishmania braziliensis panamensis Between Promastigote and Ellipsoidal Forms (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Raising the temperature of a log-phase culture of Leishmania braziliensis panamensis promastigotes from 26°C to 34°C resulted in formation of a culture containing 85% ellipsoidally shaped forms after 1.5 h. The temperature-induced ellipsoidal forms decreased in size but persisted in high proportion (85–95%) for at least 12 h at 34°C. Recovery from the ellipsoidal forms to a culture containing 85–95% promastigotes was observed after returning the temperature to 26°C. The time required for recovery increased markedly with the duration of the preceding heat treatment, up to about 70 h for a 12-h heat treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03154.x
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    Oxidation of Glucose, Ribose, Alanine, and Glutamate by Leishmania braziliensis panamensis (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The metabolism of [1-14C]- and [6-14C]glucose, [1-14]ribose, [1-14C]- and [U-14C]alanine, and [1-14C]- and [5-14C]glutamate by the promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis panamensis was investigated in cells resuspended in Hanks' balanced salt solution supplemented with ribose, alanine, or glutamate. The ratio of 14CO2 produced from [1-14C]glucose to that from [6-14C]glucose ranged from about two to six, indicating appreciable carbon flow through the pentose phosphate pathway. A functional pentose phosphate pathway was further demonstrated by the production of 14CO2 from [1-14C]ribose although the rate of ribose oxidation was much lower than the rate of glucose oxidation. The rate of 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glucose was almost linear with time of incubation, whereas that of [6-14C]glucose accelerated, consistent with an increasing rate of flux through the Embden-Meyerhof pathway during incubation. Increasing the assay temperature from 26°C to 34°C had no appreciable effect on the rates or time courses of oxidation of either [1-14C]- or [6-14C]glucose or of [1-14C]ribose. Both alanine and glutamate were oxidized by L. b. panamensis, and at rates comparable to or appreciably greater than the rate of oxidation of glucose. The ratios of 14CO2 produced from [1-14C]- to [U-14C]alanine and from [1-14C]- to [5-14C]glutamate indicated that these compounds were metabolized via a functioning tricarboxylic acid cycle and that most of the label that entered the tricarboxylic acid cycle was oxidized to carbon dioxide. Heating the cultures for 6 or 12 h at 34°C, which converts the promastigotes into an ellipsoidally shaped intermediate form, decreased the rates of oxidation of glucose, alanine, and glutamate. The oxidation of glutamate decreased by about 50% and 70% after a 6-h or 12-h heat treatment, respectively. Returning the heated cultures to 26°C initiated a reversion to the promastigote form and recovery of the rate of glucose oxidation, but glutamate oxidation did not return to control levels by 19 h at 26°C.
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  • 21
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    Ultrastructural Visualization of Lipids in Trypanosomatids (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An imidazole-buffered osmium tetroxide solution was used to visualize lipids at the ultrastructural level in the following members of the family Trypanosomatidae: Trypanosoma cruzi, T. dionisii, T. vespertilionis, T. rangeli, Crithidia deanei, C. fasciculata, C. oncopelti, and Blastocrithidia culicis. Electron-dense material was seen in various lipid droplets found in all parasites and in the multivesicular structure of members of the sub-genus Schizotrypanum. High contrast of some membranes, mainly those which enclose the mitochondrion, the nucleus, and the endoplasmic reticulum, was observed even in unstained sections. X-ray microanalysis confirmed that the electron density of lipid droplets of B. culicis and membrane-bounded dense granules of C. oncopelti was due to the presence of osmium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03160.x
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  • 22
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    Electrophoretic Characterization of Members of the Crypthecodinium cohnii (Dinophyceae) Species Complex (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eighty-seven axenic clones of the colorless inshore dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii were found by mating experiments to fall into 52 sibling species, seven wide ranging (two possibly global)—called major sibling species—and 45 found only once—minor sibling species. Electrophoretic analysis of three soluble enzymes from these strains revealed the following: 1) Despite some polymorphism most members of major sibling species closely resemble one another electrophoretically. 2) Major sibling species and most minor ones are electrophoretically distinct. 3) Sharing of electromorphs is sufficiently extensive, however, that no major sibling species is totally unrelated to all others. 4) Some minor sibling species are electrophoretically indistinguishable from a member of a major sibling species or from one another, suggesting recent origin by sexual isolation in situ. 5) Other minor sibling species differ from majors by one, two, or all three of the enzymes studied. A “model” of sexual isolation and diversification is offered.
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  • 23
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    Cell Surface Carbohydrate Differences in Wild and Mutant Strains of Crithidia fasciculata (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Wild type Crithidia fasciculata and three drug-resistant mutant strains that have shown “flagellar adherence” were studied as to their ability to agglutinate with lectins specific for receptor molecules containing N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, galactose, mannose-like residues, fucose, and sialic acid. Escherichia coli with mannose-sensitive fimbriae was also used as an agglutination probe. The presence of D-GalNAc, D-Gal, and mannose-like residues was detected in the wild strain. Generally, in the mutants, residues of these sugar units were present in greater concentrations when compared to the wild type strain. β-Galactosidase treatment showed that β-D-Galp units are exposed on the cell membrane. All types of cell agglutination including flagellum-flagellum (F-F), flagellum-soma (F-S), and soma-soma (S-S) were observed when lectins were used; however, with E. coli only the F-F type of cell agglutination was observed with the wild type strain and the TFRR1 mutant. All types of agglutination were observed with the other two mutants.
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  • 24
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    Mating Types in Aspidisca sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida): a Cluster of Cryptic Species (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A mating-type analysis was performed on 78 stocks of the marine hypotrich ciliate, Aspidisca sp., from a sufficient number of diverse geographic locations, some widely separated. Evidence is provided for the existence of a binary mating system in this “morphospecies.” The collected stocks have been challenged by the most rigorous criterion, namely breeding affinity in the laboratory, and have yielded at least four reproductively, not necessarily geographically, isolated groups that are in fact “biological species,” here referred to as “syngens.” Different syngens contain different pairs of mating types. Syngens are morphologically indistinguishable; hence Aspidisca sp. can be considered a conservative taxon comprising a number of “cryptic” or “sibling species.” Information is also presented about the mating behavior and the pattern of nuclear events at conjugation in Aspidisca sp. Search for soluble pheromones of the mating types gave only negative results. Hence, direct contact with potential partners is postulated to play a critical role in preparing individuals to mate. Mating reaction and mating which actually involves cross-fertilization (conjugation, sensu stricto) are completely inhibited by 10 μg/ml cycloheximide, suggesting the necessity of protein synthesis for recognition and union in conjugation of potential partners.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03165.x
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    Inclusion Bodies in Xenosomes Purified on Percoll Gradients as Revealed by Electron Microscopy (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A method is described for the isolation and purification of xenosomes, intracytoplasmic bacterial symbionts of the marine hymenostome Parauronema acutum, using percoll gradients. Xenosomes isolated by this procedure retained both their ability to kill susceptible Uronema strains and to infect homologous and heterologous P. acutum strains. Unexpectedly, both killer and non-killer xenosomes were found to contain inclusion bodies, heretofore unseen in fixed whole cell preparations, in the form of double helices, which we have termed H-bodies. The nature and function of these bodies is unknown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03121.x
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    Seasonal Distribution of Thermotolerant Free-Living Amoebae. II. Lake Issaqueena (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A quantitative study of the seasonal distribution of thermotolerant (37°C and 45°C), small free-living amoebae (FLA) was conducted in Lake Issaqueena, a warm, monomictic lake with steep, sloping banks and a maximum basin depth of 10 m in the Piedmont region of South Carolina. Naegleria and Vahlkampfia were the most frequently encountered FLA in littoral sediment and surface water samples whereas Acanthamoeba was most commonly isolated from profundal sediment, especially during late summer. In the water column, FLA populations were highest in a persistent detrital layer; however, few amoebae were isolated from a massive (∼1.5 m thick) layer of Oscillatoria. The only N. fowleri isolated in this study was from the detrital layer. Discussion of the influence of differences in watershed and basin morphology on variations in the size and generic composition of FLA populations for the aquatic ecosystems of Lake Issaqueena and Willard's Pond is included.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03122.x
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  • 27
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    Isospora elmahalensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae), a Parasite of the White-Cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys) in Saudi Arabia (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Isospora elmahalensis n. sp. is described from the Saudi Arabian bird, Pycnonotus leucogenys, from the Elmahala valley. Sporulated oocysts of I. elmahalensis were spherical or nearly subspherical, 19.5–22.5 × 18.5–20 (21.34 ± 0.4 × 19.06 ± 0.5) μm. Oocysts lacked a micropyle, residuum, and polar granule. Sporocysts were ovoid, 14–17.5 × 7–12 (16.08 ± 1.05 × 9.9 ± 1.55) μm, and had a Stieda body and sporocyst residuum, but lacked a substiedal body. Sporozoites were elongated with a clear globule at one end. The host bird belongs to the order Passeriformes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03125.x
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    Pleurotricha indica n. sp., a New Hypotrich Ciliate from the Indian Subcontinent (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new species, Pleurotricha indica n. sp., is described, characterized by an average size of 220 × 119 μm, a firm and inflexible body, six rows of dorsal kineties, one left and two right rows of marginal cirri, and an “Oxytricha-like” pattern of ventral cirri. The parts of the macronucleus are variable in shape and number. The comparison with other members of the genus shows that P. indica differs from other congeneric species in the combination of these characters.
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    In Vitro Excystation of Cryptosporidium baileyi from Chickens (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Release of sporozoites from the oocysts of Cryptosporidium baileyi is described from Nomarski interference-contrast microscopy. Just prior to excystation, the four sporozoites became motile and rearranged themselves within the oocyst. The sporozoites were then rapidly expelled through an opening that formed in the oocyst wall, and the residuum was either released or retained within the oocyst. Excysted sporozoites were crescent shaped and measured 5.0–9.0 μm × 1.0–1.6 μm (x̄= 6.8 × 1.1 μm). Excystation occurred when sodium taurocholate or a mixture of trypsin and sodium taurocholate was present in the incubation medium. High levels of excystation occurred at 37° or 40°C, but excystation did not occur at 4°C. The ability of biles from two avian and two mammalian hosts to produce excystation of C. baileyi was also studied. After a 2-h incubation at 40°C, the percentages of excystation were 69.5% in goat bile, 45.0% in pig bile, 33.0% in chicken bile, and 34.5% in turkey bile.
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    Structure and Operation of the Feeding Apparatus in a Colorless Euglenoid, Entosiphon sulcatum (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Entosiphon sulcatum is a phagotrophic euglenoid. The tubular ingestion apparatus, called a siphon, is composed of three microtubular rods extending the length of the cell. Within the tube are four large striated vanes arranged much like the blades in a pinwheel. The vanes arise from the microtubular rods and curve towards the center of the feeding apparatus. Sheets of endoplasmic reticulum are positioned adjacent to each of the vanes and surround the perimeter of the apparatus. A cap, supported by a scaffold and anchored into the cytoplasm, covers the opening of the siphon. An elongate invagination of the plasma membrane is positioned adjacent to the edge of the cap and extends downward into the siphon forming the opening. The vanes converge at the anterior end of the siphon and surround the invagination. During feeding, the siphon protrudes from the cell. As the apparatus protrudes the cap is withdrawn to the side, opening the siphon. The vanes spread apart expanding the invagination of the plasma membrane into a large cavity into which ingested food particles are taken.
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    Trypanosoma vivax: Adaptation of Two East African Stocks to Laboratory Rodents (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two Trypanosoma vivax stocks from East Africa have been adapted to rats and mice. Adaptation was induced by rapid passage at two- to four-day intervals in sublethally irradiated rats. After 200 such passages, the two stocks gave rise to parasitemias of 109–1010 trypanosomes/ml in peripheral blood, and the infection was fatal in 90% of the rats. By passaging the rat-adapted T. vivax into normal mice at two- to three-day intervals for over 200 passages, the two stocks also became pathogenic to mice. One of the stocks was also capable of maintenance in non-irradiated rats. The two stocks displayed a marked degree of pleomorphism in irradiated and non-irradiated rats and mice. In the early rising parasitemia, the organisms were predominantly short, with a well formed undulating membrane, a pointed posterior end, and a large terminal kinetoplast. As parasitemia approached its peak, the organisms transformed into long, slender forms with an inconspicuous undulating membrane, an elongated posterior end, and a sub-terminal kinetoplast. The short forms associated with the early, rising parasitemia were more infective for mice than the long forms encountered at peak parasitemia. Although the two rodent-adapted stocks retained their pathogenicity for goats, neither the original stocks nor their corresponding rodent-adapted stocks could be cyclically transmitted by tsetse flies. The availability of these stocks will greatly facilitate investigations on East African T. vivax which would otherwise be difficult to carry out in experimental rodents.
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    Partial Purification and Characterization of Naegleria fowleriβ-Glucosidase (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Naegleria fowleri cells, grown axenically, contain high levels of β-D-glucosidase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (4MUGlc) (Km, 0.9 mM), octyl-β-D-glucoside (Km, 0.17 mM), and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside at relative rates of 1.00, 2.88, and 1.16, respectively (substrate concentration, 3.0 mM). When the amebae are subjected to freeze-thawing, sonication, and centrifugation (100,000 g, 1 h), 85% of the β-glucosidase activity appears in the supernatant fraction. The β-glucosidase was purified 40-fold (34% yield) using a combination of chromatographic steps involving DE-52 cellulose, concanavalin A-Sepharose, and hydroxylapatite followed by isoelectric focusing. The predominant soluble β-D-galactosidase activity in the Naegleria extract copurifies with the β-D-glucosidase; the two activities have the same isoelectric point (pI, 6.9), similar heat stabilities, are both inhibited by lactobionic acid (Ki, 0.40 mM), and exhibit optima at pH 4.5, indicating that they are probably the same enzyme. The Naegleriaβ-D-glucosidase has an apparent molecular weight of 66,000, a Stokes radius of 25 Å, and a sedimentation coefficient of 4.2S. The β-glucosidase is not inhibited by conduritol β-epoxide or galactosylsphingosine but is completely inhibited by 1.25 mM bromo conduritol β-epoxide. The latter compound, when present in the growth medium, inhibits the growth of the organism and profoundly alters its ultrastructure, the main effect being the apparent inhibition of cytokinesis and the generation of multinucleate cells. The issue of the role of the β-glucosidase in the metabolism of the ameba and its possible role in pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.
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    Localization of Acid Phosphatase Activity in Giardia lamblia and Giardia muris Trophozoites (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Numerous membrane-bounded vacuoles are found adjacent to the plasma membrane of the pathogenic protozoan Giardia lamblia. The function of these vacuoles has been discussed by several authors. Approximately 100–400 nm in diameter with a core of low electron density, they have been suggested to be mitochondria, mucocysts, lysosomes, and endocytotic vacuoles. Enzyme cytochemical localization for acid phosphatase activity using cerium as a capturing agent demonstrates reaction product in these vacuoles as well as in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope cisternae. The distribution of reaction product suggests the vacuoles are lysosome-like; however, their function and development remain in question.
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    Genetic Heterogeneity in a Natural Population of Acanthamoeba polyphaga from Soil, an Isoenzyme Analysis (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Acanthamoeba polyphaga, a free-living, bacterial feeder found in freshwater and soil, reproduces asexually and is morphologicaly distinguishable from other acanthamoebae. Isoenzyme analyses were done on 15 random, clonal isolates from soil. Electrophoretic patterns indicated that enzyme bands occurred in clusters consistent with that of a diploid organism. The data indicates that natural populations of A. polyphaga have a greater genetic diversity than laboratory isolates of other amoebae, resembling the heterogeneity observed for natural populations of bacteria.
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    Observations on Opisthonecta henneguyi Fauré-Fremiet: Infraciliature, Argyrome, and Myonemic System (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The infraciliature, argyrome, and myonemic system of Opisthonecta henneguyi have been examined after impregnation with the Fernández-Galiano silver impregnation method. The oral infraciliature is formed by one haplokinety and three polykineties while the aboral infraciliature is formed by the trochal band—six kinetosomes wide—and the scopula. The trochal band has three fibrillar systems: orally directed fibers, aboral fibers, and oblique fibers. The argyrome is formed by 90 to 135 fine circular striations, which cover the whole organism with the exception of the peristome. The myonemic system is located in two regions: the oral and the aboral ones. The oral myonemic system is formed by a fibrous ring which surrounds the peristome underneath the spiral of the peristomial infraciliature and by a group of fibers which depart from the peristomial disc. The aboral myonemic system is much simpler, and it is formed by fibers which extend radially from the scopula. Biometrical characterizations of the vegetative cells and living cysts were also made, and our data are compared with the results obtained previously by other authors.
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  • 36
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    Encystment in the Hypotrichous Ciliate Paraurostyla weissei: Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cyst wall of Paraurostyla weissei consists of four morphologically distinct layers. It shows an ultrastructure and composition similar to that of the previously described kinetosome-resorbing cysts, and its cytoplasm displays characteristics of “urostylid-type” cysts. Therefore it is possible to consider it a “transition ciliate” between Stichotrichina and Sporadotrichina.
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    Recording of Pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus by Microcalorimetry1 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the present work we have found that microcalorimetry might be a useful method to record pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus. Sodium-induced (67 mM) and potassium-induced (75 mM) pinocytosis caused an increase in heat output of 130 and 325%, respectively. Heat production during lysozyme-induced (0.43 mg/ml) pinocytosis increased about 100%.
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  • 38
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    Freeze-Fracture Localization of Filipin-Sterol Complexes in Plasma- and Cyto-Membranes of Pneumocystis carinii (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The polyene antibiotic, filipin, was used as the probe for demonstrating sterols in the freeze-fractured plasma- and cytomembranes of Pneumocystis carinii. The distribution of filipin-sterol complexes was homogeneous on the plasma membrane throughout all developmental stages from trophozoite to cyst; however, the density of the complexes gradually decreased with the progress of development. In the trophozoite, the density of the complexes was 485 ± 42/μm2 on the P face and 341 ± 27/μm2 on the E face. It was 249 ± 50 on the P face and 132 ± 48 on the E face in the precyst and 138 ± 24 and 59 ± 20, respectively, in the cyst. The membranes of nucleus, mitochondria, and small round bodies showed more or fewer complexes while no complexes were found in the membranes of one endoplasmic reticulum. In nuclear and mitochondrial membranes, some small scattered clusters of complexes were observed. Two types of vacuoles were distinguished: one having many complexes in its membrane and the other having none at all.
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    Morphology and Morphogenesis of Onychodromus quadricornutus n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida), an Extraordinarily Large Ciliate with Dorsal Horns (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The morphology and the morphogenesis of the freshwater hypotrich ciliate Onychodromus quadricornutus n. sp. have been investigated using living organisms, protargol impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy. Some preliminary and supplementary results about the morphogenesis of O. grandis and Laurentiella acuminata are included. The new species is unique among all described hypotrichs in having four dorsal horns, whose function is unknown. In addition, O. quadricornutus is probably the most voluminous hypotrich ciliate known (2 times 10-6-5 times 106μm3). Its morphogenetic pattern resembles the oxytrichids O. grandis and L. acuminata. The strongest apomorphic character, which unites these three species, is probably the multiple fragmentation of the dorsal primordia during morphogenesis. This fragmentation causes the characteristic high number and more or less irregular distribution of the dorsal kineties in the non-dividing individuals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03152.x
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  • 40
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    Oxidation of Fatty Acids by Leishmania braziliensis panamensis (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Heating cultures of Leishmania braziliensis panamensis (grown at 26°C) to 34°C for 1.5–12 h transformed the cells to an ellipsoidally shaped form. The heat treatment caused an increase in the rate of oxidation of both medium and long chain fatty acids but decreased the rate of oxidation of [1-14C]glucose. The rate of fatty acid oxidation continued to increase for times as long as 20 h after returning the cultures to 26°C. In both the promastigote and heat-induced ellipsoidal forms, the ratio of 14CO2 release from [1-14C]laurate to that from [12-14C]laurate was generally larger than four, whereas this ratio from [1-14C]oleate relative to [10-14C]oleate was approximately two. These data show that metabolic and morphological differentiation begin after a short heat treatment and that some metabolic changes may continue even after the reverse transformation is initiated. The data also suggest that either the ω-terminal portion of the fatty acids is not completely oxidized to acetyl CoA and/or that there are two functional fatty acid oxidation pathways in Leishmania.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03155.x
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  • 41
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    Light and Electron Microscopical Observations on the Stomatogenesis of the Ciliate Coleps amphacanthus Ehrenberg, 1833 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Light and electron microscopical observations on the stomatogenesis of Coleps amphacanthus Ehrenberg, 1833, show that this “gymno”-stome ciliate has a well developed oral ciliature made of 19–23 “paroral dikinetids” and three “adoral organelles.” These structures were previously known as “circumoral ciliature” and “dorsal brosse,” and it was thought that they originated from the distal ends of all the 22–26 somatic kineties. Contrary to this view, only four stomatogenic kineties (K1, Kn, Kn-1, and Kn-2) are involved in stomatogenesis of the opisthe. All paroral dikinetids arise from one single kinetofragment (KF1) to the right of the oral anlage while the adoral organelles originate from the three left kinetofragments (KFn, KFn-1, and KFn-2). In particular, the future paroral dikinetids perform a complex morphogenetic movement that leads to a situation where the postciliary microtubules of the once posterior kinetosome of each oral dikinetid give rise to the cytopharyngeal microtubular ribbons. The postciliary origin of the cytopharyngeal ribbons which could only be detected by an EM study of stomatogenesis shows that the basket of Coleps belongs to the cyrtos-type and not to the rhabdos-type basket, where transverse microtubules accompany the basket-forming nematodesmata. The taxonomic implications of these observations, which may lead to a revision of the systematic position of the genus Coleps, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03158.x
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  • 42
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    Differential Protein Synthesis During the Life Cycle of the Protozoan Parasite Trypanosoma brucei (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to analyze changes in protein content and protein synthesis in three stages of the life cycle of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The stages examined were slender and stumpy mammalian bloodstream forms and procyclic forms, which are analogous to the tsetse fly midgut stage. Two-dimensional gels of 35S-methionine-labeled proteins were examined by autoradiography to analyze newly synthesized protein, and gels were stained with ammoniacal silver to analyze proteins present. Several stage-specific molecules were noted. The most obvious was the variant surface glycoprotein, which was only present in bloodstream forms. Some other proteins were also bloodstream form specific; they had molecular weights of 120,000 and 38,000. Proteins of 52,000, 46,000, 25–30,000, and 16,000 daltons were present both in stumpy forms and procyclics but not in slender-form trypanosomes. Several proteins (molecular weights of 50–70,000, 43,000, 40,000, 26–24,000, 20–25,000, and 15,000) were present only in one of the three stages. One protein, a molecule of about 18,000 daltons present in both slender and stumpy parasites, did not appear to be synthesized in the stumpy stage. In vitro translation products of mRNA purified from the three stages were also examined. The abundance of mRNA encoding a protein of about 40,000 daltons appeared to be greater in slender than in stumpy parasites although the stumpy forms contained more of the protein and synthesized it at a higher rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03132.x
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  • 43
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    Evidence for Phosphorylation of the Extracellular Acid Phosphatase of Leishmania donovani (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The presence of two phosphorylated molecular species in the culture supernatants of axenically cultivated Leishmania donovani promastigotes was demonstrated by biosynthetically labeling cultures with [32P]phosphate. One of these species was resolved into two bands with Mr's of 149,000 and 97,000 by dissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and copurified with the extracellular acid phosphatase activity produced by the promastigotes. The site of phosphorylation of the extracellular acid phosphatase is not yet known.
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  • 44
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    Studies on the Coccidian Parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae and Pfeifferinellidae) of Pulmonate Gastropods (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pulmonate and prosobranch gastropods collected in Minnesota and Washington were examined for the presence of coccidian parasites. Typical coccidian oocysts were recovered from the feces of 89 of 543 (16%) pulmonate snails representing the families Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, and Succineidae. No coccidial infections were apparent in 104 specimens representing the prosobranch families Viviparidae and Pleuroceridae. Oocysts identified as Pfeifferinella ellipsoides were recovered from 21 of 101 (21%) Stagnicola elodes, 2 of 94 (2%) Physa gyrina, and 4 of 67 (6%) Aplexa hypnorum although incidence of infection differed greatly (2–40%) dependent upon the locality sample. This coccidian has not been described previously from North America and is reported here from members of the families Lymnaeidae and Physidae for the first time. Twenty percent of Oxyloma retusa from one habitat were shedding oocysts slightly smaller than, but otherwise identical with, those of Alveocystis gugleri. A third as yet unidentified oocyst was recovered from up to 54% of Helisoma trivolvis. As a group, the coccidia of pulmonate molluscs have been poorly studied. The findings of this survey, however, suggest that these parasites may be more common and widely distributed in both the Basommatophora and Stylommatophora than previously believed.
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  • 45
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    A Redescription of the Life Cycle of Eimeria mitis Tyzzer, 1929 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ten-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated with oocysts of a characterized strain of Eimeria mitis, and tissues were fixed at 4, 8, or 24-h intervals after inoculation for histopathological examination. Tissue collections were initiated at the time of inoculation and extended up to 168 h postinoculation. The preferred site of development of E. mitis was found to be the ileum although more limited development of the parasite also took in the jejunum, cecal pouches, cloaca, and bursa of Fabricius. No distinctive and consistent intestinal lesions were macroscopically evident even in heavily parasitized chickens. The prepatent period was approximately 92 h postinoculation. The histopathological features of the E. mitis infections were characterized using conventional bright-field microscopy as well as both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. No extra-intestinal development of the parasite was observed.
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  • 46
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    Two New Species of Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Madagascar Gekkonids (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are described from the Madagascar giant day gecko, Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis, and the Golddust day gecko, P. laticauda. Both species of coccidia were found to infect the anterior one-half of the small intestine. Oocysts of Eimeria brygooi n. sp. are spherical or subspherical, 23.0 × 21.3 (18.8–25.2 × 16.4–23.2) μm; shape index (L/W) 1.1 (1.0–1.2). A micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Sporocysts are ovoid, 9.2 × 7.9 (8.0–10.0 × 7.2–8.8) μm; shape index 1.2 (1.0–1.3), with a Goussia-type suture; Stieda and substieda bodies are absent. A sporocyst residuum is present, 4.2 × 3.0 (3.2–6.4 × 2.4–4.0) μm. Sporozoites are elongate, with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. This coccidian was found to infect five of six (83%) P. m. grandis and one of five (20%) P. laticauda examined. Oocysts of Isospora gekkonis n. sp. are spherical or subspherical, 24.2 × 22.0 (21.6–26.4 × 20.0–23.6) μm; shape index 1.1 (1.0–1.2). A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; polar granule present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 12.2 × 9.4 (11.2–12.8 × 8.4–10.0) μm, with Stieda and substieda bodies; shape index 1.3 (1.2–1.4). A sporocyst residuum is present, cither compact, 5.1 × 4.2 (4.0–7.2 × 3.2–5.6) μm or diffuse. Sporozoites arc elongate, with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. Isospora gekkonis was found in two of six (33%) P. m. grandis and one of five (20%) P. laticauda. In addition, oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were found in the cloacas of two of six (33%) necropsied P. m. grandis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03213.x
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  • 47
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Ahmadjian, V. & Paracer, S. 1986. Symbiosis. An Introduction to Biological Associations. Stephen, L. E. 1986. Trypanosomiasis: A Veterinary Perspective. Smith, D. C. & Douglas, A. E. 1987. The Biology of Symbiosis. Gyles, D. L. & Thoen, C. O., eds. (with 22 contributors). 1986. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals. Fenchel, T. 1987. Ecology of Protozoa: The Biology of Free-living Phagotrophic Protists. Maeda, M. & Carey, P. G. 1986. An Illustrated Guide to Oligotrichine Ciliates.
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  • 48
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    New Observations on First-Generation Merogony of Eimeria tuskegeensis in Sigmodon hispidus (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: First-generation development of Eimeria tuskegeensis was evaluated using light microscopy. Sporozoite-shaped meronts containing a prominent refractile body were observed in small intestinal cells of an experimentally infected cotton rat at 24 h post inoculation (PI). Mature spherical or subspherical meronts containing crescent-shaped merozoites were observed at 36 h PI. Refractile bodies were observed in some of these merozoites. Sporozoite-shaped meronts that were isolated from host intestinal cells and inoculated onto human fetal lung cell cultures penetrated the cultured cells by 2 h PI. A mature, subspherical, first-generation meront containing seven merozoites was observed at 9 h PI in cell culture, indicating that sporozoite-shaped meronts isolated from the host retained their infectivity.
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  • 49
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    The Number of Species of Rodent Coccidia and of Other Protozoa (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: About 447 species of coccidia have been named from the 1687 living, known species of rodents; 207 host species, 92 host genera, and 15 host families are represented; this is about 12% of the known species of rodents. About 4600 species of apicomplexan protozoa have been named. Assuming that the same proportion of the total number of apicomplexan species has been named as of the coccidian species, there must actually be about 38,333 species of apicomplexan protozoa. There are 5.4 times as many protozoan genera as of apicomplexan genera. Assuming that the number of species in each genus is the same for all the protozoa as it is for the Apicomplexa there may actually be 206,998 species of protozoa. This may be too conservative an estimate. Based on other criteria, an estimate of over 20 million species could be made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03191.x
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  • 50
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    Identification of a Developmentally Regulated Calcium-Binding Protein in Trypanosoma brucei (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Calcium ions mediate cellular activity by binding to specific cellular proteins. The following study systematically examines the cellular complement of calcium-binding proteins in different cell fractions and life cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei. Using a 45Ca-gel overlay procedure, eight calcium-binding proteins were consistently observed. The majority of proteins were cytosolic (84, 70, 64, 22, and 15 kd) while the remainder (55, 46, and 29 kd) were particulate. Although calmodulin was detected amongst the calcium-binding proteins, it did not represent the majority of calcium-binding activity. Of special interest was the 46 kd calcium-binding protein which was associated with 3-fold more calcium in cultured procyclic forms than in slender bloodstream forms. By contrast, promastigote forms of Leishmania mexicana did not contain the 46 kd calcium-binding protein. These data suggest that responsiveness to calcium signals may vary during the trypanosome life cycle as a result of changes in the cellular complement of calcium-binding proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03193.x
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  • 51
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    The Effect of Puromycin and Cycloheximide on the Infection of Algae-Free Paramecium bursaria by Symbiotic Chlorellae (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: It has been suggested that the infection of algae-free Paramecium bursaria by symbiotic algae involves an induction in the ciliate. Such a process suggests a need for the synthesis of specific proteins. Therefore, an attempt was made to determine the role of protein synthesis during the initial phases of host-symbiont interaction by examining the capacity of the ciliate to form a stable association with algae when the ciliate is exposed to puromycin (PURO) or cycloheximide (CYC) during the first 1–3 h of algal insestion. Cycloheximide (100 μg/ml) blocked algal but not ciliate growth and protein synthesis while PURO (250 μg/ml) appeared to inhibit these processes in both Puromycin significantly inhibited the infection when presented to the ciliate during the first hour of algal exposure and had little effect when added after that period. Inhibition of ciliate, as compared to the alga, protein synthesis appears to be significant in relationship to those processes leading to infection, as CYC when presented during the first hour of algae-ciliate exposure has no inhibitory effects. Experiments on algal sugar secretion and ciliate ingestion of algae indicated that neither process was significantly affected by these inhibitors. These results point to a need for host protein synthesis during the initial phase of ingestion of algae which appears to be important to establishment of the symbiotic association.
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    Seasonal Abundance of Acanthamoeba rhysodes (Singh, 1952) (Protozoa: Gymnamoebia) in a Mangrove Litter-Soil Ecosystem of Gangetic-Estuary, India, (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Acanthamoeba rhysodes has been found to be a predominant intertidal benthic gymnamoeba in the mangrove ecosystem of Sundarbans of lower deltaic Bengal, facing the Bay. The sampling zones under study were the highest high tide regions, with characteristic mangrove litter-soil, inundated twice per month during the highest ebb of spring tide. Population abundance of this species, both in its trophic and cystic forms in the three distinct seasonal periods of pre-monsoon (March to June), monsoon (July to October), and post-monsoon (November to February) has been surveyed for over two years. These seasonal periods affect the physico-chemical parameters of the habitat substrata, including temperature, pH, and salinity. It has been found that the overall number of organisms per gram of soil attains peak value during the monsoon period. This value comes down in post-monsoon samples and is the least in pre-monsoon ones.
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    The Glyceryl Ethers of Paramecium Phospholipids and Phosphonolipids (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two glyceryl ethers, 1-O-hexadecyl glycerol and 1-O-cis-octadec-11-enyl glycerol, chimyl and paramecyl alcohol respectively, were quantified in total phospholipids and five glycerophospholipid classes from cells and cilia of the ciliated protozoon Parammecium tetraurelia. The ether content of 2-aminoethyl phosphonoglycerolipid was 85–90 mole %. Concentrations of ethers were greatest in the ethanolamine phosphonolipids 〉 phosphatidylcholines 〉 phosphatidylserines 〉 phosphatidylethanolamines 〉 phosphatidylinositols. The glyceryl ether concentrations in total cellular phospholipids increased with culture age in P. tetraurelia and P. multimteronucleatum cells. The glyceryl ether concentrations in the phospholipids of P. tetraurelia cilia remained constant from mid log to stationary phase of culture growth. Paramecium tetraurelia phospholipid glyceryl ether concentrations were made greater by supplementation of cultures with chimyl alcohol.
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  • 54
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    Corrections in the Names of Rodent Coccidia (Apicomplexa, Coccidiasina) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The following new taxonomic combinations are introduced for coccidia whose names were previously given erroneously Dorisa bengalensis (Bandyopadhyay & Ray, 1982) n. comb, from the Indian palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti in India; Eimeria sicistae from the intestine of the birch mouse Sicista tianschanica in the USSR; E. hydrochaeri Carini. 1937 emend, from the capybara Hydrochaerus hydrochaerus in South America; Frenkelia sp. (Doby, Jeannes & Rault, 1965) from the brain of the water vole Arvicola sapidus in Europe; Frenkelia sp. (Karstad, 1963) from the brain of the muskrat Ondatra zibethica in North America; Frenkelia sp (Enemar, 1965) from the brain of the lemming Lemmus lemmus in Europe; Frenkelia sp. (Šebek, 1975) from the brain of the field mouse Apodemus flavicollis in Europe; and Sarcocystis sp. (Ryan, Wyand & Nielsen, 1982) from the skeletal muscles of the muskrat Ondatra zibethica in North America.
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    Cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii was studied by electron microscopy using 1) whole mounts of detergent-extracted parasites and 2) thin sections of routine preparations, tannic acid-stained organisms, and detergent-extracted parasites. In whole mounts, the spiral arrangement of the 22 pellicular microtubules closely corresponded to the pattern of surface ridges seen previously by scanning electron microscopy and reflected the torsion of the parasite body during locomotion. The microtubules had free posterior ends and were anchored anteriorly in the polar ring, presumed to be a microtubule organizing center (MTOC). The insertions of the microtubules were supported by blunt projections of the polar ring, forming a cogwheel pattern in transverse view. The internal microtubules had 13 protofilaments and were twice the length of the conoid. They extended through the conoid and ended at the anterior preconoidal ring, presumably a second MTOC. The subunits of the conoid were arranged in a counterclockwise spiral when traced from base to tip, as were the pellicular microtubules. We postulate that as the conoid moves, the polar ring complex moves along the spiral pathway of the conoid subunits. Retraction of the conoid would then rotate the polar ring, producing the torsion of the body we observed by SEM.
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    New Eimeriid Coccidia from the Canarian Lizard, Gallotia galloti Oudart, 1839 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: One species of Eimeria and one species of Isospora have been discovered in several specimens of the Canarian lizard, Gallotia galloti, collected on Tenerife, Canary Islands, and are described herein as new. The oocysts of Eimeria gallotiae n. sp. are elongate-ellipsoidal and measure 30.6 (29.1–32.6) by 16.0 (14.0–17.9) μm. Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Oocysts each contain four ellipsoidal sporocysts measuring 14.6 (12.2–17.3) by 9.2 (8.2–11.2) μm. Sporocysts have sporocyst residuum but not a Stieda body. The majority of oocysts are fully sporulated when shed. Few oocysts are excreted unsporulated or in the beginning phase of sporulation. The oocysts of Isopora gallotiae n. sp. are spherical and 16.5 (15.3–17.6) μm in diameter. Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Each oocyst has two lemon-shaped sporocysts, 11.5 (10.2–12.2) by 7.3 (6.6–8.2) μm, which take up almost the entire space of the oocyst. A sporocyst residuum is present as well as a knob-like Stieda body and a substieda body. Most oocysts are in the beginning phase of sporulation when excreted and have two spherical sporoblasts. Sporulation is completed within 24 to 28 h at 21 ± 2°C.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Canning, E. U. & Lom, J. 1986. The Microsporidia of Vertebrates.
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    Constitutive and Induced Excretion of Polypeptides in Tetrahymena thermophila (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Notes: Polypeptides normally excreted to growth or starvation media were revealed using O'Farrell gel-electrophoresis and silver-staining. The major polypeptides detected in conditioned media were either constitutive, growth specific, starvation specific, or high-Tris specific. The majority of the excreted polypeptides could be released from the cells by a hypo-osomotic shock, possibly resulting in membrane leakage, but also mucocyst and/or plasma membrane-associated polypeptides were detected in the conditioned media.
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    The Ultrastructure of Vampyrellidium perforans Surek & Melkonian and Its Taxonomic Position Among the Naked Filose Amoebae1 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Notes: An account of the fine structure of Vampyrellidium perforans is given. The organism has filose pseudopodia, mitochondria with flattened cristae, and cytoplasmic microtubules, some of which arise from a perinuclear cytoplasmic sheath. Microtubules were observed within nuclei presumed to be at an early stage of division. Relatively massive (non-filose) pseudopodia are formed by cells feeding by engulfment. The cytoplasm of these pseudopodia has a fibrillar consistency with local aggregations of material. Despite sharing aspects of feeding behavior with vampyrellid filose amoebae, Vampyrellidium perforans is ultrastructurally more similar to Nuclearia, and it is here assigned to nucleariid filose amoebae.
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    The Fine Structure of the Paralabial Organelle in the Rumen Ciliate Ophryoscolex purkinjei Stein, 1858 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Notes: The paralabial organelle of the rumen ciliate Ophryoscolex purkinjei, located on the ventral side of the ciliophor, is a highly specialized part of the somatic cortex. It consists of alternating rows of short modified cilia and thin pellicular folds which form a ridge-like structure. The central “top kinety” is composed of monokinetids which bear cilia with 9 + 2 axonemes and 2 μm in length. The top kinety is accompanied by a comb-shaped fold on its distal side and by a broad wedge-shaped fold on its proximal side. To both sides there follow two or three lateral kineties made of dikinetids. The anterior kinetosome of each pair bears a clavate cilium, only 0.5–0.7 μm in length and with a 9 + 0 axoneme while the cilium of the posterior kinetosome is even shorter. Lateral folds with numerous microtubules cover these lateral kineties and rows of barren basal bodies. The fine structure of this supposed sensory organelle show a basic pattern in four other ophryoscolecids, and its increasing complexity parallels the suggested phylogenetic line of evolution of these ciliates.
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    Transmission of Megatrypanum Trypanosomes to Cervus dama by Tabanidae (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Four fallow deer, Cervus dama, became infected with Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) sp. by oral application of triturated guts from tabanids collected in an area with deer but without any cattle; four control calves remained negative. Upon challenge with triturated guts from tabanids from an area with pastured cattle, the four calves became infected with Trypanosoma (M.) theileri. The prepatent period in deer was five days or less. Haematopota spp. and Tabanus spp. were identified as vectors of the deer trypanosomes. It is concluded that the trypanosomes of C. dama belong to a Megatrypanum species that is not identical with T. theileri.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1987)
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Bourkovski, I. V. 1984. Ecology of Free-Living Ciliated Protozoa. Dragesco, J. & Dragesco-Kerneis, A. 1986. Ciliés Libres de l'Afrique Intertropicale: Introduction a l'Connaissance et à l'Etude des Ciliés. Trager, William, 1986. Living Together: The Biology of Animal Parasitism Euzéby, Jacques. 1986. Protozoologie Médicale Comparée. Les Protozooses des Animaux et leurs Relations avec les Protozooses de l'Homme. Vol. 1: Generalités—Sarcomastigophores (Flagellés, Rhizopodes)—Cities. Pratt, W. B. & Fekety, R. 1986. The Antimicrobial Drugs.
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    A Monoclonal Antibody Against a Symbiont-Synthesized Protein in the Cytosol of Symbiont-Dependent Amoebae (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A monoclonal antibody was obtained against a 29-kD polypeptide in the cytosol of a symbiont-bearing strain (xD) of Amoeba proteus and was used to determine the distribution of the antigen in amoebae. The 29-kD polypeptides (xD protein) are produced by bacterial endosymbionts that are necessary for the survival of host xD amoebae. Results of indirect immunofluorescent and electron-microscopic immunogold-labeling studies showed that the xD protein was present diffusely in the amoeba cytoplasm as well as in the symbiotic bacteria. The native protein containing 29-kD polypeptides was purified using an immunoaffinity column prepared with the monoclonal antibody and its molecular weight was determined to be 87,000.
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    Symposium on Ciliate Molecular Genetics: Introductory Remarks (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Self-splicing RNA and an RNA Enzyme in Tetruhymena1 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
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    Molecular Biology of the Genes for Immobilization Antigens in Paramecium (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several genes for surface antigens of the Paramecium aurelia complex of species have been isolated. In addition lo known deletions of the 51A gene, we have obtained deletions involving the 51B gene and have developed a procedure for obtaining deletions of additional genes. Both Mendelian and non-Mendelian deletions of both the A and B genes have been found. In the non-Mendelian deletions the genes are present in the micronuclei and absent in the macronuclei. Processing of micronuclear DNA into new macronuclear DNA at conjugation and autogamy is under the control of the old macronucleus, and newly forming macronuclei become exactly like the old. Thus in the non-Mendelian mutants, macronuclei have a specific antigen gene deleted and also are impaired in their ability to direct normal DNA processing at the next conjugation or autogamy. These cases, along with others, show that this system of macronuclear control is a fundamental feature of ciliate genetics. The sequence of the 51A and 51C genes is described and compared with the 156G and 51H genes obtained by others. The 51A and 156G genes are remarkably similar while 51Cand 51H are rather different. No introns or pseudogenes have been observed. Some, possibly all, of the genes are on the ends of chromosomes. Characteristic upstream and downstream sequences adjacent to the coding portions of the genes are given. The sequences UAA and UAG are preferred over CAA and CAG for glutamine while UGA is the true stop codon.
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    Enzymes of Ornithine-Arginine Metabolism in Trypanosomatids of the Genus Phytomonas (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Trypanosomatids recently isolated from the plants Euphorbia pinea, E. characias, E. hyssopifolia, Manihoi esculenta (cassava) and Lycopersicon sp. (tomato) plus the McGhee-Postell isolate of Phytomonas davidi have been examined for the presence of enzymes of ornithine-arginine metabolism. Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) was not detected in the flagellates examined whereas arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) and citrullinehydrolase (EC 3.5.1.20) were present in all organisms. Phytomonas davidi and the isolate from E. hyssopifolia, besides these enzymes, also had ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3). The enzymic constitution of these flagellates is compared from a taxonomic standpoint to that of previously studied trypanosomatids.
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    Electrophoretic Analysis of Isoenzymes in the Identification of Trypanosomatids of the Genus Phytomonas (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Notes: Five strains of trypanosomatids of the genus Phytomonas, isolated from different species of Euphorbia {Euphorbia heterophylla, E. characias, E. pinea, E. hyssopifolia) and from Manihot escutenta, were cultured and compared through the electrophoretic mobility of isoenzymes of six enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9), and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.40). The strains could be distinguished from one another by their respective isoenzyme profiles.
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    Eimeria tahamensis N. Sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Arabian Quail (Coturnix delegorguei arabica) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eimeria tahamensis n. sp. is described from the harlequin quail (Coturnix delegorguei arabica) from Tahama, Saudi Arabia. The sporulated oocysts of E. tahamensis n. sp. are ellipsoid, 36.5–42 × 25.5–29 (41.2 ± 1.34 × 28.4 ± 0.81) μm, with a thick two-layered wall and one polar granule but without a micropyle or an oocyst residuum. The sporocysts are ovoid, 14–16 × 9–11.5 (15.3 ± 0.7 × 10.8 ± 0.64) μm, with a knob-like Stieda body and sporocyst residuum, but without a substiedal body. The sporozoites are often located transversely at the two ends of the sporocysts. The host bird belongs to the order Galliformes.
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    Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis in the Bloodstream Form of Trypanosoma brucei (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The uptake of various host plasma proteins by the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei was studied both biochemically, using radiolabeled proteins, and with the electron microscope, using colloidal gold particles as molecular tracers onto which plasma proteins had been adsorbed. Total plasma proteins and serum albumin were taken up by a mechanism of fluid endocytosis with low clearance (0.1 μ1 [mg cell protein]-1 h-1), while low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and transferrin were taken up by a receptor-mediated process with a clearance of two to three orders of magnitude higher than that of serum albumin. Binding prior to uptake of LDL and transferrin was saturable, depended on the presence of Ca2+, and the labeled ligand could be displaced by the homologous but not by heterologous protein. Binding of gold-labeled proteins was seen only to the membrane of the flagellar pocket and not elsewhere on the plasma membrane. After 1 h of incubation at 30°C with gold-labeled LDL and transferrin, labeled cellular structures represented respectively half and one-third of the total volume of all single-membrane bounded endocytotic and electron-dense vacuoles within the cell.
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    A Fast Electrophoretic Isoenzyme Technique for the Identification of Invasive and Non-Invasive Entamoeba histolytica and “E. hitolytica-like” Organisms (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE) was used to separate glucosephosphate isomerase, hexokinase, malic enzyme, and phosphoglucomutase extracted from invasive and non-invasive Entamoeba histolytica and “E. histolytica-like” organisms. Each of these morphologically similar organisms possessed a unique CAE isoenzyme profile that can be used as an aid in their identification. The CAE technique used to obtain these isoenzyme profiles is rapid, simple, and economical, and it requires neither specialized training nor claborate equipment.
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    Leptomonas ciliatorum n. sp. (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in the Macronucleus of a Hypotrichous Ciliate (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Notes: A leptomonad flagellate found in the macronucleus of the hypotrichous ciliate Paraholosticha sterkii carries out its whole life cycle there. The ciliates can divide, encyst, and excyst even when parasitized, and the flagellates are maintained throughout. Parasite-free ciliates may be rapidly infected. The light- and electron-microscopic structure of the flagellate resembles that of other leptomonads.
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    Ultrastructure of the Erythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium malariae (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This report describes the fine structure of the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium malariae. Erythrocytic parasites from a naturally acquired human infection and an experimentally infected chimpanzee were morphologically indistinguishable and structurally similar to other primate malarias. New findings included observations of highly structured arrays of merozoite surface coat proteins in the cytoplasm of early schizonts and on the surface of budding merozoites and the presence of knobs in the membranes of Maurer's clefts. Morphological evidence is presented suggesting that proteins are transported between the erythrocyte surface and intracellular parasites via two routes: one associated with Maurer's clefts for transport of membrane-associated knob material and a second associated with caveolae in the host cell membrane for the import or export of host- or parasite-derived substances through the erythrocyte cytoplasm.
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    Polyamine Metabolism in Acanthamoeba: Polyamine Content and Synthesis of Ornithine, Putrescine, and Diaminopropane (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Five polyamines which could be separated by high performance liquid chromatography were found in Acanthamoeba castellanii (strain Neff). These included in order of decreasing abundance: 1,3-diaminopropane, spermidine, spermine, norspermidine, and putrescine. Only diaminopropane and norspermidine had been found previously. Spermine was present in cultures grown in broth, but not in defined medium. Radioactive substrates were used to establish that putrescine was synthesized by decarboxylation of ornithine, ornithine was synthesized from arginine or citrulline, and diaminopropane was synthesized from spermidine. The presence of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17), arginase (EC 3.5.3.1), and urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and the absence of arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) were established. A scheme for polyamine biosynthesis in A. castellanii is proposed.
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    Effects of Extracellular Potassium on Acid Release and Motility Initiation in Toxoplasma gondii (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The internal pH (pHi) of Toxoplasma gondii was estimated by measuring the accumulation of the weak base 9-aminoacridine in buffers with various ionic compositions. The pHi of the metabolizing parasite increased when the extracellular K+ was elevated in alkaline medium or when the external pH (pHc) was substantially increased in medium employing high external K+ (90 mM). The parasite in mouse peritoneal fluid, or in potassium sulfate buffer (pH 8.2), where the pHi was demonstrated to be increased to 7.9, became motile when acidic buffer was substituted for the original suspension medium. This acid-induced independent movement subsided within 5 min but was repeatedly induced if the pHc was serially lowered to 6.0. Basic buffers, on the other hand, abolished motility when applied to the moving parasites. Nigericin, which is known to collapse pH gradients across the membrane, also abolished motility.
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    Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora) Exit from Gill Epithelium (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The first change in the sequence of morphological events occurring as fully developed Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts spontaneously left gill epithelium or as younger trophonts departed, following experimentally induced death of the fish, was the separation of parasites from overlying host cells. Discharge of contractile vacuoles may have played a role in this process. Spaces then appeared between host cells, and individual epithelial cells became vacuolated. Finally, the epithelium ruptured and the parasites swam free. In induced exit after three days residence in the host, departure of the trophont was evident only after autolysis of epithelium had occurred. Induced departure of trophonts after four days residence was more rapid, suggesting an active role for the parasite in exit. Changes in parasite and epithelium observed in induced exit were similar to those in spontaneous departure after five days residence.
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    Two Armored Dinoflagellates from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: A New Species of Protoperidinium and a First Record and Redescription for Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper describes a new armored dinoflagellate, Protoperidinium dolichoporum, and updates the description of Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid, 1911, both from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. The distinguishing characteristics of P. dolichoporum are the following: the globular-pentagonal shape, a pore plate extending onto the dorsal surface, a second anterior intercalary five-sided plate in contact with the fourth and fifth precingular plates, and an unusual body sculpture of irregular rounded papillae with 1–3 pores on the top of each. Although in general similar, this new species differs in a significant number of details from other members of the Avellana group. The original thecal formula of G. alaskensis given by Kofoid in 1911 is revised with respect to the epithecal plate pattern and the sulcal region is now described in detail. This is the first record of G. alaskensis in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
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    Antigenic Relationship Between Plasmodium falciparum and Babesia bovis: Reactivity with Antibodies to Culture-Derived Soluble Exoantigens (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Antigenic similarities between Plasmodium and Babesia parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa have been previously demonstrated primarily by the serological cross reactivity observed in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. We have now studied the antigenic relationship between the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and the hemoparasitic agent of cattle, Babesia bovis, using rabbit monospecific antibodies produced against individual culture-derived P. falciparum polypeptides and bovine polyspecific antibodies to B. bovis exoantigens. These respective antibodies were found to be distinctly cross reactive in the IFA test using infected erythrocytes (squirrel monkey—P. falciparum; bovine—B. bovis) as antigen substrates. Immunofluorescence was shown to be highly specific for parasite surfaces. Additionally, the degree of reactivity with soluble exoantigens contained in Plasmodium and Babesia culture supernatants was monitored by a two-site enzyme immunoassay employing the cross-reactive antibodies. Further evidence for antigenic cross reactivity between P. falciparum and B. bovis parasites was shown with the in vitro inhibition assay. Antibodies to P. falciparum and B. bovis were found to be highly inhibitory for the in vitro growth of P. falciparum in human erythrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03184.x
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    Effects of Iron-, Manganese-, or Magnesium-Deficiency on the Growth and Morphology of Euglena gracilis (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Iron-, manganese-, or magnesium-deficiency has been induced in Euglena gracilis. Each arrests cell proliferation, decreases the intracellular content of the deficient metal, and increases that of several other metals. Light and electron microscopy of stationary phase cells reveal that Fe-deficient (-Fe) cells are similar in size and shape to control organisms. Magnesium-deficient (-Mg) cells, however, are larger, and approximately 14% are multilobed, containing 2 to 12 lobes of equal size emanating from a central region. Individual (-Mg) cells and each lobe of multilobed cells contain a single nucleus. Manganese-deficient (-Mn) organisms are morphologically more heterogeneous than (-Fe) or (-Mg) cells. Most are spherical and larger than controls. Approximately 15% are multilobed but, unlike (-Mg) cells, contain lobes of unequal size with either zero, one, or several nuclei present in each. Nuclei of (-Mn) cells differ in size and shape from those of control, (-Fe), or (-Mg) cells. All three deficient cell types accumulate large quantities of paramylon. Other cytoplasmic structures, however, appear normal. Addition of Fe, Mn, or Mg to the respective deficient stationary phase cultures reverses growth arrest and restores normal morphology. The results suggest that Fe-, Mn-, and Mg-deficiencies affect different stages of the E. gracilis cell cycle.
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  • 80
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    Structural Aspects of Digestion of Escherichia coli in Tetrahymena (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tetrahymena pyriformis ingested Escherichia coli for 15–20 min and the fine structure of food vacuoles was analyzed 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after uptake began. From this analysis, eight vacuolar stages could be defined, and three to four stages were found in each sample. Stage 1 represents forming and newly detached vacuoles with a random distribution of bacteria. Stage 2 is the “dehydration” vacuole in which the bacteria are compacted and a few may lyse. Stage 3, corresponding to the acid phosphatase-positive stage, has an electron-dense vacuolar matrix revealing components of lysed bacteria and the translucent coat of intact bacteria. Stage 4 is the “halo” stage where centrally located, intact bacteria are surrounded by lysed material being removed by pinocytic activity of the vacuolar membrane. Stage 5 represents lysis of bacteria remaining intact until this stage; the stage is apparently followed by a second stage 4. Stage 6 contains few bacterial profiles in a smeared homogeneous mass. Stage 7 contains numerous vesicular membranous structures which apparently become transferred to the cytoplasm as such. Stage 8 represents defecation vacuoles derived from fusion of smaller vacuoles. The main findings are as follows: I) Bacterial lysis may occur during acidification of the vacuole prior to fusion with lysosomes. II) Digestion of bacteria apparently occurs in “bursts” as indicated by the extended time that vacuoles in stages 4 and 5 are present. III) Bacterial membranous structures seem to be transferred directly to the cytoplasm of Tetrahymena. IV) Mass defecation occurs 2 h after uptake begins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Ultrastructural Study and Description of Ovavesicula popilliae N. G., N. Sp. (Microsporida: Pleistophoridae) from the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new genus and species of microsporidia, Ovavesicula popilliae n. g., n. sp., is described from the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, on the basis of studies by light and electron microscopy. Parasite development primarily occurs within the Malpighian tubules of larvae, and spores are formed in a sporophorous vesicle. Meronts have diplokaryotic nuclei, develop in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm, and divide by binary fission. Sporonts have unpaired nuclei, develop within a thick sporophorous vesicle, and undergo synchronous nuclear divisions producing plasmodia with 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 nuclei. Cytokinesis of sporogonial plasmodia does not occur until karyokinesis is complete with 32 nuclei. Intact sporophorous vesicles are ovoid, containing numerous secretory products, and are surrounded by a persistent two-layered wall. The uninucleate spores are regularly formed in groups of 32, and the polar tube in each has six coils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03123.x
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  • 82
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    Studies on the Development of Metacyclic Trypanosoma brucei sspp. Cultivated at 27°C with Insect Cell Lines (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: When transformed procyclic trypanosomes of three stocks of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and one stock of T. b. rhodesiense were grown at 27°C in 25-cm2 flasks containing Anopheles gambiae cells, some of them developed into forms infective for mice. Infectivity titrations on trypanosome suspensions revealed that up to 2.8 × 105 metacyclic forms per ml could be produced, and the cultures remained infective for varying periods of up to 72 days when they were terminated. Of the various culture media tested, a mixture of three volumes of trypanosome medium and one volume of Anopheles medium was the most successful. Control cultures of trypanosomes grown in medium without cells were generally not infective, but two of the stocks gave rise to a few sporadic infections. Trypanosome populations could be subpassaged in the Anopheles cell cultures without loss of infectivity. Metacyclic forms separated from infective cultures by DEAE-cellulose columns had a surface coat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03195.x
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  • 83
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    Five New Species of Lagenophrys (Ciliophora, Peritricha, Lagenophryidae) from the United States with Observations on Their Developmental Stages (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Five species of the loricate genus Lagenophrys were found on freshwater hosts and are described for the first time. Lagenophrys dennisi n. sp., L. incompta n. sp., and L. oregonensis n. sp. are ectosymbionts of astacid crayfish. Lagenophrys foxi n. sp and L. missouriensis n. sp. are ectosymbionts of gammarid amphipods. All five species appear to occur only m North America. Protargol preparations of the five species reveal that the peristomial myoneme is much broader and more extensive in telotrochs and metamorphosing individuals than in adults. Darkly staining bands appearing to be somatic myonemes were also seen underneath the surface of the body and in the center of the body of telotrochs and metamorphosing individuals. The telotroch of Lagenophrys is so different from the adult that it constitutes a true larval form rather than a simple dispersal stage. Structural parallels between the telotroch of Lagenophrys and mobiline peritrichs suggest the hypothesis that mobilines evolved from the telotroch of a sessiline pentrich which had first evolved into a true larval form.
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    Purification of African Trypanosomes Can Cause Biochemical Changes in the Parasites (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bloodstream forms of African trypanosomes are routinely purified from blood components by a combination of centrifugation and chromatography on DEAE cellulose at pH 8.0, Here we report that the nonphysiological conditions used for DEAE chromatography of the parasites result in changes in the ATP levels of the trypanosomes and an enhanced release from the parasites of proteins such as variable surface glycoprotein, peptidase, and phospholipase. Some of these changes can be reduced by the addition of nucleosides to the elution buffer and, after the elution of the parasites, by immediate readjustment of the external pH to the normal physiological level of blood (pH 7.4).
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    Micronuclear Organization of Macronuclear Genes in the Hypotrichous Ciliate Oxytricha nova (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During it life cycle, the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha nova transforms a copy of its chromosomal micronucleus into a transcriptionally active macronucleus that contains linear, gene-sized DNA molecules. The process of macronuclear development involves chromosome fragmentation as well as elimination of large amounts of the micronuclear genome. To obtain a better understanding of the molecular details of this process, the micronuclear organization of a number of cloned macronuclear DNA molecules has been examined. These studies indicate two additional types of DNA rearrangement occur during, development. Specific sequences are added to the ends of macronuclear DNA molecules during development while other short blocks of sequences are removed from the bodies of macronuclear DNA molecules by a nucleic acid breakage and joining process. These studies also indicate that the precursors of macronuclear DNA molecules are clustered in the micronuclear chromosomes and imply the existence of large stretches of developmentally eliminated DNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03206.x
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    Multiple Sequence Versions of the Oxytricha fallax 81-MAC Alternate Processing Family (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The 81-MAC family consists of three sizes of macronuclear chromosomes in Oxytricha fallax. Clones of these and of micronuclcar homologs have been classified according to DNA sequence into three highly homologous (95.9–97.9%), but distinct versions. Version A is represented by a micronuclear clone and by clones of two different-sized macronuclear chromosomes, showing that alternate processing of micronuclear DNA is responsible for the variety of sizes of macronuclcar chromosomes. Three Internal Eliminated Sequences (IES's) are demonstrated in Version A micronuclcar DNA. Two have been sequenced and show short, flanking direct repeats but no inverted terminal repeats. Version C micronuclear DNA has interruptions in the macronuclear homology which correspond closely to the Version A IES's. Whether they are true IES's is unknown because no Version C macronuclear DNA has been demonstrated. Version C micronuclear DNA may be “macronuclear-homologous” but “micronucleus-limited” and not “macronucleusdestined.” Version B is represented by macronuclear DNA clones, but no micronuclear clones. Vegetative micronuclear aneuploidy is suggested. The possible role of micronuclear defects in somatic karyonidai senescence is discussed in light of the precise macronuclear chromosome copy controls demonstrated within the 81-MAC family. These controls apparently operate throughout karyonidai life to mairitain 1) a constant absolute amount of 81-MAC sequences in the macronuclcus and 2) a constant sioichiometry within the family, both according to version and chromosome size.
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    Parauronema acutum and Its Xenosomes: A Model System (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03212.x
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    Inhibition of Multiplication in Acanthamoeba castellanii by Specific Inhibitors of Ornithine Decarboxylase (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Proliferation of Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff strain) in either a broth medium or a defined medium was arrested by α-monofluoromethyldehydroornithine (Δ-MFMOme), α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and (R, R')-δ-methyl-α-acetylenic putrescine (MAP), three specific inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase. Although all three inhibited the ameba enzyme, Δ-MFMOme was the most effective inhibitor of multiplication. Growth inhibition was reversed by the addition of polyamines. The inhibitors did not induce differentiation by themselves although DFMO caused encystment when supplemented with CaC12 or MgSO4.
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    Factors Affecting Motility and Morphology of Cryptosporidium Sporozoites In Vitro (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In vitro motility and morphology of Cryptosporidium sporozoites were examined in the presence of various solutions. Crude preparations of the bile salt, taurocholic acid, maintained both motility and morphology in a dose-dependent manner. These effects appeared to be due to the taurocholic acid itself, and not simply due to pH variations, osmotic factors, or contaminants. Lysis of sporozoites was also observed and was found to be dependent on pH, with acidic conditions (pH 〈 6.2) triggering the lysis.
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    Fine Structure of a Silica-Biomineralizing Testate Amoeba, Netzelia tuberculata (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The fine structure of the cytoplasm and the intracytoplasmic origin of siliceous granules and surrounding cement plaques used in constructing the shell wall of Netzelia tuberculata are described. These organisms construct their test from biogenic siliceous particles and sand grains or other foreign particles (including starch grains apparently from algal prey) coated with biogenic silica. The smooth surface texture of the grains, compared to those of other particle-gathering testate amoebae, can be expalained by the deposition of a thin surface layer of silica on the foreign particles incorporated into the wall.
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    Life Cycle of Culicospora magna (Kudo, 1920) (Microsporida: Culicosporidae) in Culex restuans Theobald with Special Reference to Sexuality (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The life cycle of Culicospora magna (Kudo, 1920) Weiser, 1977, consists of two major developmental sequences that alternate in host individuals of successive generations, each of the sequences starting with a sporoplasm and ending with spores. The first sequence occurs in larval, pupal, and adult stages of a parental generation of the host mosquito, Culex restuans Theobald; it begins with a sporoplasm from an ingested uninucleate spore and progresses through stages in gametogony, plasmogamy, nuclear association, merogony, karyogamy, and disporous sporulation with production of binucleate spores that discharge sporoplasms into the oocytes. The second sequence occurs in egg and larval stages of a filial generation of the same host species; it begins with the binucleate sporoplasm that entered the egg, includes stages in merogony, nuclear dissociation, and mictosporous sporulation, and ends with uninucleate spores. These spores are released into the environment following death of the host and are capable of infecting new parental generation host individuals. The life cycle is conceived as an alternation of generations related to haploidy and diploidy in the nuclei, the transition from haploidy to diploidy occurring with nuclear association and the transition from diploidy to haploidy occurring with nuclear dissociation.
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    Trypanosoma humboldti n. sp. from the Chilean Catshark, Schroederichthys chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The morphology of Trypanosoma humboldti n. sp. is described from living and stained specimens obtained from the blood of a catshark, Schroederichthys chilensis. This represents the first report of a trypanosome in fish from the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is distinguished by its size and apparent lack of pleomorphism. The presence of a leech, Branchellion ravenellii, attached to the catshark, raises the possibility that it can act as a vector. Additionally, this leech is recorded for the first time from the Pacific Ocean.
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    Intestinal Ciliated Protozoa of African Rhinoceros: Two New Genera and Five New Species from the White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum Burchell, 1817)1 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This report represents the first published information on intestinal ciliated protozoa in the African white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum Burchell, 1817). Two new genera which do not relate to any known ciliated protozoa from the intestines of mammals and five new species are described. The ciliates were found in the colon of three of these free-living hindgut-fermenting grazers that were shot in widely spaced districts in southern Africa. Phalodinium digitalis n. gen., n. sp., Arachnodinium noveni n. gen., n. sp., Monoposthium vulgaris n. sp., M. bracchium n. sp., and M. latus n. sp. constituted between 1% and 10% of the total ciliate population (ca. 1 × 105/ml digesta) in the ascending colon. Exceedingly small numbers were observed in the descending colon, indicating temporary accommodation only.
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    Chemotaxis by Naegleria fowleri for Bacteria (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Naegleria fowleri amebae demonstrated a chemotactic and chemokinetic response toward live cells and extracts of Escherichia coli and other bacterial species when experiments were performed using a blind-well chemotaxis chamber. The peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine acted as a chemokinetic rather than a chemotactic factor for N. fowleri amebae. Competition experiments in which nerve cell extracts or bacteria were placed on either side of the filter in chemotaxis chambers resulted in increased movement towards bacteria. A scanning electron microscopy study of the interaction of N. fowleri with different bacterial species confirmed that when the amebae were near ingestible bacteria they moved toward the bacteria by pseudopod formation. Naegleria fowleri appeared to respond to bacteria by three interrelated but distinct processes: (a) chemokinesis, (b) chemotaxis, and (c) formation of food cups.
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    Growth of Paramecium tetraurelia in Bacterized, Monoxenic Cultures (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Wild type and mutant Paramecium tetraurelia were grown in monoxenic cultures by first growing Enterobacter aerogenes on a defined medium and then adding the Paramecium to the stationary phase bacterial culture. The bacterial growth was proportional to the concentration of the carbon source (citrate), and the Paramecium growth was dependent upon both the bacterial density and the starting density of Paramecium. The behavior, electrophysiological properties, ciliary lipid composition, and growth characteristics were similar to the commonly used bacterized medium (Cerophyl) except that 5–10 times greater Paramecium yields were reliably obtained.
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    A Multinucleated Marine Amoeba Which Digests Seaweeds (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Marine amoebae were isolated during a search for organisms which degrade cell walls of seaweed. One of the isolates, a multinucleated amoeba (referred to here as Amoeba-I-7 or Am-I-7) was isolated from live tissues of the brown seaweed Sargassum muticum. It digested a variety of brown and red seaweeds including their walls and cuticles. Axenic clone cultures were isolated from cells that migrated on agar. Cultures were grown on agar or in liquid media. Seaweeds, seaweed wall extracts, and unicellular algae were tested as food sources.
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    Observations on the Caudal Cilium of the Tomite of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876, (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Light microscopy of live or silver-impregnated specimens of the fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis show that the tomites are elongated and claviform with the anterior end broad. The cytostome, indicated by the presence of the organelle of Lieberkühn, is found in the lower part of the broadened anterior third of the tomite. The tapered posterior end bears a rigid, caudal cilium at its pole. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the caudal cilium and associated structures, including the depression from which the cilium protrudes, circumciliary ring, and raised struts on the ring. From these observations it is concluded that a previously reported “apical filament” found on the tomite is actually the posterior caudal cilium described by Canella & Rocchi-Canella in 1976.
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    Inhibition of malic enzyme by S-oxalylglutathione, a probable in vivo effector (1987)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 26 (1987), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00375a001
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    Monoclonal antibodies that coimmunoprecipitate the 1,4-dihydropyridine and phenylalkylamine receptors and reveal the calcium channel structure (1987)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 26 (1987), S. 5-9 
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    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00375a002
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    Intramembranal events in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan in Gaffkya homari (1987)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 26 (1987), S. 10-16 
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    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00375a003
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