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  • Immunocytochemistry  (42)
  • temperature  (34)
  • Springer  (76)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1987  (76)
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  • Springer  (76)
  • American Chemical Society
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: composantes phéromonales ; diffusion ; température ; vent ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac ; pheromonal components ; diffusion ; temperature ; wind ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To determine the effect of various factors influencing the emission rate of pheromones from slow release dispensers, laboratory tests were undertaken with two types of rubber (Michelin) and one type of plastic trilaminate (Hercon®) dispenser. The effects of chain length, and the presence of double bonds were tested with three pheromonal compounds, Z9-12: Ac, 12: Ac and Z9-14: Ac impregnated on both types of rubber dispenser. The influences of temperature, wind velocity, humidity and percent loading were also tested. Data obtained indicated that chain length has a greater effect than the presence of a double bond. Amongst the climatic factors tested, wind speed has a greater effect than temperature while humidity has a minimal effect.
    Notes: Abstract Deux types de diffuseurs en caoutchouc (Michelin) et en plastique polystratifié (Hercon®) sont testés en laboratoire pour étudier quelques aspects des phénomènes de diffusion. Trois composantes phéromonales, le Z9-12: Ac, le 12: Ac et le Z9-14: Ac imprégnées dans ces différents supports servent à détermineer le rôle joué par la longueur de la chaîne de la molécule et la présence de doubles liaisons sur la vitesse de diffusion. L'influence de la température, de la vitesse du vent et de l'humidité est déterminée en cellules climatisées. Parmi les facteurs relatifs à la structure chimique, l'influence de la longueur de la chaîne est prédominante par rapport à la présence d'une double liaison. Parmi les facteurs climatiques, le vent agit plus que la température sur la diffusion, alors que l'humidité paraît secondaire.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Pyrrhocoris apterus ; adult size ; egg weight ; starvation ; temperature ; pollution ; crowding ; duration of development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Körpergrösse bei den Imagines eines Wildstammes der Feuerwanze Pyrrhocoris apterus wurde teilweise durch die Veränderlichkeit der Eigrösse determiniert, teilweise auch durch Hungern der Larven, niedrige Temperatur und metabolischen Produkten beeinflusst. Der Effekt letzterer Faktoren stieg mit deren Dauer und war je grösser desto näher sich die Wirkungsperiode zur Imaginalhäutung befand. Unterschiedliche Photoperioden wirkten auf die Körperlänge nicht. Wurden die Larven zwischen der ungünstigen Periode und der Imaginalhäutung noch den optimalen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, kompensierten sich die negativen Einflüsse weitgehend. Zu einer drastischen Verkleinerung der Imagines kam es nur, wenn das letzte Larven-stadium mit Hunger beeinflusst wurde und bis zur Imaginalhäutung keinen Zutritt zum Futter hatte. Minimales Gewicht, wo die Metamorphose der Larven noch möglich war, wurde zu 18 mg festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The determination of body size (length or weight) of teneral adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus L. was investigated. About 50% of size variation was determined already in the egg stage (average egg weight adult length correlations were 0.67 in males and 0.71 in females). During the larval development, starvation, low temperature, and pollution by excreta combined with crowding reduced adult size and usually increased the development length. The effects were directly proportionate to the length of the stress period, and increased with larval age. Photoperiod or intrinsic variation of development time did not affect adult size. The effects of stress were largely compensated when it was followed by a period of compensation growth at optimum conditions. A dramatic reduction of size appeared when last inster larvae starved and moulted to adults without access to food. Average adult weight was then reduced by up to 48%. Threshold weight for adult moulting was 18 mg, being attained after 1–2 day feeding of the last instar.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dacus tryoni ; fruit fly ; frosts ; cold ; survival ; winter ; step ; ramp ; cooling ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aptitude à survivre à une ou plusieurs expositions à des températures inférieures à zéro dépend à la fois de leur sévérité et du laps de temps entre les expositions. L'effet d'une température minimale déterminée dépend de sa valeur, de sa durée et du type de refroidissement: brutal (step) ou progressif (ramp). Les effets de toute température minimale peuvent être exprimés en termes de LE50 (temps nécessaire pour obtenir une mortalité de 50% avec une exposition unique). Lorsque le temps d'application de la température minimale correspond à 35% du LE50, il n'y a pas de mortalité, de même dans le cas de répétitions quotidiennes. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 44% du LE50, il provoque environ 14% de mortalité après la première exposition, avec 3% supplémentaire après chaque exposition quotidienne, mais l'augmentation est nulle si l'exposition au froid n'a lieu que tous les 3 jours. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 88% de LE50, la mortalité après la première exposition est d'environ 40% et de même importance à chaque nouvelle exposition, même si elles sont espacées de 7 j. Lorsque la durée d'exposition au minimum correspond à 125% et à 150% de LE50, les mortalités sont respectivement d'environ 80% et 100% à la première exposition. La température maximale quotidienne, entre 15 et 25°C, semble avoir peu d'influence sur la mortalité provoquée par des expositions répétées à-5°C. Les mouches d'âges différents résistent de la même façon jusqu'à 6 expositions répétées à-6°C, mais au-delà les mouches âgées sont plus sensibles que les jeunes. Dans la mesure où, dans la nature, la durée d'exposition à la température minimale est connue et où la température dans le sol peut être calculée ou mesurée, ces résultats peuvent permettre d'interpréter la mortalité provoquée par le gel.
    Notes: Abstract Ability to survive exposure to single or repeated periods at a subzero temperature is related to the temperature experienced, whether it is approached quickly or slowly, the time for which it prevails and the interval between exposures. The severity of any low temperature can be expressed in terms of LE50 (time required to kill 50% of individuals with one exposure). Minima enduring for 35% LE50 do not cause any mortality, even when repeated daily. Minima enduring for 44% LE50 cause ca 14% mortality on the first occurrence but no more if repeated at 3 day intervals, but 3% more per occasion if repeated daily. Minima enduring for 88% LE50 cause ca 40% mortality on first occurrence and an equal amount at each recurrence even if each is 7 days apart. Minima enduring for 125% LE50 and over 150% LE50 cause respectively ca 80% and 100% mortality respectively on first occurrence. The daily maximum temperature (in the range 15°C to 25°C) appears to have little relevance to the mortality caused by a repeated minimum of -5°C. Flies of different ages have a similar ability to survive a repeated minimum of -6°C for up to six exposures, but thereafter old flies are more susceptible than young ones. These results can be related to mortality caused by frosty conditions in the field so long as the time spent at the minimum is known and the temperature on the ground can be measured or calculated.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Pherbellia cinerella ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larva ; pupa ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; snails ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.
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  • 5
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; fertilizer N ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide (DCD) were studied in an Inceptisol and three Andisols from Costa Rica, considering the influence of temperature and DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification was very slow with or without DCD in the strongly acid Inceptisol. A higher urea dose resulting in higher pH was well nitrified without DCD and appreciably retarded by DCD. In Andisols nitrification was retarded as long as a higher DCD level existed. Higher temperatures accelerated the DCD-breakdown and were followed by a quicker nitrification. The decomposition of DCD was slower compared with the Inceptisol. According to these experiments DCD is suitable as a nitrification inhibitor in tropical soils.
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  • 6
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium nitrate ; model ; temperature ; rainfall ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct and residual effects of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on dry matter (DM) response were measured at a total of 12 application times in early spring over three years. The variation in the direct effect was described by models that included temperature and long-term rainfall for CAN and, additionally, short-term rainfall for urea. The operative temperature was the accumulated mean daily air temperature for combined intervals pre-application and postapplication of N. The effect of rainfall was apparent only when the data were adjusted for temperature. Simulation studies with the models indicated that, although the influence of temperature was dominant, rainfall modified it strongly in terms of the relative efficiencies of the two N sources and the magnitude of response. For instance, the temperature-induced increase in DM response to urea between cold and normal years was 402 kg ha−1 for a specified period, whereas differences between dry and wet years were decreases of 166 and 259 kg ha−1 in the case of urea and CAN, respectively. Short-term rainfall had a positive effect on response to urea. The experimental values varied widely both between and within years. The direct effect of the application of urea at 50 kg N ha−1 varied from 0 to 750 kg DM ha−1, and the residual effect varied from 0 to 1620 kg DM ha−1. The corresponding values for apparent N recovery varied from 0.1 to 45% and from 7 to 68%, respectively. The efficiency of urea was comparable to, and in instances better than, CAN.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Methyl-CoM reductase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Colloidal gold ; Energy conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were fixed with glutaraldehyde, sectioned and labeled with antibodies against the β subunit of component C (=methyl-CoM reductase) of methyl-CoM reductase system and with colloidal gold-labeled protein A. It was found that the gold particles were located predominantly in the vicinity of the cytoplasmic membrane, when the cells were grown under conditions where methyl-CoM reductase was not overproduced. This finding confirms the recent data obtained with Methanococcus voltae showing via the same immunocytochemical localization technique that in this organism methyl-CoM reductase is membrane associated.
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  • 8
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    Archives of microbiology 146 (1987), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultracryotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 showed specific labelling of nitrogenase in the spherical cells called vesicles. No label was found in the hyphae in any cells grown on a medium with combined nitrogen, nor in those to which no specific antiserum was added. Similar results were obtained with cultures grown under high (20%) and low (2%) oxygen tension in the gas phase.
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  • 9
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 287-307 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: macromolecular interactions ; temperature ; electrophoresis ; esterase-5 ; Drosophila pseudoobscura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase-5 is one of the most polymorphic loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Some variants reportedly produce a dimeric enzyme, while a few produce a monomeric form. This paper reports the finding that during electrophoresis ESTERASE-5 exists in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and dimers, an equilibrium that is dependent on the running temperature of the gels. This is shown by a series of analytical electrophoresis experiments in which the apparent molecular weights of several variants are determined at four different temperatures. Increasing temperatures result in a linear decrease in the logarithm of apparent molecular weights. Macromolecular interactions thus are a significant determinant of EST-5 electrophoretic mobility.
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  • 10
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 717-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: male sterility ; mutant ; proteins ; temperature ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The soluble proteins of the normal and male-sterile stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in different temperatures were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The normal and mutant stamens had some common proteins, but certain proteins were either present or more enriched in one genotype than in the other. The other floral organs of the normal and mutant showed no major differences in proteins, suggesting that the sl-2/sl-2 allele is active primarily in anther development. Normal and mutant stamens grown in high temperatures were enriched in some proteins in comparison to the intermediate temperatures. At low temperatures, the protein pattern of normal and mutant stamens was essentially similar.
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  • 11
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    The journal of membrane biology 100 (1987), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hepatocyte ; cell volume ; K+ conductance ; temperature ; quinine HCl ; intracellular K+ activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mouse hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture (4 hr) were exposed for 10 min at 37°C to anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration. Hepatocytes maintained constant relative cell volume (experimental volume/control volume) as a function of external medium relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm), ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. In contrast, the relative cell volume fit a predicted Boyle-Van't Hoff plot when the experiment was done at 4°C. Mouse liver slices were used for electrophysiologic studies, in which hepatocyte transmembrane potential (V m ) and intracellular K+ activity (a K i ) were recorded continuously by open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes, respectively. Liver slices were superfused with control and then with anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration.V m increased (hyperpolarized) with hypoosmotic medium and decreased (depolarized) with hyperosmotic medium, and ln [10(experimentalV m /controlV m )] was a linear function of relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm) in the range 0.8–1.5. Thea K i did not change when medium osmolality was decreased 40–70 mOsm from control of 280 mOsm. Similar hypoosmotic stress in the presence of either 60mm K+ or 1mm quinine HCl or at 27°C resulted in no change inV m compared with a 20-mV increase inV m without the added agents or at 37°C. We conclude that mouse hepatocytes maintain their volume anda K i in response to anisosmotic medium; however,V m behaves as an osmometer under these conditions. Also, increases inV m by hypoosmotic stress were abolished by conditions or agents that inhibit K+ conductance.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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  • 13
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    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: control ; curve fitting ; I/V curves ; K+ transporter ; Nitella ; lazy state ; reaction-kinetic model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary InNitella, current-voltage relationships were measured at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Sets of theseI/V curves were subject to curve fitting on the basis of a cyclic reaction scheme (Class I model). Different hypotheses of the mode of action of temperature on theI/V curve were tested, including changes in reaction constants in the transport cycle and deactivation of transport molecules. It was found that models assuming an influence of temperature on pairs of rate constants of the transport cycle gave very bad fits. Good fits were obtained with models implying that temperature influences the number of active transporters. The lazy-state model (the exchange of an inactive state with a stateN 3 in the transport cycle is influenced by temperature) gave a slightly better fit than the assumption of an unspecific inactivation (independent of the state of the transport molecule). According to the lazy-state analysis, the inactive state is kinetically closer toN o , the state in which the transport molecule is open to the outside substrate than toN i , the state in which it is open to the inside substrate. The two inactivation models imply that temperature does not act directly on the properties of the plasmamembrane, but that temperature-sensitive metabolic processes in the cell send signals which control the activation and deactivation of the transporter.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Chick embryo ; Organogenesis A ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis and thus in cell growth, was determined in the 4.5-day-old chick embryo, using two independent methods of analysis. ODC protein was identified by indirect immunofluorescence with a monospecific ODC antibody, and catalytically active ODC was identified by autoradiography with α-(5-3H) difluoromethylornithine. Both methods revealed a basically similar distribution of ODC within the embryo. Among the organs, the brain exhibited the highest ODC levels. ODC levels were also high in spinal cord, mesonephric tubules and heart. Similar levels, but confined to limited areas, were found in liver tissue, head mesenchyme, and the oral and pharyngeal regions. Organs that exhibited high ODC levels are all engaged in rapid growth, as well as in extensive tissue remodeling and differentiation.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Innervation ; Neu rophysins ; Mesotocin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Snake, Natrix maura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the snake Natrix maura was studied by use of the immunoperoxidase procedure. Primary antisera against bovine neurophysins (Nps I + II, OXY-Np), oxytocin (OXY), mesotocin (MST), arginine-vasotocin (AVT), somatostatin (SOM), β-endorphin (END) and bovine Reissner's fiber were used. A conventional ultrastructural study, with special emphasis on the nerve fibers present in the SCO, was also performed. Nerve fibers containing immunoreactive OXY-Np and MST were seen to reach the SCO. The staining of adjacent sections with the anti-Reissner's fiber serum showed that the OXY-Np- and MST-immunoreactive fibers were distributed among the cell bodies and processes of the ependymal secretory cells. No fibers containing immunoreactive OXY, AVT, SOM or END were found in the SCO. The ultrastructural analysis revealed in the SCO the presence of nerve fibers filled with electron-dense granules, 170–210 nm in diameter. Although a direct apposition between these fibers and the SCO cells was frequently seen, no synaptic differentiations were identified. Structures identical to the Herring bodies (found in the neurohypophysis) were seen in the SCO.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Pineal organ ; Hypothalamus ; Opsin ; α-Transducin ; Interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Japanese quail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retinal proteins opsin,α-transducin, S-antigen and interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) are essential for the processes of vision. By use of immunocyto-chemistry we have employed antibodies directed against these “photoreceptor proteins” in an attempt to identify the photoreceptor systems (retina, pineal and deep brain) of the Japanese quail. Opsin immunostaining was identified within many outer (basal portion) and inner segments of retinal photoreceptor cells and limited numbers of photoreceptor perikarya. Opsin immunostaining was also demonstrated in limited numbers of pinealocytes with all parts of these cells being immunoreactive. These results differ from previous observations. In contrast to the results obtained with the antibody against opsin, S-antigen andα-transducin immunostaining was seen throughout the entire outer segments and many photoreceptor perikarya of the retina. In the pineal organ immunostaining was seen in numerous pinealocytes in all follicles. These results conform to previous findings in birds. In addition, IRBP has been demonstrated for the first time in the avian retina and pineal organ. These findings underline the structural and functional similarities between the retina and pineal organ and provide additional support for a photoreceptive role of the avian pineal. No specific staining was detected in any other region of the brain in the Japanese quail; the hypothalamic photoreceptors of birds remain unidentified.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neoceratodus forsteri (Australian lungfish)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreas of the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri, was investigated immunocytochemically for the presence of polypeptide hormone-producing cells. Three cell types were identified, namely insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive elements. The insulin cells are confined solely to the center of the islets. Glucagon and somatostatin cells are distributed peripherally around the central mass of the insulin cells. Isolated cells or clusters of glucagon and somatostatin cells are also dispersed within the exocrine parenchyma. The immunoreactive cell types are compared with those staining with standard histological procedures. The spatial relationships of the different cell populations are examined.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 275-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; Salivary glands ; Antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Affinity purification ; Specificity tests ; Testis ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies against mouse submandibular-gland nerve growth factor (NGF) are described. Using the submandibular gland of the male mouse and indirect immunofluorescence, the specificity and sensitivity of affinity-purified immunoglobulins and various other fractions from the immunized animals have been tested. It will be shown that affinity-purification schemes, including pre-purification of protein A-fractionated immunoglobulins to remove antibodies that bind to unrelated hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins, significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and specificity of the antibodies. The antibodies effectively detect NGF-like immunoreactivity in both fresh and fixed glandular tissue. Optimal fixation procedures are described. Fluorescence intensities are linearly correlated to log antibody concentration. By use of the best antibody fractions and optimal fixation protocols, the distribution of NGF-like immunoreactivity is described in eight different salivary glands (rat and mouse, male and female, submandibular and sublingual glands). In addition to the well-known large numbers of immunoreactive cells in the submandibular gland of the male mouse, immunoreactive cells were found in the sublingual gland of male mice and in the submandibular and sublingual glands of female mice. One antibody revealed a weak specific fluorescence also in the submandibular gland of the male mouse. In a survey of genital organs of male mice, one antibody revealed fluorescence in the germ cell line. We conclude that several polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies have been characterized that show a strong NGF-dependent binding to the secretory granules of tubular cells in the submandibular gland of male mice. These antibodies should make it possible to locate endogenous and perturbed NGF levels immunocytochemically, e.g., in the peripheral and central nervous system, where NGF concentrations may be several orders of magnitude lower than in the salivary glands.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide ; Insects ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of FMRFamide-irmunoreactive cell bodies in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is described. Most of the immunoreactive cell bodies are found in the pars intercerebralis and in the optic lobes. Many, but not all, of the cell bodies also react with an antiserum raised against bovine pancreatic polypeptide, but this antiserum also reveals another population of cells that stain selectively with this antiserum. In addition to the cell bodies, numerous immunoreactive processes are revealed by both antisera in neuropilar regions of the brain. The results of blocking experiments suggest that a differential distribution of three locust antigens can be determined from the examination of alternate serial sections stained with the two antisera used.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) ; Pituitary ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary, including the median eminence, was studied at light microscopic and ultrastructural levels by use of a pre-embedding immunocytochemical technique with antibodies directed against GABA. In the median eminence, a high density of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was found in the external layer where the GABAergic varicosities were frequently observed surrounding the blood vessels of the primary capillary plexus. In the internal and subependymal layers, only few fibers were immunoreactive. The intense labeling of the external layer was observed in the entire rostro-caudal extent of the median eminence. In the pituitary proper, a dense network of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was revealed throughout the neural and intermediate lobes, entering via the hypophyseal stalk. The anterior and tuberal lobes were devoid of any immunoreactivity. The GABA-immunoreactive terminals were characterized in the median eminence, and in the intermediate and posterior lobes at the electron-microscopic level. They contained small clear vesicles, occasionally associated with dense-core vesicles or neurosecretory granules. In the intermediate lobe they were seen to be in contact with the glandular cells. In the posterior lobe and in the median eminence, GABA-immunoreactive terminals were frequently located in the vicinity of blood vessels. These results further support the concept of a role of GABA in the regulation of hypophyseal functions, via the portal blood for the anterior lobe, directly on the cells in the intermediate lobe, and via axo-axonic mechanisms in the median eminence and posterior lobe.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Isoactin ; Muscle ; Fetus ; Ontogeny ; Rat (Wistar-Kyoto)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Actin, a cytoskeletal and contractile protein, is expressed in six different isoforms that exhibit striking specificity. No studies have considered the muscle-specific actin expression in multiple organ systems in the intact fetus. Using a monoclonal antibody (B4) which reacts specifically with the isoactins of the smooth and skeletal muscle our immunohistochemical study examined whole fetal body sections to follow the development of actin expression throughout the last third of gestation in the Wistar-Kyoto rat. B4 staining was exclusively localized to muscle, confirming its high specificity and its usefulness for studying the ontogeny of muscle-specific isoactins. At 15 days of gestation, B4 staining was detected in the heart, the thoracic aorta and the skeletal muscle of the chest wall. The distribution and intensity of staining in the heart were initially higher than in the aorta or skeletal muscle and remained unchanged throughout the remainder of gestation, suggesting that the maturation of cardiac actin expression is well developed, although not fully completed before birth. Expression of muscle-specific actins in skeletal muscle was age-dependent and correlated with the maturational changes of muscle cell precursors. B4 staining in the fetal kidney was not apparent until day 20 of gestation and was localized to the inner cortical vessels. in association with the most mature nephrons, suggesting a centrifugal maturation of the intrarenal vasculature. The intensity of B4 staining in most tissues including bronchi, bowel, diaphragm, chest wall muscle and peripheral and pulmonary arteries increased by the end of gestation.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Massa caudalis ; Subcommissural organ ; Spinal cord ; Central canal ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin histochemistry ; Lamprey ; Geotria australis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO), Reissner's fiber (RF) and its massa caudalis of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) were investigated immunocytochemically by use of an antiserum raised against bovine RF as primary antibody. The affinities of RF and massa caudalis for Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA) with and without previous acid hydrolysis, concanavalin A (Con A), wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), aldehyde fuchsin, and PAS reaction were also studied. SCO and massa caudalis were strongly immunoreactive, whereas RF proper was distinctly negative. RF did not react with Con A and RCA. Only the periphery of RF was WGA-positive. RCA showed affinity for RF only after acid hydrolysis. RF was homogeneously stained by the aldehyde-fuchsin and PAS-methods. At variance with RF proper, the periphery of the massa caudalis reacted with RCA without previous acid hydrolysis, but its core was WGA-positive and reacted with RCA only after hydrolysis. It is suggested that (i) RF has a coat of glycoproteins containing sialic acid as terminal residue, whereas the massa caudalis possesses a coat with galactose as terminal residue; (ii) in RF proper and the massa caudalis the spatial arrangement of glycoproteins might be different. Routine transmission electron-microscopic observations indicate that in larvae of Geotria australis an open communication exists between the ampulla caudalis and blood capillaries via large cavities or lacunae.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nasal mucosa ; Odorant-binding protein ; 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies have been raised against purified bovine pyrazine-binding protein, a protein that binds the odorant 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine. These antibodies have been utilized in immunocytochemical experiments to localize the pyrazine-binding protein in bovine nasal mucosa. Tissue fragments, macroscopically identified as olfactory and respiratory mucosa, were fixed in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraffin. Consecutive serial sections were processed for immunofluorescence studies and restained either with haematoxylin-eosin or with periodic acid Schiff-Alcian Blue. In both olfactory and respiratory mucosa, only seromucous tubulo-acinar glands were specifically labelled. These glands are located in the lamina propria underlying typical respiratory epithelium, even in those tissues that are macroscopically defined as olfactory mucosa.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 49-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Serotonin ; Duodenum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enterochromaffin cells of the rat duodenum have been studied immunocytochemically by use of a specific antiserum to serotonin. At the light-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity was observed in enterochromaffin cells located in the epithelium of the duodenal mucosa. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive material was localized to the basal portion of the enterochromaffin cells, but small amounts of immunoreactive material were regularly observed in the apical portion. At the electron-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity in enterochromaffin cells was found to be concentrated over the dense cores of the cytoplasmic granules. The majority of these granules was located in the basal cytoplasm of the enterochromaffin cells, but serotonin-immunoreactive granules were also observed in the apical cytoplasm immediately beneath the microvilli. These observations indicate that duodenal enterochromaffin cells are bipolar and that they secrete serotonin both basally, to the circulation, and apically, to the gut lumen. Rat duodenal enterochromaffin cells thus appear to have an exocrine as well as an endocrine function.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-cells ; Prolactin cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Estrogen ; Autoradiography ; Guinea pig ; Hamster ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nuclear uptake and retention of3H-estradiol by luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) cells was examined in three species of rodents (guinea pigs, hamsters and gerbils) using the combined techniques of immunocyto-chemistry and autoradiography. Castrated animals were injected with3H-estradiol and decapitated 1.5 h later. The pituitary glands were processed for thaw-mount autoradiography followed by conventional immunocytochemical staining for LH and PRL.3H-estradiol accumulated in more than 80% of the anterior pituitary cells in the gerbils, while only 33 and 22% of the cells accumulated3H-estradiol in the hamsters and guinea pigs, respectively. A varying percentage of immunoreactive LH and PRL cells in all three species were found also to contain binding sites for estradiol. Some LH and PRL cells in hamsters and guinea pigs and only some in PRL cells of gerbils were found to be devoid of grains. Quantitative analysis revealed that the number of grains per nucleus differed considerably from cell to cell. LH cells of guinea pigs accumulated much larger amounts of3H-estradiol than did the PRL cells, while the LH cells in the hamsters and gerbils accumulated only slightly more3H-estradiol than the PRL cells. These results confirm the previous observations in rats and baboons that demonstrated tremendous species differences in percentage of cells in the anterior pituitary gland that accumulated3H-estradiol. Also, these data suggest that there are functionally heterogeneous cell types among the LH and PRL cells in hamsters, guinea pigs and gerbils as has been previously demonstrated in rats and baboons.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurotensin ; Somatostatin ; Color vision ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities were localized by pre-embedding techniques in retinal whole-mounts and radial sections of a monochromatic glass catfish (Kryptopterus bicirrhis), a dichromatic cichlid species (Aequidens pulcher), and the tetrachromatic roach (Rutilus rutilus). Both neuropeptides were observed in perikarya and processes of amacrine cells. For a precise identification of cell types, tangential and radial views were correlated with Golgiimpregnated material. The dendritic pattern defining the morphological subtype of amacrine cells was determined by the given neuropeptide or by the species-specific degree of complexity of retinal structure and function. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was localized in amacrine cells of intermediate size, radial symmetry and dendrites with numerous varicosities; they were monostratified in sublayer 3 of the inner plexiform layer. This cell type was common to all three species. In the mono and dichromatic retinas, a single type of amacrine cell with somatostatinlike immunoreactivity was found with radially oriented, varicose dendrites in sublayer 5. In the tetrachromatic roach retina, two somatostatin-positive amacrine cell types were found with very different patterns of ramification; furthermore, both of these types occurred in more than one sublayer. Possible functional implications for color vision of neuropeptide-specific amacrine cells with uniform morphology in all three species and those with a more varied morphology in the tetrachromatic roach are discussed.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 699-702 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albumin ; Ovarian follicles ; Granulosa cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate whether albumin (Alb) can be detected in ovarian rat granulosa cells. Using immunocytochemistry and morphometrics, the percentages of Alb-positive follicles (follicle-index), of Alb-positive granulosa cells (granulosa-index), and of strongly reacting follicles (intensity-index) were evaluated in intact and regressing follicles of different diameter groups during different stages of the estrous cycle. In intact follicles, the follicle- and the granulosa-index increased from small-sized to large-sized follicles. Although the follicle-index did not change in any group during the stages of the estrous cycle, the granulosa-index was higher during proestrus than during the other stages. Intact follicles showed a stronger immunoreactivity than regressing follicles throughout the stages of the estrous cycle. Thus, Alb may be a requirement for the control of follicle growth in fertile rats. This Alb function may be attributable to Alb binding to specific cell-membrane components followed by the intracellular uptake of Alb-bound substances.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Serotonin ; Mytilus galloprovincialis ; pedal ganglion ; Invertebrate nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonergic cell bodies and fibers were identified in the pedal ganglia of Mytilus gattoprovincialis with a serum raised against serotonin and the unlabelled peroxidase-antiperoxidase pre- and post-embedding methods. Examination of Vibratome and serial semithin sections showed that most reactive perikarya are located in the ganglionic cortex, being mainly concentrated at the medial aspect of the postero-dorsal portion of the ganglia. Immunoreactive fibers form a dense network in the neuropil, extend throughout the commissure and run parallel in the nerves and connective tracts. The morphology of serotonin-positive cells compared with that of Golgi-impregnated neurons allows the identification of a main population of unipolar, probably projecting neurons and of smaller multipolar cells likely representing local circuit elements. The ultrastructure of labelled neurons is comparable to that of serotonergic cells described in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Weibel-Palade body ; Human umbilical vein ; Factor VIII-related antigen ; Histamine ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was done to elucidate the biological significance of the Weibel-Palade body of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Quantitative determinations of these endothelial-specific granules throughout pregnancy revealed that their numbers and size per cell profile were maintained at low levels from 12 to 19 weeks of gestation; then both rapidly increased from 33 weeks to full term. This increase coincided with the development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the number of endothelial cell pinocytotic vesicles. Light-microscopic peroxidase anti-peroxidase and electron-microscopic protein A-gold techniques provided evidence that factor VIII-related antigen was localized in the Weibel-Palade bodies. Furthermore, in vitro treatment of incubated umbilical vein tissue with compound 48/80, a histamine releaser, induced degranulation of Weibel-Palade bodies from the endothelium. The present study indicates that Weibel-Palade bodies are storage sites of both histamine and factor VIII-related antigen and have an important role in the obliteration of this vessel.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone ; Ultrastructural histochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Crustaceans (Carcinus maenas, Cancer pagurus, Uca pugilator, Orconectes limosus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A high-liter antiserum has been obtained from two rabbits immunized with a glutaraldehyde conjugate of synthetic pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) from Uca pugilator and bovine thyroglobulin. The antiserum blocked melanophore-dispersing activity of the peptide in vivo. In sinus glands (SG) of Carcinus maenas, Cancer pagurus, Uca pugilator and Orconectes limosus, electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed sparsely distributed axon endings containing a distinct PDH-immunoreactive type of neurosecretory granules (diameter 90–130 nm). Exocytotic figures indicating release of the content of these granules into hemolymph lacunae were occasionally observed. Preservation of fine structure and antigenicity of the PDH granules were markedly dependent on the fixation procedure used. A preliminary experiment with C. maenas showed that preterminal axon dilatations near the basal lamina seemed to accumulate PDH-granules when animals were kept in complete darkness for three days. Immunodot blotting of fractions after high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of extracts from SGs of C. maenas and O. limosus revealed a strongly immunoreactive substance at a retention time very similar to those of synthetic PDHs of Uca pugilator and Pandalus borealis. It is also coincident with a zone of biological activity. Thus, the antigen demonstrated by immunocytochemistry is identical or very similar to one of the known PDHs.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone (crustaceans) ; FMRFamide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Crustaceans: Carcinus maenas, Orconectes limosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of a new antiserum, raised against synthetic pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) from Uca pugilator, immunoreactive structures were studied at the light-microscopic level in the eyestalk ganglia of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus. PDH-reactivity was mainly found in two types of neurons that were located between the medulla interna (MI) and the medulla terminalis (MT) in both species. Several additional perikarya were located in the distal part of the MI in O. limosus. In C. maenas, two to three PDH-positive perikarya were found in the region of the X-organ (XO) in the MT. Processes from single and clustered cells could be traced into all medullae of the eyestalk. Axons from the immunoreactive perikarya running between MI and MT form a larger tract that traverses the MT. Fibers from this tract give rise to extensive arborizations and plexuses throughout the proximal MT. A plexus containing very fine fibers is located at the surface of the MT in a position distal to the XO-area of C. maenas only. The proximal plexus also receives PDH-positive fibers through the optic nerve. PDH-perikarya in the cerebral ganglion may also project into the more distal regions of the eyestalk. Distal projections of the perikarya between the MI and MT consist of several branches. Most of these are directed toward the MI and ME (medulla externa) wherein they form highly organized, layered plexuses. One branch was traced into the principal neurohemal organ, the sinus gland (SG). In the SG, the tract gives off arborizations and neurosecretory terminals. It then proceeds in a proximal direction out of the SG, adjacent to the MT. Its further course could not be elucidated. The lamina ganglionaris (LG) receives PDH-fibers from the ME and fine processes from small perikarya located in close association with the LG in the distal part of the first optic chiasma. The architecture of PDH-positive elements was similar in both C. maenas and O. limosus. The distribution of these structures suggests that PDH is not only a neurohormone but may, in addition, have a role as a neurotransmitter or modulator. Immunostaining of successive sections with an FMRF-amide antiserum revealed co-localization of FMRFamideand PDH-immunoreactivities in most, but not all PDH-containing perikarya and fibers. The axonal branch leading to the SG and the SG proper were devoid of FMRFamide immunoreactivity.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 249-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lactoferrin ; Electron microscope ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neutrophils ; Morphometry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcellular localization of lactoferrin in human neutrophils was studied by an electron-microscopic immunoperoxidase method. This molecule was detected in small granules of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A morphometrical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the mean size between lactoferrin-positive and myeloperoxidase-negative granules. In contrast, the mean size of myeloperoxidase-positive granules was significantly larger than that of lactoferrin-positive granules. This indicates that lactoferrin is contained in the myeloperoxidase-negative, secondary, granules of human neutrophils. In immature bone marrow mononuclear neutrophils, lactoferrin was present in cytoplasmic granules of somewhat larger size than lactoferrin-positive granules of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A morphometrical study showed that the mean size of lactoferrin-positive granules was significantly greater in immature bone marrow cells than in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. This indicates that lactoferrin-positive granules decrease in size as the cells mature. Besides cytoplasmic granules, lactoferrin was demonstrated in the Golgi complex and a part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of immature bone marrow neutrophils, probably myelocytes and early metamyelocytes. These results show that lactoferrin is synthesized and packed into secondary granules in immature bone marrow neutrophils and therefore that the secondary granules are a type of secretory granule.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus preopticus ; Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) ; Arginine vasotocin (AVT) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Catostomus commersoni (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical procedure was used to study the distribution of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) immunoreactivities sequentially in the same sections or in adjacent sections of the brain and pituitary of Catostomus commersoni. It was found that all CRF-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the nucleus preopticus (NPO) also contained AVT immunoreactivity. Co-localization of both immunoreactivities was also observed in fibres forming the preoptic-pituitary tract and in the neurohypophyseal digitations, the IR-CRF and IR-AVT fibres projecting mainly to the neurointermediate lobe (NIL) of the pituitary. An additional population of exclusively IR-AVT neurons and fibres in the NPO, preoptic-pituitary tract and NIL was also observed. Exclusive CRF-immunostaining was found in neurons of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT), in fibres distributed in some diencephalic nuclei and in the neurohypophyseal digitations in the region of the rostral pars distalis (RPD). These results suggest (i) that CRF- and AVT-like substances, present in NIL fibres (probably originating in the NPO), may have an integrated role in the release of the cell products from the pars intermedia, and (ii) that the control of corticotrops in the rostral pars distalis, innervated exclusively by IR-CRF fibres (probably originating in the NLT), does not require a simultaneous presence of CRF- and AVT-like substances.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide ; FMRFamide ; Retina ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carassius auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical studies were conducted on goldfish to determine whether a retinal efferent fiber system, immunoreactive to the tetrapeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide), might contain instead a substance similar to one of the 36-amino acid pancreatic polypeptides, the C-terminus of which is similar to FMRFamide. Our results demonstrate the presence of two separate peptidergic systems, one containing FMRFamide-like, and the other pancreatic polypeptide-like peptides. Antisera to FMRFamide reveal the efferent fibers, whose axons exit the optic nerve and terminate in layer 1 of the inner plexiform layer, as previously described. Antisera to porcine neuropeptide Y, and to avian and bovine pancreatic polypeptides label a sparse population of putative amacrine cell bodies and a dense fiber plexus in layers 1, 3, and 5 of the inner plexiform layer. Based on intensity of staining, this amacrine cell peptide appears to be most similar to neuropeptide-Y. Radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical staining of retinas in which the efferent fiber peptide was depleted by optic nerve crush confirm in large part the observation that the two peptide systems are distinct. However, there is some cross-recognition of the FMRFamide-like tissue antigen by pancreatic polypeptide antibodies. Double-label studies with antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y indicate that the pancreatic polypeptide antigen is not co-localized with catecholamines.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect nervous system ; Protocerebrum ; Suboesophageal ganglion ; GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Manduca sexta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have used specific antisera against protein-conjugatedγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in immunocytochemical preparations to investigate the distribution of putatively GABAergic neurons in the brain and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx mothManduca sexta. About 20000 neurons per brain hemisphere exhibit GABA-immunoreactivity. Most of these are optic-lobe interneurons, especially morphologically centrifugal neurons of the lamina and tangential neurons that innervate the medulla or the lobula complex. Many GABA-immunoreactive neurons, among them giant fibers of the lobula plate, project into the median protocerebrum. Among prominent GABA-immunoreactive neurons of the median protocerebrum are about 150 putatively negative-feedback fibers of the mushroom body, innervating both the calyces and lobes, and a group of large, fan-shaped neurons of the lower division of the central body. Several commissures in the supra- and suboesophageal ganglion exhibit GABA-immunoreactivity. In the suboesophageal ganglion, a group of contralaterally descending neurons shows GABA-like immunoreactivity. The frontal ganglion is innervated by immunoreactive processes from the tritocerebrum but does not contain GABA-immunoreactive somata. With few exceptions the brain nerves do not contain GABA-immunoreactive fibers.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 393-398 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenaline ; Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Central nervous system ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of adrenergic axon terminals was examined in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PNT) and in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence (ARC-ME) complex by use of phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) immunocytochemistry. In the PNT, immunoreactive terminals formed a dense and well-circumscribed plexus. In the ARC, labeled varicosities were less numerous and more evenly distributed. In the ME, they were scarce and confined to the inner zone. In all these areas, the diameter of immunoreactive varicosities ranged between 0.2 and 1.3 μm; in the ME and in the transitional zone between the ARC and the ME, a population of larger boutons (〉2 μm) was also visible. All immunoreactive varicosities exhibited densely packed small, clear vesicles associated with a few large granular vesicles. In the PNT and the ARC, but not in the ME, they formed synaptic contacts with dendritic elements and were occasionally apposed to neuronal cell bodies. These axo-somatic appositions showed no junctional specializations. In the ME and transitional zone, immunoreactive terminals were frequently juxtaposed to, and occasionally established differentiated synaptic contacts with, tanycytes. These data support a transmitter role for adrenaline in the diencephalon and suggest that adrenaline plays a role in hypothalamo-hypophysiotropic regulation through interactions with neural and glial elements.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 409-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone matrix ; Osteonectin ; Osteoblasts ; Immunocytochemistry ; Differentiation ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bone matrix consists of type-I collagen and noncollagenous proteins. The latter represent only 10% of its total protein content. Since type-I collagen is also present in various other connective tissue sites (e.g., skin) it cannot be considered as bone specific. Among the non-collagenous components osteonectin — a 32 kilodalton (KD) glycoprotein linking mineral to collagen fibrils — is thought to be bone specific due to its biochemical properties. In the present study various skeletal and non-skeletal tissues were investigated for the presence of osteonectin by means of immunocytochemical methods. Two polyclonal antibodies against human and bovine osteonectin were applied. Immunocytochemically, osteonectin could be demonstrated in active osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells as well as in young osteocytes, while aged, quiescent osteocytes did not contain the protein, suggesting that the protein is a marker of the osteoblastic functional differentiation of bone cells. Osteonectin was absent in all non-skeletal tissues with the exception of chondrocytes in so-called mineralizing chondroid bone.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Central nervous system ; Annelids ; Lumbricus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive somata in the cerebral and subpharyngeal ganglion, and in the head and tail ganglia of the nerve cord of Lumbricus terrestris are described from whole-mount preparations. A small number of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons occurs in the cerebral ganglion, in contrast to the large population of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons that exists in all parts of the ventral nerve cord. From the arrangement of serotonin-immunoreactive somata in the subpharyngeal ganglion, we suggest that this ganglion arises from the fusion of two primordial ganglia. In head and tail ganglia, the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive somata resembles that in midbody segments. Segmental variations in the pattern and number of serotonin-immunoreactive somata in the different body regions are discussed on the background of known developmental mechanisms that result in metameric neuronal populations in annelids and arthropods.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Collecting duct ; Immunocytochemistry ; Intercalated cell ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A monoclonal antibody against an antigen (PCD2) derived from the rabbit renal papilla recognized principal and intercalated cells of the collecting duct system in the adult rabbit kidney. Intercalated cells were heterogeneous in the connecting tubule and the cortical collecting duct, where immunoreactive and unreactive cells were shown to coexist. In the outer medullary collecting duct, all intercalated cells exhibited PCD2-immunoreactivity. Connecting tubule cells proper were not recognized by the antibody, whereas all principal cells of the collecting duct revealed specific immunoreactivity. The immunocytochemical heterogeneity of the intercalated cells is discussed in terms of a functional heterogeneity. Cytologically, the immunogold labeling of principal and intercalated cells was shown to occur along the plasmalemma, in the intracellular membrane structures and along the Golgi transport route. This pattern suggests that the antigenic determinant, which is ubiquitous in both principal and reactive intercalated cells, belongs to a membrane protein.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 641-646 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Development ; Photoreceptors ; Retinal S-antigen ; α-Transducin ; Opsin ; Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Teleosts (Salmo salar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The initial appearance of S-antigen, α-transducin, opsin and 5-HT during embryogenesis of the pineal organ and retina was studied by means of immunocytochemistry in the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The presence of these substances may be taken as a good indication of photoreceptor differentiation; α-transducin and S-antigen are involved in the phototransduction process, opsin is the proteinaceous component of the photopigment rhodopsin, and 5-HT is a neurotransmitter or neurohormone produced by pineal photoreceptors. Two days after the retinal pigment layer became visible in the eggs, the outer segments of a few pineal photosensory cells showed immunoreactivity to opsin and α-transducin. At the same time S-antigen and serotonin were present in pineal cells of the photoreceptor type. The number of immunoreactive cells in the pineal organ increased up to hatching. In the differentiating retina of the salmon, no immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against the mentioned substances was detectable until after hatching. These results indicate that in ontogeny the developing pineal organ of the salmon embryo has the ability to perceive light information much earlier than the retina.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF) ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Synapses ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of a preembedding immuno-electronmicroscopic technique, a large number of nerve endings containing a substance related to human growth hormonereleasing factor (hGRF) have been demonstrated in the paraventricular nucleus of the guinea pig. They made synaptic contacts primarily with dendritic shafts: 80% of these contacts were symmetrical. The immunoprecipitate was located mainly in large granules and around small clear vesicles. These findings suggest that a peptide related to hGRF may play a role in neural communication in the paraventricular nucleus.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Dopamin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Terminal ganglion ; Acheta domestica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and ultrastructure of serotonin- and dopamine-immunoreactive (5-HTi and DAi) neurones have been investigated in the terminal ganglion of the cricket, Acheta domestica, using a pre-embedding chopper technique. Special attention has been paid to the immunoreactive structures in the neuropil. 5-HTi structures are extensively distributed and densely packed throughout the 5 neuromeres of the terminal ganglion and originate from several interneurones and efferent neurones. In contrast, DAi fibres are distributed sparsely although they extend to all neuromeres of the ganglion and originate from 6 interneurons only. For both 5-HTi and DAi neurones characteristic axonal projections and branching patterns can be distinguished. The 5-HTi axons exhibit rich varicose arborizations, whereas DAi neurones possess fewer varicosities in the neuropil. Electron microscopy shows that 5-HTi varicosities contain small (∼ 60 nm) and large (∼ 100 nm) agranular vesicles, and large (∼ 100 nm) granular vesicles, whereas in DAi varicosities small (∼ 60 nm) agranular and large (∼ 100 nm) granular vesicles are seen. Both 5-HTi and DAi varicosities form synaptic contacts. We conclude that both serotonin and dopamine may be used as neurotransmitters in the terminal ganglion of the cricket.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Neuropeptide Y ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Radioautography ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological substrate of putative serotonin (5-HT)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) interactions in thé suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was investigated by combined radioautography and immunocytochemistry after intraventricular administration of (3H)5-HT in the rat. In the ventral portion of the SCN, the distribution of (3H)5-HT uptake sites overlapped closely the NPY-immunoreactive terminals. Previous investigations have shown that the dense 5-HT and NPY innervations of the SCN originate in different structures, i.e., the midbrain raphe nuclei and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, respectively. Accordingly, in the present study, destruction of 5-HT afferents by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine was not found to induce any modification in NPY staining and, in ultrastructural immuno-radioautographic preparations, two distinct pools of axonal varicosities could be identified. Both 5-HT and NPY terminals established morphologically defined synaptic junctions, sometimes on the same neuronal target. Some cases of direct axo-axonic appositions between the two types of terminals were also encountered. These data constitute additional criteria for characterizing the cytological basis of the multiple transmitter interactions presumably involved in the function of the SCN as a central regulator of circadian biological rhythms.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 667-673 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Secretory granules ; Cell fusion ; Cell migration ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunogold localisation ; Placenta ; Placental lactogen ; Trinucleate cell ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bovine placental lactogen activity is shown by immunogold electron microscopy to be restricted to (a) the granules and the Golgi body from which they form in the bovine fetal trophectodermal binucleate cell, and (b) granules of similar size and staining reaction in trinucleate “giant” cells found in the maternal uterine epithelium throughout pregnancy. These results support the hypothesis that a fetal binucleate cell forms a maternal giant cell by migration to and fusion with a uterine epithelial cell.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 559-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: α-MSH ; α-MSH-like peptide ; Hypothalamus ; Pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Frog (Rana esculenta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of immunoreactive α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) within the brain of the frog, Rana esculenta, has been studied on adjacent serial sections using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunoreactive cell bodies are found in the anterior part of the preoptic nucleus and in some ventral subependymal cerebrospinal fluid-contacting elements, and in the nucleus infundibularis ventralis. Numerous α-MSH-like immunoreactive fibers are present in the preoptic area, in the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum, and in the outer layer of the median eminence. This staining pattern is completely eliminated after preabsorbing the antiserum with the corresponding antigen, but blocking tests with α-MSH-related peptides do not lead to any change in the immunoreaction. From these results it may be inferred that an α-MSH-like system is present in the hypothalamic neurosecretory area of R. esculenta, and is probably related to its hypophysiotropic functions. The results are compared to the distribution of α-MSH within the hypothalamus of reptiles and mammals.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin/CCK ; Immunocytochemistry ; Corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum ; Insect ; Leucophaea maderae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of immunocytochemistry, a gastrin/CCK-like material has been demonstrated in the corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. Reactivity toward gastrin and CCK with region-specific antisera suggests that the gastrin/CCK-like peptide of this insect contains the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide sequence which is common to gastrin and CCK, and that the material is more gastrin-like than CCK-like. The results indicate that, like other neuropeptides, the gastrin/CCK peptide family appeared early in evolution within neuronal elements, and that the COOH-terminal region of gastrin has been conserved during phylogeny.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Sympathetic ganglion ; Co-existence ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of somatostatin-like immunore-activity (SOM-LI) was examined in human lumbar sympathetic ganglia using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Few of the principal neurons showed immunolabelling for somatostatin and sparse networks of nerve terminals were unevenly associated with ganglion cells. Using light microscopy, the most intense SOM-LI was seen in the perinuclear zone of the neurons. Electron-microscopically, the staining was localized on the membranes of the Golgi apparatuses. In the nerve terminals, SOM-LI was seen inside the small vesicles (40–60 nm diameter). All neurons with SOM-LI were also found to be tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactive when excamined with a double-staining technique. These results provide evidence that somatostatin and noradrenaline co-exist in human sympathetic neurons.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Photoreceptor cells ; Freeze-fracturing ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lampetra japonica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In common with other cyclostomata, the Japanese river lamprey (Lampetra japonica) has a retina consisting of distinct types of photoreceptor cells called long and short photoreceptor cells. After freeze-fracture, disc membranes of these photoreceptor cells were characterized in common by a homogeneous distribution of intramembrane particles on the protoplasmic fracture faces, in contrast to those of the myeloid bodies bearing scattering particles. Immunofluorescent examination was applied to the retina with monoclonal antibodies raised against bovine and chicken rhodopsins. Positive immunoreactivity was found to be limited to outer segments of the short cell, leaving the entire body of the long cell and all other components of the retina negative. The results suggest that the short cell is more closely related to a rod-type photoreceptor cell characterized by rhodopsin as its visual pigment.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ventral nerve cord ; Annelids ; Lumbricus terrestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the ventral nerve cord of the earthworm has been investigated from whole-mount preparations and serial sections. Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons are organized in seven soma groups per ganglion; these are defined by cell number, soma shape, diameter and fiber projections. Positional variations of this pattern have been studied quantitatively. The number of labeled perikarya is constant in midbody ganglia, but increases markedly rostral to the posterior margin of the clitellum. Variability of position and cell number differs between the cell groups. Stained nerve fibers could only be partially traced; their distribution is described in relation to defined neuronal fiber bundles and segmental nerves. The distribution and morphology of serotonin-immunoreactive cells are compared with previous observations, based on pattern analysis of primary catecholamines and indolamines with the use of a formaldehyde-induced fluorescence technique. The possible role of serotonin-immunoreactive nervous elements in different nerve cord compartments is discussed with respect to physiological effects of serotonin in earthworms and other invertebrates.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas ; Exocrine glands ; Islets of Langerhans ; Differentiation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The islet cells of the mammalian pancreas are comprised of four different endocrine cell types, each containing a specific hormone. Islet cells also contain two enzymes of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). The cell lineage relationships of these different cell types have not been examined and it is not known whether, during development, they originate from the same or from different precursor populations. In this study we used immunocytochemical procedures to determine whether developing pancreatic cells express markers common to endocrine and exocrine cell types. We found that acinar cell precursors express AADC prior to the appearance of an exocrine marker and that the expression of AADC in acinar cells persists throughout embryogenesis to the first month of postnatal life. At this time, acinar cells do not contain AADC. We also found that exocrine cells containing AADC never express other islet-cell markers. These findings suggest that while acinar and islet cells both arise from precursor cells containing AADC, these progenitor cells do not express a combined endocrine-exocrine phenotype.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Small intestine ; Colchicine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of colchicine and vinblastine on the localization of alkaline phosphatase (AlPase) in rat duodenum in relation to structural changes. AlPase was localized on the membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi stacks, cytoplasmic vesicles, microvilli, on lateral plasma membranes, and in some lysosomes of the duodenal epithelial cells of rats treated with either lumicolchicine or 0.9% NaCl alone. Microvilli were most intensely stained, and AlPase-positive Golgi stacks were regularly distributed in the supranuclear regions. After colchicine treatment, microvilli were shortened and the staining intensity became weaker, whereas basal as well as lateral plasma membranes showed stronger staining. The AlPase-positive microvilli appeared not only on the luminal surfaces, but also on the baso-lateral plasma membranes and even on the surfaces of characteristic intracytoplasmic cysts. Golgi stacks became smaller and their distribution became less localized, and the staining intensity of the Golgi stacks became weaker. AlPase localization in rats treated with vinblastine was almost identical with that of rats treated with colchicine. Thus, colchicine and vinblastine appeared to have elicited a disorientation of intracellular transport of intestinal AlPase by inhibiting microtubule organization.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polypeptide 7B2 ; Adenohypophysis ; Secretion ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A highly conserved polypeptide termed “7B2”, isolated from human and porcine pituitaries, has been reported by immunoreactivity to be distributed in various organs. However, the highest concentration has been found in the pituitary as demonstrated by a specific radioimmunoassay. In order to determine the type of cells within the pituitary that contain 7B2 and to analyse its intracellular localization, specific immunocytochemistry techniques (unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase) were used both for light and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemistry of both expiants and monolayer-cell cultures of the adenohypophysis was studied. Immunoreactivity to 7B2 has been found in 21.9% of the total number of cells. After simultaneous staining of serial sections with appropriate antibodies, 7B2 was found to be colocalized with β-LH/β-FSH in gonadotrophs and with β-TSH in thyrotrophs. In situ immunocytochemistry at the electron-microscopic level showed that immunoreactive 7B2 is compartmentalized within secretory granules. The small (130 to 250 nm) but not the large granules (400 to 700 nm) were labeled in gonadotroph-like cells and small granules (90 to 150 nm) were also labeled in thyrothrophlike cells. Study of the gonadotrophs in cell culture after Zamboni's fixation revealed weak to moderate immunoreaction in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The current findings as well as previous data indicate that 7B2 is synthesized, stored and possibly released from the adenohypophysis similarly to many other secretory products.
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    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sample size ; varietal differentiation ; temperature ; pathotype ; spore concentration ; year ; predisposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit dem Jahre 1967 wird der Scheibentest nach Lapwood (1965) in Gross-Lüsewitz zur Prüfung von Zuchtmaterial angewendet (Abb. 1). Methodische Untersuchungen führten zu Änderungen. Je Zuchtstamm werden zwei Proben à acht Knollen genommen, die in dreiwöchigem Abstand mit zwei verschiedenen Pathotypen geprüft werden. Je Knolle werden zwei Scheiben geschnitten, die zwei verschiedenen Konzentrationen der Suspension zugeordnet sind. Sie werden mittels in Zoosporensuspension getränkter Filterpapierscheiben inokuliert, nach 24 h umgedreht. Die Bewertung der Luftmyzelbildung erfolgt nach fünf (a) und sieben Tagen (b) mit Noten von 9 (keine Symptome) bis 1 (total bewachsen). Auch die Verbräunung wird nach sieben Tagen benotet (c). Nach der Formel 2a+b+c=Bs errechnet sich die Wertzahl Bs. Insgesamt gehen in das Ergebnis eines Prüfungsjahres also 96 Einzelwerte ein. 8 Sorten wurden bei Temperaturen von 13, 17, 19 und 21°C geprüft. Die fünf Pathotypen 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4 und 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10 und deren Gemisch wurden an drei Sorten verglichen. An 96 Proben wurde die Standardabweichung s und Grenzdifferenz GD ermittelt. Siebenjährige Ergebnisse waren von 10 Klonen, zwölfjährige von sechs Sorten verfügbar. Bei 19°C erwiesen sich die Prüflinge am anfälligsten, gleichzeitig war die beste Unterscheidbarkeit gegeben (Abb. 2). Die Wechselwirkungen der Temperatur mit dem Pathotyp und der Sorte sind signifikant. Es sollte bei 18–19°C geprüft werden. Die Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Sorte war nicht gross, jedoch statistisch gesichert (Abb. 3). Es trat eine Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Konzentration zutage (Tab. 1). Abbildung 4 zeigt den Einfluss der Sporenkonzentration auf das Resistenzverhalten. Auch die Wechselwirkung Sorte/Konzentration war gesichert. Aus der Berechnung der Standardabweichung ergibt sich nach Bätz et al. (1972) eine Grenzdifferenz von 4,2 (Wertzahl) bzw. 1,7 (Noten) für den Mittelwertvergleich der Sorten (Tab. 2). Zwölfjährige Prüfungsergebnisse werden in Tabelle 3 mitgeteilt, siebenjährige in den Tabellen 4 und 5. Bei geringer Variationsbreite der Jahresmittelwerte schwankten die Sortenwerte von Jahr zu Jahr bis zu sechs Noten, obwohl an einem Beispiel eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse demonstriert wird. Es wird empfohlen ab E-Stamm je zweimal acht Knollen aus zwei Wiederholungen des Feldanbaus statt bisher nur aus einer zu entnehmen. Die Resistenzeischätzung sollte erst nach dreijähriger Prüfung erfolgen. Zur Selektion sollten möglichst zweijährige Ergebnisse vorliegen.
    Abstract: Résumé Le test sur tranche de pomme de terre de Lapwood (1965) a été utilisé à l'Institut pour la Recherche sur la Pomme de terre de Gross Lüsewitz depuis 1967 (fig. 1), pour apprécier la valeur du matériel génétique. Des études méthodologiques ont conduit à effectuer certaines modifications de ce test. Deux échantillons de huit tubercules chacun sont prélevés dans chaque clône, pour être ensuite testés à trois semaines d'intervalle à l'égard de deux pathotypes différents. Deux tranches prélevées à partir de chaque tubercule, sont testés à deux concentrations différentes de suspension de zoospores. Ces tranches sont inoculées au moyen de disques de papier filtre trempés dans la suspension de zoospores. Les tranches sont retournées 24 heures après inoculation. La formation du mycélium aérien est notée après cinq jours (a) et sept jours (b) d'incubation, selon une échelle allant de 9 (absence de symptômes) à 1 (tranche antièrement recouverte). Le brunissement des tissus fait aussi l'objet d'une notation après 7 jours (c). Le facteur Bs est calculé à l'aide de la formule 2a+b+c=Bs. Ainsi, 96 valeurs individuelles sont rassemblées dans le résultat du test pour une année. Huit variétés ont été testées aux températures de 13, 17, 19 et 21°C. Les cinq pathotypes: 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4. et 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10, ainsi que leur mélange ont été étudiés sur trois variétés de pomme de terre. L'écart type a été établi pour 96 échantillons. Les résultats ont été obtenus pendant une période de sept ans pour 10 clônes et une période de 12 ans pour 6 variétés. Tous les critères étudiés sont très sensibles à 19°C; cette température semble fournir de meilleur pouvoir de discrimination (fig. 2). Les intéractions températures-pathotypes et températures-variétés sont significatives. Les tests devraient être réalisés de préférence à 18–19°C. L'intéraction pathotypes-variétés n'est pas très forte mais demeure significative statistiquement (fig. 3). Une intéraction pathotypes-concentrations est également mise en évidence. La figure 4 montre l'influence de la concentration de spores sur la résistance. L'intéraction variétésconcentration est également significative. A partir du calcul de l'écart type, une différence critique de 4,2 (facteur) ou 1,7 (note moyenne) pour la comparaison des valeurs moyennes des variétés (tableau 2) concorde avec les données de Bätz et al. (1972). Les résultats obtenus sur une période de douze ans sont présentés dans le tableau 3; Les tableaux 4 et 5 fournissent les résultats de 7 années de tests. L'échelle de variation des valeurs moyennes annuelles est petite, mais les valeurs des variétés varient énormément. Jusqu'à 6 points—entre les années—bien que l'on ait pu démontrer une bonne reproductibilité des résultats dans un exemple. Il est recommandé, d'après l'essai avec les clônes de prélever 2 échantillons de 8 tubercules cules chacun à partir de 2 répétitions au champ au lieu d'une seule comme c'était fait de façon pratique auparavant. La résistance pourrait être évaluée après seulement trois années de test. La sélection pourrait être basée sur les résultats de deux années de test.
    Notes: Summary Since 1967, Lapwood's (1965) tuber slice test has been used in a modified form by workers of the Institute of Potato Research Gross Lüsewitz for testing more than 2000 clones a year for resistance to late blight. At a sample size of eight slices per clone differences of ≥1.7 scores can thus be distinguished. The tests are best done at between 18 and 19°C. Both the pathotype and the spore suspension concentration influence the resistance response. Since 1972, two compatible pathotypes and two concentrations have always been used on each clone tested. Seven-and twelve-year test results have shown that variations of up to six scores in the 9-score scheme would occur in the resistance of one clone. It is suggested that clones in main trials (candidate cultivars) should be tested for three years using two randomised replications of 2×8 tubers each.
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    Protoplasma 140 (1987), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Electrophoresis ; Euglenoids ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a comparative study of the epiplasmic layers of the pellicular complex of several euglenoids, the following observations were made: 1. Pellicular strips are constructed on the same basic model with each species or group of species having undergone some modifications. 2. The molecular weights of the main proteinaceous constituents of the epiplasmic layer are located in similar zones (180–190 KD and 70–90 KD). 3. Epiplasmic proteins are only solubilized by denaturing agents such as urea/MET or guanidium hydrochloride/MET. 4. Epiplasmic layers consist of fairly basic proteins. 5. The links between epiplasmic proteins are mostly formed by disulfide bonds. 6. The major epiplasmic proteins share common antigenic determinants
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    Aquatic ecology 21 (1987), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: light ; temperature ; oxygen ; nutrients ; phytoplankton ; eutrophication ; Lake maarsseveen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1983, an unexpected bloom of the cyanobacteriaMicrocystis aeruginosa was observed in Lake Maarsseveen I. It was supposed that this phenomenon might be an indication of accelerated eutrophication of the lake. However, data on physical, chemical and phytoplankton parameters, collected over the last 6 years do not support this contention. Phytoplankton total phosphate and physical characteristics did not change. Annual levels of dissolved nutrients such as silicate and nitrate were even observed to show significant decreases over the period of observation.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Potamopyrgus jenkinsi ; gastropod ; population dynamics ; eutrophication ; floating ; burrowing ; macrophytes ; temperature ; tolerance ; carination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrobiid snailPotamopyrgus jenkinsi (E.A. Smith), characterized by parthenogenesis and ovovivipary, was quantitatively sampled monthly between June, 1982, and December, 1986, on sandy bottoms in the shallow zones of the meso-oligotrophic Lake Maarsseveen I and the eutrophic Lake Maarsseveen II. The snail demonstrated a very clumped distribution in both lakes. The mean numbers of juveniles and adults taken together fluctuated strongly. Organisms in Lake I showed relatively high densities (up to 25,000 per m2) in 1982, followed by a sudden drop to values approaching zero in December, 1982, with a subsequent rapid increase in densities, fluctuating between 2,000 and 200 per m2. In Lake II, densities of snails fluctuated between 13,000 and 300 per m2 with decreases in the spring of 1985 and 1986. The various types of decreases in the lakes are extensively discussed, but no explanation is presently available. The reduction in Lake I was of catastrophic proportions, but the speed of recovery of the population was remarkable. Floating was observed only in Lake I, and only during the occurrence of the highest densities on the sediment. Burrowing behaviour was very common, but strongly suppressed under an uninterrupted dark regime. A shift of temperature from 15 to 22°C had the same effect. A number of submerged macrophyte species from Lake I proved to attractP. jenkinsi in the absence of sandy substrate, though these plants were only covered by the snail during the period of the highest densities in 1982. Temperatures of 20°C or lower were well tolerated, unlike temperatures of 25 and 30°C. Growth was distinct at 10, 15 and 20°C. Keeled individuals were encountered in much higher numbers in Lake I than in Lake II.
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    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cajanus cajan L. ; Cicer arietinum L. ; impedance ; seedling growth ; temperature ; varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions to evaluate the seedling growth capacities of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties Pusa 209 and H208 at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 28°C (±0.5°C) and of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) variety Prabhat at 20 and 28°C (±0.5°C). Seedling growth at any given time was found to depend on ‘a’, the growth at no impedance, and ‘b’, the impedance growth factori.e., decrease in growth with increase in impedance, and on temperature. The optimum temperature for chickpea was found to be in the range of 20 to 24°C for better seedling growth characteristics, whereas for pigeonpea, 28°C was found to be more congenial than 20°C. Chickpea varieties differed in their response to temperature.
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 9 (1987), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: wheat (Triticum aestivum) ; anther culture ; temperature ; callus ; green plant ; albinism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anthers of wheat cultivars Orofen and Pitic 62 were incubated for 8 days at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C before transfer to 25°C. Compared with anthers cultured at 25°C constantly, anthers treated at 30°C produced 40% more microspore callus and green plants in both cultivars whereas those treated at 35°C produced 2–3 fold more green plants. Treatment at 40°C was deleterious. Possible modes of action of high temperature on callus production and albinism were discussed.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum bulbosum ; pollen grain germination ; pollen tube growth ; frequency of fertilization ; gibberellic acid ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A quantitative examination of pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth within the overy wall was made in selected wheat × tetraploid H. bulbosum hybridizations, to investigate the effect of the wheat and the H. bulbosum genotype on these characters. As expected, variation at the known crossability loci had no effect on pollen grain germination. The frequency of pollen tube penetration of the ovary wall was, however, severely reduced when the dominant alleles were present. Pollen tube penetration was nevertheless observed in 3 of the 110 ovaries examined of the non-crossable cultivar Highbury. The H. bulbosum genotype had a much smaller effect on these characters, but significant differences between the clones were observed in the numbers of pollen tubes initially penetrating the ovary wall. Although two H. bulbosum genotypes showed no significant differences in the number of ovaries with pollen tubes at the base of the ovule, significant differences in the frequency of fertilization were observed. The possible cause of this discrepancy is discussed. The frequency of fertilization in crossable wheat × H. bulbosum hybridizations was improved by the application of gibberellic acid within 10 minutes of pollination, and reduced by an increase in the ambient temperature from 20°C to 26°C. Fertilization following the pollination of non-crossable wheat genotypes was not affected by either of these factors.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum bulbosum ; frequency of fertilization ; seed set ; seed survival ; gibberellic acid ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An investigation was made of factors affecting the frequency of development of fertilized ovules following wheat x Hordeum bulbosum hybridizations. Seed survival, a term used here to represent the relationship between seed set and fertilization, was shown to vary between the wheat genotypes tested, but was unrelated to the crossability genes present within the wheat genotype. A high seed survival was obtained in crosses involving the variety TH3929 and the single chromosome substitution line, Chinese Spring (Hope 5B). Chinese Spring showed a poor seed survival. Some influence of the H. bulbosum genotype on seed survival was detected. The two environmental factors studied, namely the post-pollination application of gibberellic acid and the ambient temperature, were both shown to affect seed survival. The application of gibberellic acid immediately after pollination or 1 and 2 days after pollination improved seed survival, although the extent of the response was dependent upon the number and timing of the application(s). A genotype-dependent response to the ambient temperature was observed, TH3929 showing a slight but insignificant reduction and Chinese Spring a significant improvement in seed survival with an increase in temperature from 20°C to 26°C. The physiological processes which may be influenced by GA and the ambient temperature and may thereby affect seed survival are discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; mitochondrial respiration ; Mehler reaction ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour identifier la nature des réactions responsables de la prise d'oxygène sous lumière chez une macroalgue rouge Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), les effets de quelques inhibiteurs, de l'intensité de la lumière et de la température ont été étudiés en combinaison avec des concentrations de CO2 élevées ou limitantes. Dans ce dernier cas, INH (2, 5 mM) ne modifie pas la prise d'oxygène sous lumière et ne provoque pas l'excrétion ni l'accumulation de glycolate. KCN réduit la vitesse de consommation d'O2 de 76% à CO2 limitant, de 43% à CO2 saturant et supprime pratiquement (à 95%) la production d'oxygène. Avec DCMU (5 μM) qui bloque totalement la chaîne des transporteurs d'électrons, une prise d'oxygène résiduelle est observée de 3,0±0,6 μmol O2 h−1 g−1 P.F. quelle que soit la concentration de CO2. Ajoutés à l'analyse de l'effet de la température ces résultats suggèrent: 1) La respiration mitochondriale et la réaction de Mehler sont actives aux deux concentrations de CO2. 2) La RuBP oxygénase contribue pour 45%, au plus, et la réaction de Mehler pour 20%, au moins, à la prise d'oxygène sous lumière à CO2 limitant.
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the different processes of O2 uptake involved in the light in the red macroalga Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) was investigated. At limiting CO2, INH (2.5 mM) did not alter the O2 uptake rate. Glycolate was not excreted and did not accumulate within the cells. KCN reduced the rate of O2 uptake in the light by 76% at limiting CO2 and by 43% at saturating CO2, but caused 〉 95% inhibition of O2 evolution. DCMU (5 μM) totally blocked the photosynthetic electron transport chain, but allowed a residual O2 uptake of 3.0±0.6 μmol O2 .h−1.g−1 FW, irrespective of the CO2 concentration. In saturating CO2, a high light intensity pretreatment significantly stimulated the rate of O2 uptake compared to net O2 evolution, suggesting the persistence, in the light, of mitochondrial respiration. Irrespective of the CO2 concentration, the optimum temperature for O2 evolution was 17°C whereas dark O2 uptake increased linearly with temperature. In contrast, O2 uptake in the light showed an optimum at 17°C in limiting CO2, and 21–25° C in saturating CO2; its Q10 was 2.4 at limiting CO2, a value close to that of RuBP oxygenase, and 3.1 at saturating CO2, a value close to that of dark respiration. It is concluded that: 1) mitochondrial respiration and Mehler reaction are both involved at all CO2 concentrations, 2) RuBP oxygenase activity cannot account for more than 45%, and Mehler reaction for less than 20%, of the total O2 uptake observed in the light at limiting CO2.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: genotype ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four Indica and five Japonica varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were examined to elucidate their differences in photosynthetic activity and dark respiratory rate as influenced by leaf nitrogen levels and temperatures. The photosynthetic rates of single leaf showed correlations with total nitrogen and soluble protein contents in the leaves. Respiratory rate was also positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content. When compared at the same level of leaf nitrogen or soluble protein content, the four Indica varieties and one of Japonica varieties, Tainung 67, which have some Indica genes derived from one of its parents, showed higher photosynthetic rates than the remaining four Japonica varieties. At the same photosynthetic rate, the Indica varieties showed lower respiratory rate than Japonica varieties. When the leaf temperature rose from 20°C to 30°C, the photosynthetic rate increased by 18 to 41%, whereas the respiratory rate increased by 100 to 150%. These increasing rates in response to temperature were higher in the Japonica than in the Indica varieties. In this respect, Tainung 67 showed the same behavior as of the other four Japonica varieties.
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  • 63
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    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cacao ; growth ; temperature ; Theobroma cacao ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of 55-day-oldTheobroma cacao var.Comum seedlings varied with temperature regimes, various plant parts, growth parameters, and time of harvesting. Over a 60-day period the optimal day-temperature regimes were near 33.3°C for dry weight increase and relative growth rates of seedlings and leaves; 30.5°C for increase in leaf area, height growth, and leaf abscission; 22.2°C for dry weight increase of stems or roots, stem diameter growth, and root-shoot ratio. The rates of increase in dry weights of stems or roots as well as root-shoot ratios declined progressively at temperatures above 22.2°C Partitioning of dry matter was affected by temperature regime, with proportionally more photosynthate retained by shoots and less translocated to roots at high temperatures. The progressive decrease in the root-shoot ratio at temperatures above 22.2°C may decrease drought tolerance of seedlings because roots will be less capable of absorbing endugh water to replace transpirational losses. This was shown by more negative shoot water potentials at high temperatures.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Rosa ; rose ; Hybrid Tea ; temperature ; fruit set ; seed set ; seed germination ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature on fruit set, seed set and seed germination was studied in ‘Sonia’ × ‘Hadley’ Hybrid Tea-rose crosses. ‘Sonia’ mother bushes were grown at constant temperatures (10, 14, 18, 22, 26°C) in the greenhouses of the phytotron until fruit ripening. Fruit set, fruit weight and number of seeds increased as temperature was higher. Optimum temperatures were found for days to fruit ripening (18°C), seed germination (22°C) and number of seedlings per pollinated flower (22°C). Fruit weight and number of seeds were positively correlated. For crossing and the subsequent growing of seed-bearing plants 22°C was the most favourable temperature. Effects of temperature on pollen tube growth, fertilization and seed germination are discussed.
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  • 65
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: continuous light ; light intensity ; dark period ; temperature ; diurnal and seasonal CO2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract CO2 fixation was studied in a lichen, Xanthoria parietina, kept in continuous light, and with cyclic changes in light intensity, dark period or temperature. The diurnal and seasonal courses of CO2 exchange were followed. The rate of net photosynthesis was observed to fall from morning to evening, and this decline was more pronounced in winter than in summer. The maximal net photosynthetic rate, 223 ng CO2g-1dws-1, occured in winter and the minimum, 94 ng CO2g-1dws-1, late in spring. The light compensation point in summer was four times as high as in winter. In continuous light (180 or 90 μmol photons m-2s-1, 15°C) net photosynthesis decreased noticeably during one week, falling below the level maintained in a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle. Photosynthetic activity did not decrease, however, in lichens held in continuous light (90 μmol photons m-2s-1) with cyclic changes of temperature (12 h 20 °C: 12 h 5 °C). Active photosynthesis was also maintained in light of cyclically changing intensity (12 h: 12 h, 15 °C) when night-time light was at least 75% lower than illumination by day. A dark period of 4 hours in a 24-h light:dark cycle was sufficient to keep CO2 fixation at the control level. It seems that plants need an unproductive period during the day to survive and this can be induced by fluctuations in light and/or temperature.
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  • 66
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; planktonic ; temperature ; food ; embryonic development ; respiration rate ; ingestion ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature (t) upon rotifer embryonic development rate (De) has been analysed using data from the literature, and the author's own results from experimental and natural populations. For Keratella cochlearis (Gosse), within the temperature range of 1–28°C, this relationship is best expressed by the equation: 1/De = 0.002 + 0.00025t + 0.000065t2. For Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, between 8°C and 35°C, the best relationship is given by the equation: 1/De = 0.005 + 0.00013t + 0.00013t2. Increasing the incubation temperature to 37–40°C resulted in a decrease in development rate and a sharp reduction in life length. Analysis of the relationship between respiration rate and temperature in experimental and natural populations of Brachionus calyciflorus and Hexarthra mira (Hudson) showed that the maximum rate of oxygen consumption occurred at 32–33°C. The effects of temperature upon the ingestion rates of rotifers is greatly influenced by food concentration. Consequently, this factor also influences the secondary production of experimental populations at different temperatures.
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  • 67
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 319-322 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: embryonic development ; algal food ; temperature ; Brachionus plicatilis ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryonic development times of two strains of Brachionus plicatilis (Bs and S-1) cultured on three different algal diets (Nannochloris oculata, N. maculata and Nannochloropsis gaditana), have been determined at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C. As expected, the embryonic development times decreased with increasing temperature in all cases. However, embryos from adults fed on N. gaditana tended to develop more slowly than those of individuals fed on the other algal species. Mean egg volume was also affected by diet, larger eggs being produced by females fed on N. gaditana. No obvious relationship between egg size and temperature was detected. Two principal factors seemed to affect the embryonic development time. The first was temperature which acts through its well known effect on metabolic rates. The second was maternal diet which probably affects development time through its effect on yolk content, as reflected in the size of the egg.
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  • 68
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 335-338 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; resting eggs ; temperature ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment samples from Loch Leven, Scotland, were incubated at 5°C, 10°C and 15°C to induce hatching of rotifer resting eggs. The emergent animals were identified and counted. The temperature which induced hatching varied among the nine species studied. These results are discussed in relation to seasonality and temperature preferences previously recorded for the most abundant species. Resting egg densities of 2.2–13.9 eggs cm−3 were recorded in the upper 5 cm of sediment.
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  • 69
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Laminaria ; mariculture ; light tolerance ; temperature
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  • 70
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 399-404 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; growth ; light intensity ; mariculture ; temperature ; salinity ; Sargassum
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria ; growth rate ; agar composition ; light ; temperature
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  • 72
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; Brachionus plicatilis ; biometry ; size ; temperature ; salinity ; genotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphometric variation in three clones of Brachionus plicatilis cultured at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C, and 9‰, 12‰ and 24‰ salinity was analysed. Size appeared to be largely under genetic control and this defined the narrow limits within which variation due to abiotic factors could occur. Temperature had a significant effect on size, but affected the three clones differently. The most general effect of temperature was a reduction in size which levelled off as the temperature rose. Of the measurements taken, only distance between the median spines was affected by salinity. An important inter-relationship between the effects of temperature and salinity was also detected.
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  • 73
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 229-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; kelp ; Laminaria saccharina ; growth ; temperature ; salinity ; light
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  • 74
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 3 (1987), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: osmoregulation ; temperature ; embryonic development ; teleost ; eggs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of yolk osmolality from the embryo of codGadus morhua L. revealed significant variations in the hyposmolality during the embryonic development. The embryo proved to have an extremely low water permeability, protecting it from dehydration in the hyperosmotic seawater. The effect of temperature on the water permeability is high, expressed by an exceptionally high activation energy for water transfer. The agreement between embryonic volume decrease and diffusion permeability during the first 8–10 days after fertilization indicates that no water uptake mechanism is present at this time, thus leaving the embryo fully dependent on internal water stores. The cod egg is buoyant in seawater throughout development. The mechanism for providing hydrostatic lift is the large volume of diluted tissue water located in the yolk and subdermal spaces.
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  • 75
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 4 (1987), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: chorion dissolution ; chorionasc activity ; chorionase secretion ; Coregoninae ; hatching ; pH ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract After the electrial stimulation Coregoninae embryos secreted the hatching enzyme (chorionase) within 0.1–0.5 h, and the dissolution of their chorions lasted 1.2–2.0 h, depending on embryo's developmental stage (DS 13 or DS 14) and water temperature (5.2 or 9.6–9.8°C). Crude chorionase (hatching liquid) ofCoregonus albula andC. lavaretus was collected in large quantities by means of the electric stimulation of eggs. In both species the temperature optimum of proteolytic activity of the crude chorionasc was 30°C; the activity was lost at temperatures 〈 3-2°C and 〉 35–40°C. The maximal proteolytic activity was observed at pH 8.5; a rapid decrease in enzyme activity was evident at pH 〈 7.0, and the activity was zero at pH 6. The temperature-activity curve of chorionase may reflect the adaptation of Coregoninae to hatching immediately after the ice cover recedes from lakes, whereas the rapid decrease of enzyme activity at pH 7 -pH 6 can affect adversely the process of hatching in acidified lakes.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: oxygen consumption ; body weight ; temperature ; hypoxia ; ventilatory frequency ; ammocoetes ; metamorphosis ; lampreys ; Geotria australis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The standard rate of oxygen consumption of ammocoetes (larvae) ofGeotria australis with a mean weight of c. 0.5 g was 9.6, 31.4 and 59.4μl g−1 h−1 at 4.5, 15.5 and 25.0°C respectively, which gives an overall Q10 of 2.4. The regression coefficient for the logarithmic relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight at 15.5°C was 0.704. The ammocoetes ofG. australis have a much lower rate of oxygen consumption at 15.5 and 25.0°C than those of holarctic lampreys. This presumably reflects the lower oxygen delivery pressure to their tissues and helps account for their slow growth rate. At 15.5°C, ammocoetes ofG. australis emerged from the substrate at 21–25 mm Hg and, unlike those of the Northern HemisphereIchthyomyzon greeleyi, died at 14–17 mm Hg. Thus, despite having a thinner water/blood barrier in the gills and blood with a higher oxygen affinity and capacity than holarctic ammocoetes, the larvae ofG. australis cannot survive very low dissolved oxygen tensions. This is apparently related to an inability of larvalG. australis to meet the high oxygen requirements of the respiratory pump at these oxygen tensions. During metamorphosis, oxygen consumption at 15.5°C rose from approximately 27μl g−1 h−1 at the beginning of transformation to 33.2μl g−1 h−1 by Stage 3 and then rapidly to 66μl g−1 h−1 at Stage 6. It remained near this level in Stage 7 and the downstream migrant.
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