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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,207)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (903)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (902)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (668)
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • 1985-1989  (3,680)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1986  (3,680)
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  • 1985-1989  (3,680)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 101
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    Observations of coherent transverse ion acceleration (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: DE-1 retarding ion mass spectrometer (RIMS) observations of transverse O(+) acceleration in the topside ionosphere are reported and analyzed. The operation and capabilities of RIMS are reviewed, and the data are presented graphically and characterized in detail. Torus or ring O(+) distributions with radii 10 km/s are observed, consistent with coherent transverse acceleration to 10-eV energies in the bulk-plasma reference frame, and conical hot tails at energies above the 50-eV RIMS maximum are noted. Possible mechanisms for these phenomena are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 102
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    Intercomparison of UT1 measurements during the MERIT campaign period (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Universal time (UT1) measurements obtained using VLBI, lunar laser ranging (LLR), and BIH optical astronomy are compared. The JPL Kalman filter for the earth rotation and the polar motion is utilized to smooth one data set or combine data sets for intercomparison. The differences between raw UT1 data and independently smoothed data are employed to assess the accuracy of the measured series and the sufficiency of the error budget. Systematic errors in periodic signatures and length of day estimates are analyzed. The data reveal that the techniques of LLR and VLBI agree to within their formal errors. It is determined that the residual error for the LLR is too large and the residual error estimated for the BIH data is too small.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 103
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    Creation of a global geodetic network using Mark III VLBI (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The positions of 15 permanent VLBI stations have been determined using Mark III with one-sigma uncertainties of less than 5 cm except for three stations in the Pacific. 46070 delay/delay rate observations acquired by the Crustal Dynamics Project and Polaris/IRIS from 1980-84 were included in a least squares solution to estimate the station positions, 44 radio source positions, and earth orientation parameters.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 104
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    The atmospheric excitation of earth orientation changes during MERIT (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Geodetic estimates of earth orientation variations detected during the MERIT campaign (September 1983-November 1984) are compared with corresponding meteorological data. The geodetic data were obtained using VLBI, lunar laser ranging, and satellite laser ranging and the meteorological data were from the NMC in the U.S. and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMRWF) in the U.K. The effects of changes in pressure, wind, and the inverted barometer ocean response on the excitation of the polar motion and the length of day are examined. The comparison between the meteorological and geodetic data reveals that the equatorial vector component of the atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) has significant annual and semiannual variations. Good correlation is detected between the geodetic polar motion data and the NMC pressure inverted barometer data combined with the ECMRWF wind estimates and semiannual agreement with the NMC pressure data is observed. There is also good correlation between the ECMRWF and NMC polar vector component of the AAM data and the geodetic length of day estimates, and good semiannual agreement with NMC pressure data is noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 105
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    SLR and VLBI technology trends (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: SLR and VLBI technology improvements are continuing, aimed at millimeter system performance. New SLR receiver components have achieved single shot RMS precision of 1 cm on LAGEOS. Recent VLBI phase delay observations have achieved sub-cm repeatability. New water vapor radiometers are achieving millimeter precisions in measurements of tropospheric path delay. These improvements, plus others to be discussed, will improve the accuracy of future polar motion measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 106
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    Intercomparison of polar motion measurements during the MERIT period (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Polar motion estimates obtained by satellite laser ranging (SLR) and VLBI are analyzed and compared. The JPL Kalman filter was utilized to smooth the polar motion estimates. Variations in the smoothing residuals for the X and Y components of polar motion for SLR and VLBI are examined. It is observed that the rms differences between the SLR and VLBI estimates for X and Y are about 2-3 marcsec. Power spectra of the differences are studied in order to measure possible periodic systematic errors. The data reveal that the SLR and VLBI polar motion data have a rms difference of about 15-20 marcsec and no significant systematic errors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 107
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    An analysis and intercomparison of VLBI nutation estimates (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nutation estimates from long duration VLBI experiments conducted by the Deep Space Network and reduced at JPL were compared with similar estimates from the IRIS/Polaris data reduced at Harvard. The two series were found to have an rms difference of 1.6 milliarcsec or less, and both exhibited the existence of seasonal errors in the IAU 1980 nutation theory. Most of the observed seasonal discrepancies could be removed by changing the period of the free core resonance to 431.5 solar days. The VLBI data constrain the resonance damping time to be at least one decade, and possibly much longer. Any free core nutation has an amplitude of less than 1 milliarcsec. Crude estimates of the atmospheric forcing of this resonance indicate that meteorological forcing could easily explain the observed free core nutation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 108
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    Multi-station lunar laser ranging - An analysis of data quality and earth rotation results (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The lunar laser ranging (LLR) results obtained from the MERIT period (Sept. 1983 through Oct. 1984) as well as from the post-MERIT period (Nov. 1, 1984 through Aug. 12, 1985) are presented. The ranging targets on the moon include the Apollo 11, 14, and 15 reflectors and a reflector on Lunokhod 2; the LLR network includes McDonald, Texas; CERGA, France; Haleakala, Hawaii; Orroral, Australia; and Crimea, USSR, stations. Data acquired with these systems are reported, and the data quality is assessed, with particular emphasis on recent ranges. During the MERIT period, sixty-five earth rotation values (UTO) were derived from LLR data, with the best accuracy being 0.25 msec; during the post-MERIT period, 115 determinations of UTO were calculated with the best inherent accuracy of about 0.1 msec. The results are compared with those from other techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 109
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    UT/CSR analysis of earth rotation from Lageos SLR data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The 1983-1984 data collected by NASA and stations participating in the Crustal Dynamics Project from satellite laser ranging (SLR) systems are used to generate solutions for the earth polar motion. Solutions obtained using the MERIT Lageos standard data set are compared to operational results based on quick-look data and generated in near real-time, and the capability of Lageos SLR for the determination of earth orientation parameters (EOP) with high temporal resolution is investigated. Finally, the sensitivity of the MERIT campaign results to the number of tracking stations and to changes in the MERIT standard model is evaluated. It is concluded that the departures from the IAU/IUGG MERIT standards do not significantly change the solution and that solutions accurate at the 2 milliarcsec level can be maintained with a network of fewer than 10 appropriately selected stations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 110
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    Conical ion distributions at one earth radius - Observations from the acceleration region? (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Thermal ion measurements from the retarding ion mass spectrometer (RIMS) on Dynamics Explorer 1 (DE 1) in the night side auroral region were surveyed for evidence of ion acceleration. The RIMS measurements showed evidence for ion acceleration in the 2-10,000 km altitude range, with ion distributions peaked near 90 deg, and with temperatures of 1 to 10 eV. Two illustrations of the RIMS data for such observations are given. The conical distributions are found at the low latitude edge of the auroral region, just outside the plasmapause. In the first example, the three major ion species (H+, He+, and O+) show evidence of acceleration. The angular distributions are peaked at different pitch angles, indicating that the different species have been accelerated at different altitudes. The H+ flux is higher than the O+ flux in this first example, in the RIMS energy range (0-50 eV). This is apparently typical of the RIMS observations on the night side. In the second example, only O+ is transversely accelerated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 3, 19
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  • 111
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    Low-energy ion outflows from the ionosphere during a major polar cap expansion - Evidence for equatorward motion of inverted-V structures (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 3, 19
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  • 112
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    Ion energization in upwelling ion events (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A source of H(+), He(+), O(+), and N(+) outflow from the ionosphere has been identified near the polar cusp/cleft using the Dynamics Explorer/retarding ion mass spectrometer data set. This ion outflow termed 'upwelling ions' is characterized by large outfluxes of H(+) and O(+) ions and high transverse ion temperatures. This paper reports on the associated particle and field characteristics of one such upwelling ion event on March 12, 1982. Field-aligned currents and strong E x B convection channels are associated with the event as well as strong broadband plasma wave emission. One or all of these sources may play an important role in the ion energization in this region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 113
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    A GSFC alternative to the SLR MERIT constants (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The use of the Lageos satellite to monitor the earth's orientation is examined. The derivations of long wavelength ocean tidal parameters, a geocentric gravitational constant of 398,600.436 cu km/ sq sec + or - 0.0001 cu km/sq sec, and Love numbers using Lageos laser ranging data are described. The uncertainties of the geopotential model, GEM-L2 of Lerch et al. (1982), are discussed. The calculation of polar motion using the Lageos constants is considered. The Lageos constants are tested by applying them to independent laser ranging data. It is determined that the new constants improve the rms of fit to independent Lageos data and improve the earth orientation parameters compared to VLBI data obtained during the IRIS project.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 114
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    The coordinate frame of the lunar laser ranging network (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The geocentric coordinates for four instruments, which were derived using lunar laser ranging, are compared with the 84L02 coordinates determined from the Lageos satellite. The determination of the geocentric coordinates for the 2.7 m and McDonald Observatory laser ranging system telescopes at McDonald Observatory, the Haleakala site, and the CERGA site near Grasse, France is described. Consideration is given to the McDonald Observatory colocation and station motion due to continential drift. A rms difference of 18 cm is determined for the two sets of geocentric coordinates; however, removing a data anomaly reduces the rms difference to 13 cm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 115
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    Nightside plasmapause positions observed by DE-1 as a function of geomagnetic indices - Comparison with whistler observations and model calculations (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The paper analyzes 28 plasmapause crossings made by the DE1 satellite in the night local time sector (from January to March 1982). Different signatures obtained by the Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer instrument have been used for this analysis. The observed plasmapause positions (Lpp) have been organized as a function of geomagnetic indices. They are compared with the empirical relationship deduced by Carpenter and Parks (1973) from whistler observations. Moreover, the dependence of Lpp versus Kp has been inferred from model calculations using Kp dependent electric and magnetic fields derived from McIlwain's (1974) E3H electric field model and M2 magnetic field model respectively. Stationary models as well as time dependent ones, have been used to determine the positions of the plasmapause. The results of the model calculations are compared to the observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 3, 19
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  • 116
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    Geomagnetic temporal change: 1903-1982 - A spline representation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The secular variation of the earth's magnetic field is itself subject to temporal variations. These are investigated with the aid of the coefficients of a series of spherical harmonic models of secular variation deduced from data for the interval 1903-1982 from the worldwide network of magnetic observatories. For some studies it is convenient to approximate the time variation of the spherical harmonic coefficients with a smooth, continuous, function; for this a spline fitting is used. The phenomena that are investigated include periodicities, discontinuities, and correlation with the length of day. The numerical data presented will be of use for further investigations and for the synthesis of secular variation at any place and at any time within the interval of the data - they are not appropriate for temporal extrapolations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity (ISSN 0022-1392); 38; 6, 19
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  • 117
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    Solar wind control of the magnetotail (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations of the geomagnetic tail configuration and its changes in response to the solar wind plasma and the magnetic field are discussed. Particular consideration is given to the role of the interplanetary B(y) component, which is believed to control the location of field lines passing through the tail boundary and thereby the location of local plasma entry. It is shown how the energetically insignificant interplanetary B(z) component controls the degree to which energy is added to the magnetosphere and stored in the tail, and the manner in which internal processes such as tail reconnection release this energy. It is concluded that the magnetotail plays an important role in magnetospheric substorms, although a directly driven component also makes a contribution, particularly prior to intensifications that are associated with tail reconfigurations.
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  • 118
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    An assessment of the long-term drift in SBUV total ozone data, based on comparison with the Dobson network (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Six years of total ozone data derived from the Nimbus 7 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) experiment are compared with results from 41 Dobson stations to determine year-to-year changes in addition to the monthly bias change for individual stations and for the network. The SBUV measurements are found to drift against the Dobson stations with a linear trend of .38 + or - .13 percent/yr. The cause of the drift could not be separated between residual uncorrected drift in the SBUV instrument, limited sensitivity of the SBUV to increases in tropospheric ozone, and the effect of local increases in pollution level on individual Dobson stations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1359-136
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  • 119
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    Seven years of total ozone from the TOMS instrument - A report on data quality (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Seven years of TOMS total ozone data are currently available. Recently a new ozone retrieval algorithm based on improved ozone absorption cross section was implemented that has introduced 6-7 percent discontinuity in the archived data sets at the end of the fifth year of instrument operation. Until all data are reprocessed with the new algorithm users can use a table of correction factors given in this paper to make the data set internally consistent. This paper also presents a comparison of TOMS results with Amundsen Scott Dobson station. Though the agrement in most years is good, in 1983-84 the Dobson station reported unusually high values of ozone while TOMS saw the very low ozone values associated with the Antarctica ozone hole.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1355-135
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  • 120
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    Reactions of chlorine nitrate with HCl and H2O (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The kinetics of the reactions of chlorine nitrate with HCl and H2O are characterized using a static photolysis/Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer apparatus. For the homogeneous gas-phase reaction with HCl, an upper limit for the rate constant of less than 8.4 x 10 to the -21st, and for the reaction with H2O, a limit of less than 3.4 x 10 to the -21st cu cm/molecule per s, were obtained at 296 + or - 2 K. The yield of HNO3 is almost unity in both cases, and no synergistic effect is noted between HCl and H2O. The kinetic behavior of the reaction with H2O is well described by simple first-order kinetics, while the behavior of the reaction with HCl is described in terms of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1343-134
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  • 121
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    A kinetics study of the homogeneous and heterogeneous components of the HCl + ClONO2 reaction (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The kinetics of the reaction HCl + ClONO2 to Cl2 + HNO3 were investigated at 298 K using a flow reactor with FTIR analysis to assess the importance of this reaction for stratospheric chemistry. The observed reaction was characteristic of a heterogeneous process; an upper limit of 5 x 10 to the -18th cu cm/molecule per s was obtained for the homogeneous gas phase rate constant. From calculations of the first order wall rate constant, estimates were made of the reaction rate on stratospheric aerosols. Because both HCl and ClONO2 need to be adsorbed on the particle surface, the reaction will be of negligible importance under most stratospheric conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1351-135
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  • 122
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    Further interpretation of satellite measurements of Antarctic total ozone (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Both dynamical and chemical mechanisms have been advanced to explain the decrease in total ozone in the Antarctic spring. Further analysis of satellite measurements show that during any one year, the September decline in total ozone near the South Pole is compensated by an increase at midlatitudes. The total ozone amount from 44 deg S to the pole remains almost unchanged from August through November even though both the polar and midlatitude values reach extremes during this period. These observations suggest that the variations within the spring season in south polar total ozone are governed by dynamical redistribution rather than chemical processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1210-121
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  • 123
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    October Antarctic temperature and total ozone trends from 1979-1985 (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The morphology of temperature trends in the south polar stratosphere from 1979-1985 is detailed. A significant cooling has occurred in the stratosphere over this period. South polar October mean temperatures have declined 18 K at 24 km over the seven-year period. A large fraction of this decline occurs as a result of including 1979 temperatures in the trend. The years 1979 and 1982 differ from other years in that they include large mid-October wave events which produce significantly warmer polar temperatures. Nevertheless, a significant temperature decline has still occurred in the stratosphere even when the dynamically active years are not included. Comparing two relatively dynamically quiet years, 1980 and 1985, the largest temperature decrease in the 30 mb temperature field occurs not at the pole but in the subpolar temperature maximum centered near 60 deg S. The changes in temperature of both the maximum and the polar low regions correlate fairly well with total ozone changes observed by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrophotometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 1206-120
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  • 124
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    The poleward edge of the mid-latitude trough - Its formation, orientation and dynamics (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data from the Advanced Ionospheric Sounder (AIS) deployed at Halley, Antarctica (76-deg S, 27-deg W; L = 4.2) and the Dynamics Explorer-2 spacecraft (DE-2) are used to investigate several aspects of the formation processes and dynamics of the poleward edge of the midlatitude electron density trough. These include a study of the flux and energy of charged particles precipitating into the F-region as a function of Magnetic Local Time. It is found that local energetic electron precipitation is a major source of ionization of the poleward edge in the evening sector, but only after magnetic midnight transport processes become more important. Occasionally a significant increase in the flux of conjugate photoelectrons is colocated with the poleward edge of the trough in the morning sector. The combination of AIS and DE-2 data has allowed identification of significant longitudinal structure on the poleward edge of the trough that may be the result of substorm activity. It is found that the orientation of the poleward edge of the trough and the locus of the plasmapause predicted from the 'tear-drop' model vary in rather a similar manner with local time, though no close physical link between the two features is inferred from this coincidence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 48; 715-728
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  • 125
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    Ozone and nitrogen dioxide changes in the stratosphere during 1979-84 (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Analyses of stratospheric nitrogen dioxide distributions as measured by four different satellite experiments indicate midlatitude increases of up to 75 percent during the 1979-84 period. These increases are attributed to enhanced upper atmospheric formation of odd nitrogen during solar cycle 21 with downward transport to the stratosphere. The increases in NO2 provide an explanation for the recently observed dramatic springtime minima in the Antarctic ozone and suggest the reason for the reported midlatitude stratospheric ozone decreases observed by satellite and ground-based stations since the mid 1970s.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 323; 772-777
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  • 126
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    Radiation from lightning return strokes over a finitely conducting earth (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of the conductivity of the earth on radiation from lightning return strokes are examined theoretically using a piecewise linear transmission line model for the return stroke. First, calculations are made of the electric field radiated during the return stroke, and then this electric field is used to compute the response of conventional AM radio receivers and electric field change systems during the return stroke. The calculations apply to the entire transient waveform (they are not restricted to the initial portions of the return stroke) and yield fast field changes and RF radiation in agreement with measurements made during real lightning. This research was motivated by measurements indicating that a time delay exists between the time of arrival of the fast electric field change and the RF radiation from first return strokes. The time delay is on the order of 20 microsec for frequencies in the HF-UHF range for lightning in Florida. The time delay is obtained theoretically in this paper. It occurs when both the effects of attenuation due to conductivity of the earth, and the finite velocity of propagation of the current pulse up the return stroke channel, are taken into account in the model.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 11897-11
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  • 127
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    Tectonic motions in California inferred from very long baseline interferometry observations, 1980-1984 (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using VLBI, three baselines of 150-300 km length within California, and three baselines of 1500 km length between California and Texas, measured between 1980 and 1984, have been fitted to a steady plane/strain rotation model. The observed rate of displacement across the southern San Andreas fault is in agreement with other contemporary rate estimates near 3 cm/yr. Discrepancies between these rates and indicators of relative plate motion near 6 cm/yr seem to be related to local departures of the San Andreas system from the expected strike of the plate boundary. Results support a regional distribution of elastic strain that is offset in about the same sense and amount as the Big Bend of the San Andreas fault, and finite element simulations suggest that tractions on the base of the crust that accompany mantle downswelling beneath the Transverse Ranges could contribute to these strain inhomogeneities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 9473-948
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  • 128
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    Continuous measurement of nontidal variations of gravity (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Records from seven superconducting gravimeters operated at five different locations in California and one in Boulder, CO, are examined after removal of tides and the gravitational attraction of the atmosphere. Fluctuations over periods between a few days and several months were observed at all sites with peak amplitudes of order 10 microgal. By contrast, a 640-day record obtained with one of the instruments in Germany showed peak fluctuations of only 2 microgal. In most of the records the causes of these aperiodic variations were not determined so that they serve to set limits on the vertical motion or displacement of mass at the respective locations. However, at The Geysers geothermal field, much of the gravity variation is correlated with seismic activity, reinjection rate, and rainfall. Measurements of this type were not possible prior to the development of the superconducting device. Consequently, these results provide the first evidence for the existence of gravity variations on the time scale and of the magnitude described here. Vertical crustal motion, motion related to seismic events, and hydrological phenomena can lead to variations on this scale. Unambiguous identification of causal relationships will require either special circumstances such as found at The Geysers or operation of the instruments in pairs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 9125-913
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  • 129
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    Global relationship between oceanic geoid and topography (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The transfer function of geoid over topography as a function of wavelength is derived. The relationship between oceanic geoid and seafloor depth is analyzed. The correction of the geoid and topological data for thermal cooling of the oceanic lithosphere, sediment loading, and crustal thickening induced by volcanism under large ocean plateaus is discussed. The global residual depth and geoid anomalies are computed. The admittance and correlation between residual depth and geoid anomalies as a function of wavelength are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 11
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  • 130
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    Neutral sheet crossings by ISEE-3 in the distant magnetotail (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The magnetic field data from ISEE-3 in the distant magnetotail at crossings of the field reversal (or neutral sheet) region are analyzed to determine the instantaneous direction of the normal component B(z) at the crossing. Crossings in the middle of the aberrated magnetotail near the apogee A2 of the first deep-tail orbit of ISEE-3 in January-February, 1983 were selected. Data for an interval of one hour is discussed at length to illustrate some of the difficulties that can occur. One particular smooth crossing at 15:56 UT, February 4, 1983, shows that complicated microstructure can occur in times shorter than one minute; averaging over long times may eliminate essential information for this purpose. By inspecting the magnetic field data at the highest resolution, however, it is shown that the direction of the plasma sheet flows and the sense of B(z) across the neutral sheet do not always agree with the reconnection models. Rather, they indicate that the low latitude boundary layer may play a significant role in the dynamics of the magnetotail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 131
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    Theoretical analysis of isotope effects on ozone formation in oxygen photochemistry (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In situ measurements of stratospheric ozone and laboratory studies of ozone production in electric discharge through oxygen have shown previously that ozone containing heavy isotopes of oxygen (O-17, O-18) may be formed preferentially. In order to assess the relevance of thee latter experiment to the stratospheric measurements, detailed understanding of the effect of isotopic substitution on the O3 formation reaction O + O2 + M yields O3 + M and on the O atom exchange reaction O + O2 + O yields O2 + O is necessary. In this work, an estimate of the effect of isotopic substitution on the recombination rate is made by us of approximate dynamical theories and statistical mechanics. The results indicate the possibility of isotope effects on the O + O2 recombination rate of the order of several percent at stratospheric temperatures. In general, recombination reactions involving heavy (mass 49, 50) O3 formation are found to be slower than the reaction leading to normal (mass 48) O3 formation. The calculated isotope effects are sufficiently small that the uncertainties in the model input and the approximations in the dynamical theories will probably make the quantitative nature of these results subject to considerable uncertainty. This isotope effect should not be observable in the atmosphere given the precision of the current measurements but may be crucial in the understanding of the laboratory experiments, where observed enhancements are only of the order of several percent. Possible reasons for this discrepancy between the observed enhancement and predicted depletion are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 7865-787
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  • 132
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    The effect of different resistivity models on magnetotail dynamics (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two-dimensional, time-dependent MHD simulations of the interaction between the solar wind and the earth's magnetosphere have been performed to study magnetotail dynamics with varying forms of anomalous resistivity. In general, the resulting models conform to the neutral line model proposed for substorms with near-earth x points and high-speed tailward flows occurring in the magnetotail. However, in the case where Joule heating is included in the physical description of the system, the near-earth x point never moves far down tail, and high-speed tailward flows never stop. Only in the case where there is no Joule heating does the x point move down tail. Simultaneously, the high-speed tailward flows cease. These results indicate that the mechanism of energy dissipation can have an important effect on reconnection processes and the global magnetospheric dynamics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 8057-806
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  • 133
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    Computer simulations of electromagnetic cool ion beam instabilities (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Electromagnetic ion beam instabilities driven by cool ion beams at propagation parallel or antiparallel to a uniform magnetic field are studied using computer simulations. The elements of linear theory applicable to electromagnetic ion beam instabilities and the simulations derived from a one-dimensional hybrid computer code are described. The quasi-linear regime of the right-hand resonant ion beam instability, and the gyrophase bunching of the nonlinear regime of the right-hand resonant and nonresonant instabilities are examined. It is detected that in the quasi-linear regime the instability saturation is due to a reduction in the beam core relative drift speed and an increase in the perpendicular-to-parallel beam temperature; in the nonlinear regime the instabilities saturate when half the initial beam drift kinetic energy density is converted to fluctuating magnetic field energy density.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 4188-420
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  • 134
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    Monochromatic calculations of atmospheric radiative transfer due to molecular line absorption (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Sensitivity studies related to the effects of line cutoff, spectral resolution, and temperature and pressure interpolations in radiative transfer have been performed so that a data set of absorption coefficients for water vapor, CO2, and O3 may be created efficiently. Results show that computations of absorption coefficients are affected only slightly by cutting a line off at a wave number 190 times the Lorentz half width from the center, or equivalently, cutting off 0.33 percent of the line intensity from the wings. To achieve a relative cooling rate error smaller than 2 percent, it is sufficient to precompute the absorption coefficient at three temperatures (210, 250, and 290 K) and 19 pressures with Delta (log 10 p) = 0.2. The absorption coefficient at other conditions can be interpolated linearly with pressure and exponentially with a quadratic in temperature. For the spectral resolution the absorption coefficients can be adequately computed at 0.01, 0.002, 0.005, and 0.025/cm intervals in the thermal water vapor, the CO2 and O3 bands, and the solar water vapor bands, respectively, which limits the error to only a few percent in the cooling and heating rates. Using the precomputed absorption coefficients, repeated monochromatic calculations of atmospheric heating/cooling rates for radiation model developments and for comparison with less detailed calculations are no longer difficult.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 4047-405
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  • 135
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    Evidence of high densities and ion outflows in the polar cap during the recovery phase (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The composition and characteristics of the polar cap plasma for an Oct. 14, 1981 outflow of polar wind ions are examined using data from the DE 1 satellite. The on-board instruments included a plasma wave instrument, a retarding ion mass spectrometer (RIMS) and a high altitude plasma instrument (HAPI). The outflow took place at an altitude of about 19,000 km at a magnetic local time of about midnight. The total plasma density measured was about 50/cu cm, which was an order of magnitude higher than normally recorded at that location and altitude. The background hydrogen plasma was disturbed by highly collimated flows of hydrogen and oxygen ions. The H(+) ions had a mean energy of 0.15 eV and a density of 6-10/cu cm. The O(+) ions had an average density of 20/cu cm and a temperature of 0.26 eV. The total flux of outflowing H(+) and O(+) was about 10 million/sq cm per sec. The HAPI data indicated that the O(+) ions appeared in the dayside ionosphere and the H(+) ions detected by the RIMS originated in the nightside polar cap.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 3321-332
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  • 136
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    Electron density irregularities observed on DE-2 (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations of electron density irregularities have been made with the Langmuir probe (LANG) on DE-2. The DE-2 LANG data were examined for irregularities with scale sizes of 30 to 170 km. Such irregularities were found at all longitudes in the polar cap and auroral oval with stronger fluctuations in the oval. Night time equatorial passes having local times near 1900 or 2400 LT and occurring in an 80 day wide band about equinox were examined for irregularity occurrence. A definite longitude pattern was found in the data from several hundred orbits which showed an eastward shift at later local times. The equatorial irregularity occurrence pattern found in the LANG data is consistent with earlier in situ and remote observations of irregularities and spread F. In fact, the combined data set was found to closely follow the season-longitude pattern determined by the condition of solar terminator alignment with magnetic field lines. Tsunoda (1985) first showed this correlation with scintillation data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 21; 248-256
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  • 137
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    The effect of power-law body forces on a thermally driven flow between concentric rotating spheres (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical study is conducted to determine the effect of power-law body forces on a thermally-driven axisymmetric flow field confined between concentric co-rotating spheres. This study is motivated by Spacelab geophysical fluid-flow experiments, which use an electrostatic force on a dielectric fluid to simulate gravity; this force exhibits a (1/r)sup 5 distribution. Meridional velocity is found to increase when the electrostatic body force is imposed, relative to when the body force is uniform. Correlation among flow fields with uniform, inverse-square, and inverse-quintic force fields is obtained using a modified Grashof number.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 43; 302-304
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  • 138
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    The solar and dynamically induced oscillations in the stratosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The temporal and spatial features of stratospheric fluctuations are analyzed using 2.5 years of ozone and temperature data from the Nimbus 7 solar backscattered ultraviolet and the SAMS experiments. It is observed that the oscillations are dynamically induced perturbations in the winter hemisphere and the 27-day modulation of the solar UV radiation. The fluctuations in the ozone and temperature are compared with solar activity. The effects of solar and temperature perturbations on stratospheric ozone are examined; it is shown that the dynamically induced oscillations are global and independent of solar activity. The seasonal, latitudinal, and altitudinal variations of the regression factors and their influence on the ozone are studied. Multiple regression and cross-spectral analyses of ozone, temperature, and solar flux data reveal that the ozone mixing ratio is more sensitive to changes in temperature than changes in solar activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2719-273
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  • 139
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    Infrared line intensities of chlorine monoxide (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Absolute infrared line intensities of several ClO lines in the rotational-vibrational (1-0) band were measured using infrared heterodyne spectroscopy near 12 microns. A measurement technique using combined ultraviolet absorption and infrared line measurements near 9.5 microns and 12 microns permitted an accurate determination of the column densities of O3 and ClO in the absorption cell and thus improved ClO line intensities. Results indicate ClO line and band intensities approximately 2.4 times lower than previous experimental results. Effects of possible failure of local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions in the absorption cell and the implication of the results for stratospheric ClO measurements in the infrared are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2735-274
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  • 140
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    Variations in in-flight absolute radiometric calibration (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Variations in the in-flight absolute radiometric calibration of the Coastal Zone Color Scanner and the Thematic Mapper (TM) are reviewed. At short wavelengths, the sensors show a gradual reduction in response, while in the mid-IR the TM shows oscillatory variations. One set of measurements made at White Sands, New Mexico shows anomalous results in TM bands 2 and 4. The results of a reflectance-based and a radiance-based calibration method at White Sands are described. An analysis of the radiance-based method shows the value of such measurements from helicopter altitudes for calibration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Proceedings of an International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Conference; p 357-363
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  • 141
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    Investigations of the lower and middle atmosphere at the Arecibo Observatory and a description of the new VHF radar project (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The atmospheric science research at the Arecibo Observatory is performed by means of (active) radar methods and (passive) optical methods. The active methods utilize the 430 NHz radar, the S-band radar on 2380 MHz, and a recently constructed Very High Frequency (VHF) radar. The passive methods include measurements of the mesopause temperature by observing the rotational emissions from OH-bands. The VHF radar design is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 10 p
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  • 142
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    Remote temperature profiling in the troposphere and stratosphere by the radio-acoustic sounding technique (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Radar application of the radio-acoustic sounding technique uses the Doppler frequency shift of radar echoes returning from the atmospheric wave structure, in association with a traveling acoustic pulse transmitted from the ground, to determine the speed of sound, and hence the atmospheric temperature, as a function of altitude. Temperature measurement in the troposphere and stratosphere were determined using the radio-acoustic sounding technique with the Radio-Acoustic Sounding System (RASS). Successful experiments were performed in March 1985, and in August 1985.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 1 p
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  • 143
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    Progress in existing and planned MST radars (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Radar systems are described which use two different wind measuring techniques: the partial-reflection drift technique and the mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) or Doppler beam-swing radar technique. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 3 p
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  • 144
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    Scientific reasons for a network of ST radars and cooperative campaigns (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Due to their capabilities of measuring wind profiles in the troposphere and stratosphere with good time and height resolution, whatever the weather conditions, stratosphere-troposphere (ST) radars are well adapted to carry out atmospheric research in many fields as well as to fulfill the meteorological forecasting needs. Examples are presented from previous and future national or international campaigns planned in France. The ST radars were used first by themselves with the adjunction of radiosonde data. Then networks were built and used to get horizontal parameters. It appears that ST radar networks should naturally be included in cooperative campaigns.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 6 p
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  • 145
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    MST radar networks and campaigns session summary and recommendations (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Topics addressed included: determination of sources of propagation and dissipation of atmospheric disturbances and waves; measurement parameters; comparison of different method and instruments; suitable combinations of instruments; information exchange; and training courses.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 1 p
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  • 146
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    Mesospheric wind measurements using a medium-frequency imaging Doppler interferometer (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Wind results from a medium-frequency radar operated as an imaging Doppler interferometer are presented. Ten independent antennas, together with mesospheric wind motions, were used to Doppler-sort and then echo-locate individual scattering points. The three-dimensional location and radial velocity of each discrete scattering point was determined. Mean winds were then determined by a least squares fit to the radial velocities of the ensemble of scatterers.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 4 p
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  • 147
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    A comparison of vertical velocities measured from specular and nonspecular echoes by a VHF radar (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: For a number of years, there have been doubts about the accuracy of vertical wind velocities measured with quasi-specular reflections from mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radar. The concern has been that the layers producing the quasi-specular reflection process this hypothetical tilt. Because of the quasi-specular reflection process, this hypothetical tilt would control the effective zenith angle of the radar antenna beam so that a small component of the horizontal velocity would be included in what was assumed to be a truly vertical beam. The purpose here is to test the hypothesis that there is an effect on the wind velocities measured on a vertical antenna beam due to a long-term tilting of the stable atmospheric layers that cause quasi-specular reflection. Gravity waves have been observed to cause short-term tilting of turbulent layers and specularly reflecting layers. In both cases, the effect was a wave-like deformation atmospheric layers with a period of a few minutes. This geometry is shown. Because of this influence of gravity waves, it was expected that there would be short-term variations in the vertical velocity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 10 p
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  • 148
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    Mesospheric wave number spectra from Poker Flat MST radar measurements compared with gravity-wave model (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of a comparison of mesospheric wind fluctuation spectra computed from radial wind velocity estimates made by the Poker Flat mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radar are compared with a gravity-wave model developed by VanZandt (1982, 1985). The principal conclusion of this comparison is that gravity waves can account for 80% of the mesospheric power spectral density.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 8 p
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  • 149
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    Evidence of a saturated gravity-wave spectrum throughout the atmosphere (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The view adapted here is that the dominant mesoscale motions are due to internal gravity waves and show that previous and new vertical wave number spectra of horizontal winds are consistent with the notion of a saturation limit on wave amplitudes. It is also proposed that, at any height, only those vertical wave numbers m less than m sub asterisk are at saturation amplitudes, where m sub asterisk is the vertical wave number of the dominant energy-containing scale. Wave numbers m less than m sub asterisk are unsaturated, but experience growth with height due to the decrease of atmospheric density. The result is a saturated spectrum of gravity waves with both m sub asterisk decreasing and wave energy increasing with height. This saturation theory is consistent with a variety of atmospheric spectral observations and provides a basis for the notion of a universal spectrum of atmospheric gravity waves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 5 p
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    Observations of vertical velocity power spectra with the SOUSY VHF radar (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A data set taken with the SOUSY VHF radar from October 28 to November 13, 1981 was used to calculate the power spectrum of the vertical velocities directly from the vertical beam measurements. The spectral slopes for the frequency spectra have been determined out to periods of several days and have been found to have values near -1 in the troposphere and shallower slopes in the lower stratosphere. The value of -1 is in agreement with the value found by Larsen et al. (1985) and Balsley and Carter (1982) in the range from a few minutes to 1 hr.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 5 p
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  • 151
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    On the varying slope of velocity spectra (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Spectra of zonal, meridional and vertical wind velocity, measured during a 24 hour period with the spaced-antenna technique indicate quite a variable slope as a function of height. It is found that the spectral slope (1h to 24h) of all three components correlates with the mean horizontal wind velocity. A possible conclusion is that the frequency dependence of power density of horizontal and vertical fluctuation component apparently depends on the mean wind velocity. However, the vertical spectra at periods larger than about 1 hour can also be influenced by spillover (due to finite radar antenna beam width) from the horizontal fluctuation component or by a Doppler shift.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 3 p
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    Doppler effects on velocity spectra observed by MST radars (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recently, wind data from mesophere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radars have been used to study the spectra of gravity waves in the atmosphere (Scheffler and Liu, 1985; VanZandt et al., 1985). Since MST radar measures the line-of-sight Doppler velocities, it senses the components of the wave-associated velocities along its beam directions. These components are related through the polarization relations which depend on the frequency and wave number of the wave. Therfore, the radar-observed velocity spectrum will be different from the original gravity-wave spectrum. Their relationship depends on the frequency and wave number of the wave as well as the propagation geometry. This relation can be used to interpret the observed data. It can also be used to test the assumption of gravity-wave spectrum (Scheffler and Liu, 1985). In deriving this relation, the background atmosphere has been assumed to be motionless. Obviously, the Doppler shift due to the background wind will change the shape of the gravity-wave power spectrum as well as its relation with the radar-observed spectrum. Here, researcher's investigate these changes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 3 p
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  • 153
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    The frequency spectrum of C sub n sup 2 from MST radar data (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In a recent study (Nastrom et al., 1986), the variability of the refractivity turbulence structure constant, C sub n(2), was examined using observations from the stratosphere troposphere/mesosphere stratosphere troposphere (ST/MST) radar at Poker Flat, Alaska, and Platteville, Colorado. Variations of C2 with height, season, and weather conditions were examined. Also, the autocorrelation function and the frequency distribution of C sub n(2) were studied, and it was shown that C sub n(2), follows a log-normal frequency distribution. One of the more tentative results given in that paper is a first look at the spectrum of log C sub n(2), as a function of frequency at Poker Flat. This spectrum appears to obey a power law relation with frequency, P(F) approx. F(k), with k near -5/3 at periods between about 4 hours and 6 days, and with k near -1 at shorter periods. Power law behavior of a spectrum often helps us to infer the underlying dynamics which give rise to this spectrum, and it is thus of some concern to establish further confidence in the spectral shape. The purpose here is to address these questions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 5 p
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    A study of gravity-wave spectra in the troposphere and stratosphere at 5-min to 5-day periods with the Poker Flat MST radar (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An analysis of frequency spectra at periods of about 5 days to 5 min from two 20-day sets of velocity measurements in the stratosphere and troposphere region obtained with the Poker Flat mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radar during January and June, 1984 is presented. A technique based on median filtering and averaged order statistics for automatic editing, smoothing and spectral analysis of velocity time series contaminated with spurious data points or outliers is outlined. The validity of this technique and its effects on the inferred spectral index was tested through simulation. Spectra obtained with this technique are discussed. The measured spectral indices show variability with season and height, especially across the tropopause. The discussion briefly outlines the need for obtaining better climatologies of velocity spectra and for the refinements of the existing theories to explain their behavior.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 9 p
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  • 155
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    Effects of anisotropy on the frequency spectrum of gravity waves observed by MST radar (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In the investigation of gravity waves using mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere radar data, model gravity-wave spectra have been used. In these model spectra, one usually assumes azimuthal symmetry. The effect of spectral anisotropy on the observed spectrum is studied here. It is shown that for a general Garrett-Munk-type spectrum, the anisotropy does not affect the frequency spectrum observed by the vertically beamed radar. For the oblique beam, however, the observed frequency spectrum is changed. A general gravity wave spectrum including azimuthal anisotropy is considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 2 p
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    Preliminary estimates of vertical momentum flux (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Preliminary results of themomentum flux and flux divergence during a transient episode, as a jet stream moved over the radar are given. The zonal and meridional momentum flux and flux divergences displayed remarkable continuity with altitude in time, increasing in intensity as lee waves and other gravity-wave activity developed while the jet stream approached. The momentum flux values observed compare favorably with aircraft measurements made over similar topography, at least during the early part of the day. The accelerations due to the momentum flux divergence seem rather large at first glance, especially for the late part of the day. However, there may be compensating forces due to effects not considered here, such as transverse circulations or, scales of motion to small to be resolved by these data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 5 p
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    Horizontal wind perturbations and their relation to transient internal gravity waves (1986)
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    Description: Horizontal winds as measured with the Saskatoon MF radar exhibit wind fluctuations which have preferred directions toward north or south in the period range 0 to 60 min at heights between about 60 and 110 km. Longer period perturbations (approx 1-6 h) tend to have an additional maximum of direction frequencies in the E-W sector.The polarization effect analyzed for more than 6 years shows regular changes with season. The main features of the seasonal variations of the direction distributions can be explained by directional filtering of vertically propagating nonstationary gravity waves and appropriate changes of the wave source strength and position in the troposphere. The N-S polarization of the gravity-wave field appears to result in meridional wind reversals with height above the mesopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 5 p
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  • 158
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    Possibility of measuring gravity-wave momentum flux by single beam observation of MST radar (1986)
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    Description: Vincent and Reid (1983) proposed a technique to measure gravity-wave momentum fluxes in the atmosphere by mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere (MST) radars using two or more radar beams. Since the vertical momentum fluxes are assumed to be due to gravity waves, it appears possible to make use of the dispersion and polarization relations for gravity waves in extracting useful information from the radar data. In particular, for an oblique radar beam, information about both the vertical and the horizontal velocities associated with the waves are contained in the measured Doppler data. Therefore, it should be possible to extract both V sub Z and V sub h from a single beam observational configuration. A procedure is proposed to perform such an analysis. The basic assumptions are: the measured velocity fluctuations are due to gravity waves and a separable model gravity-wave spectrum of the Garrett-Munk type that is statistically homogeneous in the horizontal plane. Analytical expressions can be derived that relate the observed velocity fluctuations to the wave momentum flux at each range gate. In practice, the uncertainties related to the model parameters and measurement accuracy will affect the results. A MST radar configuration is considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 3 p
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  • 159
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    Mesospheric gravity-wave climatology at Adelaide (1986)
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    Description: The MF Adelaide partial-reflection radar has been operating continuously since November 1983. This has enabled a climatology of gravity-wave activity to be constructed for the mesosphere. The data have been analyzed for a medium-period range of 1 to 8 hr. and a longer period range between 8 and 24 hr. covering the inertio-period waves. The tidal motions have been filtered out prior to analysis. For the data analyses so far (Nov. 1983 to Dec. 1984), a number of interesting features emerged. Firstly, the wave activity at heights above 80 km shows a small seimannual variation with season with the activity being strongest in summer and winter. At heights below 80 km however, there is a similar but more marked variation with the weakest amplitudes occurring at the time of the changeovers in the prevailing circulation. If breaking gravity waves are responsible for much of the turbulence in the mesosphere, then the periods March to April and September to October might also be expected to be periods of weak turbulence. The wave field appears to be partially polarized. The meridional amplitudes are larger than the zonal amplitudes, especially in water. It is found that the degree of polarization is about 15% in summer and 30% in winter. The polarized component is found to propagate in the opposite direction to the background flow in the stratosphere, which suggests that the polarization arises through directional filtering of the waves as they propagate up from below.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 1 p
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    Can stochastic, dissipative wave fields be treated as random walk generators (1986)
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    Description: A suggestion by Meek et al. (1985) that the gravity wave field be viewed as stochastic, with significant nonlinearities, is applied to calculate diffusivities. The purpose here is to calculate the diffusivity for stochastic wave model and compare it with previous diffusivity estimates. The researchers do this for an idealized case in which the wind velocity changes but slowly, and for which saturation is the principal mechanism by which wave energy is lost. A related calculation was given in a very brief way (Weinstock, 1976), but the approximations were not fully justified, nor were the physical pre-suppositions clearly explained. The observations of Meek et al. (1985) have clarified the pre-suppositions for the researchers and provided a rationalization and improvement of the approximations employed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 3 p
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  • 161
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    Observations and a model of gravity-wave variability in the middle atmosphere (1986)
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    Description: A major goal was to determine what portion of the gravity-wave frequency spectrum accounted for the majority of the momentum flux and divergence, as this has important implications for the middle atmosphere response. It was found that approx. 70% of the total flux and divergence was due to wave motions with observed periods less than 1 hour, consistent with expectations based on the shape of the observed gravity-wave spectrum (FrItts, 1984). This dominance of the momentum flux and divergence by high-frequency motions implies a potential for the modulation of those quantities by large-amplitude motions at lower frequencies. A second, striking aspect of the velocity and momentum flux data is its dramatic diurnal variability, particularly at certain levels. This variability is illustrated with the momentum flux, computed in 8-hr blocks. The dominant contributions here are due to waves with periods less than 1 hr. The variability with height and size of the mean square velocity in the west beam and the momentum flux, energed over the 3-day period. A detailed analysis of the various tidal motions present during this data interval was performed, and it was determined that variations in the zontal wind profile imposed by the diurnal tidal motion are probably responsible for the modulation of the gravity-wave amplitudes and momentum fluxes.
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    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 4 p
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  • 162
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    The relation of gravity waves and turbulence in the mesosphere (1986)
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    Description: Since researchers couldn't prove that the mesospheric turbulence layers are generated by the simultaneously existing short-period gravity waves, they invoked other generation mechanisms than wave breaking. Possible mechanisms like lateral convection (Rottger 1980a), quasi-geostrophic flows at mesoscales (Lilly, 1983) or vortical modes of motion as seen in the ocean (Muller and Pujalet, 1984) could be candidates. Researchers are inclined to see a connection of these layers or laminae with very-long-period internal waves because of the periodicity in their vertical structure and their long mean persistency. Rottger (1980b) had proposed that such structures are due the modulation of the me an temperature and wind profiles by internal waves. The superposition of random or short-term wave-induced wind and temperature fluctuations with the background profile, modulated by very-long-period waves (quasi-inertia waves) then would yield the observed effects, and could explain the vertical periodicity, the long-term mean persistency as well as some short-term variability of their intensity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 5 p
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  • 163
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    The use of the experimentally deduced Brunt-Vaisala frequency and turbulent velocity fluctuations to estimate the eddy diffusion coefficient (1986)
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    Description: The determination of the turbulent energy dissipation rate or the eddy diffusion coefficient from radar observations can be done through the turbulence refractive index structure constant, deduced from calibrated echo power measurements, or through the turbulent velocity fluctuations, deduced from the echo spectrum width. Besides the radar parameters, power and spectrum width, the first approach needs knowledge of profiles of temperature and electron density in the mesosphere and the fraction of the radar volume filled with turbulence. The latter approach needs knowledge of the temperature profile, namely, the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. The use of this latter approach is demonstrated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 6 p
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  • 164
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    Determination of the Brunt-Vaisala frequency from vertical velocity spectra (1986)
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    Description: Recent work on the spectra of vertical velocity oscillations due to gravity waves in the troposphere, stratosphere and the mesosphere has revealed a typical feature which we call the Brunt-Vaisala cutoff. Several observers noticed a spectral peak near the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. This peak often is characterized by a very steep slope at the high frequency part, but a fairly shallow slope towards lower frequencies. Some example spectra of stratosphere observations are given. This distinct spectral shape (most clear at the upper height 22.5 km) can be explained by the fact that the vertical velocity amplitudes of atmospheric gravity waves increase with frequency up to their natural cutoff at the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. The measurement of the frequency of the peak in a vertical velocity spectrum was found to yield most directly the Brunt-Vaisala-frequency profile. Knowing the Brunt-Vaisala frequency profile, one can deduce the potential temperature profile, if one has a calibration temperature at one height. However, even the uncalibrated profile will be quite useful, e.g., to determine fronts (defined by temperature inversions) and the tropopause height. This method fails for superadiabatic lapse rates when the Brunt-Viasala frequency is imaginary. The application of this method will also be difficult when the wind velocity is too high, causing the Doppler effect to smear out the total spectrum and blur the Brunt-Vaisala cutoff. A similar deficiency will also appear if the gravity-wave distribution has a maximum in wind direction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 5 p
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    A statistical model to estimate refractivity turbulence structure constant C sub n sup 2 in the free atmosphere (1986)
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    Description: A computer program has been tested and documented (Warnock and VanZandt, 1985) that estimates mean values of the refractivity turbulence structure constant in the stable free atmosphere from standard National Weather Service balloon data or an equivalent data set. The program is based on the statistical model for the occurrence of turbulence developed by VanZandt et al. (1981). Height profiles of the estimated refractivity turbulence structure constant agree well with profiles measured by the Sunset radar with a height resolution of about 1 km. The program also estimates the energy dissipation rate (epsilon), but because of the lack of suitable observations of epsilon, the model for epsilon has not yet been evaluated sufficiently to be used in routine applications. Vertical profiles of the refractivity turbulence structure constant were compared with profiles measured by both radar and optical remote sensors and good agreement was found. However, at times the scintillometer measurements were less than both the radar and model values.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 2 p
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  • 166
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    Comparison between S. T. radar and in situ balloon measurements (1986)
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    Description: A campaign for simultaneous in situ and remote observation of both troposphere and stratosphere took place near Aire-sur-l'Adour (in southeastern France) on May 4, 1984. The aim of this campaign was a better understanding of the physics of radar echoes. The backscattered signal obtained with a stratosphere-troposphere radar both at the vertical and 15 deg. off vertical is compared with the velocity and temperature measurements made in the same region (about 10 km north of the radar site) by balloon-borne ionic anenometers and temperature sensors. In situ measurements clearly indicate that the temperature fluctuations are not always consistent with the standard turbulent theory. Nevertheless, the assumptions generally made (isotropy and turbulent field in k) and the classical formulation so derived for radar reflectivity are able to reproduce the shape of the radar return power profiles in oblique directions. Another significant result is the confirmation of the role played by the atmospheric stratification in the vertical echo power. It is important to develop these simultaneous in situ and remote experiments for a better description of the dynamical and thermal structure of the atmosphere and for a better understanding of the mechanisms governing clear-air radar reflectivity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 6 p
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    Observations of thunder with the Arecibo VHF radar (1986)
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    Description: An experiment was carried out at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico in August 1985 to study Doppler velocities in a thunderstorm environment with a beam pointed 2.5 degrees off-vertical. Researchers detected two types of echoes associated with lightning. The first was associated with scattering from the lightning channel itself and had characteristics similar to those observed previously with meteorological radars. The second appeared to be due to scattering from the turbulence organized by phase fronts of an acoustic wave generated by lightning. The observations were consistent with a wave traveling at a velocity near the speed of sound and having a vertical phase velocity component of 40 m/s.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 6 p
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  • 168
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    Gravity waves in severe weather (1986)
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    Description: With a view to determining the role of severe weather in producing gravity waves, two tests were made. In the first, the wind speed measured at two nearby radiosonde stations, Peoria and Salem, was correlated with the stratosphere gravity-wave intensity at Urbana. Although the gravity-wave intensity fluctuated greatly from day to day, these is little if any correlation with the stratospheric wind speed. This suggests that orographic forcing is not a factor in generating gravity waves in Urbana. On the other hand, a clear correlation is found between cloud to heights exceeding 20,000 ft and an increased gravity-wave amplitude in the stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 8 p
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  • 169
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    Simultaneous rocket and MST radar observation of an internal gravity wave breaking in the mesosphere (1986)
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    Description: In June, 1983, the Structure and Atmospheric Turbulence Environment (STATE) rocket and Poker Flat Mesophere-Stratosphere-Troposphere radar campaign was conducted to measure the interaction between turbulence, electron density and electron density gradient that has produced unusually strong MST radar echoes from the summer mesosphere over Poker Flat, Alaska. Analysis or radar wind measurements and a concurrent wind and temperature profile obtained from a rocket probe carrying a three-axis accelerometer are given. The two data sets provide a fairly complete (and in some cases, redundant) picture of the breaking (or more correctly, the saturation) of a large-amplitude, low-frequency, long-wavelength internal gravity wave. The data show that small-scale turbulence and small-scale wave intensity is greatest at those altitudes where the large-scale wave-induced temperature lapse rate is most negative or most nearly unstable, but the wind shear due to the large-scale wave is a minimum. A brief review of linear gravity-wave theory is presented as an aid to the identification of the gravity-wave signature in the radar and rocket data. Analysis of the time and height cross sections of wind speed and turbulence intensity observed by the Poker Flat MST radar follows. Then, the vertical profile of temperature and winds measured by a rocket probe examined. Finally, the use of the independent data sets provided by the rocket and the radar are discussed and implications for theories of wave saturation are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 11 p
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    Propagating tides in the mesosphere (1986)
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    Description: A preliminary search has begun for evidence of tides in the 1-hr average line-of-sight mesospheric velocity data from the Urbana radar in the period 1978 to 1982, inclusive. Observations are restricted to the southeasterly component of those velocities. Since observations are only available for a fraction of a day due to the absence of night-time ionization in the Urbana mesosphere, it was decided to adopt an unusual procedure in the search; namely, to perform a Fourier analysis in the vertical direction and look for rotation in phase of vectors representing spatial frequency components. Propagating tidal modes would then show as vectors with a net rotation corresponding to their downward phase velocity. Five year monthly averages of hourly mean horizontal velocities inferred from the Urbana data are given. Consistent diurnal variation is seen for a number of months. These data were analyzed for vertical spatial periods of 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, and 24 km. When plotted as a function of time of day, many of the phasors tended to show a net rotation. The sense of rotation of a spinning vector in the complex plane can be determined objectively by computing the signed area swept out by the vector in saving from point to point. This calculation, indicated downward motion in 8 out of 12 months for the 9-km component and in 11 out of 12 months for the 24-km component. A comparison of the magnitudes of the 6 modes showed that the primary component was the 24-km component, a result confirmed by the tidal models of Forbes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 1 p
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    Atmospheric waves and the nature of buoyancy turbulence in the context of the waves VS 2D-turbulence debate (1986)
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    Description: The problem of how to empirically distinguish between velocity fluctuations due to turbulence and those due to atmospheric waves is addressed. The physical differences between waves and turbulence are reviewed. New theoretical ideas on the subject of bouyancy range turbulence are presented. A unique scale K sub B is given that allows one to differentiate between waves and turbulence for the special case of theta = 0 (i.e., horizontal propagating waves).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 4 p
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    A proposed experimental test to distinguish waves from 2-D turbulence (1986)
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    Description: A theory of buoyancy range turbulence that leads to a unique scale, K sub B, that allows one to differentiate between waves and turbulence for the special case of theta = 0 (i.e., horizontally propagating waves) is discussed. The theory does not seem to lead to a practical empirical distinction for the general situation. This is due to the fact that, as theta is increased, one has the ever-increasing presence of BRT for longer wavelengths. The fact that the numerical values of epsilon prime are not yet available compounds the difficulty. In addition, it does not appear possible to encompass true 2-D turbulence in the theory. We are thus driven to a test which circumvents all these difficulties. A proposed test is based on the idea that waves are coherent and propagate, while in turbulence we have the opposite situation. In particular, the test is suggested by the following quotation from MULLER (1984), on the nature of such turbulence: The turbulence in each horizontal plane is independent from the turbulence in the other planes. If this statement were to be taken literally, it would imply that the temporal coherence between horizontal speeds, separated only in altitude, would be zero. Any vertical separation would be forced to take into account the effects of viscosity: that is to say, a specific finite vertical separation would be needed to destroy coherence. In order to estimate this distance, L, one can use L = C(v/S) (1/2) were v is the kinematic viscosity, S is the shear scale, and C is a constant of order unity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 3 p
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    Evidence of atmospheric gravity wave perturbations of the Brunt-Vaisala frequency in the atmosphere (1986)
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    Description: A series of high altitude, medium resolution, measurements of temperature, pressure and turbulence have been performed by the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. These measurements were conducted using the VIZ Manufacturing Co. microsondes with attached micro-thermal probes measuring the temperature structure coefficient. A typical atmospheric temperature measurement is given. Several small temperature inversions are evident in the troposphere. The stratosphere is marked with numerous fluctuations in the temperature profile. Microsondes provide temperature and pressure measurements every 4 seconds up to a maximum altitude of 30 km (MSL). Since the average ascent rate is 5 m/s, the altitude interval between the measurement reports is 20 m. The potential temperature is calculated from the temperature and pressure. Spectral analysis of atmospheric Brunt-Vaisala frequencies reveal spectra similiar to the velocity spectra of Dewan et al. (1984), Daniels (1982), and Endlich and Singleton (1969). The Brunt-Vaisala spectra indicate the existence of separate, distinguishable wave modes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 7 p
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  • 174
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    Simultaneous VHF and UHF radar observation of the mesosphere at Arecibo during a solar flare: A check on the gradient-mixing hypothesis (1986)
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    Description: The results of a two wavelength (VHF and UHF) mesosphere experiment performed at the Arecibo Observatory on January 5, 1981 are discussed. The 46.8-MHz VHF radar (3.21 m Bragg scale) was operated to provide spectral measurements of signals scattered from refractivity fluctuations due to turbulence. Other physical parameters such as radial velocities, scattered signal power, and Doppler spread due to turbulence can be derived from signal spectra. The 430-MHz UHF radar (0.36 m Bragg scale) was used for D-region electron-density measurements using the incoherent scatter technique with a comparable height resolution. The radars were pointed symmetrically about the vertical with a beam spacing of 5.5 degree in the meridional plane. Occurrence of a type 4 solar flare during the experiment produced enhanced D-region electron-density gradients. This was a unique circumstance that provided the possibility of testing the basic premises of the turbulent gradient-mixing hypothesis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 8 p
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  • 175
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    Half-day and four-day waves in the statosphere (1986)
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    Description: Further analysis of spaced-antenna measurements of 3-dimensional velocity in the stratosphere was performed over a period of 10 days and compared with meteorological observations. A quasi-four-day wave in the lower stratosphere can be shown to originate in planetary wave/synoptic scale disturbances in the troposphere. Its phase propagates downwards and its amplitude decreases strongly with height in the lower stratosphere. The wave features are most pronounced in the meridional wind component, but they show up also in the vertical component. A 12-h oscillation with downward phase progression and about 1.5 ms-1 velocity amplitude is also detected in the meridional component above 18 km, but there is no comparable feature seen in the troposphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 2 p
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  • 176
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    Tropospheric turbulence parameters measured by using the MU radar (1986)
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    Description: The spectral width of the Doppler radar echo has been used to estimate the atmospheric turbulence parameters because it is directly related to the kinetic energy contained in the turbulence. However, sufficient care must be taken in deriving the turbulence parameters since the measured spectral width can be easily affected by undesired factors such as beam broadening, shear broadening, and the temporal variation of the wind field. Here researchers examine these factors in the case of the MU radar observation of the upper troposphere, and present preliminary results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 4 p
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    A model for gravity-wave spectra observed by Doppler sounding systems (1986)
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    Description: A model for Mesosphere - Stratosphere - Troposphere (MST) radar spectra is developed following the formalism presented by Pinkel (1981). Expressions for the one-dimensional spectra of radial velocity versus frequency and versus radial wave number are presented. Their dependence on the parameters of the gravity-wave spectrum and on the experimental parameters, radar zenith angle and averaging time are described and the conditions for critical tests of the gravity-wave hypothesis are discussed. The model spectra is compared with spectra observed in the Arctic summer mesosphere by the Poker Flat radar. This model applies to any monostatic Doppler sounding system, including MST radar, Doppler lidar and Doppler sonar in the atmosphere, and Doppler sonar in the ocean.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 1 p
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    Gravity waves in the middle atmosphere: Recent progress and needed studies (1986)
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    Description: The recent recognition of the important role played by gravity waves in the large-scale circulation and thermal structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere has stimulated considerable research on their properties and their middle atmosphere effects. For example, these studies have begun to provide important information on gravity wave scales, propagation, filtering, and the processes responsible for saturation and turbulent diffusion. There remain, however, many areas in which our current understanding of middle atmosphere gravity waves is deficient. The purpose here is to review the progress that has been made to date and to suggest areas in which additional studies are most needed. Gravity wave scales, gravity wave saturation mechanisms, turbulence production and turbulent diffusion, and distribution of gravity wave energies and momentum fluxes with height and time are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 20; 6 p
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    The GSFC gound-based lidar for the measurement of stratospheric ozone (1986)
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    Description: Concern has risen over the last decade concerning the release of gases into the atmosphere which when photolyzed in the stratosphere can catalyze the destruction of ozone. Although the expected change is only on the order of 5%, significant changes in the vertical profile are anticipated. Predictions at 40 km run as high as a 60% change in the next 50 to 100 years. Because of the importance of ozone in the thermal budget of the atmosphere, such a change will have a direct impact on the earth's climate. Long term monitoring of stratospheric ozone is required to validate the predictions and Differential Absorption Lidar is particularly well suited to this measurement. GSFC is currently constructing a mobile lidar system based on a high powered XeCl excimer laser. The system is expected to be operating by fall 1986 and a campaign to compare the lidar results with a series of ROCOZ flights is planned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 1 p
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  • 180
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    Spectroscopic aspects of differential method for sounding gas composition of the atmosphere (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The problems concerning the dynamics of populations of the sounded atmospheric gas molecule levels taking into account the nonmonochromatic character of radiation, durations of exciting and sounding pulses, rates of relaxation of excited vibration-rotation states population along different channels in a natural multicomponent mixture of gases and air were investigated. The problems of spectroscopic software, completeness and accuracy of the initial spectroscopic information, information on channels and rates of relaxation from the viewpoint of developing specific schemes of sounding are discussed. The values of deviations of vibration-rotation level populations of some atmospheric molecules from their equilibrium value at simultaneous action of double frequency radiation on the sounding path and the corresponding dynamic variation of lidar return amplitude were estimated. The importance of nonlinear spectrosopic effects in the lidar return value variation at sounding radiation frequency equaling the resonance frequency of vibration-rotation transition in the problem on sounding the humidity profiles and concentrations of gaseous pollutants was also estimated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 2 p
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  • 181
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    CO2 lidar system for atmospheric studies (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A lidar facility using a TEA CO2 laser source is being developed at the ENEA Laboratories for Atmospheric Studies. The different subsystems and the proposed experimental activities are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 4 p
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  • 182
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    Atmospheric correlation time measurements using coherent CO2 lidar (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A pulsed TEA-CO2 lidar with coherent detection was used to measure the correlation time of backscatter from an ensemble of atmospheric aerosol particles which are illuminated by the pulsed radiation. The correlation time of the backscatter return signal is important in studies of atmospheric turbulence and its effects on optical propagation and backscatter. If the temporal coherence of the pulse is large enough, then the temporal coherence of the return signal is dominated by the turbulence and shear for a variety of interesting atmospheric conditions. Various techniques for correlation time measurement are discussed and evaluated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 4 p
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  • 183
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    MAPM: A coherent dual CO2 laser DIAL system (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Mobile Atmospheric Pollutant Mapping System (MAPM) is a dual CO2 laser DIAL system with heterodyne detection that is being developed for large distance range resolved measurement of organic solvent vapors and aerosol clouds. The components have been chosen to allow measurements to be made to distances of 6 to 7 km in a period of 20 to 30 s. The major components of the system are listed. MAPM is being integrated into a system and will be tested with several organic solvent gases and vapors in a remotely positioned sample chamber and with a free release of ethylene. Experimental results and system performance are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 1 p
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  • 184
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    Laser heterodyne system for obtaining height profiles of minor species in the atmosphere (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An infrared laser heterodyne system for obtaining height profiles of minor constituents of the atmosphere was developed and erected. A brief discription of the system is given. The system consists of a tunable CO2 waveguide laser in the 9 to 11 micrometer band, that is used as a local oscillator and a heliostat that follows the sun and brings in solar radiation, that is mixed with the laser beam in a high speed liquid nitrogen cooled mercury cadmium telluride detector. The detected signal is analysed in a RF spectrum analyser that allows tracing absorption line profiles. Absorption lines of a number of minor constituents in the troposphere and stratosphere, such as O3, NH3, H2O, SO2, ClO, N2O, are in the 9 to 11 micrometer band and overlap with that of CO2 laser range. The experimental system has been made operational and trial observations taken. Current measurements are limited to ozone height profiles. Results are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 1 p
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  • 185
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    Detection of NO sub x,C2H4 concentrations by using CO and CO2 lasers (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A laser, especially the infrared line tunable laser, opens up a new way to monitor the atmospheric environment, and already has gotten effective practical application. One of the most serious problems in open path remote measurement at atmospheric pressure is the broadening effect which leads to increased linewidths, spectral interferences, and, as a result, tends to reduce detection sensitivity, so measuring laser wavelengths should be selected carefully, and interaction between the measuring wavelength and gas to be measured must be known very well. Therefore, N2O, No, NO2, CH4, NH3 and C2H4 absorption properties at some lines of CO and CO2 line tunable lasers were studied. The absorption coefficients of NO, NO2, and C2H4; some results on detection of NO sub x, C2H4 concentrations in both laboratory and field; and selection of measuring wavelengths and error analysis are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 4 p
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  • 186
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    Gas correlation lidar for methane detection (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new type of DIAL system for the detection of methane in the atmosphere is being developed. The main feature of this lidar is the use of a gas correlation technique to obtain the reference signal by means of a single laser pulse, instead of two shots at different wavelengths. This fact is useful to make measurements on fast moving platforms. To meet the infrared absorption band of methane an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) was used with a LiNbO3 crystal as active element, and a tuning range between 1.5 divided by 4 microns. As known, the major problem to overcome in parametric oscillators are the pump beam quality and the difficulty in reducing the linewidth. The first requirement is met by using, as a pump, a Nd-YAG laser based on a new type of resonator cavity, named SFUR (Self Filtering Unstable Resonator). The laser emits, with high efficiency, near diffraction limited pulsed beams of about 250 mJ of energy, 20 ns of duration at 10 pps of frequency repetition rate. On the other hand, the gas correlation technique allows the operation with a bandwidth as large as 1/cm, which is obtainable using only a diffraction grating as a dispersive element in the OPO cavity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 1 p
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  • 187
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    Daytime lidar measurements of tidal winds in the mesospheric sodium layer at Urbana, Illinois (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: For more than 15 years lidar systems have been used to study the chemistry and dynamics of the mesospheric sodium layer. Because the layer is an excellent tracer of atmospheric wave motions, sodium lidar has proven to be particularly useful for studying the influence of gravity waves and tides on mesospheric dynamics. These waves, which originate in the troposphere and stratosphere, propagate through the mesosphere and dissipate their energy near the mesopause making important contributions to the momentum and turbulence budget in this region of the atmosphere. Recently, the sodium lidar was modified for daytime operation so that wave phenomena and chemical effects could be monitored throughout the complete diurnal cycle. The results of continuous 24 hour lidar observations of the sodium layer structure are presented alond with measurement of the semidiurnal tidal winds.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 4 p
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  • 188
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    Lidar observation of the mesospheric sodium layer in Antarctica (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The mesospheric sodium layer has been observed at Syowa Station in Antarctica during the wintering period of the 26th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. A lidar observation of the polar middle atmosphere at the station has been performed as a part of the Middle Atmosphere Program since 1983. At first stratospheric aerosols have been observed by the system based on a ruby laser. In 1985 a new transmitting system consisting of a tunable dye laser was added to that system to observe the sodium layer, too. The characteristics of the lidar system are given. The results of the mesospheric sodium layer observed on 42 nights during the period from March to October, 1985 are also given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 3 p
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  • 189
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    Lidar stratospheric ozone measurements at the observatoire de Haute Provence (France) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Strastospheric ozone monitoring is of particular importance to confirm present day theories predicting a maximal ozone depletion, due to chlorofluorocarbon emission, in the 35 to 45 km altitude range. Measurements presently rely on both ground based and satellite-borne passive experiments. Such systems have been recently shown to have intrinsic limitations mainly due to atmospheric aerosol presence and calibration problems. During the last few years, active lidar profiling of the ozone vertical distribution by the Differential Absorption Laser technique (DIAL) in the UV wavelength range has been developed using two different laser sources: a Nd-YAG pumped dye laser which enables a large tuning range of the UV emitted wavelengths; and exciplex laser sources using xenon chloride as an active medium and emitting at 308 nm, the off wavelength being usually generated by Raman shifting techniques. Advantages and limitations of using both of these systems are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 4 p
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  • 190
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    Lidar detection of metallic species at the mesopause level (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The measurement alkali species present in the atomic form at the mesopause level has been performed by lidar for more than ten years. Atomic and ionic calcium density profiles are obtained for 3 years by the same technique in the visible range, at 423 nm for atomic calcium, and 393 nm for ionic calcium Ca(+). The experimental set-up and the preliminary results have been presented elsewhere. The 423 nm wavelength is directly obtained by the emission of a dye laser pumped by the third harmonic of a Nd-YAG laser. For the generation of the 393 nm wavelength, frequency mixing was used: the emission at 624 nm of a dye laser pumped by the 2nd harmonic of a Nd-Yag laser is mixed with the fundamental infrared emission (remaining after frequency doubling), in a non-linear KDP crystal, which gives the 393 nm emission. The behavior of the two atomic species, calcium and sodium, which are in the same altitude range are compared. For 45% of the observations, no ionic calcium was detected: the ionic calcium abundance was thus below the detection threshold. Contrasting with the density profiles of the atomic species, sodium and calcium, the ionic calcium profile present important variations on small time scales. The main characteristics of theatomic and ionic calcium behaviors that can be deduced from the measurements made are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 4 p
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  • 191
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    Lidar measurements of thermal structure (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Rayleigh backscatter observations at 532 nm and 355 nm of relative atmospheric density above Aberystwyth on a total of 93 nights between Dec. 1982 and Feb. 1985 were used to derive the height variation of temperature in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. Preliminary results for height up to about 25 km were also obtained from observations of Raman backscattering from nitrogen molecules. Comparisons were carried out for stratospheric heights with satellite borne measurements; good agreement was found between equivalent black body temperatures derived from the lidar observations and those obtained from nadir measurements in three channels of the stratosphere sounder units on NOAA satellites; the lidar based atmospheric temperatures have shown general agreement with but a greater degree of structure than the limb sounding measurements obtained using the SAMS experiment on the NOAA-7 satellite. In summer, stratospheric and mesospheric temperatures showed a smooth height variation similar to that of the CIRA model atmosphere. In contrast, the winter data showed a great variability with height, and marked temperature changes both from night to night and within a given night.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 1 p
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  • 192
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    Airborne lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Polar stratospheric clouds (PSC's) have been detected repeatedly during Arctic and Antarctic winters since 1978/1979 by the SAM II (Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II) instrument aboard the NIMBUS-7 satellite. PSC's are believed to form when supercooled sulfuric acid droplets freeze, and subsequently grow by deposition of ambient water vapor as the local stratospheric temperature falls below the frost point. In order to study the characteristics of PSC's at higher spatial and temporal resolution than that possible from the satellite observations, aircraft missions were conducted within the Arctic polar night vortex in Jan. 1984 and Jan. 1986 using the NASA Langley Research Center airborne dual polarization ruby lidar system. A synopsis of the 1984 and 1986 PSC observations is presented illustrating short range spatial changes in cloud structure, the variation of backscatter ratio with temperature, and the depolarization characterics of cloud layers. Implications are noted with regard to PSC particle characteristics and the physical process by which the clouds are thougth to form.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 1 p
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  • 193
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    Lidar observations of the decline of the El Chichon stratospheric load (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The eruption of the Mexican volcano El Chichon in Apr. 1982 enhanced the stratospheric aerosol load to a level which so far has not been observed by remote sensing techniques. The ruby lidar system at Garmisch-Partenkirchen recorded an increase of about two orders of magnitude above the background level of the years 1977/78. At northern midlatitudes backscattering was peaking in Jan./Feb. 1983, as illustrated. The decline of the El Chichon stratospheric perturbation is discussed. The decay of the El Chichon stratospheric cloud is characterized by an overall 1/e lifetime of about 12 months. The El Chichon decay is further characterized by seasonal variations of the integral backscattering coefficient, which exhibit a winter maximum and a summer minimum. These variations are inversely correlated with the seasonal mean movement of the tropopause height indicating transport processes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 2 p
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  • 194
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    Observations of stratospheric aerosols associated with the El Chichon eruption (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Lidar observations of aerosols were carried out at Aberystwyth between Nov. 1982 and Dec. 1985 using a frequency doubled and frequency tripled Nd/Yag laser and a receiver incorporating a 1 m diameter in a Newtonian telescope configuration. In analyses of the experimental data attention is paid to the magnitude of the coefficient relating extinction and backscatter, the choice being related to the possible presence of aerosols in the upper troposphere and the atmospheric densities employed in the normalisation procedure. The aerosol loading showed marked day to day changes in early months and an overall decay was apparent only after April 1983, this decay being consistent with an e sup -1 time of about 7 months. The general decay was accompanied by a lowering of the layer but layers of aerosols were shown intermittently at heights above the main layer in winter months. The height variations of photon counts corrected for range, or of aerosol backscatter ratio, showed clear signatures of the tropopause. A strong correlation was found between the heights of the tropopause identified from the lidar measurements and from radiosonde-borne temperature measurements. A notable feature of the observations is the appearance of very sharp height gradients of backscatter ratio which seem to be produced by differential advection.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 1 p
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  • 195
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    The application of lidar to stratospheric aerosol studies (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The global climatology and understanding of stratospheric aerosols evolving primarily from lidar and satellite measurements is presented. The importance of validation of these remotely sensed data with in situ measurements is also discussed. The advantage of lidar for providing high vertical and horizontal resolution and its independence from a remote source for measurement will become evident with examples of long term lidar data sets at fixed sites and the use of lidar on airborne platforms. Volcanic impacts of the last 20 years are described with emphasis on the last 8 years where satellite data are available. With satellite and high resolution lidar measurements, an understanding of the global circulation of volcanic material is attempted along with the temporal change of aerosol physical parameters and the stratospheric cleansing or decay times associated with these eruptions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 2 p
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  • 196
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    Volcanic eruptions and the increases in the stratospheric aerosol content: Lidar measurements from 1982 to 1986 (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of the observation for stratospheric aerosols which were carried out since the autumn of 1982 by using the NIES large lidar are described. Specifications of the lidar system are shown. The lidar has two wavelenghts of 1.06 and 0.53 micrometers. The 0.53 micrometer is mainly used for the stratospheric aerosols, because the PMT for 0.53 micrometers has higher sensitivity that that for 1.06 micrometers and the total efficiency is higher in the former. A switching circuit is used to control the PMT gain for avoiding signal induced noise in PMT. For the last four years, the stratospheric aerosol layer which was significantly perturbed by the El Chichon volcanic eruption was observed. The scattering ratio profiles observed from 1982 through 1983 are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 4 p
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  • 197
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    Lidar method of measurement of atmospheric extinction and ozone profiles (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A description of a method of measurement of atmospheric extinction and of ozone profiles by use of the backscatter signal from a monostatic lidar is given. The central feature of the procedure involves a measurement of the ratio of the Raman backscatter returns of both the oxygen and nitrogen atmospheric content. Because the ratio of the number density of both species is known to high accuracy, the measurement itself becomes a measure of the ratio of two transmissions to altitude along with a ratio of the two system constants. The calibration measurement for determining the value of the ratio of the two system constants or electro-optical conversion constants is accomplished by a lidar measurement of identical atmospheric targets while at the same time interchanging the two optical filters in the two optical channels of the receiver. More details of the procedure are discussed. Factoring this calibrated value into the measured O2/N2 profile ratio provides a measured value of the ratio of the two transmissions. Or equivalently, it provides a measurement of the difference of the two extinction coefficients at the O2 and N2 Raman wavelengths as a function of the height.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 1 p
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  • 198
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    Intercomparisons of high-resolution solar blind Raman lidar atmospheric profiles of water vapor with radiosondes and kytoon (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A report is given of measurements of atmospheric profiles of water vapor in the boundary layer by use of solar blind Raman lidar. These measurement episodes, occuring twice a day over a two week period, were accompanied by a dense net of supporting measurements. The support included two radiosonde launches per measurement episodes as well as a kytoon support measurement of water vapor using a wet bulb-dry bulb instrument. The kytoon strategy included ten minute stops at strategic altitudes. Additional kytoon measurements included ozone profiles and nephelometric extinction profiles in the visible. Typically, six or seven 1000 shot lidar profile averages were collected during a measurement episode. Overall performance comparisons are provided and intercomparisons between auxiliary measurement devices are presented. Data on the accuracy of the lidar water vapor profiles are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 1 p
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  • 199
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    A combined Raman lidar for low tropospheric studies (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: One of the main goals of laser sensing of the atmosphere was the development of techniques and facilities for remote determination of atmospheric meteorological and optical parameters. Of lidar techniques known at present the Raman-lidar technique occupies a specific place. On the one hand Raman lidar returns due to scattering on different molecular species are very simple for interpretation and for extracting the information on the atmospheric parameters sought, but, on the other hand, the performance of these techniques in a lidar facility is overburdened with some serious technical difficulties due to extremely low cross sections of Raman effect. Some results of investigations into this problem is presented which enables the construction of a combined Raman lidar capable of acquiring simultaneously the profiles of atmospheric temperature, humidity, and some optical characteristics in the ground atmospheric layer up to 1 km height. The operation of this system is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 3 p
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  • 200
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    Three atmospheric dispersion experiments involving oil fog plumes measured by lidar (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Wave Propagation Lab. participated with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in a series of experiments with the goal of developing and validating dispersion models that perform substantially better that models currently available. The lidar systems deployed and the data processing procedures used in these experiments are briefly described. Highlights are presented of conclusions drawn thus far from the lidar data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center 13th International Laser Radar Conference; 4 p
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