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  • Articles  (344)
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  • 1950-1954
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (217)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (127)
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  • Articles  (344)
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  • 1985-1989  (344)
  • 1950-1954
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (217)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 191-193 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Interface Penalties ; Viscous Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this note, we apply a finite element stream function formulation with inter-element penalties to the Navier-Stokes equations. The approach is an extension of a technique previously introduced for Stokes, flow. The solution is obtained by iterative linearization using successive approximation, and results for a standard numerical test case are given.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Computer Extended Series ; Rotating Fluid Mechanics ; MACSYMA ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We have reformulated the general problem of internal flow in a modern, high speed gas centrifuge with sources and sinks in such a way as to obtain new, simple, rigorous closed form analytical solutions. Both symmetric and antisymmetric drives lead us to an ordinary differential equation in place of the usual inhomogeneous Onsager partial differential equation. Owing to the difficulties of exactly solving this sixth order, inhomogeneous, variable coefficient ordinary differential equation we appeal to the power of perturbation theory and techniques. Two extreme parameter regimes are identified, the so-called semi-long bowl approximation and a new short bowl approximation. Only the former class of problems is treated here. The long bowl solution for axial drive is the correct leading order term, just as for pure thermal drive. New O(1) results are derived for radial, drag and heat drives in two dimensions. Then regular asymptotic, even ordered power series expansions for the flow field are carried out on the computer to O(ε4) using MACSYMA. These approximations are valid for values of ε near unity. In the spirit of Van Dyke, one can carry out this expansion process, in theory, to apparently arbitrary order for arbitrary but finite decay length ratio. Curiously, the flows induced by axial and radial forces are proportional for asymptotically large source scale heights, x*. Corresponding isotope separation integral parameters will be given in a companion paper.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Large eddie simulation ; Spectral methods ; Computer simulation of flows ; Distorted geometries ; Coordinate transformation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Turbulence is essentially four-dimensional in character, and requires the corresponding treatment of the well-known Navier-Stokes equations. However, this has only been possible over the past twenty years and then by using the largest computers available. Interest is now turning from the initial, mainly smooth channel, simulations to geometries of eventual engineering significance. This paper reports a new code using the spectral methods of Orszag, but also incorporating a novel generalized co-ordinate transformation approach.Initial predictions for smooth channels agree well with published data. For distorted geometries, the initial velocity field has considerable influence on the success of the simulations. This is accommodated by gradual (step) changes towards the required distortion, so that the initial velocity field for the ‘new’ geometry is the final field from the previous step. Examples are given of different two-dimensional channel geometries achieved, and these include the successful prediction of recirculating flows.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 155-173 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Cavity Flow ; Three-dimensional ; Primitive Variables ; Navier-Stokes Equations ; Boundary-fitted Co-ordinates ; SIMPLE Solution Scheme ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The problem of three-dimensional laminar natural convection in a vertical enclosure with an inner square rod is treated by a numerical method in boundary-fitted co-ordinates. The inner and outer cylinders are heated and cooled, respectively, to maintain different constant surface temperatures. The horizontal enclosure surfaces are maintained at adiabatic conditions. The Prandtl number is that of air, 0·703, and the Rayleigh numbers span the conduction, transition and boundary layer regimes of flow. The radius ratio is 1, and the aspect ratio (cylinder length divided by maximum annular gap) is 1. The results of the study provide data useful in the design and performance assessment of nuclear reactor spent fuel shipping casks.
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  • 6
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 395-406 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Computational methods ; Pipelines ; Pressure Transients ; Waterhammer ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper investigates the application of the centre implicit method for the determination of the pressure transient in a pipeline, and compares the results with those obtained using the method of characteristics and an experimental investigation. The study shows that there are unique values for the stability criterion (ratio of the linear and time increments) and the artificial viscosity term (a damping factor) used in the numerical computation. The time step and the number of nodes required for the accuracy of the method have been considered. The centre implicit method can be readily adapted to transient flow with variable wave speed provided the established conditions are used.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 465-488 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Free Surface Flow ; Curvilinear Co-ordinates ; Three-dimensional ; Finite volume ; Mesh adaptive technique ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical simulation of open water flow in natural courses seems to be doomed to one- or two-dimensional numerical simulations. Investigations of flow hydrodynamics through the application of three-dimensional models actually have very few appearances in the literature. This paper discusses the development and the initial implementation of a general three-dimensional and time-dependent finite volume approach to simulate the hydrodynamics of surface water flow in rivers and lakes. The slightly modified Navier-Stokes equations, together with the continuity and the water depth equations, form the theoretical basis of the model. A body-fitted time-dependent co-ordinate system has been used in the solution process, in order to accommodate the commonly complex and irregular boundary and bathymetry of natural water courses. The proposed adaptive technique allows the mesh to follow the movement of the water boundaries, including the unsteady free-water surface.The primitive variable equations are written in conservative form in the Cartesian co-ordinate system, and the computational procedure is executed in the moveable curvilinear co-ordinate system. Special stabilizing techniques are introduced in order to eliminate the oscillating behaviour associated with the finite volume formulation. Also, a new and comprehensive approximation for the pressure forces at the faces of a control volume is presented. Finally, results of several tests demonstrate the performance of the finite volume approach coupled with the adaptive technique employed in the three-dimensional time-dependent mesh system.
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  • 8
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 319-335 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a numerical solution of the transport equation for heat and species in complex three-dimensional spaces. The solution domain of the equation is transformed into a cube, as also is the governing equation; the resultant equation is solved in the transformed space via a finite difference technique. The validity of the developed computer code is tested by predicting test cases for which either analytical or reliable experimental results exist. Results are also presented for the rate of convergence of the method and the computer storage requirements, from which the validity, the flexibility and the economy of the developed method are proved for flows in real three-dimensional complex terrains.
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  • 9
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 371-394 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Consistent Flux ; Heat Flux ; Derived Quantities ; FEM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A consistent, accurate and reasonably simple method of obtaining derived quantities when the conventional Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) is used to obtain the primary quantities is defined and demonstrated, both theoretically and numerically.
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  • 10
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 453-464 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary Fitted Co-ordinate System ; Shallow Water Equations ; Rotating Containers ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical solutions are often inaccurate because conventional co-ordinate systems do not represent the complex physical boundaries accurately. In the present work, the numerical solution of linear shallow water wave equations has been obtained by transforming the physical domain into a rectangular computational domain using elliptic differential operators. This work is part of a programme to develop three-dimensional body-fit grid systems for environmental flows. Solutions have been obtained for a cylindrical container and also a parabolic container. The initial conditions chosen are the ones for which analytical solutions exist. The numerical solutions compare well with analytical solutions.
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  • 11
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 533-533 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 535-550 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Slosh ; Cylindrical Container ; Free Surface ; Volume of Fluid ; Numerical Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In a previous work we solved numerically the steady-state motion of an ideal fluid that fills a moving cylindrical container with partitions, and were able to compute the equivalent moments of inertia.Here we extend this work in two steps. First we introduce time dependence and then free surfaces, and are able to compute the transient motion of the fluid not filling the container. The main body of the work has to do with the treatment of free surfaces. Our approach is an extention to three dimensions of the volume of fluid method of Hirt and Nichols. The solution algorithm is outlined, and two examples that demonstrate its capability are presented.
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 649-649 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 650-651 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 7 (1987), S. 1405-1406 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 16
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 23-41 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Momentum transport ; Turbulent mixing layers ; Discrete vortex method ; Time-dependent momentum fluctuations ; Comparison with experiments ; Large-scale structures ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The turbulent momentum transport phenomena in a two-dimensional mixing layer are investigated numerically by a discrete vortex method. The numerical model and calculations are verified through a comparison with existing numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The main emphasis is placed on the exploration of the detailed time-dependent instantaneous local momentum fluctuations and on the comparison of numerical results with available experimental measurements. The current simulations confirm qualitatively the various trends in the turbulent momentum flux and fluctuating components of the velocity in the mixing layer found with several experimental results. The study shows that similarity exists in turbulent momentum quantities along the axial direction of the mixing layer. The calculations also show a definite correlation between the passage of a large-scale structure and a burst in the turbulent momentum flux. The probability density functions of the fluctuating quantities are shown to be mostly Gaussian-like, with only a few exceptions.
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Mixed and penalty FEM ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Round-off and ill conditioning ; Pressure discretization ; Coupled flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is generally accepted that mixed and penalty finite element methods can routinely solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. This paper shows by means of simple examples that problems can arise even for the simpler Stokes equations. The causes of the problem fall in either of two categories: round-off and ill conditioning, or a poor choice of pressure discretization. Nonsensical solutions can be obtained. Computation of the discrete divergence of the flow field is a simple and powerful tool to diagnose such conditions. In the first part of the paper several simple techniques for minimizing the effect of round-off are reviewed. In the second part it is shown that, for coupled flow problems, care must be exercised in the choice of the pressure approximation. A unified treatment of various observations by different workers is presented. This should prove useful for general users of the finite element method.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 59-73 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Steady Euler equations ; Transonic flows ; Multigrid methods ; Boundary conditions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Steady 2D Euler flow computations have been performed for a wind tunnel section, designed for research on transonic shock wave-boundary layer interaction. For the discretization of the steady Euler equations, an upwind finite volume technique has been applied. The solution method used is collective, symmetric point Gauss-Seidel relaxation, accelerated by non-linear multigrid. Initial finest grid solutions have been obtained by nested iteration. Automatic grid adaptation has been applied for obtaining sharp shocks. An indication is given of the mathematical quality of four different boundary conditions for the outlet flow. Two transonic flow solutions with shock are presented: a choked and a non-choked flow. Both flow solutions show good shock capturing. A comparison is made with experimental results.
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 167-183 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Axisymmetric turbulent flow ; Combustors ; Diffusers ; Navier-Stokes equations k-∊ model ; Zonal grid ; Finite differences ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical studies of turbulent flow in an axisymmetric 45° expansion combustor and bifurcated diffuser are presented. The Navier-Stokes equations incorporating a k-∊ model were solved in a non-orthogonal curvillinear co-ordinate system. A zonal grid method, wherein the flow field was divided into several subsections, was developed. This approach permitted different computational schemes to be used in the various zones. In addition, grid generation was made a more simple task. However, treatment of the zonal boundaries required special handling. Boundary overlap and interpolating techniques were used and an adjustment of the flow variables was required to assure conservation of mass flux. Three finite differencing methods - hybrid, quadratic upwind and skew upwind - were used to represent the convection terms. Results were compared with existing experimental data. In general, good agreement between predicted and measured values was obtained.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 213-233 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Preconditioning ; Conjugate gradients ; Non-symmetric matrices ; Finite elements ; Convective transport ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Preconditioning techniques based on incomplete Gaussian elimination for large, sparse, non-symmetric matrix systems are described. A certain level of fill-in may be specified in the incomplete factorizations. All methods considered may be applied to matrices with arbitrary sparsity patterns, for instance those associated with the general preprocessor algorithms or adaptive mesh techniques. The preconditioners have been combined with five conjugate gradient-like methods and tested on finite element discretized scalar convection-diffusion equations in 2D and 3D. It is found from numerical experiments that an amount of fill-in corresponding to about 50% of the number of original non-zero matrix entries is the optimal choice for this class of preconditioners. The preconditioners show almost no sensitivity to grid distortion. In problems with significantly variable coefficients or anisotropy the preconditioners stabilize the basic iterative schemes in addition to reducing the computational work substantially, mostly by more than 90%. The modified preconditioning technique, where fill-in is added on the main diagonal, performs in general better than the standard incomplete LU factorization, but is inferior to the latter in 3D problems and for matrix systems with complicated sparsity patterns.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 374-374 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 427-452 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equations ; Spectral method ; Chebyshev polynomials ; Convection ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A Chebyshev collocation method for solving the unsteady two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity-streamfunction variables is presented and discussed. The discretization in time is obtained through a class of semi-implicit finite difference schemes. Thus at each time cycle the problem reduces to a Stokes-type problem which is solved by means of the influence matrix technique leading to the solution of Helmholtz-type equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Theoretical results on the stability of the method are given. Then a matrix diagonalization procedure for solving the algebraic system resulting from the Chebyshev collocation approximation of the Helmholtz equation is developed and its accuracy is tested. Numerical results are given for the Stokes and the Navier-Stokes equations. Finally the method is applied to a double-diffusive convection problem concerning the stability of a fluid stratified by salinity and heated from below.
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 325-340 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Semidirect methods ; Finite difference formulation ; Robust solutions ; Navier-Stokes and energy equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Semidirect solution techniques can be an effective alternative to the more conventional iterative approaches used in many finite difference methods. This paper summarizes several semidirect techniques which generally have not been applied to the Navier-Stokes and energy equations in finite difference form. The methods presented use both successive substitution and Jacobian-based updates as well as two variations of Broyden's full matrix update. A hybrid method is also presented, as is a norm-reducing search technique that can be used to enhance the convergence characteristics of any semidirect approach. These methods have been compared with the well known iterative methods SIMPLE and SIMPLER. The comparison was performed on the natural convection and driven cavity problems. The semidirect methods proved to be reliably convergent without the need for a priori specification of variable under-relaxation factors, which was necessary with the iterative methods. Natural convection and driven cavity solutions have been readily obtained with the proposed methods for Rayleigh and Reynolds numbers up to 109 and 106 respectively. Of the semidirect techniques, the hybrid approach was the most robust. From an arbitrary zero initial guess this method was able to obtain a solution to the natural convection problem for Rayleigh numbers three orders of magnitude larger than was possible with the Newton-Raphson update. The computational effort required by the semidirect methods is comparable to that required by the iterative methods; however, the memory requirements can be significantly greater.
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1051-1055 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1059-1072 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Viscoelastic flow ; Leonov model ; Convective integration ; Finite element method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The finite element method is used to find the elastic strain (and thus the stress) for given velocity fields of the Leonov model fluid. With a simple linearization technique and the Galerkin formulation, the quasi-linear coupled first-order hyperbolic differential equations together with a non-linear equality constraint are solved over the entire domain based on a weighted residual scheme. The proposed numerical scheme has yielded efficient and accurate convective integrations for both the planar channel and the diverging radial flows for the Leonov model fluid. Only the strain in the inflow plane is required to be prescribed as the boundary conditions. In application, it can be conveniently incorporated in an existing finite element algorithm to simulate the Leonov viscoelastic fluid flow with more complex geometry in which the velocity field is not known a priori and an iterative procedure is needed.
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 741-745 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 747-761 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes solutions ; Shock wave/boundary layer interactions ; Newton's iteration ; Upwind differencings ; Symmetric line relaxation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The objective of the paper is twofold. First we describe an upwind/central differencing method for solving the steady Navier-Stokes equations. The symmetric line relaxation method is used to solve the resulting algebraic system to achieve high computational efficiency. The grid spacings used in the calculations are determined from the triple-deck theory, in terms of Mach and Reynolds numbers and other flow parameters. Thus the accuracy of the numerical solutions is improved by comparing them with experimental, analytical and other computational results. Secondly we proceed to study numerically the shock wave/boundary layer interactions in detail, with special attention given to the flow separation. The concept of free interaction is confirmed. Although the separated region varies with Mach and Reynolds numbers, we find that the transverse velocity component behind the incident shock, which has not been identified heretofore, is also an important parameter. A small change of this quantity is sufficient to eliminate the flow separation entirely.
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 865-869 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 891-920 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Transient flows ; Oscillating aerofoil ; Dynamic stall ; Navier-Stokes equations ; Finite differences ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Unsteady viscous flow around a large-amplitude and high-frequency oscillating aerofoil is examined in this paper by numerical simulation and experimental visualization. The numerical method is based on the combination of a fourth-order Hermitian finite difference scheme for the stream function equation and a classical second-order scheme to solve the vorticity transport equation. Experiments are carried out by a traditional visualization method using solid tracers suspended in water. The comparison between numerical and experimental results is found to be satisfactory. Time evolutions of the flow structure are presented for Reynolds numbers of 3 × 103 and 104. The influence of the amplitude and frequency of the oscillating motion on the dynamic stall is analysed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1302-1304 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Incompressible flow ; Clebsch potentials ; Three-dimensional ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A recent paper by W. Zijl, which reformulated the Navier-Stokes and Boussinesq equations in terms of Clebsch potentials, has an error that greatly reduces the generality of the results. Some other recent efforts to use such potentials in fluid and plasma dynamics are briefly discussed.
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1299-1301 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes equation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In a recent paper a generalized potential flow theory and its application to the solution of the Navier-Stokes equation are developed.1 The purpose of this comment is to show that the analysis presented in that paper is in general not correct. We note that the theoretical development of Reference 1 is in fact an extension - although not cited - of some work first done by Hawthorne for steady inviscid flow.2 Hawthorne's solution is correct, and his analysis, which we briefly describe, provides a useful introduction to this note.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1307-1319 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Peaceman-Rachford ADI method ; SOR method ; Oseen approximation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Navier-Stokes equations, which are the governing equations for a steady, viscous, incompressible fluid rotating about the z-axis with angular velocity ω, are linearized using the Oseen approximation. Two parameters, namely the Reynolds number Re = Ua/v and Reω = 2ωa2/v (the Reynolds number w.r.t. rotation), enter the linearized equations. These equations are solved by the Peaceman-Rachford ADI method and the resulting algebraic equations are solved by the SOR method. Streamlines are plotted and compared with the Oseen solution for the non-rotating case. The magnitude of the vorticity vector with increasing θ is also plotted.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1381-1394 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Heat exchangers ; Crossflow ; Tube bundle ; Nusselt number ; Streamfunction/vorticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical scheme is developed to predict the heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients in flow through rigid tube bundles. The scheme uses the Galerkin finite element technique. The conservation equations for laminar steady-state flow are cast in the form of streamfunction and vorticity equations. A Picard iteration method is used for the solution of the resulting system of non-linear algebraic equations. Results for the heat transfer and pressure drop coefficients are obtained for tube arrays of pitch ratios of 1·5 and 2·0. Very good agreement of the present results and experimental data obtained in the past is observed up to Reynolds numbers of 1000. It is also observed that the results of the present method show better agreement with the experimental data and that they are applicable for higher Reynolds numbers than results of other studies.
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1269-1283 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Euler equations ; Real gases ; Local parametrization of the equation of state ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An efficient algorithm is presented for the solution of the Euler equations of gas dynamics with a general convex equation of state. The scheme is based on solving linearized Riemann problems approximately, and in more than one dimension incorporates operator splitting. In particular, only one function evaluation in each computational cell is required by using a local parametrization of the equation of state. The scheme is applied to two standard test problems in gas dynamics for some specimen equations of state.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1221-1234 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Biharmonic equation ; Stokes flow ; Simple layer potential ; Method of fundamental solutions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A novel formulation of the method of fundamental solutions for the numerical solution of plane biharmonic problems, based on the simple layer potential representation of Fichera, is presented. The applicability and accuracy of the method are demonstrated by examining its performance on a set of practical problems arising in Stokes fluid flow.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1487-1501 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Viscoelastic fluid ; Polymer flow ; Velocity correction method ; Two-step explicit scheme ; Pressure boundary condition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effects of non-Newtonian behaviour of a fluid and unsteadiness on flow in a channel with non-uniform cross-section have been investigated. The rheological behaviour of the fluid is assumed to be described by the constitutive equation of a viscoelastic fluid obeying the Oldroyd-B model. The finite element method is used to analyse the flow. The novel features of the present method are the adoption of the velocity correction technique for the momentum equations and of the two-step explicit scheme for the extra stress equations. This approach makes the computational scheme simple in algorithmic structure, which therefore implies that the present technique is capable of handling large-scale problems. The scheme is completed by the introduction of balancing tensor diffusivity (wherever necessary) in the momentum equations. It is important to mention that the proper boundary condition for pressure (at the outlet) has been developed to solve the pressure Poisson equation, and then the results for velocity, pressure and extra stress fields have been computed for different values of the Weissenberg number, viscosity due to elasticity, etc. Finally, it is pertinent to point out that the present numerical scheme, along with the proper boundary condition for pressure developed here, demonstrates its versatility and suitability for analysing the unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluid through a channel with non-uniform cross-section.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 9 (1989), S. 1539-1542 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A numerical procedure is described for the analysis of vertical deformation of smooth, rigid foundations of arbitrary shape on homogeneous and layered soil media. The contact area at the interface of the foundation and soil medium is approximated by square subdivisions. The response of the system is then obtained from the superposition of the influence of the individual subdivisions. The flexibility influence coefficients are based on equivalent smooth, rigid circular areas with the same contact area as the square subdivisions. For foundations on a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half-space, the flexibility coefficients are given analytically by the integrated forms of the Boussinesq's solution. For a layered soil medium, the flexibility coefficients are determined from an axisymmetric finite element analysis which is essentially two dimensional. Thus, there is no necessity for a full three-dimensional finite element analysis. Comparison with solutions obtained using the integral transform technique for smooth, rigid rectangular foundations on a homogeneous, isotropic elastic half-space shows good agreement. Parametric solutions are presented for the response of rectangular foundations on some ‘typical’ soil profiles. The use of a simplified method to estimate the settlement of rectangular foundations on a layered soil medium by superposing solutions for homogeneous, elastic strata is discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 61-77 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The complete solution is presented for the transient effects of pumping fluid from a point sink embedded in a saturated, porous elastic half-space. It is assumed that the medium is homogeneous and isotropic with respect to its elastic properties and homogeneous but anisotropic with respect to the flow of pore fluid. The soil skeleton is modelled as a linear elastic material obeying Hooke's law, while the pore fluid is assumed to be incompressible with its flow governed by Darcy's law. The solution has been evaluated for a particular value of Poisson's ratio of the solid skeleton, i.e. 0.25, and the results have been presented graphically in the form of isochrones of excess pore pressure and surface profile for the half-space. The solutions presented may have application in practical problems such as dewatering operations in compressible soil and rock masses.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 115-129 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: To facilitate the practical numerical analysis of tunnel structures by means of the finite element method in the case of viscoplastic properties of the rock mass and viscoelastic properties of the shotcrete, this method is coupled to boundary elements. In this way, the unchanged properties of the boundary element region provide enormous savings in computing time. In order to improve the numerical stability of such calculations, a variable time-step analysis was employed for each time step with an iterative correction method. Characteristic values are obtained from measured values by back-analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 143-153 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The heat extraction through a geothermal reservoir on an oblique fault plane in the earth's crust is considered. The fault could be modelled mechanically as a frictional contact interface of two elastic bodies. The heat is recovered by circulating fluid through the reservoir, and then the surface of the reservoir is cooled by the fluid. The analysis is based on the two-dimensional theory of quasi-static thermoelasticity. It is concluded from numerical calculations that a geothermal reservoir can be created on an oblique fault plane, and the opened region, i.e. the fluid-filled region, increases gradually with time during the heat extraction. Also discussed are the effects of the fluid pressure and the coefficient of friction on the behaviour of the reservoir.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 283-305 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite element, variable mesh analysis of unconfined steady-state seepage problems is presented based on a nonlinear programming algorithm. It is shown that the minimization of an objective function which merely represents a measure of the total flux leaving or entering the mesh at the free surface nodes (except those that belong also to pervious boundaries) does not permit a unique definition of the free surface geometry. This problem, which is apparently related to the numerical instabilities often met when using variable mesh approaches, can be eliminated by adding to the objective function a term representing a sort of overall ‘regularity’ condition for the shape of the free surface. The modified solution procedure turns out to be stable and able to provide meaningful results for practical problems even when rather coarse meshes are adopted.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. i 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 381-390 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Hydraulic and mechanical properties of rock masses are largely dependent upon the distribution and variation of fracture areas. Consequently, it is essential to develop good models for analysing the spatial geometric characteristics of fracture fields. The latter, however, may be ascertained only by measuring open cuts or boreholes. The most important factor from the analysis of areas is to be able to determine spatial networks. Without an exhaustive and expensive inventory, the classical methods involving measurements of dip and strike do not provide either a correct estimation of fracture orientations in space, or a good estimation of their distribution.At present, automatic analysis of linear traces on large plane areas is used by several authors1,2 and the field strike and dip measurements are applied only for verification purposes. This method of computing spatial networks is especially suitable because of the nature of data so obtained, since it permits various simulations on computed networks. It is based upon classical methods of vector geometry that involve a measurements data matrix and provide a means of solving a double system of equations. Results are the directional spatial fracture densities. The object of this paper is to define the geometric parameters of this problem and the computation method, to present an example and, finally, to conclude with critical comments supported by certain proposals for a variety of applications.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 503-520 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The constitutive model of sands is proposed to describe the characteristics of plastic behaviour for cyclic loadings. A non-associated flow rule is used and both yield function and plastic potential are generalized forms of the Modified Cam clay model. The hardening parameter is represented by the plastic work related to different portions of volumetric and deviatoric changes. The boundary surface is employed to describe the plastic strain within the yield surface. The directional independency of yield condition in triaxial compression and extension tests is extended to that in general stress states. Several drained and undrained cyclic tests are predicted and the comparison is made with experimental results. The proposed model is capable of representing the monotonic and cyclic behaviours of sands with reasonable accuracy. The simulation is performed for both included and excluded membrane penetration effects and it is suggested that the membrane penetration causes the significant influences on the results of undrained cyclic tests.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 521-542 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A review of the literature indicates that the elastic behaviour of granular materials is isotropic and that Poissony's ratio is constant, whereas Young's Modulus, the bulk modulus and the shear modulus vary with the mean normal stress and the deviatoric stress. A nonlinear, isotropic model for the elastic behaviour is developed on the basis of theoretical considerations involving the principle of conservation of energy. Energy is therefore neither generated not dissipated in closed-loop stress paths or in closed-loop strain paths. The framework for the model consists of Hooke's law, in which Poission's ratio is constant and Young's modulus is expressed as a power function invlving the first invariat of the stress tensor and the second invariant of the deviatoric stress tensor. The characteristics of the model are described, and the accuracy is evaluated by comparison with experimental results from triaxial tests and three-dimensional cubical triaxial tests with a variety of stress paths. Parameter determination from unloading-reloading cycles in conventional triaxial compression tests is demonstrated, typical parameter values are given for granular materials and extension of the model to soils with effective cohesion is described.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 551-551 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 603-620 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The general yield function in the hierarchical approach for constitutive modelling of materials is used with Perzyna's theory to characterize viscoplastic behaviour of geologic materials: a sand and rock salt. Particular attention is given to determination of the constants from laboratory quasistatic or short term, and creep tests. The proposed model is verified with respect to observed laboratory response of the sand and salt. It is implemented in a non-linear finite element procedure and applied to analyse time-dependent behaviour of a cavity in the rock salt.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 621-638 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A numerical method of analysis based on elasticity theory is presented for the analysis of axially and laterally loaded pile groups embedded in nonhomogeneous soils. The problem is decomposed into two systems, namely the group piles acted upon by external applied loads and pile-soil interaction forces, and a layered soil continuum acted upon by a system of pile-soil interaction forces at the imaginary positions of the piles. The group piles are discretized into discrete elements while the nonhomogeneous soil behaviour is determined from an economically viable finite element procedure. The load-deformation relationship of the pile group system is then determined by considering the equilibrium of the pile-soil interaction forces, and the compatibility of the pile and soil displacements. The influence of soil nonlinearity can be studied by limiting the soil forces at the pile-soil interface, and redistributing the ‘excess forces’ by an ‘initial stress’ process popular in elasto-plastic finite element analysis. The solutions from this approach are compared with some available published solutions for single piles and pile groups in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous soils. A limited number of field tests on pile groups are studied, and show that, in general, the computed response compares favourably with the field measurements.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 665-666 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 19-36 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A spherical cavity expansion model has been used to study the bearing capacity of foundations on calcareous and silica sands. Two constitutive models have been used to represent each sand: an elastoplastic, collapse-softening model, and a computationally simpler, elastic/perfectly plastic material. The predictions of the limit pressures for spherical cavity expansion are compared with laboratory data on the bearing capacities obtained from model footing tests. It is shown that the numerical predictions of the limit pressures correlate well with the experimental values of bearing capacity, particularly at higher effective overburden pressures.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 75-90 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A solution is derived for the heat flow and consolidation which occur when a heat source is buried deep in a porous thermoelastic soil having anisotropic flow properties. This solution is used to examine the pore pressure generation and dissipation near both point and cylindrical heat sources. An increase in temperature will tend to generate an increase in excess pore pressure. However, the pore water will tend to flow from regions of high excess pore pressure to regions of low excess pore pressure, and so consolidation will occur, and temperature-generated excess pore pressures will tend to dissipate. Many natural soils exhibit horizontal layering and so have a higher horizontal than vertical permeability. It is shown that in soils the excess pore pressure generated by a heat source is significantly less than that in an isotropic soil having an equal vertical permeability.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 108-108 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 101-107 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: An elastoplastic constitutive model for concrete subjected to cyclic loading conditions is presented. The model is an extension of a recently proposed constitutive concept.7 An initial active loading process is described, using the conventional framework of the rate independent theory of plasticity. An appropriate hardening/softening parameter is introduced which allows one to model the sensitivity of material characteristics to varying confining pressure, including a smooth transition from stable to unstable response. For stress histories that include stress reversals, the formulation invokes a set of neutral loading loci defining the conditions of the neutral state.8 The field of hardening moduli is specified through an appropriate interpolation rule which enables one to simulate adequately the effect of cyclic degradation of the material. The performance of the model is verified for some typical cyclic loading histories, and the results are compared with existing experimental data.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Results obtained with the finite element method are greatly affected by the overall dimensions of the mesh and the number and size of the elements used. Proper choice of the boundary conditions is also necessary to obtain an accurate estimate of the unknowns of the problem. This paper discusses some factors that influence the results of a finite element idealization of the problem of earth pressure behind a gravity wall with a dry, cohesionless backfill.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 341-345 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 347-357 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The problem of earth thrust for a massive building in a seismic environment is analysed. Intertial and kinematic soil-structure interactions are considered by modelling the soil and the structure together. The problem is solved in the frequency domain by using the computer code FLUSH. Results show that the horizontal component of the seismic earth thrust is much greater than that obtained when applying the Mononobe-Okabe theory. This study establishes a set of conclusicns and recommendations for both design and practical purposes, and proposes future lines of investigation.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 381-410 
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    Notes: Finite element and finite difference solid mechanics computer programs have often been observed to overestimate the stiffness of an elastic beam or the collapse load in elasto-plastic problems. There are a number of ways of overcoming these difficulties but many lead to unwanted degrees of freedom in the mesh which continuously degrade the solution if the errors are allowed to accumulate. These unwanted distortions are referred to as spurious or hour-glass modes, and special measures have to be taken if accurate predictions are to be achieved without their appearance. In this paper a new scheme based on assumed strains at the element level is described in the context of a two-dimensional, explicit, finite difference program. The scheme is compared with an earlier solution to this problem and is shown to have some advantages, particularly when irregular meshes and/or large deformations are encountered. Thorough testing indicates that the new formulation passes the patch test and leads to accurate predictions of bending stiffnesses and plastic collapse loads.An underlying consideration of the development was that the new scheme should be applicable to three-dimensional calculations. Although this has not been tested numerically, the extension to three dimensions is discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 457-458 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 459-476 
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    Notes: A closed-form analysis for elastic - plastic response of a circular hole in an infinite Mohr - Coulomb medium under axisymmetric loading shows the effect of repeated loading on the stress and displacement fields around the hole. Examples show how repeat-load closure increment is affected by working load, internal pressure, material compressive strength and internal friction. The solution is used to predict results of a laboratory test performed on a rock simulant specimen that contained a reinforced hole. Analytical and laboratory results are similar: at small closures (a few per cent, but well into the plastic response range), the closure increment from an unload - reload cycle is small compared with the initial closure. Closure increments for each of several cycles are comparable and cumulative.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 511-529 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A simple model for compaction of a sand, that may be useful in various geotechnical applications is presented. The model has been formulated in terms of the cyclic stress and strain amplitudes. The compaction properties of a dry sand are characterized by a common compaction curve described by two coefficients.The second aim of this paper is to show some applications of the theory proposed. The attention has been restricted to the two extreme cases of practical importance, namely to the behaviour of a dry sand (or a saturated sand but in free draining conditions), and to the behaviour of saturated sand in undrained conditions. Some numerical algorithms showing how to deal with those problems are presented and illustrated on the following examples: settlement and pore pressure generation in a soil stratum subjected to an earthquake, settlement of a foundation, pore pressure generation and liquefaction in a sea-bed.The results obtained suggest that the model proposed, as well as a method of dealing with boundary value problems can serve as a useful tool for the analysis of a sandy subsoil subjected to cyclic loadings.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 565-570 
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    Notes: A highly efficient technique is presented for the finite element analysis of stresses around underground openings surrounded by an infinite extent of linearly elastic rock mass. The effect of unbounded rock is incorporated in the analysis by using elastic supports around the finite element model. Expressions for stiffnesses of the elastic supports are derived and these are found to depend on the location of elastic supports, the shear modulus and Poisson's ratio of the rock, and the ratio of horizontal to vertical initial stresses. With the use of the proposed technique, the extent of the finite domain to be considered in the analysis is highly reduced. This results in a great computational advantage. The other principal merit of the proposed technique is that a standard finite element code for stress analysis may be used without making any modification. Results of some numerical tests are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method. The technique has the potential of being applied to more complex problems of unbounded domains in geomechanics.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 599-610 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The paper is concerned with the solution and determination of the optimum shape of a retaining wall modelled by the co-ordinates of a set of points which belongs to a certain permissible space.An optimum design method is formulated as a non-linear multiobjective optimization problem. The following two objective functions, which are mutually conflicting and non-commensurable with each other, are considered: (a) to minimize the total weight of the wall, (b) to maximize the structure stability.A set of Pareto optimum solutions is derived numerically by adopting a logical algorithm, and a Pereto optimum solution is obtained by investigating the trade-off relationships among design objectives.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 33-50 
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    Notes: The upper bound method of limit analysis of perfect plasticity is applied to stability problems of slopes with a general nonlinear failure criterion. Based on the upper bound method, a numerical procedure is suggested, which converts the complex system of differential equations to an initial value problem. Using this numerical procedure, an effective numerical method, called the inverse method, suitable for the solution of slope stability problems in soil mechanics with a general nonlinear failure criterion, is presented. A general nonlinear failure criterion for soils is also suggested, from which the effects of nonlinear failure parameters on the stability of slopes are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 363-380 
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    Notes: A method is presented for obtaining the consolidation behaviour of a layered soil subjected to strip, circular, or rectangular surface loadings, or subjected to fluid withdrawal due to pumping. The solution method involves applying a Fourier or Hankel transform to the field quantities along with a Laplace transformation. The effect of the Fourier or Hankel transform is to reduce a two- or three-dimensional problem or one involving axial symmetry, to one involving only a single spatial dimension. In cases where the soil is horizontally layered, this has great advantages over conventional methods, such as finite element or finite difference methods, since very little computer storage and data preparation time is required. Solution of the time dependent problem is achieved by applying a Laplace transformation to the field variables, obtaining solutions in Laplace transform space, and then numerically inverting the transformed solutions to obtain the real time behaviour. This eliminates the need for ‘marching type’ schemes where a solution is found from one at a previous time. By direct inversion of the Laplace transform, a solution may be obtained directly at any given time.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 221-240 
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    Notes: In this paper, liquefaction potential of loose sand deposit subjected to an earthquake loading is evaluated. The analysis is performed by using a finite element technique incorporating the equations of dynamics of saturated porous elastoplastic media. The soil response is modelled by an anisotropic hardening rule, similar to that as proposed by Poorooshasb and Pietruszczak.1 The concept is based on the theory of bounding surface plasticity incorporating a non-associated flow rule and the idea of reflected plastic potential. The present paper provides a modified formulation to that discussed in Reference 1. Modifications are aimed at simplifying the concept for numerical implementations.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 79-102 
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    Notes: A rational approach for dealing with uncertainties in geotechnical performance predictions is presented. First, sources of uncertainty are identified and treated stochastically. Then, the relative importance of each source is analysed and its influence in the decision-making process is evaluated. Strong inferences concerning the spatial structure of soils are drawn from field or laboratory measurements, while maintaining consistency with engineering knowledge and experimenal findings. Optimal estimates of soil properties are derived by a stochastic method which is mathematically meaningful and portrays adequately the real behaviour of the data. The method is powerful when the data exhibit homogeneous or non-homogeneous characteristics, and works well with any kind of data support. Its applicability is illustrated in a case study involving field vane data. Furthermore, contributions and benefits of the results obtained to the geotechnical decisions and design are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 193-202 
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    Notes: Triaxial fracture tests with overburden pressures ranging from 0.69 to 136 MPa were performed to determine the material parameters involved in a cap model for limestone. Three material parameters A, B and C, were evaluated through Powell's optimization method and the remaining parameters through simulation-curve fitting procedure. The resulting cap model was tested against separate triaxial fracture and hydrostatic compression tests. Modification of the original hardening function, as proposed by DiMaggio and Sandler, provided an improved fit for the experimental data.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 215-217 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 257-268 
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    Notes: An approximate, analytical solution is found for the gravity-induced stresses in the neighbourhood of an axisymmetric topographic feature on an elastic half-space. The solution is in the form of a perturbation expansion in powers of the characteristic slope, ∊. The leading order problem, at O(1), is for a distributed normal load on a plane half-space. The O(∊) correction is due to a distributed shear traction. The vertical variation of the near-surface stress perturbation and the rotation of the principal stress directions are O(∊) effects, and thus include contribution s of like order from both the normal and shear loads. The method requires general solutions for axisymmetric, normal and shear tractions of arbitrary radial distribution, and these are found in terms of Hankel transforms.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 323-323 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 325-344 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper presents a study of the interaction between the foundations of a jack-up rig and the pile foundations of an adjacent steel offshore platform. Parametric solutions are presented to evaluate the effect of the rig footing load on the performance of the pile foundation. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous soil conditions have been considered. An example is used to illustrate the application of the solutions in a practical problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 391-408 
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    Notes: This paper presents a study on the optimal estimation of initial in-situ stresses, in which the in-situ stresses may be constant or linearly changing along a co-ordinate axis, from a set of relative measurements between adjacent measuring points utilized for monitoring the stability of tunnels. Displacements occurring before installation of measuring devices can be taken into account. The approach may be used for a variety of models used to simulate the ground media through which the tunnels are being excavated and has the advantage of being easy to implement on the computer and having both good precision and calculation stability. Finally, an analysis is carried out on the stability of the algorithm and computational time for different numerical examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 433-433 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 449-473 
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    Notes: Existing approaches for locating the critical slip surfaces are briefly reviewed. A number of techniques and strategies are proposed whereby the efficiency and robustness of some of the existing approaches can be enhanced. A new solution scheme is also developed for rapid calculation of the factor of safety. The new solution scheme requires only one level of iterations in contrast to the conventional solution scheme which invoives two levels of iterations. It is also applicable to a variety of stability models. A new compound iterative procedure is developed whereby the factor of safety can be calculated to a high accuracy within a few iterations. This reduces greatly the total computer time required for locating the critical slip surfaces.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 547-547 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 553-553 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 555-583 
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    Notes: A survey is presented of some recent developments of the numerical techniques for back analysis in the field of geomechanics, with particular reference to tunnelling problems. In the spirit of Terzaghi's observational design method, these techniques are seen as practical tools for interpreting the available field measurements, in order to reduce the uncertainties that in many instances affect the parameters governing the solution of complex geomechanics problems. Both deterministic and probabilistic viewpoints are considered and some significant applications to practical problems are illustrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 645-650 
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    Notes: The effect of axial load on the torsional pile response and the effect of torque on the axial pile response are investigated. To perform this investigation, a computer program was developed which uses the transfer matrix method to analyse a pile supported by a series of coupled axial and torsional elasto-plastic springs. The study indicated that the ultimate torsional and axial pile capacities, as well as the axial displacements and rotations, are significantly affected by the combined load action.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 659-661 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 11 (1987), S. 651-658 
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    Notes: This paper presents plasticity formulation of the multi-laminate framework of soil models. Soil element is assumed to be an assemblage of perfectly fitting polyhedral blocks and irreversible deformations are assumed to occur due to sliding, separation/closing of the boundaries. Using an appropriate summation of mechanisms, the total plastic strains are obtained by evaluating contributions from an infinite number of randomly oriented planes in space. The paper provides a general plasticity formulation and examines various constitutive theories which can be incorporated into the framework.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. ii 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 53-74 
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    Notes: Numerical examples are given which illustrate the poor performance of conventional finite elements in problems involving strain localization in frictional materials. In one of the cases investigated, that of granular media subjected to plane strain biaxial loading, isoparametric elements are seen to inhibit localization altogether. With these examples by way of motivation, the performance of a recently proposed finite element method in the context of strain localization in frictional materials is assessed, with particular emphasis on three-dimensional problems. In passing, some issues pertaining to the post-bifurcation response of biaxial specimens are examined. In particular, the numerical simulations suggest that the observed softening is a geometrical effect not attributable to constitutive behaviour.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 115-130 
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    Notes: A simple and inexpensive laboratory device has been developed and used to simulate the behaviour of a dry underclay beam as the floor of an underground roadway subjected to a uniformly distributed uplift pressure. The Airy stress function method proved to be a useful means of expressing and predicting of the uplift of such beams. This method has been related to both classical beam theory and laboratory investigations. It was found that the Airy stress function method, utilizing polynomial equations, provides a closer fit to the mechanism of beam deformation and stress developments under dry laboratory conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 183-198 
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    Notes: This paper is a continuation of a previous one on bifurcation of deep boreholes under uniform stress at infinity,1 and it focuses on the effect of borehole radius on borehole stability. Rock is described by the equations of a deformation theory of plasticity for cohesive-frictional, incompressible materials with Cosserat structure. The inhomogeneous bifurcation problem is formulated and the corresponding eigenvalue problem is solved numerically by the finite element method. It is demonstrated that the combined Cosserat and stress-gradient effects lead to an increase of the bifurcation stress with decreasing borehole radius (scale effect).
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 131-158 
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    Notes: This paper presents a general method of key block analysis for cylindrical surfaces with numerous real or statistically produced joint traces. General tunnel curves, analytically represented, are unrolled to yield a ‘developed view’ on which the joint traces are continuous curves. Then, using extended block theory, the maximum key block regions are delimited from the curved polygons of the unrolled joint trace map. The methods discussed here apply to a cylindrical tunnel of any shape in section and in any orientation, including inclined tunnels and shafts. The trace maps for which the method applies can be generated statistically, as described herein, or surveyed from real traces on exposed tunnel walls. A brief introduction to the basic theory about tunnel key blocks is provided here so that this paper can be understood without reference to other papers on block theory.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 225-229 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 263-282 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper describes a technique for computing rigorous upper bounds on limit loads under conditions of plane strain. The method assumes a perfectly plastic soil model, which is either purely cohesive or cohesive-frictional, and employs finite elements in conjunction with the upper bound theorem of classical plasticity theory.The computational procedure uses three-noded triangular elements with the unknown velocities as the nodal variables. An additional set of unknowns, the plastic multiplier rates, is associated with each element. Kinematically admissible velocity discontinuities are permitted along specified planes within the grid. The finite element formulation of the upper bound theorem leads to a classical linear programming problem where the objective function, which is to be minimized, corresponds to the dissipated power and is expressed in terms of the velocities and plastic multiplier rates. The unknowns are subject to a set of linear constraints arising from the imposition of the flow rulé and velocity boundary conditions. It is shown that the upper bound optimization problem may be solved efficiently by applying an active set algorithm to the dual linear programming problem.Since the computed velocity field satisfies all the conditions of the upper bound theorem, the corresponding limit load is a strict upper bound on the true limit load. Other advantages include the ability to deal with complicated loading, complex geometry and a variety of boundary conditions. Several examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 94
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 309-326 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite element model is proposed for studying the seismic response of a flexible retaining wall/soil system. The model accounts for nonlinear hysteretic soil behaviour, and also for the increase in lateral stresses and settlement related to grain slip caused by cyclic loads. The response computed by the proposed method was compared with responses recorded at the Cambridge centrifuge facility, and found to be in reasonable agreement. The model was then used to identify the importance of factors such as flexibility of the wall and relative density of the backfill. The study reveals that the maximum bending moments given by current design procedures are nonconservative for stiffer walls. Deflections of flexible walls are of major concern. Flexible walls supporting a sand of medium density yield the greatest deflection.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 95
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 339-339 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 411-425 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: In the use of underground space for storage of solar energy, storage of excess heat from thermal power plants and containment of nuclear waste, the host medium is subjected to a thermal field accompanied by a thermal stress field. These stresses may endanger the stability and integrity of the structure. In this paper, the stress field, in circular and spherical openings, due to a given thermal field is analytically determined and numerically verified. Both lined and unlined openings are considered. The numerical and analytical results are in a satisfactory agreement. The lining stresses, support pressure and radial interface displacement depend only on the thermal field in the lining. A simplified method of stress computation applicable to a thin lining is also presented.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 98
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 435-442 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The use of the limit equilibrium method for the analysis of a dam foundation with a weak shear seam has many limitations. There is further uncertainty in such an analysis by this method when the seam is intercepted by a concrete key. The finite element method is the best alternative means of analysing such problems. In this paper, the finite element analysis of the Karjan Dam (India) foundation, which has a shear seam, is presented with and without the foundation treatment (i.e. the concrete key). The seam is simulated by joint elements. It has been found that a concrete key located near the toe of the dam significantly improves the stability of the foundation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 99
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 443-450 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This communication investigates the effect of permeability variation on free convection flow and heat transfer in a porous medium bounded by a vertical porous wall. A transverse periodic variation in permeability is considered to study the effect on heat transfer rate and skin friction. The problem becomes three-dimensional due to the variation in permeability. Analytical expressions for velocity, temperature, skin friction and rate of heat transfer are obtained using the perturbation technique. Effects of permeability and suction parameters on skin friction and heat transfer is studied and it is found that the increase in permeability creates a higher heat transfer rate and greater skin friction. However, the increase in suction parameter causes the skin friction values to decrease. The results obtained will be useful in the design of steam displacement processes in oil recovery and various geothermal systems.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 100
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 13 (1989), S. 493-510 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: For discrete materials like sands, the continuum field variables, stress and strain, are defined in terms of micro-level quantities by considering the deformation mechanism of granular soils from a microscopic point of view. Under the application of load, soil is considered to deform due to the movement relative to each other of clusters of particles. Based on this deformation mechanism, the kinematics of soils are developed and a strain tensor for granular soils, in terms of local displacements and geometric measures, is introduced. A local constitutive law relating local displacements and local tractions is defined. Using the local constitutive law, the relationships between stress and strain for the media are developed. The developed model incorporates the influence of strain hardening and material anisotropy on the deformation behaviour of the media. Comparisons of the model predictions and experimental results from tests conducted in cubical and hollow cylinder devices are presented.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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