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  • Articles  (15,208)
  • Springer  (14,917)
  • Society of Exploration Geophysicists
  • 1985-1989  (15,208)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1986  (15,208)
  • Physics  (12,889)
  • Geosciences  (3,760)
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  • Articles  (15,208)
Years
  • 1985-1989  (15,208)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 2
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Optical microsurgery ; Optical breakdown ; Resonators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We report the development of an efficient and compact neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd-YAG) laser for eye microsurgery. High efficiency and excellent multimode beam quality were obtained by use of a reflecting close-coupled cavity. Stable and unstable resonator configurations were compared. Some experiments performed with this laser are presented and discussed.
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  • 3
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photosensitization ; Porphyrins ; Cancer therapy ; Membrane damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract When mammalian cells are exposed to light in the presence of photosensitizers, such as porphyrins, a number of reactions takes place. The most important photoproduct is singlet oxygen, which reacts with and degrades a variety of biomolecules. This species can travel only about 0.1μm in a cell during its lifetime. Therefore, the structures most exposed to photodamage are those containing high concentrations of sensitizer. For porphyrins, membranes and mitochondria are such structures. Photosensitized damage to mitochondria and membranes has been observed by several techniques. The incubation time with sensitizers is critical since the rates of accumulation of sensitizer are different at different cellular locations. Several other aspects of the action of photosensitizers are reviewed: Have sublethal doses any effect on proliferation and DNA? How can photodynamic treatment act selectively on tumour tissue? Should photodynamic cancer treatment be combined with other therapies? Does photodynamic therapy work under low oxygen concentrations?
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  • 4
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser laparoscopy ; CO2 laser ; Endometriosis ; Adhesions ; Infertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Adhesions and endometriosis are commonly encountered among patients presenting with pelvic or lower abdominal pain and also in a significant proportion of infertile patients. Laparoscopic investigation is usual in patients with these problems, and it has been possible to perform endoscopic surgery with special scissors and electrodiathermy. These methods can cause troublesome bleeding, and the diathermy produces high temperatures which can be hazardous if used in the vicinity of the bowel. The carbon dioxide laser can be used endoscopically to vaporize deposits of endometriosis and adhesions with great precision and virtually no bleeding. One hundred consecutive patients with endometriosis or adhesions were treated with the CO2 laser laparoscope and followed up for at least a year. Seventy-five per cent of patients with pain due to endometriosis were cured, and 68% of patients were better after laser laparoscopic adhesiolysis. Pregnancy rate in the previously infertile group with endometriosis was 64%. There were no complications due to the intra-abdominal use of CO2 laser energy under endoscopic control, although there is a need for a controlled trial. It appears that in the hands of an experienced laparoscopist this technique is safe and effective.
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  • 5
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Haematoporphyrin derivative ; 580 nm emission ; Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Continuous wave and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy have been extensively used to characterize the behaviour of haematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) both in solution and in single cells. In this work, we report experimental evidence for the presence of a 580 nm-emitting species, occurring as a consequence of modifications in HPD induced by the cellular microenvironment. The fact that the formation of this ‘modified’ species seems to be favoured in tumour cells might increase sensitivity in the diagnostic use of HPD for the localization of early-stage tumours.
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  • 6
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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  • 7
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 85-86 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon dye laser ; Photodynamic therapy ; Gastric cancer ; Adenocarcinomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-eight patients with gastric cancer were treated by photodynamic therapy. Haematoporphyrin derivative was used as a photosensitizer and an argon dye laser as a light source. Histologically, all tumours were adenocarcinomas. On the basis of endoscopy, 17 cases were categorized as early-stage cancer and were classified as type IIc (10 lesions), Ha (three lesions), combined type IIc and type III (three lesions) and type I (two lesions). In 11 patients with advanced-stage cancer, endoscopy showed one case of Borrmann I, three of Borrmann II, six of Borrmann III and a single case of Borrmann IV. In the 17 patients with early-stage cancers (18 lesions), complete remission was obtained in 10 patients (11 lesions). Of 13 resected cancers complete remission was confirmed in six lesions on the basis of detailed histological examination of resected specimens. In the advanced stage tumours all 11 patients showed incomplete remissions. It is considered that an incomplete response in the early-stage cancers is due to insufficient light dosage because of the wide area of tumour, because the site of the lesion is anatomically difficult to photoradiate and because the invasion extends to the muscular layer and serosa.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser angioplasty ; Excimer laser ; Photoablation ; Haemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of three ultraviolet excimer laser wavelengths on normal and atheromatous human cadaver aortic wall are presented. Ultraviolet radiation successfully ablates vessel wall; the dose response is greatest at 249 nm followed by 193 nm and 351 nm, where the effect is negligible for the equivalent energy dose. Wavelengths 249 and 193 nm have a selective effect on fibrous atheroma; ablation proceeds at a higher rate in this tissue. Non-linear effects observed at 249 nm may be due to thermal as well as photoablative mechanisms. In addition, blood samples were exposed to all three wavelengths and potassium concentrations were measured; the dose of energy required to produce tissue ablation may also produce significant haemolysis and hyperkalaemia at 249 and 193 nm but not with 351 nm. This finding may be important for coronary angioplasty but less so for peripheral work. The wavelength that produces the strongest dose response is 249 nm; this is the wavelength for which a fibre-optic delivery system should be developed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon laser ; Superficial venular dilatation lower limb ; Arborizing telangiectasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The response of vascular dilatation of the lower limb to treatment with the argon laser was found to correlate with clinical diagnosis. Nine patients with superficial venular dilatation of the lower limb associated with varicose veins were treated with the argon laser and the results were uniformly poor. However, two patients with the clinically distinct condition of arborizing telangiectasia (or essential progressive telangiectasia) of the legs responded well to treatment. No other satisfactory treatment is available for this cosmetically distressing condition, so that argon laser therapy appears to be the treatment of choice.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Meningioma ; Microsurgery ; Micromanipulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The coagulation and tumour-shrinking properties of the Nd-YAG laser make it a useful tool in the treatment of vascular intracranial tumours, in particular meningiomas. The resection of many tumours such as base-of-skull meningiomas inevitably involves limited access, making precision work with the hand-held laser difficult. This paper presents the use of a special micromanipulator which allows coupling of the OPMILas YAG laser to the Zeiss OPMI operating microscope. The laser can be used in focused or defocused mode, with better precision than that obtained in the hand-held position. A built-in filter makes the instrument safe for the surgeon to use without goggles.
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  • 12
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Lasers ; Exposure time ; Calibration ; Safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A hand-held unit has been constructed for routine measurement of exposure times of argon and krypton lasers. A small photodiode is used as the sensing element, and the measured exposure time in ms is observed on a liquid-crystal display. A series of measurements was made on a set of four lasers in use in ophthalmology departments in North Wales. Typically, the measured exposure times were observed to agree well with set values. Percentage errors were, however, often considerable at the shortest exposure settings. A small variation in values of exposure timings for a selected exposure time was found as a function of selected aiming-beam position. This presumably arises out of the design of the particular aiming-beam/shutter assembly. Although no serious shutter malfunction was detected, the ability to measure exposure times accurately was considered relevant to checking the delivered output of laser systems.
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  • 13
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 225-228 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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  • 14
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 229-230 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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  • 15
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 231-231 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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  • 16
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 232-232 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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  • 17
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Capsulotomy ; Iridotomy ; Photodisruption ; Eye anterior segment ; Neodymium-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Since the introduction of microsurgery by the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd-YAG) laser many conventional surgical procedures for the anterior segment of the eye have been superseded. We discuss the current indications, contraindications, techniques and complications encountered in pulsed Nd-YAG laser surgery of the anterior segment.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Oesophageal cancer ; Gastric cancer ; Neodymium-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For palliative treatment of tumours with the Nd-YAG laser, the non-contact method of applying laser energy has become established as a useful technique. However, it has certain disadvantages which include overdistension of the intestine, difficulty in calculating the amount of energy applied in each place, and the danger of destruction of the tip of the light guide if this makes contact with the tissue while the laser is being fired. The newly developed contact method of energy application by means of ceramic tips is free from such disadvantages. We report our results with the contact and the non-contact method in the treatment of stenosing inoperable tumours of the oesophagus and stomach. By the end of 1985 we had treated 76 patients with the non-contact method and 16 with the contact method. The relative advantages of the two methods in clinical use are discussed.
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  • 19
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 158-159 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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  • 20
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Splenic resection ; Cellular biostimulation ; Mast cells ; Splenic regeneration ; Pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Splénectomie partielle au laser YAG-Nd. Une série de 11 porcs (18–35 kg) subissent une splénectomie partielle à l'aide d'un laser YAG-Nd (80 W de puissance, 8° de divergence), après ligature de l'artère gastro-épiploique. On obtient une coupe et une hémostase simultanée rapide. La zone d'ischémie est limitée à 1 ou 2 mm d'épaisseur et se trouve rapidement remplacée par du tissue fibreux au 10e jour post-opératoire (J10). Aucune hémorragie secondaire n'est à déplorer. L'examen en microscopie semi-fine et électronique montre: à J 3 une activité macrophagique et polynucléaire intense dans la pulpe rouge à proximité de la coupe; à J 10 de nombreuses mitoses des cellules lymphoides de la pulpe blanche; à J 30 une forte densité de plasmocytes et de mastocytes répartis dans les centres germinaux situés à proximité de la fibrose de bordure. Les contrôles à J 180 et J 365 montrent une guérison totale du foyer de résection et une taille normale de la rate.
    Notes: Abstract Eleven pigs (18–35 kg) were submitted to partial splenic resection with an 8° divergent Nd-YAG laser beam (80 W). The gastroepiploic artery was ligated in 10 pigs. The laser provided both rapid cutting and haemostasis, and the ischaemic layer was limited to 1 or 2 mm in thickness. This was replaced by fibrous tissue by the tenth postoperative day and delayed bleeding was not observed. Semi-thin and electron microscopic examinations of the spleen on the third postoperative day showed intensive macrophage and polynuclear infiltration into the red pulp in the vicinity of the resection. At ten days mitotic figures of lymphoid cells and a few mast cells were present in the white pulp. By day 30 a large concentration of plasmocytes and mast cells were scattered in germinal centres underlying the new fibrotic capsule. Healing, with restoration of the size of the spleen, was found at six months and at twelve months postoperatively.
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  • 21
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 517-524 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Phase equilibria were investigated at 80°C for a ternary system involving a solvent benzyl alcohol, a rodlike polymer poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG), and a flexible polymer polystyrene (PS). The fairly dilute solution of the two polymers was isotropic and monophasic. At greater concentrations, it was separated into two isotropic phases. Above an even higher critical concentration of the two polymers, three phases, a cholesteric (A1) and two isotropic phases (I1 and I2), coexisted at equilibrium. PBLG was contained exclusively in the phases A1 and I1, while PS was in the phase I2. The more concentrated solution was separated into a cholesteric phase and an isotropic phase. The latter contained PS but excluded PBLG, These features were discussed on the ground of the Flory theory by considering the polymer compatibility.
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  • 22
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 531-537 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the oxidation of a low density polyethylene and of an isotactic and an atactic polypropylene in solution. The solvent was 1,2, 4-trichlorobenzene and the process was investigated at different temperatures, with varying concentrations of the initiator and of the polymer. Under the experimental conditions, a non-accelerating chain reaction proceeds at the beginning of the process. The equation derived from the proposed simplified mechanism describes consistently the dependences of experimentally measured rates on the concentrations of the initiator and of the polymer.
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  • 23
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 547-549 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Analysis of the hydroxyl content of a series of commercial poly(ethylene glycol)monomethy1 ethers by means of 360 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy of the trichloroacetyl isocyanate modified polymers has shown that some compounds contain considerable amounts of poly(ethylene glycol).
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  • 24
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 143-146 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Aromatic polyureas and polythioureas are prepared from aromatic diamines and carbon dioxide or carbon disulfide, by a new direct polycondensation reaction with ethylene chlorophosphite as reagent in pyridine as solvent and acceptor for hydrochloric acid at 50–60° for 6–7 hours.
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  • 25
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 89-91 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The distances of stacked bases of DNA in different conformations can-not be calculated by equilibrium potentials, since they exhibit not more than only one minimum. However, a double potential minimum is obtained by considering the most simple semiclassical model of excitons that are coupled adiabatically to lattice vibrations, hence forming polaritons. By use of Danilov's extended Hückel approximation of DNA excitons, stacked base distances can be calculated that agree fairly well with the experimental data. The errors of this approach are small as compared to the differences of the distances in various conformations. Consequently, this model may work as a first base of understanding molecular interactions in DNA.
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  • 26
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 491-495 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract N-(p-methylstyryl)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine is prepared by alkylation of p-chloromethylstyrene under conditions which do not favor quaternization. A series of Copolymerization reactions confirm that the new chiral monomer and styrene copolymerize in random fashion with r1=1.09 and r2=0.98. The optical rotation of the copolymers does not vary linearly with composition. Applications of the copolymer include its use as chiral ligand for asymmetric synthesis or as a separation medium.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary To study the influence of dipolar moments on the permittivity of polymers, three isomeric polymers ortho, meta and para polymethoxystyrenes have been synthesized. Physical properties and NMR studies1H and13C are described.
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  • 28
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polycarbonates of Bisphenol A were prepared with 2 (2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2H-4-hydroxybenzotriazole or 2 (2, 4-di-hydroxyphenyl) 2H-1,3-di (4-hydroxybenzotriazole) ultraviolet stabilizers permanently incorporated into the polycarbonate main chain. Direct polycarbonate formation from Bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate or transesterification using previously prepared polycarbonate in the melt with ultraviolet stabilizers 2 (2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2H-4-hydroxybenzotriazole or 2 (2, 4-dihydrophenyl) 2H-1,3-di (4-hydroxybenzotriazole) or the corresponding acetyl compounds gave the final polycarbonates which were characterized.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Infra-red dichroism has been used to measure the orientation of the different sequences of isotopically labelled block copolymers. We have determined the orientation from dichroic ratios of two bands of deuterated polystyrene, and compared in block copolymers the orientation of the central part of the chain with that of the ends. The relaxation of the ends is more rapid, than that of the center, which exhibits a “plateau”.
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  • 30
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary By reacting polybutadiene with 4-Phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazoline-3, 5-dione (PTD) urazole groups are added to the polymer. The formation of hydrogen bonds between different urazole groups is investigated by IR-spectroscopy at various temperatures. The carbonyl stretching vibrations at 1700 and 1723 cm−1 could be attributed to hydrogen bonded and free urazole groups. With increasing temperature the fraction of bonded groups decreases. From the overall change in the absorption the ratio of the extinction coefficients of bonded and free C=O is determined. The stability of the hydrogen bonds is explained by a chelate like complex between two urazole groups.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Polymer pseudocrownethers based on polyphosphazene are active catalysts of nucleophilic substitution reactions. With respect to the catalytic activity, polyphosphazene is a more suitable carrier of oligo(oxyethylenes) than poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene). With increasing length of oligo(oxyethylene) branches the catalytic activity of polymers increases. The favorable effect of the content of pseudocrownether structures is particularly visible in polymers having a longer oligo(oxyethylene) chain in those reactions in which the polymer acts as a solid cosolvent. The catalysts preserve their activity also if reused.
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  • 32
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 317-323 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new family of initiating systems has been discovered that efficiently induces the truly living polymerization of isobutylene (IB). The initiating systems are complexes of organic tertiary esters e.g., cumyl acetate, 2,4,4-trimethylpentane-2-acetate, with BCl3. Living polymerizations proceed very rapidly in a variety of solvents, i.e., CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, C2H5Cl, and mixtures of chlorinated solvents plus n-hexane, in the range from −10° to −50°C. The living nature of the polymerizations was demonstrated by linear ¯Mn versus WPIB (g of polymer formed) plots starting at the origin and horizontal N (number of PIB chains) versus WPIB plots. The DPn of the products obeys [Mo]/[Io] where [Mo] and [Io] are initial monomer and initiator concentrations, respectively. Conversions and initiator efficiencies are ∼100%. In carefully controlled experiments narrow molecular weight distribution polyisobutylenes (PIB) have been obtained, i.e., Mw/Mn=1.17 − 1.3. A mechanism is outlined that helps rationalize the findings. It is postulated that the living polymerization of IB initiated by organic tertiary ester·BCl3 complexes most likely proceeds by a two-component group transfer polymerization process.
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  • 33
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 349-352 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Liquid crystalline polymers with mesogenic groups laterally attached to the polymer backbone were investigated by polarizing microscopy with respect to their optical properties. The nematic polymers were macroscopically oriented in a magnetic or electric field. Polarization microscopic investigations with convergent polarized light show optical biaxial behavior of the nematic phase.
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  • 34
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The surface orientation of polyester fibers has been studied by a modified sampling technique using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The fiber axes were arranged parallel to incident radiation first, and then perpendicular to it. The differences in total absorbance and relative intensity changes in the spectra obtained show the features of specular reflection. The technique has the advantage over ATR that there is no optical contact problem.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Abstract Elongational data on a series of polyethylenes with different structure and on their blends are presented in order to correlate the extensional behaviour with the long chain branching degree. The results show that the strain hardening effect increases with the number of branch points; the troutonian value is reached when the branching index is larger than 0.6. Empirical correlations between elongational viscosity and branching index are also presented.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 405-409 
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    Notes: Summary New diamines containing alkaneoxy linkages have been prepared by hydrolysis of the corresponding diamides which were obtained by reaction of p-hydroxyacetanilide with different dibromo alkanes. These diamines were copolymerized with glyoxal to yield insoluble copolymers in solvents such as DMSO, CH3OH, CH3COCH3, CHCl3. The diamides and diamines were characterized by IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses and the copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 431-438 
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    Notes: Abstract A method of preparation giving high yields for 4-chloro-3-nitrostyrene and some derivatives is described. First trials of free radical polymerization and copolymerization are reported and show a deactivating influence of the nitro group.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 445-447 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the heat capacities of semicrystalline poly(oxymethylene)s (POM) measured recently by Illers and published in this journal support, rather than refute, the existence of a “rigid, amorphous fraction”. The former was suggested by Illers, the latter was our proposal (Suzuki et al.).
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 476-476 
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    Notes: Summary Oxochloro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinate)molybdenum (V) was physically entrapped into poly (styrene) by lyophilizing a benzene solution including both complex and polymer. The functional ability of the obtained complex-containing resin to adsorb H2PO4 − from an aqueous solution was investigated in the presence of various anions. It was found that the selectivity of the resin for H2PO4 − is superior to those of conventional anion exchangers.
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    Notes: Summary The spin probe technique of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been applied for studying the plasticizer diffusion, migration, and redistribution processes in suspension polymerized PVC particles. In the first series of experiments six PVC powder samples with different K values (58, 61, 64, 67, 70, and 72) were mixed with diisooctyl phthalate (DOP) containing 10−4 M 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as stable free radical spin probe. In the second run TEMPO-doped dry PVC powders were mixed with DOP plasticizer. Finally we studied the plasticizer transport phenomena between plasticized and non-plasticized polymer particles in powder mixtures. The observed diffusion properties of different samples were interpreted in terms of the different porosities of powders.
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 539-545 
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    Notes: Summary A simple model is proposed to describe the miscibility of blends, which contain homo- and/or copolymers with tactic subunits. The directional-specific intermolecular interactions are assumed to be mediated by interactions caused by repulsive type intramolecular tacticity as well as chemical intersteps. Syndiotactic homopolymers are chosen as the reference state, for tactic as well as for mixed triads. The approximations developed in this paper include triad as well as diad treatment with respect to tacticity. Chemical intersteps are taken into account on a diad basis. Additive overlapping of tactic and chemical effects is assumed for mixed hetero- and isotactic triads. Complex copolymer blends, including multi-component copolymers, are treatable in this way. The modification of tactic and chemical sequences in polymer blends with the aim of developing compatible, as well as phase separated, systems may be facilitated.
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    Notes: Summary Ultra-high strength polyethylene fibres were chlorosulfonated according to Kanig's technique. It has been found that the tensile strength of the fibre decreases during chlorosulfonation, whereas the Young's modulus can be increased by more than fifty percent of its original value. The interfacial bond-strength between polyethylene and gypsum plaster could be improved at least 4.8 times, amounting values of 6.3 MPa, making these fibres very suitable for use as a reinforcing material in gypsum plaster. SEM indicated that this improvement could be described to surface roughening of the fibre, due to chemical degradative stress-cracking during constrained chlorosulfonation.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 13-17 
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    Notes: Summary The crystal structure of magnesium 1-methylethylene bis-o-phtalate heptahydrate, a a model for thickened polyester resins, was determined by X-ray analysis. This compound presents a layered structure with alternating polar and non-polar areas. Water molecules are involved in crystal formation through hydrogen bonds showing that water might play a cohesive role in the ionic aggregates of thickened polyester resins.
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    Notes: Summary The mechanism of the polymerization of 4,4′-difluorodiphenyl sulfone uith n-BuLi does not follow the way previously proposed by us for other diphenyl derivatives (1–4). Metallation occurs principally in the ortho position of the sulfone group and cyclization reactions also take place. The different intermediates formed were characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. More than eighteen compounds were identified as lithiated monomers which were able to participate in the polymerization process.
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    Notes: Summary A redox initiation system composed of ceric ion and poly(vinyl alcohol) was used to successfully synthesize poly(vinyl alcohol-g-4-vinylpyridine hydrochloride). The aqueous solutions of this polycationic surfactant exhibited no sharp CMC value and tended to become turbid upon standing. This turbidity was related to the formation of crystalline-like aggregates in solution, and was thermally reversible. PMMA latices were unstable when formulated with turbid surfactant solutions, but when surfactant solutions were thermally equilibrated, the final PMMA latices were stable.
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    Notes: Summary Results of experiments on dark- and photoconductivity of polymeric dibenz[b,i] 1,4,8,11-tetraaza[14]annulenato(μ-pyrazin) iron(II) [Fetaa(pyz)]n are described. By studying the dependence of photoconductivity on electric field, intensity and wavelength it is shown that photogeneration of charge carriers occurred at short wavelengths by an Onsager mechanism and in the near-infrared region by a photoinjection process from the electrodes.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 131-136 
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    Notes: Summary Plasma-polymerized thin films from the mixture ofF-propene and acetylene (C2H2) or ethylene (C2H4) were investigated by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and ESCA. The chemical composition for the plasma-polymers depended on these gaseous mixture composition. The F/C elemental ratio for the plasma-polymers decreased with increasing the C2H2 or C2H4 concentration, and at the same time the H/C ratio increased. The plasma-polymers were composed ofCF3,CF2,CF-CFn,CF, andC-CFn units. The addition of C2H2 or C2H4 depressed the formation of the plasma-poly-mers with highly-fluorinated carbon units such as CF3 CF2 groups, and encouraged that of polymers with less-fluorinated carbon units. Furthermore, such changes of the plasma-polymers in the chemical composition by adding C2H2 or C2H4 were favourable to improve gas separation abilities. The ratio of oxygen and nitrogen permeation coefficient increased from 1.7 to 3.5 by adding C2H2 of 50 mol% and also increased to 2.9 by adding C2H4 of 37.5 mol%. Less-fluorinated carbon units seem to play an important role in the separation from the oxygen/nitrogen mixture.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 117-123 
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    Notes: Summary Living polymers of isobutyl and 2-benzoyloxyethyl vinyl ethers, initiated by the hydrogen iodide/iodine system, were cleanly end-capped with the sodium salt of diethyl 2-vinyloxyethylmalonate [Na⊖⊖C(COOEt)2CH2OCH=CH2] to give new macromers5 consisting of a vinyl ether terminal and a monodisperse poly(vinyl ether) backbone (¯Mw/¯Mn〈1.1). Their perfect end-functionality (¯Fn≅1.0) was established by1H- and13C-NMR structural analysis. Macromers $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{5}$$ could copolymerize with alkyl vinyl ethers under cationic conditions.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 147-151 
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    Notes: Summary Some polymaleamidehydrazides were synthesized by the ring-opening polyaddition reaction between N,N′-bisisomaleimide and diamines(piperazine, phenylenediamines, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, and 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) containing LiCl Characterization of the polymers was carried out by elemental analysis, solibility in various solvents, IR, UV-VIS, PMR spectra, TG and DSC as well as by inherent viscosity measurements. These polymers began to decompose around 250°C.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 175-180 
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    Notes: Summary Correlation between optical activity and conformational behavior is attempted for the series of oligomannosides and pure mannan polysaccharide. Then, the principle of decomposing the contribution to optical rotation into some basic components is extended to the case of branched polymers. It is shown that the derived relationship fits the experimental rotation data gathered for this series. Conclusions about the influence of branching on solution behavior of galactomannan chains are drawn.
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    Notes: Summary It is confirmed that the polymethacrylonitrile radical is much less reactive than the polyacrylonitrile radical towardstrans-stilbene. Methacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile are similar in their reactivities towards the 2-cyano-2-propyl radical and the benzoyloxy radical.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 223-228 
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    Notes: Summary Poly(styrene(ST)-g-[propylene oxide(PO)-b-2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MeOz)])s were prepared by ionic polymerization. Alkaline hydrolysis of these graft-block copolymers were carried out and poly(ST-g-[PO-b-ethylene imine(EI)])s were obtained. Morphologies of these copolyraer specimens were obtained by electron microscope.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 249-256 
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    Notes: Summary The cationic ring-opening copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a cyclic acid anhydride such as phthalic anhydride (PAn) and maleic anhydride was initiated by acylium perchlorate groups on carbon black to give alternating copolymer, i.e., polyester. Epichlorohydrin was found to act as effective promoter in the copolymerization. The polyester formed was effectively grafted from carbon black depending upon the propagation of the polymer from the surface: the grafting ratio of polyester from THF and PAn was increased up to about 65% with an increase in conversion. The polyester-grafted carbon black gave a stable colloidal dispersion in chloroform.
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 293-298 
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    Notes: Summary Chelating polymers were synthesized by polymer analogous reaction of polyethyleneimine with chelating agents: 2-hydroxy-4[2-chloroethanoyl]benzophenone, butanoic-4-oxo-4-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methyl-phenyl)acid and 4,4-′o-o-succinoyl-bis-resorcylaldehyde. The chelating agents were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polychelates are insoluble in water and common organic solvents and they were characterized by IR spectroscopy. These polymers were contacted with an aqueous solution of copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II).
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 107-109 
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    Keywords: Microscopy ; Port-wine stains ; Argon laser
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    Notes: Abstract The structures present in port-wine stains of patients presenting for argon laser therapy were examined by means of a simple transcutaneous microscope. This method is non-invasive and allows the investigator to make a thorough examination of the naevus. The port-wine stain was found to contain a variety of aberrant capillary and vascular structures. Abnormalities of the capillaries of the dermal papillae result in a variety of structures ranging from simple increase in the size of the capillaries to elongation of the vessels and breakdown of the tone of the vessel walls to give structures which resemble cavernous haemangiomata. Abnormalities of the vessels deeper down in the subdermal vascular plexus may also be seen. Occasionally, tufts of several capillaries may originate from a small feeder vessel. The capillaries in some lesions may be abnormally elongated, complex, helically twisted and very thin. Naevi on the face appear different from those on the limbs although this has not yet been verified by extensive observation.
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 117-120 
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    Keywords: Gold-vapour laser ; Argon-pumped dye laser ; Photodynamic therapy ; Cancer
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    Notes: Abstract This paper compares the relative merits of the continuous wave argon-pumped dye laser and the pulsed gold-vapour laser as used clinically for photodynamic therapy. At comparable power and energy outputs, the biological effect of the two appears to be the same. However, for 1 W output (a suitable level for clinical use), the gold laser is simpler and easier to install and run, although it requires a larger diameter fibre for light delivery (0.6 mm v. 0.2 mm). The wavelength of the dye laser is tunable, whereas that of the gold is not, although the gold laser can be easily converted to a copper-vapour laser which can pump a tunable dye laser.
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 135-137 
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    Keywords: Carbon dioxide laser ; Electrocautery ; Diathermy ; Thoracotomy
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    Notes: Abstract It has been claimed that surgical incisions made with the carbon dioxide laser are superior to those made by diathermy in terms of blood loss, wound healing and postoperative pain. We have done a small controlled trial to test this hypothesis in 16 patients, comparing thoracotomy incisions made by these two techniques. Incisions made by the laser were slower and had greater blood loss and we were unable to demonstrate any differences between the techniques in wound healing or postoperative pain.
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 153-156 
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 160-160 
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 75-80 
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    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; colorectal cancer ; Photocoagulation ; Obstruction ; Bleeding ; Adenocarcinomas
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    Notes: Abstract The merits of the Nd-YAG laser were evaluated in palliation of obstruction, or bleeding, or both, in 84 patients with colorectal malignancy. Luminal patency was restored in 20 of the 24 patients with obstructing colonic cancers. Haemostasis was achieved in 37 of the 40 patients with bleeding. Combined bleeding and obstruction responded favourably in 19 of the 20 patients treated. Only a few laser photocoagulation sessions, over a short period of time, were needed, and further laser treatment could be continued on an outpatient basis. Major complications such as perforation (6), stenosis necessitating a colostomy (3), and delayed post-treatment bleeding (2) were seen in 13% of patients, with a laser-related mortality in three patients. Minor complications, such as transient stenosis (22) and laser-induced bleeding (11), responded well to further laser application. Pain and warmth (20) resolved spontaneously. Treatment failures and complications were mainly due to inadequate accessibility or were related to tissue characteristics. Laser photocoagulation appears to constitute a valuable alternative treatment, not only to resection and colostomy, in the case of obstruction, but also for haemorrhage that cannot be controlled in other ways. Palliation, in its broad sense, is guaranteed because of the rapid results, reduced time in hospital, the avoidance of hospital admission, and the good tolerance of treatment.
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 86-87 
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 88-88 
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    Keywords: Liver resection ; Carbon dioxide laser ; Neodymium-YAG laser
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    Notes: Abstract A series of 15 patients have undergone liver resection by laser, 10 by use of the carbon dioxide laser alone, one with the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser (Nd-YAG) alone, and four with combined use. Partial and anatomical liver resections have been done without mortality or haemorrhagic complications, although initial haemostasis was always difficult with the CO2 laser alone. Bile leakage occurred in four patients, but it stopped spontaneously in three. Histology showed a necrotic zone less than 2 mm deep when the CO2 laser was used alone, but the zone was 5–6 mm deep with the Nd-YAG laser and 1.6–1.8 mm deep when the two were used in combination. Thus, the most effective cutting, with good haemostasis and minimum damage to the underlying liver, was achieved with the combined lasers. A precise superposition of the two spots was achieved with a new handpiece prototype.
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 111-115 
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    Keywords: Argon laser ; Arterial microanastomosis ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Vessel re-endothelialization ; Collagenous fusion ; Vessel repair
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Anastomoses micro-artérielles au laser argon: étude en microscopie électronique à balayage. Les auteurs réalisent au laser Argon (Coherent 900) une anastomose carotidienne terminoterminale sur une série de 50 rats Wistar de poids moyen de 260 g. Les impacts laser (en moyenne 19) sont de 300 mW de puissance et d'une durée de 5 s chacun, avec un point de focalisation de 150 μm de diamètre. On réalise sur 13 spécimens un examen en microscopie électronique à balayage. L'impact laser induit sur la paroi artérielle une lésion de 100 μm de large avec une légère nécrose de coagulation de la media et de l'adventice. La ligne de suture est re-endothélialisée dès le quatrième jour, alors qu'une fusion du collagène est observée dans les couches sousendothéliales. L'arrangement longitudinal des cellules endothéliales est retrouvé dés le dixième jour. A long terme, un réseau collagénique serré assure la résistance de la media et un endothélium normal recouvre la ligne de ‘soudure’. Les complications tel que lâchage ou anéurysmes doivent être attribuées aux inconvénients techniques du début de l'expérimentation.
    Notes: Abstract A carotid end-to-end anastomosis was performed in 50 Wistar rats (mean weight 260 g) by means of a Coherent 900 argon laser. Laser pulses (average 19) of 300 mW power and 5 s exposure time were used, the beam being focused to form a spot of 150 μm diameter. From day 0 to day 210, 13 specimens underwent scanning electron microscope examination. The results show that the laser impact produces a wall injury of 100 μm in width with some coagulative necrosis of the media and adventitia. The line of anastomosis became re-endothelialized within four days, at which time collagen fusion was observed in the subendothelial layers. The longitudinal arrangement of the endothelial cells was restored by day 10. In the long term, a thick collagenous meshwork maintained the strength of the media, while normal endothelium covered the anastomosis. Complications such as disruption and aneurysm formation were attributed to technical problems.
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 159-160 
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 163-174 
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Malignant glioma ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; Photosensitizer
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    Notes: Abstract Interest in photodynamic therapy in the treatment of malignant gliomas began in the 1950s. Following the publication of papers showing that haematoporphyrin was excluded from the intact blood-brain barrier and that glioma cells grown in culture and subcutaneously could be killed by a combination of light and haematoporphyrin, a number of clinical trials was started, none of which has shown any measurable improvement in patient survival. The reason for this may relate to a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of photodynamic therapy and a lack of the scientific data needed to optimize photodynamic selectivity. This review discusses the potential role of photodynamic therapy in glioma treatment, and reviews the current clinical and experimental work in the field.
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 193-195 
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; γ-Irradiation ; Hypoxia
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    Notes: Abstract The presence of adequate oxygen appears to be essential for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumours (1, 2). We used the mouse sarcoma 180 tumour model to investigate how the reoxygenation of the tumour cell population after a single exposure to γ-irradiation influenced the effect of photodynamic therapy. The combination of γ-irradiation with PDT leads to a significant enhancement of the therapeutic effect. The best effect is observed when the γ-irradiation precedes the PDT by 24 h, at which time reoxygenation of the tumour is greatest. Also, there is some enhancement of the effect when PDT is given before γ-irradiation, although the mechanism of this is not yet clear.
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    Keywords: Oral tumours ; Maxillofacial tumours ; Radiotherapy ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of radiotherapy prior to surgery for the treatment of maxillofacial tumours is compared with and without sensitization with haematoporphyrin derivative (HPD). Residual tumour was found in the resected tissue in 92% of unsensitized but only 52% of sensitized cases, suggesting considerable enhancement of tumour destruction by use of the HPD.
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 267-270 
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 273-315 
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 272-272 
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 15-22 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Stagnation flow ; finite element ; viscoelasticity ; elongational flow
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A finite element simulation for the steady flow in a planar stagnation die was used to compute the velocity, pressure and stress fields. It is predicted that a region surrounds the stagnation point where the flow approximates a planar extension. This region is circular for the Newtonian liquid and becomes an ellipse for the Maxwell fluid. An isotropic point in the stress field is found for the Newtonian case as well as for the Maxwell fluid. Lubrication of the die wall, modeled as a finite slip, increases the size of extensional flow region by as much as 100%, while causing a migration of the isotropic stress point towards the die wall. A slight increase in the apparent planar extensional viscosity occurs before the numerical scheme fails at deformation rates well below the extensional singularity in the Maxwell model. Slip at the walls does not significantly alter the convergence behavior, which appears to be limited by effects in the entry region. In this region, at a Weissenberg number of 1.16, spatial oscillations in the pressure, deformation rate and stress develop. The stress normal to the main flow direction in the entry region is compressive for all values of the slip coefficient.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Electrical fluctuation ; noise ; capillary flow ; entry flow instability ; polymer solution ; streaming potential
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Capillary flow of poly (ethylene oxide) solutions generates voltage fluctuations (noise) between electrodes placed on both sides of the capillary. The noise has a 1/f α type spectral distribution, the value ofα increasing with $$\dot \gamma $$ (shear rate) to a limiting level. Within certain $$\dot \gamma $$ ranges, two sets of harmonic peaks appear in the spectra. It is demonstrated that these peaks are related to the frequency components of the instabilities in the entry flow region. The lower frequency set of harmonics corresponds to axial oscillations (pulsations) of the flow, while the higher frequency peaks are associated with the transverse oscillation of the stream lines in the vicinity of the entry. The corresponding frequencies were measured by visual counting and by spectral analysis of laser light transmitted through the entry region during injection of a coloured solution. The noise measurements were carried out using both platinum and reversible Ag/AgCl electrodes. In the latter case the streaming potential was also measured; its variation due to pressure fluctuations in the instable flow region appears to provide a plausible explanation of flow-induced noise phenomena as observed in elastic solutions.
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  • 75
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 507-512 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Extrusion rheometry ; Weissenberg number ; stored elastic energy ; die swell ; relaxation time
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The flow behaviour of four blend systems was determined at four shear rates and three processing temperatures using an extrusion rheometer. The blends were based on natural rubber/polybutadiene elastomers and were prepared using various mixing sequences with the carbon black being added in different ways. The degree of die swelling was found to depend on the blending technique, the processing temperature and the extrusion rate. A theoretical model was used to calculate the stored elastic energy, shear modulus and relaxation time. Melt fracture was observed when the carbon black was premixed in just one component of the blend.
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  • 76
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 521-526 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Slurry ; rotary viscometer ; power-law ; flow curve correction
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new technique for investigating some of the rheological properties of slurries is proposed. A commercial concentric cylinder viscometer was modified so that a continuous coaxial flow could be superimposed on the Couette flow; this eliminated the influence of sedimentation of the solid particles. The influence of the changed strain was measured and found to be small. Relations between the shear stress and shear rate, temperature, mass fraction of solids and particle size were determined for a coal-oil slurry. The power-law coefficients were calculated. The influence of solid particles on the power-law coefficientsk m andn m was determined and approximated by empirical equations.
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 555-563 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Strain history ; tracking problem ; deformation gradient ; orthogonal streamline coordinates ; Frenet-Serret's formula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An extension of a previous work concerning the calculation of strain histories along streamlines is made to get more complete and useful expressions of Finger's strain tensor in a cylindrical (or Cartesian) coordinate system as well as in an orthogonal streamline coordinate system. One of the results shows that Winter's tracking model is correct. Relations among the recent three results of Winter, Adachi and Crochet et al. are presented clearly. Moreover useful applications of Frenet-Serret's formula to the study of the deformation and flow kinematics along streamlines are shown in comparison with the ordinary tensor approach.
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  • 78
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 638-641 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Peristaltic transport ; couple-stress fluid ; long wavelength approximation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The problem of peristaltic transport of a couple-stress fluid has been investigated under a zero Reynolds number and long wavelength approximation. A comparison of the results with those for a Newtonian fluid model shows that the magnitude of the pressure rise under a given set of conditions is greater in the case of the couple-stress fluid. The pressure rise increases as the couple-stress parameter $$\bar \eta $$ decreases. The difference between the pressure rise for a Newtonian and a couple-stress fluid increases with increasing amplitude ratio at zero flow rate. However, increasing the flow rate reduces this difference.
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 618-631 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Wall effect ; disperse plastic system ; integral wall function ; Couette flow ; three-gap method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The wall slip velocity of disperse plastic mixtures of kaolin powder and paraffin oil is determined by the so-called three-gap method for Couette flow with a Searle rheometer. At the start it grows with increasing shear stress, reaches a maximum, then decreases with further increases in shear stress and finally becomes negative. From a physical point of view, negative wall-slip-velocities are impossible. Thus it is concluded that disperse plastic mixtures of kaolin powder and paraffin oil show a more complicated wall effect than pure wall slip. In order to explain this complicated wall effect a model of the microstructure near the wall is developed: It is essential that increasing wall slip velocity occurs before the start of shear flow in the interior of the flow field. With shear flow the slab-like disperse particles perform lateral fluctuations around their macroscopically perceptible flow paths. These are caused by collisions between the particles. These lateral particle movements destroy the microstructure at the wall which was built up by pure wall slip. Therefore the wall slip velocity may decrease inspite of increasing wall shear stress. One may then assume a suppression of lateral particle movement at the wall with further increases in the shear in the interior of the flow field which will cause some kind of stiffening of the material near the wall. This assumption can explain the negative values of the so-called slip velocity (which is better termed an integral wall function) as well as some effects in connection with the pressure and temperature dependence of the flow function and integral wall function. The experimental investigations are confined to slowly curved walls in Couette gaps, where an influence of wall curvature on the wall effect may be neglected, but the influence of wall curvature on the wall effect is discussed theoretically. The integral wall function which can be determined from rheometric measurements does not yield complete information on the complicated wall effect.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wandgleitgeschwindigkeit von dispers-plastischen Gemischen aus Kaolinpulver und Paraffinöl wird nach der Drei-Spalte-Methode für die Couette-Strömung mit einem Searle-Rheometer ermittelt. Sie steigt zunächst mit zunehmender Schubspannung an, erreicht ein Maximum, fällt mit weiter steigender Schubspannung wieder ab und wird schließlich sogar negativ. Eine negative Wandgleitgeschwindigkeit ist natürlich physikalisch unmöglich. Dispersplastische Gemische aus Kaolinpulver und Paraffinöl zeigen also ein komplizierteres Wandverhalten als reines Wandgleiten. Zur Deutung dieses komplizierten Wandeffektes wird eine Modellvorstellung entwickelt. Wichtig ist hierbei, daß eine zunehmende Wandgleitgeschwindigkeit auftritt, bevor eine starke Scherströmung im Innern des Strömungsfeldes einsetzt. Mit beginnender Scherströmung führen die plättchenförmigen dispersen Teilchen auf Grund von Zusammenstößen seitliche Schwankungsbewegungen um die makroskopisch wahrnehmbaren Bahnkurven aus. Diese Teilchenbewegungen führen zur Zerstörung der zunächst beim Wandgleiten sich ausbildenden Mikrostrukturen an der Wand. Daher kann die Wandgleitgeschwindigkeit trotz steigender Wandschubspannung abnehmen. Die Behinderung der seitlichen Partikelbewegungen an der Wand — die dispersen Teilchen können sich auf der Wand abstützen — führt bei weiter steigender Schergeschwindigkeit im Innern des Strömungsfeldes makroskopisch zu einer Versteifung des Materials in Wandnähe. Damit können negative Werte der sog. Wandgleitgeschwindigkeit — man spricht besser von einer integralen Wandfunktion — sowie bestimmte experimentelle Befunde bei der Druckabhängigkeit und bei der Temperaturabhängigkeit der rheologischen Eigenschaften und des Wandeffektes erklärt werden. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen beschränken sich im wesentlichen auf den Wandeffekt an schwach gekrümmten Wänden in Couette-Spalten, an denen ein Krümmungseinfluß auf den Wandeffekt mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit vernachlässigbar ist. Die Auswirkung eines Krümmungseinflusses auf die rheometrischen Meßergebnisse wird jedoch diskutiert. Die aus rheometrischen Messungen bestimmbare integrale Wandfunktion liefert im Fall des komplizierten Wandeffektes noch keine vollständige Information über das Wandverhalten.
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 651-654 
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 656-656 
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 649-651 
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 656-656 
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 130-152 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Glass bead suspension ; glass fibre suspension ; viscoelastic suspending medium ; shear viscosity ; first normal-stress difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The shear flow behaviour of glass bead and glass fibre suspensions was investigated. A Newtonian mineral oil and polyisobutene solutions with varying degrees of elasticity were used as suspending media. The aim was to determine the influence of the elasticity of the suspending medium on the rheological properties of the suspensions. The viscosities of the suspensions in mineral oil were found to be enhanced when the particle concentration was increased or the shape of the particles was made more anisotropic. The viscosities of the glass bead suspensions were always independent of shear rate, whereas the glass fibre suspensions showed shear thinning even at rather low concentrations, provided that the ratio of fibre length to fibre diameter was high. The fibre suspensions in mineral oil displayed pronounced first normal-stress differences in a cone-and-plate rheometer. However, these normal-stress differences did not result from elastic properties of these suspensions but rather from the orientation behaviour of the fibres. In viscoelastic polyisobutene solutions the glass bead suspensions showed constant relative viscosities, when these were defined as the ratio of the viscosities of the suspensions to those of the suspending medium at the same shear stress. Furthermore, the relative viscosities were the same as those obtained for equivalent suspensions of glass beads in mineral oil. The normal-stress behaviour of the viscoelastic glass bead suspensions indicated that the elastic properties were weakened as the filler concentration was increased. For the suspensions in dilute polyisobutene solutions this reduction was to some extent masked by shear hardening. For concentrated polyisobutene solutions containing glass fibres, the relative viscosities were not constant even for very low fibre concentrations. At low shear stresses they agreed with those for corresponding suspensions in mineral oil but decreased as the shear stress was raised. Adding fibres to the polyisobutene solutions always resulted in an increase in the first normal-stress difference. This increase was however smaller than for fibre suspensions in mineral oil and moreover diminished at higher shear rates. These phenomena could be explained in terms of the influence of the elastic properties of the suspending medium on the orientation behaviour of the fibres.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Fließverhalten von Glaskugel- und Glasfasersuspensionen in der Scherströmung. Dabei wird insbesondere der Einfluß der Elastizität des Suspensionsmittels auf die rheologischen Eigenschaften der Suspensionen untersucht, indem zum einen ein newtonsches Mineralöl, zum anderen verschieden konzentrierte Polyisobutenlösungen als Trägermedien eingesetzt werden, die sich hinsichtlich ihres viskosen und elastischen Verhaltens in charakteristischer Weise unterscheiden. Für Glaskugel- und Glasfasersuspensionen in Mineralöl werden mit der Feststoffkonzentration sowie der Formanisotropie der suspendierten Partikel ansteigende Viskositäten ermittelt. Während sich bei Glaskugelsuspensionen durchweg von der Scherbeanspruchung unabhängige Viskositäten ergeben, zeigen die Glasfasersuspensionen bei höheren Feststoffgehalten und größeren Längen-zu-Durchmesser-Verhältnissen der Fasern in zunehmendem Maße Scherentzähung. Für die Glasfasersuspensionen mit newtonschen Trägermedien werden in der Kegel-Platte-Strömung ausgeprägte erste Normalspannungsdifferenzen beobachtet, die aber nicht eine Auswirkung elastischer Eigenschaften darstellen, sondern deren Ursache im Orientierungsverhalten der Glasfasern zu suchen ist. Glaskugelsuspensionen in viskoelastischen Polyisobutenlösungen weisen konstante relative Viskositäten auf, wenn diese als Verhältnis der Viskositäten der Suspensionen und der Suspensionsmittel bei gleicher Schubspannung definiert werden. Die so erhaltenen Werte der relativen Viskositäten stimmen mit denen gleichkonzentrierter Suspensionen in Mineralöl überein. Im Normalspannungsverhalten zeigt sich eine durch den Füllstoff verursachte Reduzierung der elastischen Eigenschaften, die jedoch bei den Suspensionen in verdünnten Polyisobutenlösungen durch ein verändertes Verfestigungsverhalten zum Teil überdeckt wird. Bei Glasfasersuspensionen in konzentrierten Polyisobutenlösungen ergeben sich mit der Schubspannung abnehmende relative Viskositäten, wobei die für geringe Beanspruchungen ermittelten Werte mit denen entsprechender Suspensionen in Mineralöl übereinstimmen. Für die viskoelastischen Glasfasersuspensionen wird durchweg eine Erhöhung der ersten Normalspannungsdifferenz durch die Fasern festgestellt. Allerdings fällt diese Erhöhung geringer aus als bei den Suspensionen in Mineralöl und nimmt darüber hinaus mit wachsender Beanspruchung ab. Diese Phänomene lassen sich mit Einflüssen der elastischen Eigenschaften des Suspensionsmittels auf das Orientierungsverhalten der Glasfasern erklären.
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 433-439 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Fermentation broth ; apparent viscosity ; viscoelasticity ; microbial pellet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The flow behavior of microbial suspensions, otherwise referred to as fermentation broths, is strongly influenced by both the concentration and morphology of the suspended microorganisms. This work investigates the relationship between these parameters. The microorganism used was Streptomyces tendae, which is a pellet-building, filamentous organism. Rheological measurements of these broths were carried out in a Couette geometry. The morphology of the suspensions was characterized by the microbial pellet size distribution. The suspensions showed themselves to be both shear thinning (steady flow curve) and very elastic (dynamic flow curve).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Fließverhalten suspendierter Mikroorganismen, hier kurz Biosuspensionen genannt, ist unter anderem stark abhängig von der Konzentration und der Morphologie der Mikroorganismen. Hier wird über Untersuchungen zu diesen Abhängigkeiten berichtet. Als Biosuspension wurde Streptomyces tendae, ein pelletbildendes Bakterium verwendet. Die rheometrischen Untersuchungen wurden in einem Couette-System (3 mm Spaltweite) mit einem konventionellen Rotationsrheometer durchgeführt. Zur Kennzeichnung der Morphologie wurden Pelettgrößenverteilungen und zur Beschreibung des Fließverhaltens die stationäre Fließkurve und die Parameter der linearen Viskoelastizität bestimmt. Es zeigt sich, daß bei kleinen Scherbelastungen die Pellets zu unter Umständen den gesamten Meßspalt überbrückenden Netzwerken agglomerieren, die bei höheren Schergeschwindigkeiten schließlich bis zu Einzelpellets abgebaut werden. Noch weitere Steigerung der Schergeschwindigkeit führt zur Verformung der Pellets, was sich als sehr langsam ablaufender Vorgang darstellt. Abschließend werden Betrachtungen zur Modellierung des Fließverhaltens angestellt.
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 494-500 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Dynamic rheological properties ; terminal zone ; index of polydispersity ; normal logarithmic distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The polydispersity of the molar mass of a material influences the behaviour of its dynamic rheological propertiesG′ (ω) andG″ (ω). This is exemplified by the deviation from unity of the indexI = [2 − (d logG′/d logω)]/[1 − (d logG″/d logω)] in the terminal zone, i.e. at low frequencies. For a normal logarithmic distribution of species, a quantitative correlation may be established between the rheological properties and the parameter that is characteristic of the polydispersity for these species. This correlation can, in certain cases, be drawn from measurements in just the terminal zone or it may require measurements both in the terminal zone and at the beginning of the plateau zone. In each case, the parameter of dispersion can be determined by simple graphical or numerical methods. Finally, an example of the application of these methods to entangled liquid polymers is presented.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: First normal-stress difference ; K-BKZ model ; network-rupture ; flow-reversal ; Rheo-dilatometer
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Following the 3rd of a triple-step-shear-strain sequence, the relaxation of the first normal-stress difference,N 1 (t), has been measured for a sample (IUPAC “A”) of low-density polyethylene at 150 °C over a range of shear-strain magnitudes up to 28 shear units. A new cone-plate “Rheodilatometer” was used, giving sample volume change data as well as thrust and torque data during cone rotation. At 130 °C, prior measurements (described elsewhere) gave an upper limit of 0.001% for the volume change with IUPAC A; this gave an estimated error of only 1.7% in determiningN 1(t) from time-dependent thrust data. Wagner's network-rupture model (based on a postulated strain-induced irreversible network disentanglement process) gave quantitative agreement withN 1(t) data for IUPAC A at 150 °C over some of the ranges of time and shear-strain investigated. Wagner's earlier constitutive equation (of K-BKZ type) gave no quantitative agreement. Using a special choice of strain magnitudes in which the 3rd is half that of the 1st and 2nd, it is shown that a critical test of all K-BKZ equations can be made on the basis ofN 1 (t) data only. This test excludes all K-BKZ equations for IUPAC A under the conditions here used. In all the present investigations, the 1st and 3rd shears had the same sign while the 2nd had the opposite sign.
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 527-533 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Viscosity ; concentrated suspension ; particle size distribution ; maximum packing concentration
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is proposed for determining the shear viscosity behavior of highly concentrated suspensions at low and high shear-rates through the use of a formulation that is a function of three parameters signifying the effects of particle size distribution. These parameters are the intrinsic viscosity [η], a parametern that reflects the level of particle association at the initiation of motion and the maximum packing concentrationΦ m. The formulation reduces to the modified Eilers equation withn = 2 for high shear rates. An analytical method was used for the calculation of maximum packing concentration which was subsequently correlated with the experimental values to account for the surface induced interaction of particles with the fluid. The calculated values of viscosities at low and high shear-rates were found to be in good agreement with various experimental data reported in literature. A brief discussion is also offered on the reliability of the methods of measuring the maximum packing concentration.
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 564-569 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Complex viscosity ; relaxation modulus ; material function ; integral constitutive equation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on the complex viscosity model various steady-state and transient material functions have been completed. The model is investigated in terms of a corotational frame reference. Also, BKZ-type integral constitutive equations have been studied. Some relations between material functions have been derived.
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 588-595 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Longitudinal vibration ; viscosity in-process-measurement ; complex modulus ; Young's modulus ; paper and plastic foil
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Two methods for the measurement of rheological properties with the longitudinal vibrating band are described. The viscosimeter with bands of metal or plastic oscillating in the liquid to be investigated is suitable for in-process-measurement. Young's moduli of paper and plastic foils can be determined with bands of the respective materials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei Methoden zur Messung rheologischer Eigenschaften mit Hilfe von longitudinal schwingenden Bändern werden vorgestellt. Das Viskosimeter mit in dem Meßfluid schwingenden Band aus Metall oder Kunststoff eignet sich zur In-Prozeß-Messung. Elastizitätsmoduln von Papier und Plastikfolien lassen sich mit einer anderen beschriebenen Vorrichtung messen.
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    Rheologica acta 25 (1986), S. 606-617 
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    Keywords: Transient shear flow ; shear stress ; normal stress ; fiber-filled polymer melt ; constitutive equation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The growth and relaxation of shear and normal stresses have been investigated for glass and carbon fiber-filled polyethylene melts over a wide range of shear rates and temperatures by means of a cone-and-plate rheogoniometer. Flow parameters and flow curves characterizing the stress overshoot and relaxation phenomena of the fiber-filled systems were determined experimentally. The influence of fiber loading, fiber size and temperature on the transient flow parameters are discussed. Predictions by the Meister and Bogue constitutive equations were compared with the experimental data for the transient shear and normal stresses. These equations predict satisfactorily the non-linear transient shear flow of polymer melts and its fiber-filled systems.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 18 (1986), S. 315-317 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of Bragg mirror efficiency on the grating depth or the amplitude of the grating harmonic is investigated and shown to be similar to theI-V characteristic of a tunnel diode.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 18 (1986), S. 335-343 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The natural linewidth of lasers is shown to be enhanced with respect to the value predicted by the Schawlow-Townes formula when the gain is high and inhomogeneous in transverse or longitudinal directions. A general formula for the linewidth enhancement is derived from first principles: Maxwell's equations and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, for media with arbitrary bi-anisotropy and dispersion. The result is expressed in terms of an integral of the resonating field over the cavity volume. For isotropic media (scalar ε and μ), this formula generalizes previous results by Petermann for gain-guided lasers, by Ujihara for lasers with low reflectivity mirrors, and results obtained by other authors for lasers coupled to long external cavities. The role of non-reciprocity is discussed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 18 (1986), S. 365-373 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The power-transfer function of asymmetrical directional couplers consisting of two polished single-mode fibres with different core diameters and refractive-index differences has a band-pass behaviour over the wavelength. The fixed centre wavelength of the bandpass is determined by the fibre parameters only. Theoretical calculations show that, by inserting an intermediate dielectric layer with suitable thickness and shape between the fibres, the centre wavelength can be shifted easily over a range of ±30 nm. Experimental results are in good agreement with theory.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 18 (1986), S. 423-426 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 96
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    Optical and quantum electronics 18 (1986), S. 431-435 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of XeCl discharge lasers at high gas pressures (∼ 15 atm). From a comparison of the fluorescence measurements with the net small signal gain coefficients, it was concluded that absorption is the main cause of the catastrophic drop in laser output power in higher pressures. Accounting for such molecular absorbers as Xe+ 2, Xe* 2, and Xe2Cl*, the absorption coefficient,K, was calculated using a simple steady-state analysis and the net gain coefficients deduced from the calculated absorptions came to within an order of magnitude of the measured values.
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  • 97
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    Optical and quantum electronics 18 (1986), S. 445-454 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated balanced heterodyne detection in applications where laser intensity fluctuations are the dominant noise source, as, for example, in laser Doppler velocimetry with a He-Ne laser. The suppression of excess noise in comparison with a single receiver detection system is analysed theoretically. In our heterodyne experiment we have compared two different fibre-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometers, both with single-mode polarization-preserving fibres, one in integrated form using a directional coupler, the other one with a dielectric beam-splitter as the optical mixing element. With the former we have verified the theoretical results; with the latter we have demonstrated that with a good balance the fundamental short noise detection limit can be reached.
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  • 98
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    Optical and quantum electronics 18 (1986), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The process of formation of the spectrum of a flash-lamp-pumped untuned dye laser has been studied theoretically and experimentally. The study is centred fundamentally around the initial evolution of the spectrum. The main lines of the spectral evolution have been investigated.
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  • 99
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    Optical and quantum electronics 18 (1986), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results on the efficient capacity of a noisy PPM photon-counting channel are presented. Optimization of the optical system over the number of slots, the average power of the signal and the frequency bandwidth of the channel is considered and studied. The regions of quantum-limited operations and weak background noise are analysed in detail.
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  • 100
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    Optical and quantum electronics 18 (1986), S. 57-72 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a theory for the operation of thin-film thermo-optic bistable devices. Special attention is paid to free-standing films. After a review of nonlinear Fabry—Perot resonators and how they work we solve the heat equation in the thin film subject to a heating effect. Switching speed and optical power consumption are functions of the rate of change of temperature in the presence of a heat source. The interplay of heat loss from the surface of the film with heat diffusion within the film complicate the dynamics considerably. Quantitative results are derived for the dependence of speed and power on the dimensions of the active region of the optical element. It is found that diffusion transients can effect more rapid switching at the expense of power but only for infrequent operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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