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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (5,981)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)  (4,365)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (10,346)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1987  (10,346)
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  • 1995-1999
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  • 1985-1989  (10,346)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Redescription of the Life Cycle of Eimeria mitis Tyzzer, 1929 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ten-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated with oocysts of a characterized strain of Eimeria mitis, and tissues were fixed at 4, 8, or 24-h intervals after inoculation for histopathological examination. Tissue collections were initiated at the time of inoculation and extended up to 168 h postinoculation. The preferred site of development of E. mitis was found to be the ileum although more limited development of the parasite also took in the jejunum, cecal pouches, cloaca, and bursa of Fabricius. No distinctive and consistent intestinal lesions were macroscopically evident even in heavily parasitized chickens. The prepatent period was approximately 92 h postinoculation. The histopathological features of the E. mitis infections were characterized using conventional bright-field microscopy as well as both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. No extra-intestinal development of the parasite was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03139.x
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  • 102
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    Two New Species of Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Madagascar Gekkonids (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are described from the Madagascar giant day gecko, Phelsuma madagascariensis grandis, and the Golddust day gecko, P. laticauda. Both species of coccidia were found to infect the anterior one-half of the small intestine. Oocysts of Eimeria brygooi n. sp. are spherical or subspherical, 23.0 × 21.3 (18.8–25.2 × 16.4–23.2) μm; shape index (L/W) 1.1 (1.0–1.2). A micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Sporocysts are ovoid, 9.2 × 7.9 (8.0–10.0 × 7.2–8.8) μm; shape index 1.2 (1.0–1.3), with a Goussia-type suture; Stieda and substieda bodies are absent. A sporocyst residuum is present, 4.2 × 3.0 (3.2–6.4 × 2.4–4.0) μm. Sporozoites are elongate, with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. This coccidian was found to infect five of six (83%) P. m. grandis and one of five (20%) P. laticauda examined. Oocysts of Isospora gekkonis n. sp. are spherical or subspherical, 24.2 × 22.0 (21.6–26.4 × 20.0–23.6) μm; shape index 1.1 (1.0–1.2). A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; polar granule present. Sporocysts are ovoid, 12.2 × 9.4 (11.2–12.8 × 8.4–10.0) μm, with Stieda and substieda bodies; shape index 1.3 (1.2–1.4). A sporocyst residuum is present, cither compact, 5.1 × 4.2 (4.0–7.2 × 3.2–5.6) μm or diffuse. Sporozoites arc elongate, with anterior and posterior refractile bodies. Isospora gekkonis was found in two of six (33%) P. m. grandis and one of five (20%) P. laticauda. In addition, oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were found in the cloacas of two of six (33%) necropsied P. m. grandis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03213.x
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  • 103
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Ahmadjian, V. & Paracer, S. 1986. Symbiosis. An Introduction to Biological Associations. Stephen, L. E. 1986. Trypanosomiasis: A Veterinary Perspective. Smith, D. C. & Douglas, A. E. 1987. The Biology of Symbiosis. Gyles, D. L. & Thoen, C. O., eds. (with 22 contributors). 1986. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals. Fenchel, T. 1987. Ecology of Protozoa: The Biology of Free-living Phagotrophic Protists. Maeda, M. & Carey, P. G. 1986. An Illustrated Guide to Oligotrichine Ciliates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03217.x
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  • 104
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    New Observations on First-Generation Merogony of Eimeria tuskegeensis in Sigmodon hispidus (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: First-generation development of Eimeria tuskegeensis was evaluated using light microscopy. Sporozoite-shaped meronts containing a prominent refractile body were observed in small intestinal cells of an experimentally infected cotton rat at 24 h post inoculation (PI). Mature spherical or subspherical meronts containing crescent-shaped merozoites were observed at 36 h PI. Refractile bodies were observed in some of these merozoites. Sporozoite-shaped meronts that were isolated from host intestinal cells and inoculated onto human fetal lung cell cultures penetrated the cultured cells by 2 h PI. A mature, subspherical, first-generation meront containing seven merozoites was observed at 9 h PI in cell culture, indicating that sporozoite-shaped meronts isolated from the host retained their infectivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03170.x
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  • 105
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    The Number of Species of Rodent Coccidia and of Other Protozoa (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: About 447 species of coccidia have been named from the 1687 living, known species of rodents; 207 host species, 92 host genera, and 15 host families are represented; this is about 12% of the known species of rodents. About 4600 species of apicomplexan protozoa have been named. Assuming that the same proportion of the total number of apicomplexan species has been named as of the coccidian species, there must actually be about 38,333 species of apicomplexan protozoa. There are 5.4 times as many protozoan genera as of apicomplexan genera. Assuming that the number of species in each genus is the same for all the protozoa as it is for the Apicomplexa there may actually be 206,998 species of protozoa. This may be too conservative an estimate. Based on other criteria, an estimate of over 20 million species could be made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03191.x
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  • 106
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    Identification of a Developmentally Regulated Calcium-Binding Protein in Trypanosoma brucei (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Calcium ions mediate cellular activity by binding to specific cellular proteins. The following study systematically examines the cellular complement of calcium-binding proteins in different cell fractions and life cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei. Using a 45Ca-gel overlay procedure, eight calcium-binding proteins were consistently observed. The majority of proteins were cytosolic (84, 70, 64, 22, and 15 kd) while the remainder (55, 46, and 29 kd) were particulate. Although calmodulin was detected amongst the calcium-binding proteins, it did not represent the majority of calcium-binding activity. Of special interest was the 46 kd calcium-binding protein which was associated with 3-fold more calcium in cultured procyclic forms than in slender bloodstream forms. By contrast, promastigote forms of Leishmania mexicana did not contain the 46 kd calcium-binding protein. These data suggest that responsiveness to calcium signals may vary during the trypanosome life cycle as a result of changes in the cellular complement of calcium-binding proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03193.x
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  • 107
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    The Effect of Puromycin and Cycloheximide on the Infection of Algae-Free Paramecium bursaria by Symbiotic Chlorellae (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: It has been suggested that the infection of algae-free Paramecium bursaria by symbiotic algae involves an induction in the ciliate. Such a process suggests a need for the synthesis of specific proteins. Therefore, an attempt was made to determine the role of protein synthesis during the initial phases of host-symbiont interaction by examining the capacity of the ciliate to form a stable association with algae when the ciliate is exposed to puromycin (PURO) or cycloheximide (CYC) during the first 1–3 h of algal insestion. Cycloheximide (100 μg/ml) blocked algal but not ciliate growth and protein synthesis while PURO (250 μg/ml) appeared to inhibit these processes in both Puromycin significantly inhibited the infection when presented to the ciliate during the first hour of algal exposure and had little effect when added after that period. Inhibition of ciliate, as compared to the alga, protein synthesis appears to be significant in relationship to those processes leading to infection, as CYC when presented during the first hour of algae-ciliate exposure has no inhibitory effects. Experiments on algal sugar secretion and ciliate ingestion of algae indicated that neither process was significantly affected by these inhibitors. These results point to a need for host protein synthesis during the initial phase of ingestion of algae which appears to be important to establishment of the symbiotic association.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03196.x
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  • 108
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    Seasonal Abundance of Acanthamoeba rhysodes (Singh, 1952) (Protozoa: Gymnamoebia) in a Mangrove Litter-Soil Ecosystem of Gangetic-Estuary, India, (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Acanthamoeba rhysodes has been found to be a predominant intertidal benthic gymnamoeba in the mangrove ecosystem of Sundarbans of lower deltaic Bengal, facing the Bay. The sampling zones under study were the highest high tide regions, with characteristic mangrove litter-soil, inundated twice per month during the highest ebb of spring tide. Population abundance of this species, both in its trophic and cystic forms in the three distinct seasonal periods of pre-monsoon (March to June), monsoon (July to October), and post-monsoon (November to February) has been surveyed for over two years. These seasonal periods affect the physico-chemical parameters of the habitat substrata, including temperature, pH, and salinity. It has been found that the overall number of organisms per gram of soil attains peak value during the monsoon period. This value comes down in post-monsoon samples and is the least in pre-monsoon ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03200.x
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  • 109
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    The Glyceryl Ethers of Paramecium Phospholipids and Phosphonolipids (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two glyceryl ethers, 1-O-hexadecyl glycerol and 1-O-cis-octadec-11-enyl glycerol, chimyl and paramecyl alcohol respectively, were quantified in total phospholipids and five glycerophospholipid classes from cells and cilia of the ciliated protozoon Parammecium tetraurelia. The ether content of 2-aminoethyl phosphonoglycerolipid was 85–90 mole %. Concentrations of ethers were greatest in the ethanolamine phosphonolipids 〉 phosphatidylcholines 〉 phosphatidylserines 〉 phosphatidylethanolamines 〉 phosphatidylinositols. The glyceryl ether concentrations in total cellular phospholipids increased with culture age in P. tetraurelia and P. multimteronucleatum cells. The glyceryl ether concentrations in the phospholipids of P. tetraurelia cilia remained constant from mid log to stationary phase of culture growth. Paramecium tetraurelia phospholipid glyceryl ether concentrations were made greater by supplementation of cultures with chimyl alcohol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03190.x
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  • 110
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    Corrections in the Names of Rodent Coccidia (Apicomplexa, Coccidiasina) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The following new taxonomic combinations are introduced for coccidia whose names were previously given erroneously Dorisa bengalensis (Bandyopadhyay & Ray, 1982) n. comb, from the Indian palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti in India; Eimeria sicistae from the intestine of the birch mouse Sicista tianschanica in the USSR; E. hydrochaeri Carini. 1937 emend, from the capybara Hydrochaerus hydrochaerus in South America; Frenkelia sp. (Doby, Jeannes & Rault, 1965) from the brain of the water vole Arvicola sapidus in Europe; Frenkelia sp. (Karstad, 1963) from the brain of the muskrat Ondatra zibethica in North America; Frenkelia sp (Enemar, 1965) from the brain of the lemming Lemmus lemmus in Europe; Frenkelia sp. (Šebek, 1975) from the brain of the field mouse Apodemus flavicollis in Europe; and Sarcocystis sp. (Ryan, Wyand & Nielsen, 1982) from the skeletal muscles of the muskrat Ondatra zibethica in North America.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03194.x
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  • 111
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    Cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cytoskeleton of Toxoplasma gondii was studied by electron microscopy using 1) whole mounts of detergent-extracted parasites and 2) thin sections of routine preparations, tannic acid-stained organisms, and detergent-extracted parasites. In whole mounts, the spiral arrangement of the 22 pellicular microtubules closely corresponded to the pattern of surface ridges seen previously by scanning electron microscopy and reflected the torsion of the parasite body during locomotion. The microtubules had free posterior ends and were anchored anteriorly in the polar ring, presumed to be a microtubule organizing center (MTOC). The insertions of the microtubules were supported by blunt projections of the polar ring, forming a cogwheel pattern in transverse view. The internal microtubules had 13 protofilaments and were twice the length of the conoid. They extended through the conoid and ended at the anterior preconoidal ring, presumably a second MTOC. The subunits of the conoid were arranged in a counterclockwise spiral when traced from base to tip, as were the pellicular microtubules. We postulate that as the conoid moves, the polar ring complex moves along the spiral pathway of the conoid subunits. Retraction of the conoid would then rotate the polar ring, producing the torsion of the body we observed by SEM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03162.x
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  • 112
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    New Eimeriid Coccidia from the Canarian Lizard, Gallotia galloti Oudart, 1839 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: One species of Eimeria and one species of Isospora have been discovered in several specimens of the Canarian lizard, Gallotia galloti, collected on Tenerife, Canary Islands, and are described herein as new. The oocysts of Eimeria gallotiae n. sp. are elongate-ellipsoidal and measure 30.6 (29.1–32.6) by 16.0 (14.0–17.9) μm. Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Oocysts each contain four ellipsoidal sporocysts measuring 14.6 (12.2–17.3) by 9.2 (8.2–11.2) μm. Sporocysts have sporocyst residuum but not a Stieda body. The majority of oocysts are fully sporulated when shed. Few oocysts are excreted unsporulated or in the beginning phase of sporulation. The oocysts of Isopora gallotiae n. sp. are spherical and 16.5 (15.3–17.6) μm in diameter. Micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Each oocyst has two lemon-shaped sporocysts, 11.5 (10.2–12.2) by 7.3 (6.6–8.2) μm, which take up almost the entire space of the oocyst. A sporocyst residuum is present as well as a knob-like Stieda body and a substieda body. Most oocysts are in the beginning phase of sporulation when excreted and have two spherical sporoblasts. Sporulation is completed within 24 to 28 h at 21 ± 2°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03164.x
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  • 113
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Canning, E. U. & Lom, J. 1986. The Microsporidia of Vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03166.x
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  • 114
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    Constitutive and Induced Excretion of Polypeptides in Tetrahymena thermophila (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Polypeptides normally excreted to growth or starvation media were revealed using O'Farrell gel-electrophoresis and silver-staining. The major polypeptides detected in conditioned media were either constitutive, growth specific, starvation specific, or high-Tris specific. The majority of the excreted polypeptides could be released from the cells by a hypo-osomotic shock, possibly resulting in membrane leakage, but also mucocyst and/or plasma membrane-associated polypeptides were detected in the conditioned media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03131.x
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  • 115
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    The Ultrastructure of Vampyrellidium perforans Surek & Melkonian and Its Taxonomic Position Among the Naked Filose Amoebae1 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An account of the fine structure of Vampyrellidium perforans is given. The organism has filose pseudopodia, mitochondria with flattened cristae, and cytoplasmic microtubules, some of which arise from a perinuclear cytoplasmic sheath. Microtubules were observed within nuclei presumed to be at an early stage of division. Relatively massive (non-filose) pseudopodia are formed by cells feeding by engulfment. The cytoplasm of these pseudopodia has a fibrillar consistency with local aggregations of material. Despite sharing aspects of feeding behavior with vampyrellid filose amoebae, Vampyrellidium perforans is ultrastructurally more similar to Nuclearia, and it is here assigned to nucleariid filose amoebae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03133.x
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  • 116
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    The Fine Structure of the Paralabial Organelle in the Rumen Ciliate Ophryoscolex purkinjei Stein, 1858 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The paralabial organelle of the rumen ciliate Ophryoscolex purkinjei, located on the ventral side of the ciliophor, is a highly specialized part of the somatic cortex. It consists of alternating rows of short modified cilia and thin pellicular folds which form a ridge-like structure. The central “top kinety” is composed of monokinetids which bear cilia with 9 + 2 axonemes and 2 μm in length. The top kinety is accompanied by a comb-shaped fold on its distal side and by a broad wedge-shaped fold on its proximal side. To both sides there follow two or three lateral kineties made of dikinetids. The anterior kinetosome of each pair bears a clavate cilium, only 0.5–0.7 μm in length and with a 9 + 0 axoneme while the cilium of the posterior kinetosome is even shorter. Lateral folds with numerous microtubules cover these lateral kineties and rows of barren basal bodies. The fine structure of this supposed sensory organelle show a basic pattern in four other ophryoscolecids, and its increasing complexity parallels the suggested phylogenetic line of evolution of these ciliates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03141.x
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  • 117
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    Transmission of Megatrypanum Trypanosomes to Cervus dama by Tabanidae (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Four fallow deer, Cervus dama, became infected with Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) sp. by oral application of triturated guts from tabanids collected in an area with deer but without any cattle; four control calves remained negative. Upon challenge with triturated guts from tabanids from an area with pastured cattle, the four calves became infected with Trypanosoma (M.) theileri. The prepatent period in deer was five days or less. Haematopota spp. and Tabanus spp. were identified as vectors of the deer trypanosomes. It is concluded that the trypanosomes of C. dama belong to a Megatrypanum species that is not identical with T. theileri.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03143.x
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  • 118
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Bourkovski, I. V. 1984. Ecology of Free-Living Ciliated Protozoa. Dragesco, J. & Dragesco-Kerneis, A. 1986. Ciliés Libres de l'Afrique Intertropicale: Introduction a l'Connaissance et à l'Etude des Ciliés. Trager, William, 1986. Living Together: The Biology of Animal Parasitism Euzéby, Jacques. 1986. Protozoologie Médicale Comparée. Les Protozooses des Animaux et leurs Relations avec les Protozooses de l'Homme. Vol. 1: Generalités—Sarcomastigophores (Flagellés, Rhizopodes)—Cities. Pratt, W. B. & Fekety, R. 1986. The Antimicrobial Drugs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03144.x
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  • 119
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    A Monoclonal Antibody Against a Symbiont-Synthesized Protein in the Cytosol of Symbiont-Dependent Amoebae (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A monoclonal antibody was obtained against a 29-kD polypeptide in the cytosol of a symbiont-bearing strain (xD) of Amoeba proteus and was used to determine the distribution of the antigen in amoebae. The 29-kD polypeptides (xD protein) are produced by bacterial endosymbionts that are necessary for the survival of host xD amoebae. Results of indirect immunofluorescent and electron-microscopic immunogold-labeling studies showed that the xD protein was present diffusely in the amoeba cytoplasm as well as in the symbiotic bacteria. The native protein containing 29-kD polypeptides was purified using an immunoaffinity column prepared with the monoclonal antibody and its molecular weight was determined to be 87,000.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03198.x
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  • 120
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    Symposium on Ciliate Molecular Genetics: Introductory Remarks (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03203.x
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    Self-splicing RNA and an RNA Enzyme in Tetruhymena1 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03204.x
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    Molecular Biology of the Genes for Immobilization Antigens in Paramecium (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several genes for surface antigens of the Paramecium aurelia complex of species have been isolated. In addition lo known deletions of the 51A gene, we have obtained deletions involving the 51B gene and have developed a procedure for obtaining deletions of additional genes. Both Mendelian and non-Mendelian deletions of both the A and B genes have been found. In the non-Mendelian deletions the genes are present in the micronuclei and absent in the macronuclei. Processing of micronuclear DNA into new macronuclear DNA at conjugation and autogamy is under the control of the old macronucleus, and newly forming macronuclei become exactly like the old. Thus in the non-Mendelian mutants, macronuclei have a specific antigen gene deleted and also are impaired in their ability to direct normal DNA processing at the next conjugation or autogamy. These cases, along with others, show that this system of macronuclear control is a fundamental feature of ciliate genetics. The sequence of the 51A and 51C genes is described and compared with the 156G and 51H genes obtained by others. The 51A and 156G genes are remarkably similar while 51Cand 51H are rather different. No introns or pseudogenes have been observed. Some, possibly all, of the genes are on the ends of chromosomes. Characteristic upstream and downstream sequences adjacent to the coding portions of the genes are given. The sequences UAA and UAG are preferred over CAA and CAG for glutamine while UGA is the true stop codon.
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    Enzymes of Ornithine-Arginine Metabolism in Trypanosomatids of the Genus Phytomonas (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Trypanosomatids recently isolated from the plants Euphorbia pinea, E. characias, E. hyssopifolia, Manihoi esculenta (cassava) and Lycopersicon sp. (tomato) plus the McGhee-Postell isolate of Phytomonas davidi have been examined for the presence of enzymes of ornithine-arginine metabolism. Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1) was not detected in the flagellates examined whereas arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6) and citrullinehydrolase (EC 3.5.1.20) were present in all organisms. Phytomonas davidi and the isolate from E. hyssopifolia, besides these enzymes, also had ornithine carbamoyltransferase (EC 2.1.3.3). The enzymic constitution of these flagellates is compared from a taxonomic standpoint to that of previously studied trypanosomatids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03209.x
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    Electrophoretic Analysis of Isoenzymes in the Identification of Trypanosomatids of the Genus Phytomonas (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Five strains of trypanosomatids of the genus Phytomonas, isolated from different species of Euphorbia {Euphorbia heterophylla, E. characias, E. pinea, E. hyssopifolia) and from Manihot escutenta, were cultured and compared through the electrophoretic mobility of isoenzymes of six enzymes: aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9), and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.40). The strains could be distinguished from one another by their respective isoenzyme profiles.
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    Eimeria tahamensis N. Sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Arabian Quail (Coturnix delegorguei arabica) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eimeria tahamensis n. sp. is described from the harlequin quail (Coturnix delegorguei arabica) from Tahama, Saudi Arabia. The sporulated oocysts of E. tahamensis n. sp. are ellipsoid, 36.5–42 × 25.5–29 (41.2 ± 1.34 × 28.4 ± 0.81) μm, with a thick two-layered wall and one polar granule but without a micropyle or an oocyst residuum. The sporocysts are ovoid, 14–16 × 9–11.5 (15.3 ± 0.7 × 10.8 ± 0.64) μm, with a knob-like Stieda body and sporocyst residuum, but without a substiedal body. The sporozoites are often located transversely at the two ends of the sporocysts. The host bird belongs to the order Galliformes.
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    Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis in the Bloodstream Form of Trypanosoma brucei (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The uptake of various host plasma proteins by the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei was studied both biochemically, using radiolabeled proteins, and with the electron microscope, using colloidal gold particles as molecular tracers onto which plasma proteins had been adsorbed. Total plasma proteins and serum albumin were taken up by a mechanism of fluid endocytosis with low clearance (0.1 μ1 [mg cell protein]-1 h-1), while low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and transferrin were taken up by a receptor-mediated process with a clearance of two to three orders of magnitude higher than that of serum albumin. Binding prior to uptake of LDL and transferrin was saturable, depended on the presence of Ca2+, and the labeled ligand could be displaced by the homologous but not by heterologous protein. Binding of gold-labeled proteins was seen only to the membrane of the flagellar pocket and not elsewhere on the plasma membrane. After 1 h of incubation at 30°C with gold-labeled LDL and transferrin, labeled cellular structures represented respectively half and one-third of the total volume of all single-membrane bounded endocytotic and electron-dense vacuoles within the cell.
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    A Fast Electrophoretic Isoenzyme Technique for the Identification of Invasive and Non-Invasive Entamoeba histolytica and “E. hitolytica-like” Organisms (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE) was used to separate glucosephosphate isomerase, hexokinase, malic enzyme, and phosphoglucomutase extracted from invasive and non-invasive Entamoeba histolytica and “E. histolytica-like” organisms. Each of these morphologically similar organisms possessed a unique CAE isoenzyme profile that can be used as an aid in their identification. The CAE technique used to obtain these isoenzyme profiles is rapid, simple, and economical, and it requires neither specialized training nor claborate equipment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Leptomonas ciliatorum n. sp. (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in the Macronucleus of a Hypotrichous Ciliate (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A leptomonad flagellate found in the macronucleus of the hypotrichous ciliate Paraholosticha sterkii carries out its whole life cycle there. The ciliates can divide, encyst, and excyst even when parasitized, and the flagellates are maintained throughout. Parasite-free ciliates may be rapidly infected. The light- and electron-microscopic structure of the flagellate resembles that of other leptomonads.
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    Ultrastructure of the Erythrocytic Stages of Plasmodium malariae (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This report describes the fine structure of the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium malariae. Erythrocytic parasites from a naturally acquired human infection and an experimentally infected chimpanzee were morphologically indistinguishable and structurally similar to other primate malarias. New findings included observations of highly structured arrays of merozoite surface coat proteins in the cytoplasm of early schizonts and on the surface of budding merozoites and the presence of knobs in the membranes of Maurer's clefts. Morphological evidence is presented suggesting that proteins are transported between the erythrocyte surface and intracellular parasites via two routes: one associated with Maurer's clefts for transport of membrane-associated knob material and a second associated with caveolae in the host cell membrane for the import or export of host- or parasite-derived substances through the erythrocyte cytoplasm.
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    Polyamine Metabolism in Acanthamoeba: Polyamine Content and Synthesis of Ornithine, Putrescine, and Diaminopropane (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Five polyamines which could be separated by high performance liquid chromatography were found in Acanthamoeba castellanii (strain Neff). These included in order of decreasing abundance: 1,3-diaminopropane, spermidine, spermine, norspermidine, and putrescine. Only diaminopropane and norspermidine had been found previously. Spermine was present in cultures grown in broth, but not in defined medium. Radioactive substrates were used to establish that putrescine was synthesized by decarboxylation of ornithine, ornithine was synthesized from arginine or citrulline, and diaminopropane was synthesized from spermidine. The presence of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17), arginase (EC 3.5.3.1), and urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and the absence of arginine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.19) were established. A scheme for polyamine biosynthesis in A. castellanii is proposed.
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    Effects of Extracellular Potassium on Acid Release and Motility Initiation in Toxoplasma gondii (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The internal pH (pHi) of Toxoplasma gondii was estimated by measuring the accumulation of the weak base 9-aminoacridine in buffers with various ionic compositions. The pHi of the metabolizing parasite increased when the extracellular K+ was elevated in alkaline medium or when the external pH (pHc) was substantially increased in medium employing high external K+ (90 mM). The parasite in mouse peritoneal fluid, or in potassium sulfate buffer (pH 8.2), where the pHi was demonstrated to be increased to 7.9, became motile when acidic buffer was substituted for the original suspension medium. This acid-induced independent movement subsided within 5 min but was repeatedly induced if the pHc was serially lowered to 6.0. Basic buffers, on the other hand, abolished motility when applied to the moving parasites. Nigericin, which is known to collapse pH gradients across the membrane, also abolished motility.
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    Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora) Exit from Gill Epithelium (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The first change in the sequence of morphological events occurring as fully developed Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts spontaneously left gill epithelium or as younger trophonts departed, following experimentally induced death of the fish, was the separation of parasites from overlying host cells. Discharge of contractile vacuoles may have played a role in this process. Spaces then appeared between host cells, and individual epithelial cells became vacuolated. Finally, the epithelium ruptured and the parasites swam free. In induced exit after three days residence in the host, departure of the trophont was evident only after autolysis of epithelium had occurred. Induced departure of trophonts after four days residence was more rapid, suggesting an active role for the parasite in exit. Changes in parasite and epithelium observed in induced exit were similar to those in spontaneous departure after five days residence.
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    Two Armored Dinoflagellates from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: A New Species of Protoperidinium and a First Record and Redescription for Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper describes a new armored dinoflagellate, Protoperidinium dolichoporum, and updates the description of Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid, 1911, both from the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. The distinguishing characteristics of P. dolichoporum are the following: the globular-pentagonal shape, a pore plate extending onto the dorsal surface, a second anterior intercalary five-sided plate in contact with the fourth and fifth precingular plates, and an unusual body sculpture of irregular rounded papillae with 1–3 pores on the top of each. Although in general similar, this new species differs in a significant number of details from other members of the Avellana group. The original thecal formula of G. alaskensis given by Kofoid in 1911 is revised with respect to the epithecal plate pattern and the sulcal region is now described in detail. This is the first record of G. alaskensis in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
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    Antigenic Relationship Between Plasmodium falciparum and Babesia bovis: Reactivity with Antibodies to Culture-Derived Soluble Exoantigens (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Antigenic similarities between Plasmodium and Babesia parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa have been previously demonstrated primarily by the serological cross reactivity observed in the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test. We have now studied the antigenic relationship between the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and the hemoparasitic agent of cattle, Babesia bovis, using rabbit monospecific antibodies produced against individual culture-derived P. falciparum polypeptides and bovine polyspecific antibodies to B. bovis exoantigens. These respective antibodies were found to be distinctly cross reactive in the IFA test using infected erythrocytes (squirrel monkey—P. falciparum; bovine—B. bovis) as antigen substrates. Immunofluorescence was shown to be highly specific for parasite surfaces. Additionally, the degree of reactivity with soluble exoantigens contained in Plasmodium and Babesia culture supernatants was monitored by a two-site enzyme immunoassay employing the cross-reactive antibodies. Further evidence for antigenic cross reactivity between P. falciparum and B. bovis parasites was shown with the in vitro inhibition assay. Antibodies to P. falciparum and B. bovis were found to be highly inhibitory for the in vitro growth of P. falciparum in human erythrocytes.
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    Effects of Iron-, Manganese-, or Magnesium-Deficiency on the Growth and Morphology of Euglena gracilis (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Iron-, manganese-, or magnesium-deficiency has been induced in Euglena gracilis. Each arrests cell proliferation, decreases the intracellular content of the deficient metal, and increases that of several other metals. Light and electron microscopy of stationary phase cells reveal that Fe-deficient (-Fe) cells are similar in size and shape to control organisms. Magnesium-deficient (-Mg) cells, however, are larger, and approximately 14% are multilobed, containing 2 to 12 lobes of equal size emanating from a central region. Individual (-Mg) cells and each lobe of multilobed cells contain a single nucleus. Manganese-deficient (-Mn) organisms are morphologically more heterogeneous than (-Fe) or (-Mg) cells. Most are spherical and larger than controls. Approximately 15% are multilobed but, unlike (-Mg) cells, contain lobes of unequal size with either zero, one, or several nuclei present in each. Nuclei of (-Mn) cells differ in size and shape from those of control, (-Fe), or (-Mg) cells. All three deficient cell types accumulate large quantities of paramylon. Other cytoplasmic structures, however, appear normal. Addition of Fe, Mn, or Mg to the respective deficient stationary phase cultures reverses growth arrest and restores normal morphology. The results suggest that Fe-, Mn-, and Mg-deficiencies affect different stages of the E. gracilis cell cycle.
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    Structural Aspects of Digestion of Escherichia coli in Tetrahymena (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tetrahymena pyriformis ingested Escherichia coli for 15–20 min and the fine structure of food vacuoles was analyzed 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after uptake began. From this analysis, eight vacuolar stages could be defined, and three to four stages were found in each sample. Stage 1 represents forming and newly detached vacuoles with a random distribution of bacteria. Stage 2 is the “dehydration” vacuole in which the bacteria are compacted and a few may lyse. Stage 3, corresponding to the acid phosphatase-positive stage, has an electron-dense vacuolar matrix revealing components of lysed bacteria and the translucent coat of intact bacteria. Stage 4 is the “halo” stage where centrally located, intact bacteria are surrounded by lysed material being removed by pinocytic activity of the vacuolar membrane. Stage 5 represents lysis of bacteria remaining intact until this stage; the stage is apparently followed by a second stage 4. Stage 6 contains few bacterial profiles in a smeared homogeneous mass. Stage 7 contains numerous vesicular membranous structures which apparently become transferred to the cytoplasm as such. Stage 8 represents defecation vacuoles derived from fusion of smaller vacuoles. The main findings are as follows: I) Bacterial lysis may occur during acidification of the vacuole prior to fusion with lysosomes. II) Digestion of bacteria apparently occurs in “bursts” as indicated by the extended time that vacuoles in stages 4 and 5 are present. III) Bacterial membranous structures seem to be transferred directly to the cytoplasm of Tetrahymena. IV) Mass defecation occurs 2 h after uptake begins.
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    Ultrastructural Study and Description of Ovavesicula popilliae N. G., N. Sp. (Microsporida: Pleistophoridae) from the Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new genus and species of microsporidia, Ovavesicula popilliae n. g., n. sp., is described from the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, on the basis of studies by light and electron microscopy. Parasite development primarily occurs within the Malpighian tubules of larvae, and spores are formed in a sporophorous vesicle. Meronts have diplokaryotic nuclei, develop in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm, and divide by binary fission. Sporonts have unpaired nuclei, develop within a thick sporophorous vesicle, and undergo synchronous nuclear divisions producing plasmodia with 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 nuclei. Cytokinesis of sporogonial plasmodia does not occur until karyokinesis is complete with 32 nuclei. Intact sporophorous vesicles are ovoid, containing numerous secretory products, and are surrounded by a persistent two-layered wall. The uninucleate spores are regularly formed in groups of 32, and the polar tube in each has six coils.
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    Studies on the Development of Metacyclic Trypanosoma brucei sspp. Cultivated at 27°C with Insect Cell Lines (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: When transformed procyclic trypanosomes of three stocks of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and one stock of T. b. rhodesiense were grown at 27°C in 25-cm2 flasks containing Anopheles gambiae cells, some of them developed into forms infective for mice. Infectivity titrations on trypanosome suspensions revealed that up to 2.8 × 105 metacyclic forms per ml could be produced, and the cultures remained infective for varying periods of up to 72 days when they were terminated. Of the various culture media tested, a mixture of three volumes of trypanosome medium and one volume of Anopheles medium was the most successful. Control cultures of trypanosomes grown in medium without cells were generally not infective, but two of the stocks gave rise to a few sporadic infections. Trypanosome populations could be subpassaged in the Anopheles cell cultures without loss of infectivity. Metacyclic forms separated from infective cultures by DEAE-cellulose columns had a surface coat.
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    Five New Species of Lagenophrys (Ciliophora, Peritricha, Lagenophryidae) from the United States with Observations on Their Developmental Stages (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Five species of the loricate genus Lagenophrys were found on freshwater hosts and are described for the first time. Lagenophrys dennisi n. sp., L. incompta n. sp., and L. oregonensis n. sp. are ectosymbionts of astacid crayfish. Lagenophrys foxi n. sp and L. missouriensis n. sp. are ectosymbionts of gammarid amphipods. All five species appear to occur only m North America. Protargol preparations of the five species reveal that the peristomial myoneme is much broader and more extensive in telotrochs and metamorphosing individuals than in adults. Darkly staining bands appearing to be somatic myonemes were also seen underneath the surface of the body and in the center of the body of telotrochs and metamorphosing individuals. The telotroch of Lagenophrys is so different from the adult that it constitutes a true larval form rather than a simple dispersal stage. Structural parallels between the telotroch of Lagenophrys and mobiline peritrichs suggest the hypothesis that mobilines evolved from the telotroch of a sessiline pentrich which had first evolved into a true larval form.
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    Purification of African Trypanosomes Can Cause Biochemical Changes in the Parasites (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bloodstream forms of African trypanosomes are routinely purified from blood components by a combination of centrifugation and chromatography on DEAE cellulose at pH 8.0, Here we report that the nonphysiological conditions used for DEAE chromatography of the parasites result in changes in the ATP levels of the trypanosomes and an enhanced release from the parasites of proteins such as variable surface glycoprotein, peptidase, and phospholipase. Some of these changes can be reduced by the addition of nucleosides to the elution buffer and, after the elution of the parasites, by immediate readjustment of the external pH to the normal physiological level of blood (pH 7.4).
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    Micronuclear Organization of Macronuclear Genes in the Hypotrichous Ciliate Oxytricha nova (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During it life cycle, the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha nova transforms a copy of its chromosomal micronucleus into a transcriptionally active macronucleus that contains linear, gene-sized DNA molecules. The process of macronuclear development involves chromosome fragmentation as well as elimination of large amounts of the micronuclear genome. To obtain a better understanding of the molecular details of this process, the micronuclear organization of a number of cloned macronuclear DNA molecules has been examined. These studies indicate two additional types of DNA rearrangement occur during, development. Specific sequences are added to the ends of macronuclear DNA molecules during development while other short blocks of sequences are removed from the bodies of macronuclear DNA molecules by a nucleic acid breakage and joining process. These studies also indicate that the precursors of macronuclear DNA molecules are clustered in the micronuclear chromosomes and imply the existence of large stretches of developmentally eliminated DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03206.x
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    Multiple Sequence Versions of the Oxytricha fallax 81-MAC Alternate Processing Family (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The 81-MAC family consists of three sizes of macronuclear chromosomes in Oxytricha fallax. Clones of these and of micronuclcar homologs have been classified according to DNA sequence into three highly homologous (95.9–97.9%), but distinct versions. Version A is represented by a micronuclear clone and by clones of two different-sized macronuclear chromosomes, showing that alternate processing of micronuclear DNA is responsible for the variety of sizes of macronuclcar chromosomes. Three Internal Eliminated Sequences (IES's) are demonstrated in Version A micronuclcar DNA. Two have been sequenced and show short, flanking direct repeats but no inverted terminal repeats. Version C micronuclear DNA has interruptions in the macronuclear homology which correspond closely to the Version A IES's. Whether they are true IES's is unknown because no Version C macronuclear DNA has been demonstrated. Version C micronuclear DNA may be “macronuclear-homologous” but “micronucleus-limited” and not “macronucleusdestined.” Version B is represented by macronuclear DNA clones, but no micronuclear clones. Vegetative micronuclear aneuploidy is suggested. The possible role of micronuclear defects in somatic karyonidai senescence is discussed in light of the precise macronuclear chromosome copy controls demonstrated within the 81-MAC family. These controls apparently operate throughout karyonidai life to mairitain 1) a constant absolute amount of 81-MAC sequences in the macronuclcus and 2) a constant sioichiometry within the family, both according to version and chromosome size.
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    Parauronema acutum and Its Xenosomes: A Model System (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03212.x
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    Inhibition of Multiplication in Acanthamoeba castellanii by Specific Inhibitors of Ornithine Decarboxylase (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Proliferation of Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff strain) in either a broth medium or a defined medium was arrested by α-monofluoromethyldehydroornithine (Δ-MFMOme), α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), and (R, R')-δ-methyl-α-acetylenic putrescine (MAP), three specific inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase. Although all three inhibited the ameba enzyme, Δ-MFMOme was the most effective inhibitor of multiplication. Growth inhibition was reversed by the addition of polyamines. The inhibitors did not induce differentiation by themselves although DFMO caused encystment when supplemented with CaC12 or MgSO4.
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    Factors Affecting Motility and Morphology of Cryptosporidium Sporozoites In Vitro (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In vitro motility and morphology of Cryptosporidium sporozoites were examined in the presence of various solutions. Crude preparations of the bile salt, taurocholic acid, maintained both motility and morphology in a dose-dependent manner. These effects appeared to be due to the taurocholic acid itself, and not simply due to pH variations, osmotic factors, or contaminants. Lysis of sporozoites was also observed and was found to be dependent on pH, with acidic conditions (pH 〈 6.2) triggering the lysis.
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    Fine Structure of a Silica-Biomineralizing Testate Amoeba, Netzelia tuberculata (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The fine structure of the cytoplasm and the intracytoplasmic origin of siliceous granules and surrounding cement plaques used in constructing the shell wall of Netzelia tuberculata are described. These organisms construct their test from biogenic siliceous particles and sand grains or other foreign particles (including starch grains apparently from algal prey) coated with biogenic silica. The smooth surface texture of the grains, compared to those of other particle-gathering testate amoebae, can be expalained by the deposition of a thin surface layer of silica on the foreign particles incorporated into the wall.
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    Life Cycle of Culicospora magna (Kudo, 1920) (Microsporida: Culicosporidae) in Culex restuans Theobald with Special Reference to Sexuality (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The life cycle of Culicospora magna (Kudo, 1920) Weiser, 1977, consists of two major developmental sequences that alternate in host individuals of successive generations, each of the sequences starting with a sporoplasm and ending with spores. The first sequence occurs in larval, pupal, and adult stages of a parental generation of the host mosquito, Culex restuans Theobald; it begins with a sporoplasm from an ingested uninucleate spore and progresses through stages in gametogony, plasmogamy, nuclear association, merogony, karyogamy, and disporous sporulation with production of binucleate spores that discharge sporoplasms into the oocytes. The second sequence occurs in egg and larval stages of a filial generation of the same host species; it begins with the binucleate sporoplasm that entered the egg, includes stages in merogony, nuclear dissociation, and mictosporous sporulation, and ends with uninucleate spores. These spores are released into the environment following death of the host and are capable of infecting new parental generation host individuals. The life cycle is conceived as an alternation of generations related to haploidy and diploidy in the nuclei, the transition from haploidy to diploidy occurring with nuclear association and the transition from diploidy to haploidy occurring with nuclear dissociation.
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    Trypanosoma humboldti n. sp. from the Chilean Catshark, Schroederichthys chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The morphology of Trypanosoma humboldti n. sp. is described from living and stained specimens obtained from the blood of a catshark, Schroederichthys chilensis. This represents the first report of a trypanosome in fish from the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is distinguished by its size and apparent lack of pleomorphism. The presence of a leech, Branchellion ravenellii, attached to the catshark, raises the possibility that it can act as a vector. Additionally, this leech is recorded for the first time from the Pacific Ocean.
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    Intestinal Ciliated Protozoa of African Rhinoceros: Two New Genera and Five New Species from the White Rhino (Ceratotherium simum Burchell, 1817)1 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This report represents the first published information on intestinal ciliated protozoa in the African white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum Burchell, 1817). Two new genera which do not relate to any known ciliated protozoa from the intestines of mammals and five new species are described. The ciliates were found in the colon of three of these free-living hindgut-fermenting grazers that were shot in widely spaced districts in southern Africa. Phalodinium digitalis n. gen., n. sp., Arachnodinium noveni n. gen., n. sp., Monoposthium vulgaris n. sp., M. bracchium n. sp., and M. latus n. sp. constituted between 1% and 10% of the total ciliate population (ca. 1 × 105/ml digesta) in the ascending colon. Exceedingly small numbers were observed in the descending colon, indicating temporary accommodation only.
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    Chemotaxis by Naegleria fowleri for Bacteria (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Naegleria fowleri amebae demonstrated a chemotactic and chemokinetic response toward live cells and extracts of Escherichia coli and other bacterial species when experiments were performed using a blind-well chemotaxis chamber. The peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine acted as a chemokinetic rather than a chemotactic factor for N. fowleri amebae. Competition experiments in which nerve cell extracts or bacteria were placed on either side of the filter in chemotaxis chambers resulted in increased movement towards bacteria. A scanning electron microscopy study of the interaction of N. fowleri with different bacterial species confirmed that when the amebae were near ingestible bacteria they moved toward the bacteria by pseudopod formation. Naegleria fowleri appeared to respond to bacteria by three interrelated but distinct processes: (a) chemokinesis, (b) chemotaxis, and (c) formation of food cups.
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    Growth of Paramecium tetraurelia in Bacterized, Monoxenic Cultures (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Wild type and mutant Paramecium tetraurelia were grown in monoxenic cultures by first growing Enterobacter aerogenes on a defined medium and then adding the Paramecium to the stationary phase bacterial culture. The bacterial growth was proportional to the concentration of the carbon source (citrate), and the Paramecium growth was dependent upon both the bacterial density and the starting density of Paramecium. The behavior, electrophysiological properties, ciliary lipid composition, and growth characteristics were similar to the commonly used bacterized medium (Cerophyl) except that 5–10 times greater Paramecium yields were reliably obtained.
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    A Multinucleated Marine Amoeba Which Digests Seaweeds (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Marine amoebae were isolated during a search for organisms which degrade cell walls of seaweed. One of the isolates, a multinucleated amoeba (referred to here as Amoeba-I-7 or Am-I-7) was isolated from live tissues of the brown seaweed Sargassum muticum. It digested a variety of brown and red seaweeds including their walls and cuticles. Axenic clone cultures were isolated from cells that migrated on agar. Cultures were grown on agar or in liquid media. Seaweeds, seaweed wall extracts, and unicellular algae were tested as food sources.
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    Observations on the Caudal Cilium of the Tomite of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876, (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 34 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Light microscopy of live or silver-impregnated specimens of the fish parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis show that the tomites are elongated and claviform with the anterior end broad. The cytostome, indicated by the presence of the organelle of Lieberkühn, is found in the lower part of the broadened anterior third of the tomite. The tapered posterior end bears a rigid, caudal cilium at its pole. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the caudal cilium and associated structures, including the depression from which the cilium protrudes, circumciliary ring, and raised struts on the ring. From these observations it is concluded that a previously reported “apical filament” found on the tomite is actually the posterior caudal cilium described by Canella & Rocchi-Canella in 1976.
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    Field drainage, soil water management and flood hazard (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The efficient management of clay soils depends on the rapid disposal of water following rainfall. Winter storm outfall hydrographs of under drained catchments ranging in size from 0.44 ha to 7.2 km2 are given, illustrating the drainage response of a Windsor Series soil. The response time of different sized catchments is discussed in relation to potential flood hazard arising from drainage improvements of agricultural land. Comparison is made with other soils to reveal broadly similar patterns of drainflow, with peak flow occurring typically between 1 and 4 hours after the mid-point of a storm. Despite large fluxes of water through the soil profile, the water content of the soil within the catchment of an individual tile lateral is shown to vary only by small amounts both during and after a single rainstorm and over a drainage season.
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    Soil salinization as an effect of grazing in a native grassland soil in the Flooding Pampa of Argentina (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The salt regimes in soil under grazed and ungrazed natural grassland were compared on a Natraquoll in the Flooding Pampa of Argentina. The salt concentration in the topsoil of the grazed land increased sharply and episodically after flooding, whereas in the ungrazed land it did not.When the area was flooded groundwater rose and increased the salt content of the deep horizons. Thereafter the topsoil became salinized during drought when the atmospheric water demand was large. The evaporation from the soil surface in the grazed area was faster than in the enclosed field, being probably the cause of the accumulation of salts in the topsoil.
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    Temporal and spatial patterns of nitrate losses from an agricultural catchment (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrate losses from a small catchment of mixed land use in south Devon, England, are described. The temporal pattern of leaching is dominated by major losses through the winter months when both streamflow and nitrate concentration are large. Storm runoff is generated mainly by subsurface stormflow, and nitrate losses are particularly important at such times. The spatial pattern of nitrate loss from the catchment is controlled both by land use and by topography.
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    FOREWORD (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00716.x
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    Nitrogen inputs and outputs in a small agricultural catchment in the eastern part of the United Kingdom (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nitrate concentrations measured in an ephemeral stream draining a 170 ha clay catchment in eastern England, with about 23% arable land, were greater than 11.3 mg N 1–1 on the resumption of flow each autumn but then declined. There was also a spring peak in two years out of seven, 1978–1984, which depend on the length of time soils was at field capacity in the preceding winter. Mean annual load measured in rain was 19 kg N ha-1 and loss of nitrate in the stream 34 kg N ha-1. A catchment nitrogen balance suggested that inputs, which averaged 130 kg N ha yr-1, were generally more than outputs, average 108 kg N ha yr-1', but gaseous losses were not taken into account.
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    Land evaluation of basaltic terrain under semi-arid to mediterranean conditions in the Golan Heights (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Soils derived from basalt bordering the northern Jordan Valley have developed under semi-arid to humid Mediterranean conditions and belong to two major soil orders: Vertisols in the drier south and Alfisols (Brown and Red Mediterranean soils) in the more humid north. Major limitations on land use of the vertisols are low hydraulic conductivity, slow infiltration and strong susceptibility to erosion by water. Crops growing on basalt-derived soil also suffer from phosphorus deficiency, though the soils contain much inorganic phosphorus. The natural vegetation is mainly herbaceous and grows well even under intensive and continuous grazing. The land is best used for pasture wherever limitations restrict other uses.
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    Measurement, interpretation and modelling of soil compaction (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The analysis of some experimental field results is used to illustrate the problem of measuring and evaluating compaction treatment effects below wheel ruts of different depths. A solution to the problem is described which traces vertical soil movement to allow comparisons between treatments to be made using soil elements which derive from the same depth in the undisturbed profile, irrespective of their depths in the compacted profile.A soil compaction model, which predicts the changes in dry bulk density resulting from the passage of wheels, is briefly described. Examples are given of its use in comparing the compaction caused by various types and arrangements of wheels and in assessing the contribution made by a particular input variable.
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    A critical state soil mechanics model for agricultural soils (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The paper presents the experimentally derived state boundary surfaces of critical state theory for a sand, a loam and a clay soil. Orderly changes to these surfaces with moisture content and two soil micro-structural states have been identified. These findings are used as the basis for the formulation of a fairly simple universal model of the geometry of critical state space for unsaturated soils. Examples are given of how this model can be used to explain known soil behaviour in many practical situations. The indications are that this model can provide the theoretical framework for a fundamental comprehension of the many complex processes involved in soil loosening and compaction. There is, as yet, no simple experimental technique for measuring the critical state boundaries of field soils and this is a major impedement to the development of the model as a practical soil management tool.
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    Soil failure and force prediction for soil engaging discs (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The soil forces acting upon agricultural discs arise from both a passive reaction on the concave face and scrubbing reaction on the convex face. The magnitude of these reactions is a function of both the disc geometry, primarily the radius of the sphere from which the disc is formed, and the angle of the disc to the direction of travel. These forces can be predicted within acceptable limits using soil mechanics theories based upon Mohr-Coulomb properties. From both the theoretical and practical results optimum disc setting can be selected to give low specific resistance values. The prediction model has been successfully used with stress analysis techniques to design new disc geometries and, with the advent of improved materials, to select appropriate disc thicknesses.
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    Crop and soil response to subsoil loosening, deep incorporation of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and subsequent soil management on a range of soil types.: Part 1: Response of arable crops (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Between 1978 and 1985 16 experiments tested crop response to subsoil loosening by either the Wye Double Digger or a winged subsoiler. Additionally, response to incorporation of 350 kg ha of P2O5and K2O into the subsoil was tested. Soil types were mainly well-drained light-and medium-textured soils in arable rotations. Subsoil loosening increased the yield of spring-sown crops on sandy soils in years of moderate to severe drought. Response was associated with deeper rooting and improved water extraction from the subsoil. No yield increases were recorded with autumn-sown crops which were largely grown on the medium and heavy textured soils. There was a trend towards yield reductions on deep silty soils in wetter years. At one site only did the response to phosphorus and potassium fertilizer incorporated into the subsoil exceed that of fertilizer applied to the topsoil.
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    GUIDANCE FOR AUTHORS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00708.x
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    Crop and soil response to subsoil loosening, deep incorporation of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and subsequent soil management on a range of soil types.: Part 2: Soil structural conditions (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In a series of experiments on 16 sites both a power-driven rotary-tine Wye Double Digger and a rigid tine winged subsoiler produced significant subsoil loosening and fissuring. The Double Digger consistently produced the greatest clod breakdown together with the least soil bulk densities and cone penetration resistances. Management strategies after loosening had an important influence on the longevity of the loosening effect. The rate of recompaction was least with controlled traffic and bed systems and increased with random traffic and with the growing of root crops. No significant differences in crop response were monitored between the two loosening treatments, yield response depending largely on the extent of moisture stress experienced by the crop. Loosening on silty soils reduced yields in wet seasons and this was associated with soil structural instability. Visual soil profile examination is necessary to support bulk density and cone penetration resistance measurements when assessing soil compaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00721.x
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    Variation of rainfall - the background to soil and water management in dryland regions (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Dryland regions are found in both tropical and middle latitudes. In the former, rainfall occurs mainly as a result of convection giving greater spatial variation than in the latter, where much rainfall is associated with frontal systems. The year-to-year variation in rainfall regimes is illustrated with examples from dryland regions in Kenya, Botswana and Syria. The importance of the fact that most rain occurs on few rain days is discussed. Although forecasting of rainfall is not possible, crop management can be improved by taking into account the current state of the rainy season. The need for an effective description of the rainfall regime is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00709.x
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    Soil water management in the rain-fed farming systems of the Mediterranean region (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. This paper summarizes the essential features of the Mediterranean climate and its associated soils and farming systems. Rain falls mainly during the winter so that crops must usually rely on stored soil moisture when they are growing most rapidly. Water use efficiency of dry matter production can be increased in three ways but chiefly by decreasing evaporation from the soil surface. Soil and crop management techniques used to increase water use efficiency are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00711.x
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    Problems of deducing the soil water balance in dryland regions from Meteosat data (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Meteosat is a geostationary satellite which observes the earth from the same point every half hour and views many of the drylands of Africa. Its data can be processed to provide information on the state of the surface of the earth, and its moisture condition in particular, by evaluating the thermal inertia from observations of the diurnal temperature cycle of the surface. This method is limited by the simple radiometry and low spatial resolution of Meteosat. The surface temperature amplitude cannot be known to better than 2°C, and the heat flow into the ground to 20%. As a result the actual values of thermal inertia can be known only to this accuracy.Interpretation of thermal inertia is ambiguous, and alternative interpretations of any given value are discussed, showing little information on conditions more than 10 cm below the surface, and limited discrimination over soil moisture contents even in the topmost layer. Despite these difficulties, thermal inertia values could be calculated routinely. This could give information on the detailed distribution of rain from convective storms for agricultural monitoring and for large-scale meteorological models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00710.x
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    Management of soil water for wheat production in Western Australia (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Spring wheats are sown in autumn and mature under conditions of spring water deficits in Western Australia. While grain yields are very small (averaging 1.05t ha-1), water-use efficiencies (WUE) of crops grown with good management compare favourably with the rest of Australia at 10 kg grain ha-1 mm-1. Major water loss, calculated at an average 40% of growing-season rainfall, occurs through evaporation from the soil surface, and in some years significant losses also occur through deep drainage on sandy soils. Evaporation losses can be reduced by stubble retention and adding gypsum to improve filtration on structurally unstable, fine-textured soils. More general increases in crop water use occur through all agronomic factors which result in rapid and uniform plant cover as early as possible after break of season. This includes adequate fertilization, weed control and narrow row-width. Wheat crops sown after pasture and grain legumes consistently outyield all-cereal rotations.
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    EDITORIAL (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00701.x
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    Soil water and crop production in Botswana (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. This paper draws on the results of a five-year project on the agronomy, crop physiology and soil physics of the cropping of sorghum and subsidiary crops at several sites in Botswana. The low and erratic yields usually obtained stem largely from the low and erratic rainfall, the harsh physical properties of the soils and the unfavourable interactions between these factors. Deep ploughing is essential to allow root penetration and water retrieval from depth in soils of high bulk density; sorghum plant densities must be kept moderately low, at the price of increased surface evaporation, to ensure that plants are big enough to optimize harvest index; and intercropping with cowpeas should be avoided, since it decreases sorghum yield stability with little appreciable compensation. One essential for a more stable, higher-yielding cropping system is the year-round management of the soil as a water storage medium. This will require the alternation of short periods of bare fallow with a sequence of crops with short and long growth cycles.
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    Tillage and water conservation: experience in the Pacific Northwest (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Tillage practices for water conservation in the Pacific Northwest, USA, wheat region emphasize the infiltration and retention of winter rain and snow and suppression of evaporation and transpiration by weeds. The wheat-fallow system dominates in the semi-arid areas and winter wheat-spring crop rotations are most common in the sub-humid areas. The main features of water conservation during the fallow season include chisel ploughing in the autumn to reduce winter runoff, and spring and summer tillage to kill weeds, minimize evaporation, and conserve seed-zone water. Water in the seed zone is conserved by establishing a soil mulch having properties that thermally insulate the seed zone while at the same time restricting upward liquid and water vapour flow. Water conservation in the more humid zones involves chisel ploughing in autumn, uphill ploughing, and stubble retention to reduce winter runoff. New practices include minimum tillage and no-till planting methods which maintain surface residues. However, heavy equipment associated with current trends in no-till is causing soil compaction which may decrease infiltration rates. Methods under experimentation to improve infiltration with conservation tillage systems include slot mulching, paraplowing, and the use of basin pitters.
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    Hard-setting soils (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Hard-setting soils are widespread in dry regions. Their properties are described and a physical explanation for hard-setting behaviour is given. The limitations on soil management and physical fertility caused by hard-setting depend on timing of rainfall or irrigation with respect to cultivations and crop development, and much research is needed to quantify reductions in crop yield imposed by these limitations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00715.x
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    Classification and assignment in soil science (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The paper presents an introduction to automated methods of classification and assignment, with particular reference to their use in the analysis of soil data. Material covered includes: types of variable describing a soil sample; measures of dissimilarity; clustering criteria and algorithms; representation of data as points in a low-dimensional space; assessment of classifications; incorporation into a classification of spatial relationships between soil samples; assignment of objects to the population with maximum posterior probability; assignment procedures for data described by variables of mixed type; kernel density estimation; assignment to spatially-located populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1987.tb00702.x
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    Geostatistics and its application to soil science (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Geostatistics is principally the application of regionalized variable theory. The methods it embodies are applicable throughout the earth sciences for investigating the spatial variation of, and for estimating continuous random variables. The semi-variogram is the central tool of geostatistics. It can quantify the scale and intensity of spatial variation and it provides the essential spatial information for local estimation by kriging and for optimizing sample intensity. It can also be used in an exploratory manner to try to discover underlying causes of the variation. Geostatistical methods have been widely applied in the mining industry and there are many examples of their application in soil science. Their use is illustrated by a case study of soil spatial variation in the Wyre Forest of England.
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    Mapping and map analysis: new tools for land evaluation (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Rural planning studies require knowledge about the attributes and spatial distributions of the natural resources of areas to be developed. When these data are available only in the form of paper maps simple technology limits the planner in the number of questions that can be answered quickly and effectively. Geographical information systems now enable mapped data to be stored and linked to other relevant spatial information so that many kinds of questions about the natural resources can be answered, and various scenarios can be compared before they are carried out. The methods used for data analysis in geographical information systems are explained briefly and are illustrated by using an example of locating a simple earth dam in a small catchment in Kisii District, Kenya. Although these new tools are often technically excellent, the results they give can be no better than the quality of the data and the models used for analysis allow. There is still much work to he done on the propagation of errors in geographical analysis, whether done with the aid of the computer or not.
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    Computer programs to assist the automation of soil description (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Computer-compatible proformas have been designed to incorporate soil descriptions into automated soil information systems. This paper presents two systems designed to replace proformas by enabling the direct entry of soil descriptions into computers. One, CASTS (Computer Aided Soil Thin Section description), is in essence a computerized glossary of the terms used to describe soil thin sections. The terms are organized into menus that are presented to the user in a fixed, logical sequence. The system runs on an Apple microcomputer or VAX minicomputer. The other, SPR (Soil Profile Recorder), is for use in the field on the Husky Hunter lap computer. The program enables descriptions from soil auger-borings to be recorded, and has facilities to manipulate entries and transmit them to a central information system. These computer systems are compared with the proformas, and recommendations are made for incorporating improvements in future versions.
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    Computerized quality control, statistics and regional mapping of the concentrations of trace and major elements in the soil of England and Wales (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. An automated system for the chemical analysis of large numbers of soil samples from a national survey has been developed. Computers are used for the quality control and the management of the resulting data. The software for this includes checks for possible errors thereby minimizing them. Human intervention is necessary only to correct them. Additionally, the data are analysed statistically and the geographical distribution automatically displayed in map form. Much of the software runs interactively, enabling rapid reporting of results and mapping of specific areas cheaply and swiftly with little effort from the operator.
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    Applications of computer modelling to predict mineral nitrogen in soil and nitrogen in crops (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 3 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A computer simulation model is described which estimates the amounts of nitrogen in the soil and winter wheat crop in spring at the time when farmers require fertilizer advice. The model has been validated against five years of experimental data on several different soil types in the east of England. Various practical applications of the model are described.
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    ESTIMATES OF HOUSEHOLD WEALTH INEQUALITY IN THE U.S., 1962–1983 (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 33 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The study has two major objectives. The first is to determine time trends in household wealth inequality in the U.S. over the 1962–83 period. Four concepts of wealth are analyzed: (i) total household wealth, defined as total household assets less liabilities; (ii) fungible wealth, defined as total household wealth less consumer durables and household inventories; (iii) financial wealth, defined as fungible wealth less equity in owner-occupied housing; and (iv) capital wealth, defined as financial wealth less currency, checking accounts, and time deposits. Relying on a variety of data sources, I find that wealth inequality remained relatively constant from about 1962 to 1973, fell sharply from about 1973 to about 1979, and then rose sharply between 1979 and 1983. Concentration in 1983 was greater than that in 1962 for financial and capital wealth but of similar magnitude for total and fungible wealth. The second, methodological in nature, is to analyze the effect on measured inequality of the alignment of raw survey data to national balance sheet totals. I find that the alignment process can significantly affect point estimates of household wealth distribution but does not generally affect the direction of inequality trends.
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    SATELLITE ACCOUNTS: A RELEVANT FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL FIELDS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 33 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Social fields are areas of analysis in which one finds both market and non-market production and situations where indirect means of financing are used, in that expenditure is made by a third party rather than by the consumer.The borderline between these two spheres changes with time and from one country to another, but often when a system of third party paying is in practice, the difference is hardly noticeable for the beneficiary. On the other hand, the central framework of national accounts introduces a complete dichotomy of these two situations.In order to obviate this drawback, the national accounts have proposed two solutions. The first leads to having appear on the accounts of households only the expenditure made by them and not the figure of their consumption. Contrary to this is a second solution whereby the consumption account of households is extended to include the non-market services received directly, and a corresponding imputed income appears.This second solution makes possible a richer analysis. However, it calls for the use of fictitious circuits and this often creates problems in the choice of a recording time. Furthermore, the number of circuits chosen has to be limited if they are to he the object of international agreement.The French system of satellite accounts seems particularly well suited to a truly thorough description of these phenomena. In fact, the analysis is carried out from a tripartite point of view of the producer, the beneficiary and the financer (i.e. the third party who takes on the expenditure). In this system, the functional perspective based on the study of the beneficiary of the expenditure can be analysed in greater depth than in the central framework of national accounts.Thus satellite accounts represent a complementary solution for the processing of problems inherent to these fields.
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    Company Cars Taxation (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Male Unemployment and Women's Work (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Competitive Tendering and Refuse Collection: Identifying the Sources of Efficiency Gains (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    The Impact of Competitive Tendering on the Costs of Hospital Domestic Services (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Privatising Electricity Generation (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Taxpayers' Capital: The Public Sector Balance Sheet (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Statutory Sick Pay: An Appraisal (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    Partial Integration: A Loophole in Competition Law? (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    The Targeting of Benefits: Two Approaches (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    THE TREATMENT OF INTEREST AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS: THE OLD “BUNDLE” VERSUS THE NEW “UNBUNDLE” APPROACH (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 33 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: As is widely recognized both in the literature and by the practitioners, the treatment of financial intermediaries has been one of the most controversial issues in national accounting. This has been so largely because no one up to now has been able to define the output of banks and other financial intermediaries. In the present paper, a theory of services in general and of financial services in particular is used to demonstrate that financial intermediaries produce at least six commodity type services. Furthermore, it is argued that in order to solve the banking imputation problem it is necessary to separate the theory of interest rates from the theory of financial services and examine the interdependence between them. The gross interest rate must be unbundled because it contains three distinct components. These are, first, the pure interest rate, which reflects payment for a factor-type service; second, payments for six commodity-type services, which reflect the output of financial intermediaries; and, third, payments for unilateral transfers. The new unbundled approach is contrasted to the old bundle approach used and/or advocated by standard economic theory, the SNA, Sunga and the Ruggleses. Furthermore, it is recommended that payments for the pure interest rate be considered as part of income of the paying enterprise or sector while payments for financial services by enterprises to other enterprises should be considered as intermediate purchases.
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    On the Growth of Corporation Tax Revenues (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1987.tb00537.x
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    Tax Policy and Management: The Role of the Inland Revenue (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1987.tb00430.x
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    Nationalised Industry Performance: Still Third-Rate? (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 8 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1987.tb00433.x
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  • 195
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    BEYOND GDP—NEW APPROACHES TO APPLIED STATISTICS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 33 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: New social concerns and priorities–beyond the economic growth paradigm–pose a challenge to the established statistical systems. The initial response of developing overall welfare measures and social indicators of the human quality of life had little impact on official statistics. Environment statistics, on the other hand, has become accepted as a new branch of applied statistics, maturing from exclusive pollution monitoring to cover various aspects of natural resources and the man-made environment. Still, a rather artificial separation between ecological monitoring and modeling and anthropocentric environmental statistics and accounting persists. The assessment of complex and interrelated socioeconomic and environmental concerns requires comparable inter-disciplinary information. The provision of such information should be facilitated by a flexible framework approach to statistical coordination and integration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1987.tb00679.x
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    EVIDENCE ON RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF CONCENTRATION: A TOOL FOR ANALYSIS OF LDC INEQUALITY (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 33 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The evidence on economic inequality in nearly all developing countries is both seriously incomplete and of moderate to poor quality. In addition, information often corresponds to distributions which appear to be less revealing and useful than other ones; thus it can be argued that the frequently available distribution of income among households ranked by household income is less helpful than the seldom found distribution of consumption among persons ranked by per capita household consumption. Whether one's objective is to assess inequality in some absolute sense or (especially) to make comparisons across countries or evaluate trends over time, it is useful to know whether systematic relationships exist among various measures of inequality, in particular between those most commonly available and those conceptually most interesting. Illustrative comparisons of a variety of inequality indicators are presented. They suggest that in developing countries the concentration of income among persons (assuming equal distribution within the family) does not differ much from the concentration among households. They also suggest that the concentration of consumption is somewhat less unequal than that of income, the ratio of the respective Gini coefficients tending to cluster around 0.85 to 0.90.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1987.tb00683.x
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    DOES CONSUMPTION ENTAIL INCOME? IMPLICATIONS OF THE DUAL CLASSIFICATION OF CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE FOR THE INCOME SIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD SECTOR IN THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTS (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 33 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the future revision of the SNA the dual classification of flows in the national accounts will gain some importance with respect to consumption expenditures. It is likely that outlays of different institutions for consumption are added to form a new aggregate “individual consumption.” The question is whether this development requires an adjustment on the income side of the household accounts.In order to find an answer it is first necessary to scrutinize the concept of disposable income in its standard form, and in its different variations. The result is a distinction between “disposable income in the strict sense” and “income after distribution,” where the standard definition actually realizes the latter concept. It is then shown that the dual structure of the accounts does not permit the adding of individual consumption to saving of households so that the concept of enlarged income defeats its purpose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1987.tb00668.x
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    MODELING AGGREGATE PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH: THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERSECTORAL TRANSFER PRICES AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 33 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The value-added model underlies current measures of aggregate productivity growth. Unbiased estimates result only if the economy is closed to trade in foreign-produced material inputs and all domestic intersectoral transactions are characterized by marginal cost pricing. Neither condition typically holds.This paper identifies these biases and proposes a delivery-to-final-demand framework, a modified form of that first introduced by Domar. The rate of aggregate productivity growth is decomposed into terms identifying the contributions of total factor productivity growth within individual sectors, the reallocation of the economy's primary inputs among sectors, and changes in the allocative efficiency of markets for intermediate goods. The adjustments necessary to remove biases from existing value-added estimates are derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1987.tb00671.x
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  • 199
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    THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE ELDERLY: BEWARE OF THE MEAN (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 33 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Current discussion contains widely contradictory statements about the economic status of the elderly in the United States. One can read that poverty among the elderly has been eliminated, and that it remains one of the most serious problems facing the country today. This paper discusses different ways of measuring economic status, and attempts to show how authors can reach such divergent conclusions, and support them with readily available data.The U.S. Census data on personal income generally exclude in-kind benefits, and treat family size in a straightforward though unsophisticated manner. This paper shows that alternative treatments of these issues can have significant effects on indices of the economic status of the elderly. Whether or not in-kind benefits are included in the definition of income, which in-kind benefits are included and how they are valued change the conclusions dramatically. Even more important is whether the income data are presented by household or per capita (or with some intermediate divisor, using equivalency scales), since elderly households are the smallest of any age category.This paper makes 3 points. One is that there has been significant progress in the economic status of the elderly over the past several decades, although the extent of the improvement is subject to debate. But the second is that summary statistics about the elderly, such as the above, may conceal more than they reveal. The diversity of the elderly is key. Beware of the mean. Finally, there is no one correct way to measure well-being. Different methodological approaches can be chosen and justified, and the choices made alter the conclusions significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1987.tb00664.x
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  • 200
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    REGIONAL POLICY-MAKING AND REGIONAL DATA BASES (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 33 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper deals with regional accounting problems in Finland. Regional policy planning problems and special regional characteristics of the country are discussed as a background to the development of regional accounts. Accounting problems such as regional division, regionalization methods, general and special solutions to problems affecting specific sectors of the accounts, and problems in allocating production across regions are dealt with in the paper. In addition, supplementary data such as state income and expenditure data by region and regional input-output calculations, both of which may be needed in regional policy-making, are discussed. In Finland, both types of data have been included in a regional data bank compiled by the Central Statistical Office. For the future, monitoring regional standards of living and observing differences in welfare and in production by region remain important challenges for the development of regional data systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1987.tb00681.x
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