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  • Articles  (21,496)
  • Springer  (14,674)
  • Elsevier  (6,822)
  • 1985-1989  (21,496)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1986  (21,496)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (11,034)
  • Medicine  (10,552)
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  • Articles  (21,496)
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  • 1985-1989  (21,496)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ernährungsphysiologische Evaluierung von Säuglingsvollnahrungen auf Sojabasis (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 129-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: soybean-based formula ; infant feeding ; cow's milk intolerance ; allergic diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of this review is to evaluate the nutritional quality of soybean-based infant diets on the basis of results published in the scientific literature. Special consideration has been given to the use of soybean protein formulas for infants with reduced intestinal digestion and absorption capacity as well as in cases of cow's milk intolerance and allergic diseases.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zweck dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Evaluierung der ernährungsphysiologischen Qualität von Säuglingsfertignahrungen auf Sojabasis unter Berücksichtigung der einschlägigen wissenschaftlichen Literatur vorzunehmen. Bei dieser Beurteilung findet die Indikation von Sojanahrungen bei verminderter Resorptionskapazität des Darmes und Unverträglichkeitserscheinungen besondere Berücksichtigung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021246
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oral intake of glucose plus galactose and erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate A nutritional evaluation of hydrolyzed lactose (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: risk ; galactose ; hydrolyzed lactose ; toxicity ; galactose-1-phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir haben die Wirkung einer Glukose-Galaktose-Zufuhr, wie sie bei Aufnahme von Lebensmitteln mit hydrolysierter Laktose auftreten kann, untersucht. Dazu erhielten 5 gesunde erwachsene Versuchspersonen morgens nüchtern je 32,3 g Glukose plus 32,3 g Galaktose (entsprechend 125 g eines Magermilchpulvers mit hydrolysierter Laktose). Die postprandialen erythrozytären Galaktose-1-Phosphat-(Gal-1-P-)Spiegel stiegen bei keinem der Probanden höher als 22,3 Μmol/l gepackter Erythrozyten an. Damit erreichten die Konzentrationen dieses Indikatormetaboliten lediglich 22 % der Spiegel, die sich bei galaktosämischen Kindern als sicher herausgestellt haben, was die Entstehung von Leberoder Hirnschäden bzw. Katarakten angeht. Wir schließen daraus, daß das Kriterium der erythrozytären Gal-1-P-Spiegel kein Stoffwechselrisiko beim Konsum von hydrolysierter Laktose erkennen läßt. Hingegen ist die Aufnahme von Galaktose allein ohne Glukose von 17fach höheren Plasma-Galaktosespiegeln und einer ca. 8fach höheren erythrozytären Gal-1-P-Konzentration begleitet. Die Zufuhr von Galaktose allein dürfte daher ein erheblich höheres Stoffwechselrisiko verursachen.
    Notes: Summary This study deals with the metabolic effects of hydrolyzed lactose: After an overnight fast 5 healthy adult volunteers consumed a glucose-galactose mixture equivalent to 61.4g of lactose (or 125g of a dried skim milk powder with hydrolyzed lactose). The postprandial rise of erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1-P) never exceeded 22.3 Μmol per liter packed red blood cells. This amounts to no more than 22 % of the levels known from galactosemic children to be safe, concerning ocular, neural or hepatic damage. We conclude that the consumption of the hydrolyzed lactose does not cause a risk for consumer's health as judged from this galactose metabolite. A considerably higher risk, however, may accompany the consumption of galactose alone which causes around 17-fold higher plasma galactose levels and around 8-fold higher erythrocyte gal-1-P concentrations for more extended time periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021249
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanismen der intestinalen Nährstoffresorption (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 209-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: intestinale Transfersysteme ; epitheliale H+-Sekretion ; „saures Mikroklima“ ; Resorption schwacher Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The nutrient uptake from the intestinal lumen into the distributing blood circulation is mediated by the epithelial cell of the small intestine. The transfer process through this distinctly polar cell consists of three partial events: entrance of substances through the brush-border membrane, traversal of a metabolic active intracellular space and exit through the baso-lateral membrane. The fundamental transfer mechanisms — simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, antiport and symport systems, electroneutral and electrogenic processes — are described. The significance of nutrient metabolization for transport processes is discussed: proton secretion by the epithelial cell coupled to the glucose and lactate metabolization is quoted as an illustration. The “acid microclimate” resulting from this proton secretion on the mucosal surface has a significant influence on weak-electrolyte absorption. This effect was clearly demonstrated for in vitro uptake of nicotinic acid into the intestinal tissue. It can be assumed that — similar to the role of a Na+-gradient — the proton gradient on the surface of absorptive epithelia is highly significant as a driving force of nutrient absorption.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Epithelzelle der Dünndarmschleimhaut vermittelt die Nährstoffaufnahme aus dem intestinalen Lumen in das Verteilersystem des Blutkreislaufs. Der Transferprozeß durch diese ausgeprägt polare Zelle setzt sich aus drei Teilvorgängen zusammen: dem Eintritt von Substanzen durch die Bürstensaummembran, dem Durchqueren eines metabolisch aktiven Intrazellularraumes und dem Austritt an der basolateralen Membran. Es werden die grundsätzlichen Transfermechanismen — einfache Diffusion, erleichterte Diffusion, Antiport- und Symportsysteme, elektroneutrale und elektrogene Vorgänge — beschrieben. Welche Bedeutung die Metabolisierung von Nährstoffen in der Epithelzelle für Transportvorgänge haben kann, wird am Beispiel des Glucose- und Lactatstoffwechsels und der daran gekoppelten H+-Ionen-Sekretion der Epithelzelle erörtert. Das durch die Protonensekretion erzeugte „saure Mikroklima“ an der mukosalen Oberfläche des Epithels hat seinerseits einen bisher wenig beachteten Einfluß insbesondere auf die Resorption schwacher Elektrolyte, wie dies am Beispiel der Nicotinsäureresorption überzeugend nachgewiesen wurde. Es kann angenommen werden, daß dem H+-Ionen-Gradienten an der Oberfläche resorbierender Epithelien eine dem Na+-Gradienten vergleichbare Bedeutung als treibende Kraft der Nährstoffresorption zukommt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019571
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of protein concentrates from locally available legumes in the development of weaning foods (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 220-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: vegetable proteins ; weaning foods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Einfluß von pflanzlichem Eiweiß aus verschiedenen Hülsenfrüchten in der Ernährung von Kleinkindern aufzuzeigen. In parallelen Versuchen wurden Proteine aus der Melone, aus Raps und Sojabohnen sowie aus einer Mischung derselben insgesamt 60 Albinoratten verfüttert, um das Wachstum und den Stickstoffmetabolismus im Gewebe zu bestimmen. Cerelac® diente als Kontrollsubstanz. Mit der Proteinmischung wurden hinsichtlich des Proteinwirkungsverhältnisses (Protein efficiency ratio, PER) und des Nettoproteinverhältnisses (net protein ratio, NPR) Ergebnisse erzielt, die gut mit der Kontrollgruppe korrelieren. Wird jedoch das jeweilige Protein allein verabreicht, sinkt die Stickstoffretention in der Zelle, und das Wachstum der Tiere ist geringer. Deshalb sollten vor allem in Entwicklungsländern pflanzliche Eiweiße in Form von Mischungen zur Herstellung von Babynahrung eingesetzt werden.
    Notes: Summary The effect of mixing different sources of vegetable proteins from legumes in the preparation of infant weaning foods was investigated. Melon, cowpea and soya as sole protein sources or as a mixture were fed to 60 albino rats. A milk powder-based commercial product (Cerelac) was used as control diet. The mixture of the vegetable protein diet compared favourably with the control diet in terms of growth rate, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) and also ensured optimum nitrogen content in liver, kidney and muscle tissues. In contrast the use of individual protein sources failed to support satisfactory growth and were inferior to those in animals fed with the control or mixed diets. It was thus concluded that in the developing countries an application of such a mixture of vegetable proteins may be suitable in the preparation of weaning foods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019572
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of proteins on availability of zinc II. Bioavailability of zinc from casein and whey protein — retention study in young rats (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: zinc availability ; casein ; whey protein ; retention study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchung war es, die Verfügbarkeit von Zink aus zwei semisynthethischen Kostformen, die isoliertes Molkenprotein (Wp D) bzw. isoliertes Casein (Cas D) als Proteinkomponente (20 Gew.%) enthielten, zu vergleichen. Je 14 wachsende männliche Ratten pro Gruppe (Anfangsgew. 40 g) wurden mit diesen Diäten 21 Tage lang ad libitum gefüttert. Die Kostformen enthielten mit 18 ppm eine bedarfsdeckende Zinkdosis. Zur radioaktiven Markierung des Zinks wurden jedem Tier täglich ∼ 13 μg65Zn (=4 μ Ci) intragastral gesondet. Die Untersuchung war hauptsächlich als Retentionsstudie angesetzt, es wurden jedoch auch allgemeine Parameter wie Gewichtsentwicklung, Futter- und Trinkwasseraufnahme, Organgewichte u. a. erfaßt und die Aktivität der alk. Phosphatase in Serum und Femurgewebe bestimmt. Während der Versuchsperiode wurde aus der Wp D signifikant mehr65Zn (36,5%) im Ganzkörper retiniert als aus der Cas D (31,6%). Analoges gilt für die65Zn-Retention im Femur und für die65Zn-Konzentration im Femur und Haar sowie für die Gesamt-Zink-Konzentration (65Zn und nicht markiertes Zink) im Femur. Bei den sonstigen Parametern war kein eindeutiger Einfluß der Proteinkomponente festzustellen. Die Untersuchung hat eindeutig bewiesen, daß das Zink aus einer Kostform mit Molkenprotein besser verfügbar ist als aus einer Diät mit Casein als Proteinkomponente. Den Grund hierfür sollen weitere Experimente klären.
    Notes: Summary The availability of zinc from two semi-synthetic diets with isolated whey protein (Wp D) or with isolated casein (Cas D) as protein component (20% W/ W) was compared in a 21-day study with growing male rats (initial weight 40 g; 14 animals/group). Zinc concentration in both diets (18 ppm) was adequate to meet the requirements of the animals fed ad libitum. For radiolabeling ∼ 13μg65Zn (=4 μ Ci) was given daily by intragastric intubation to each animal. The investigation was designed primarily as a retention study, but also general parameters like weight development, food and water intake, organ weights etc. were registered and the activity of alkaline phosphatase was determined in serum and femur tissue. A significantly higher percentage of65Zn was retained in the whole body from the Wp D (36.5%) than from the Cas D (31.6%) during the experimental period. The same is valid for the percentage retention of65Zn in the femur and for the65Zn concentration in femur and hair as well as for the total zinc concentration (65Zn and non-labeled zinc) of the femur. The other parameters determined were not unequivocally influenced by the protein component of the diet. The study clearly demonstrated that the availability of zinc by the growing rat was better from a diet with whey protein than from one with casein as the protein component. The reason on this phenomenon has to be elucidated by further investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019574
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfit in Lebensmitteln — ein Gesundheitsrisiko? (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 146-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Sulfit ; Tagesaufnahme ; Stoffwechsel ; Toxikologie ; Unverträglichkeitsreaktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This short review summarizes properties, applications and effects of sulfite in food products, including sulfite residues in foods produced according to legal regulations. Sulfite metabolism and toxicology in the mammalian organism as well as appearance of adverse reactions following ingestion of sulfite-treated food are discussed. Although knowledge in this area is still incomplete, the continued use of sulfite in food technology can be justified.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine kurze übersicht über Eigenschaften, Verwendung und Wirkung von Sulfit bei der Lebensmittelproduktion und der unter Beachtung der gesetzlichen Vorschriften resultierenden Restmengen von Sulfit in Lebensmitteln gegeben. Nach Gegenüberstellung von Metabolisierung und Toxikologie des Sulfits im Säugetierorganismus und dem Auftreten von Unverträglichkeitsreaktionen nach dem Verzehr sulfitierter Lebensmittel wird ein potentiell vorhandenes Gesundheitsrisiko diskutiert. Es wird auf einige Kenntnislücken hingewiesen. Trotz dieser Lücken kann die kontrollierte Verwendung von Sulfit bei der Lebensmittelproduktion weiterhin gerechtfertigt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021247
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prefeeding-dependent anaerobic metabolization of xenobiotics by intestinal bacteria —methods for Acarbose metabolites in an artificial colon (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: intestinal bacteria ; colonic microflora ; Acarbose ; anaerobic metabolization ; microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acarbose wurde mit einem künstlichen In-vitro-System auf Biotransformation durch lebensfähige intestinale Mikroflora geprüft, die aus den unteren Darmabschnitten von Probanden und Ratten stammte. Dazu wurde14C-Acarbose mit Darmkeimen, Nährstoffen und Spurenelementen inkubiert. Das Metabolitmuster von Acarbose setzt sich sowohl bei Menschen als auch bei der Ratte im wesentlichen aus Komponente 2, einem um Ring D ärmeren Homologen aus der Acarbose-Reihe, aus einem basischen Disaccharid, das aus den Ringen B und C des Ausgangsmoleküles besteht, und Komponente 1 zusammen. Letztere Verbindung entsteht durch spontane Umlagerung des nicht faßbaren Acarviosins (Ring A und B) in die trizyklische Verbindung mit Oxazolidin-Struktur. Acarviosin wird bei der Abspaltung von Ring C aus Komponente 2 gebildet. Das Metabolitmuster von Acarbose verändert sich durch eine mehrwöchige Einnahme dieser Substanz im Vergleich zum nicht adaptierten Menschen oder zur nicht adaptierten Ratte gravierend. Adaptierte intestinale Mikroflora liefert sowohl aus Acarbose als auch aus der trizyklischen Komponente 1 reichhaltigere Metabolitmuster. Neben den oben beschriebenen Produkten konnten methylierte, hexosylierte und n-butyrylierte Derivate von Acarbose und/oder Komponente 2 nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary The biotransformation of Acarbose (Bay g 5421) by an artificial in vitro system with viable intestinal microorganisms was investigated. The bacteria were obtained from the colon of man or from the caecum and colon of rats and were incubated anaerobically with14C-Acarbose in a nutrient solution. The metabolites were separated and purified by Chromatographic methods and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H;13C) spectrometry and by mass spectrometry. Metabolites in man and rat are component 2 (minus the terminal glucose of Acarbose), a basic disaccharide consisting of rings B and C, and component 1. This latter substance is formed, after hydrolytic cleavage of the internal glucose of Acarbose, by spontaneous rearrangement of rings A and B (Acarviosine) into a tricyclic oxazolidine. The metabolite pattern of Acarbose is changed profoundly after several weeks of pretreatment of man or rat with this compound. The microflora adapted in such a manner yields in addition methylated, hexosylated, and n-butyroylated derivatives of Acarbose and/or component 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02021251
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the chemical composition of lipids ofRhizopus delemar (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 228-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Rhizopus delemar ; lipids production ; carbon and nitrogen sources ; composition of lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Extrakte aus Sojamehl mit Zusatz von Glucose bzw. Ölsäure dienten als Wachstumsmedium fürRhizopus delemar. Ein Einfluß der Zusätze auf die Produktion von Biomasse, Gesamtlipiden und Gesamtglyzeriden wurde beobachtet, wenn Ammoniumnitrat als Stickstoffquelle diente. Die größten Mengen an Biomasse (12,4 g/l) und an Gesamtlipiden (310 mg/g trockene Biomasse) wurden in auf Glucose gewachsenen Myzelien erhalten. Die großen Anteile an Gesamtglyzeriden und an ungesättigten Fettsäuren in den Lipiden vonRhizopus delemar legen nahe, solches Lipidmaterial für Ernährungs- und industrielle Zwecke zu verwenden.
    Notes: Summary Soy bean extract with glucose or oleic acid in the growth medium ofRhizopus delemar affected the production of higher values of biomass, total lipids and total glycerides than when ammonium nitrate was used as a source of nitrogen. The highest amounts of biomass (12.35 g/l) and total lipids (310 mg/g dry biomass) were attained in glucose-grown mycelia. The high proportions of total glycerides and unsaturated fatty acids in lipids ofRhizopus delemar suggest the utilization of such lipid material for nutritional and industrial purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019573
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stufenweises Prüfschema für Zuckeraustauschstoffe — Vorprüfung mittels Enzymen. 3. Carbohydrasen aus Jejunalmucosa des Menschen (1986)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 25 (1986), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Jejunalmucosa ; Carbohydrasen ; Dünndarm ; Zuckeraustauschstoffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Mixed carbohydrases from human jejunal mucosa were characterized by Michaelis constants and maximal velocities of hydrolysis of 15 disaccharides and disaccharide alcohols, mainly of the glucosylfructose series. The presumed fate of such substances after oral ingestion may be foreseen from the km and vmax data. There is principal agreement that wholesomeness in man and animals as well as energetic utilization of disaccharides and split products correlate well with the enzymological data. Therefore the metabolic fate of sugar substitutes in the human body is partially predictable from such enzymic studies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Carbohydrasengemisch der Jejunalschleimhaut des Menschen ist durch Ermittlung von Michaelis-Konstanten und Maximalgeschwindigkeiten der Hydrolyse gegenüber 15 Disacchariden und Disacharidalkoholen — hauptsächlich der Glucosylfructose-Reihe — charakterisiert worden. Aus einer gemeinsamen Betrachtung von km-Wert und vmax werden Folgerungen für das Schicksal dieser Substanzen nach oraler Einnahme gezogen; am Menschen oder im Tierversuch erhaltene Daten zur Verträglichkeit und zur energetischen Verwertung von Disacchariden und ihren eventuellen Reduktionsprodukten stehen in prinzipieller Übereinstimmung mit den enzymologischen Daten, denen daher ein Vorhersagewert für das metabolische Verhalten von Zuckeraustauschstoffen zukommt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019577
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    A natural language interpreter for plate girder design (1986)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 127-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract One of the major problems in developing computeraided design software is the establishment of effective man-machine communication. This paper describes a computer-aided plate girder design software package and its man-machine interface using natural language processing techniques. The natural language interpreter takes advantage of the user's communication and technical skills and accepts commands in the user's native language. The user can verify the correct interpretation of the commands from the responsive graphic display of the design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200114
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Computer diagnosis system for thermal analysis by BEM aided with simple CAD (1986)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 175-191 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract With the aid of the supercomputer we have performed three-dimensional simulations in practical cpu time. At the same time, though, huge amounts of output data must be treated automatically by post processors, so that only necessary information will be extracted and changes of models, mesh subdivisions, or boundary conditions will be taken into account. This type of information processing cannot be attained by conventional postprocessors, and a new concept of postprocessing and system must be developed in the sense of computer-aided engineering or computer diagnosis. We present a computer tomographic system COMTOS-BEM based on three-dimensional boundary element analysis; it houses its own geometric modeling and automatic mesh generation. Furthermore, it supports design feedback reactions to change modeling or meshing, make recalculations, and renew boundary conditions. In this paper, we state the basic concept of the proposed computer diagnosis system and present the necessary geometric modeling and processing and boundary element formulations. Some numerical examples illustrate the validity and effectiveness of our system in practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200135
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    On the symbolic manipulation and code generation for elasto-plastic material matrices (1986)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 1 (1986), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A computerized procedure for symbolic manipulations and FORTRAN code generation of elasto-plastic material matrix for finite element applications is presented. Special emphasis is placed on expression simplifications during intermediate derivations, optimal code generation, and interface with the main program. A systematic procedure is outlined to avoid redundant algebraic manipulations. Symbolic expressions of the derived material stiffness matrix are automatically converted to RATFOR code which is then translated into FORTRAN statements through a preprocessor. To minimize the interface problem with the main program, a template file is prepared so that the translated FORTRAN statements can be merged into the file to form a subroutine (or a submodule). Three constitutive models; namely, von Mises plasticity, the Drucker-Prager model, and a concrete plasticity model, are used as illustrative examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200137
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Lasers in medicine introducing the new journal (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 3-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030730
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  • 14
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    A high-efficiency, compact Nd-YAG laser for eye microsurgery (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Optical microsurgery ; Optical breakdown ; Resonators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We report the development of an efficient and compact neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd-YAG) laser for eye microsurgery. High efficiency and excellent multimode beam quality were obtained by use of a reflecting close-coupled cavity. Stable and unstable resonator configurations were compared. Some experiments performed with this laser are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030733
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Porphyrin-sensitized photodynamic inactivation of cells: A review (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 5-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photosensitization ; Porphyrins ; Cancer therapy ; Membrane damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract When mammalian cells are exposed to light in the presence of photosensitizers, such as porphyrins, a number of reactions takes place. The most important photoproduct is singlet oxygen, which reacts with and degrades a variety of biomolecules. This species can travel only about 0.1μm in a cell during its lifetime. Therefore, the structures most exposed to photodamage are those containing high concentrations of sensitizer. For porphyrins, membranes and mitochondria are such structures. Photosensitized damage to mitochondria and membranes has been observed by several techniques. The incubation time with sensitizers is critical since the rates of accumulation of sensitizer are different at different cellular locations. Several other aspects of the action of photosensitizers are reviewed: Have sublethal doses any effect on proliferation and DNA? How can photodynamic treatment act selectively on tumour tissue? Should photodynamic cancer treatment be combined with other therapies? Does photodynamic therapy work under low oxygen concentrations?
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    Initial experience with carbon dioxide laser laparoscopy (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser laparoscopy ; CO2 laser ; Endometriosis ; Adhesions ; Infertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Adhesions and endometriosis are commonly encountered among patients presenting with pelvic or lower abdominal pain and also in a significant proportion of infertile patients. Laparoscopic investigation is usual in patients with these problems, and it has been possible to perform endoscopic surgery with special scissors and electrodiathermy. These methods can cause troublesome bleeding, and the diathermy produces high temperatures which can be hazardous if used in the vicinity of the bowel. The carbon dioxide laser can be used endoscopically to vaporize deposits of endometriosis and adhesions with great precision and virtually no bleeding. One hundred consecutive patients with endometriosis or adhesions were treated with the CO2 laser laparoscope and followed up for at least a year. Seventy-five per cent of patients with pain due to endometriosis were cured, and 68% of patients were better after laser laparoscopic adhesiolysis. Pregnancy rate in the previously infertile group with endometriosis was 64%. There were no complications due to the intra-abdominal use of CO2 laser energy under endoscopic control, although there is a need for a controlled trial. It appears that in the hands of an experienced laparoscopist this technique is safe and effective.
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    A 580 nm emission in haematoporphyrin-derivative solution and in treated cells (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 33-39 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Haematoporphyrin derivative ; 580 nm emission ; Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Continuous wave and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy have been extensively used to characterize the behaviour of haematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) both in solution and in single cells. In this work, we report experimental evidence for the presence of a 580 nm-emitting species, occurring as a consequence of modifications in HPD induced by the cellular microenvironment. The fact that the formation of this ‘modified’ species seems to be favoured in tumour cells might increase sensitivity in the diagnostic use of HPD for the localization of early-stage tumours.
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    New laser literature (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 81-84 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030740
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    Book reviews (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 85-86 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030741
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  • 20
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    Evaluation of photodynamic therapy in gastric cancer (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon dye laser ; Photodynamic therapy ; Gastric cancer ; Adenocarcinomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-eight patients with gastric cancer were treated by photodynamic therapy. Haematoporphyrin derivative was used as a photosensitizer and an argon dye laser as a light source. Histologically, all tumours were adenocarcinomas. On the basis of endoscopy, 17 cases were categorized as early-stage cancer and were classified as type IIc (10 lesions), Ha (three lesions), combined type IIc and type III (three lesions) and type I (two lesions). In 11 patients with advanced-stage cancer, endoscopy showed one case of Borrmann I, three of Borrmann II, six of Borrmann III and a single case of Borrmann IV. In the 17 patients with early-stage cancers (18 lesions), complete remission was obtained in 10 patients (11 lesions). Of 13 resected cancers complete remission was confirmed in six lesions on the basis of detailed histological examination of resected specimens. In the advanced stage tumours all 11 patients showed incomplete remissions. It is considered that an incomplete response in the early-stage cancers is due to insufficient light dosage because of the wide area of tumour, because the site of the lesion is anatomically difficult to photoradiate and because the invasion extends to the muscular layer and serosa.
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  • 21
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    Excimer laser angioplasty: Quantitative comparison in vitro of three ultraviolet wavelengths on tissue ablation and haemolysis (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 91-100 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser angioplasty ; Excimer laser ; Photoablation ; Haemolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The effects of three ultraviolet excimer laser wavelengths on normal and atheromatous human cadaver aortic wall are presented. Ultraviolet radiation successfully ablates vessel wall; the dose response is greatest at 249 nm followed by 193 nm and 351 nm, where the effect is negligible for the equivalent energy dose. Wavelengths 249 and 193 nm have a selective effect on fibrous atheroma; ablation proceeds at a higher rate in this tissue. Non-linear effects observed at 249 nm may be due to thermal as well as photoablative mechanisms. In addition, blood samples were exposed to all three wavelengths and potassium concentrations were measured; the dose of energy required to produce tissue ablation may also produce significant haemolysis and hyperkalaemia at 249 and 193 nm but not with 351 nm. This finding may be important for coronary angioplasty but less so for peripheral work. The wavelength that produces the strongest dose response is 249 nm; this is the wavelength for which a fibre-optic delivery system should be developed.
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  • 22
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    Arborizing telangiectasia of the lower limb responds well to treatment with the argon laser; superficial venular dilatation does not (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 121-124 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon laser ; Superficial venular dilatation lower limb ; Arborizing telangiectasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The response of vascular dilatation of the lower limb to treatment with the argon laser was found to correlate with clinical diagnosis. Nine patients with superficial venular dilatation of the lower limb associated with varicose veins were treated with the argon laser and the results were uniformly poor. However, two patients with the clinically distinct condition of arborizing telangiectasia (or essential progressive telangiectasia) of the legs responded well to treatment. No other satisfactory treatment is available for this cosmetically distressing condition, so that argon laser therapy appears to be the treatment of choice.
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    A micromanipulator to aid microsurgical removal of intracranial tumours with the Nd-YAG laser (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 131-133 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Meningioma ; Microsurgery ; Micromanipulator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The coagulation and tumour-shrinking properties of the Nd-YAG laser make it a useful tool in the treatment of vascular intracranial tumours, in particular meningiomas. The resection of many tumours such as base-of-skull meningiomas inevitably involves limited access, making precision work with the hand-held laser difficult. This paper presents the use of a special micromanipulator which allows coupling of the OPMILas YAG laser to the Zeiss OPMI operating microscope. The laser can be used in focused or defocused mode, with better precision than that obtained in the hand-held position. A built-in filter makes the instrument safe for the surgeon to use without goggles.
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    Laser exposure timer (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 221-224 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Lasers ; Exposure time ; Calibration ; Safety
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A hand-held unit has been constructed for routine measurement of exposure times of argon and krypton lasers. A small photodiode is used as the sensing element, and the measured exposure time in ms is observed on a liquid-crystal display. A series of measurements was made on a set of four lasers in use in ophthalmology departments in North Wales. Typically, the measured exposure times were observed to agree well with set values. Percentage errors were, however, often considerable at the shortest exposure settings. A small variation in values of exposure timings for a selected exposure time was found as a function of selected aiming-beam position. This presumably arises out of the design of the particular aiming-beam/shutter assembly. Although no serious shutter malfunction was detected, the ability to measure exposure times accurately was considered relevant to checking the delivered output of laser systems.
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    New laser literature (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 225-228 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040244
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    Book reviews (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 229-230 
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    Conference report (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 231-231 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040246
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    Courses (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 232-232 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02040248
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  • 29
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    Nd-YAG laser therapy for the anterior segment of the eye (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 139-142 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Capsulotomy ; Iridotomy ; Photodisruption ; Eye anterior segment ; Neodymium-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Since the introduction of microsurgery by the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd-YAG) laser many conventional surgical procedures for the anterior segment of the eye have been superseded. We discuss the current indications, contraindications, techniques and complications encountered in pulsed Nd-YAG laser surgery of the anterior segment.
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    Clinical experience of non-contact and contact Nd-YAG laser therapy for inoperable malignant stenoses of the oesophagus and stomach (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 143-146 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Oesophageal cancer ; Gastric cancer ; Neodymium-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For palliative treatment of tumours with the Nd-YAG laser, the non-contact method of applying laser energy has become established as a useful technique. However, it has certain disadvantages which include overdistension of the intestine, difficulty in calculating the amount of energy applied in each place, and the danger of destruction of the tip of the light guide if this makes contact with the tissue while the laser is being fired. The newly developed contact method of energy application by means of ceramic tips is free from such disadvantages. We report our results with the contact and the non-contact method in the treatment of stenosing inoperable tumours of the oesophagus and stomach. By the end of 1985 we had treated 76 patients with the non-contact method and 16 with the contact method. The relative advantages of the two methods in clinical use are discussed.
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    British Medical Laser Association Annual Conference: London, 22–23 January 1986 (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 158-159 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    Partial splenectomy with the Nd-YAG laser in pigs (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; Splenic resection ; Cellular biostimulation ; Mast cells ; Splenic regeneration ; Pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Splénectomie partielle au laser YAG-Nd. Une série de 11 porcs (18–35 kg) subissent une splénectomie partielle à l'aide d'un laser YAG-Nd (80 W de puissance, 8° de divergence), après ligature de l'artère gastro-épiploique. On obtient une coupe et une hémostase simultanée rapide. La zone d'ischémie est limitée à 1 ou 2 mm d'épaisseur et se trouve rapidement remplacée par du tissue fibreux au 10e jour post-opératoire (J10). Aucune hémorragie secondaire n'est à déplorer. L'examen en microscopie semi-fine et électronique montre: à J 3 une activité macrophagique et polynucléaire intense dans la pulpe rouge à proximité de la coupe; à J 10 de nombreuses mitoses des cellules lymphoides de la pulpe blanche; à J 30 une forte densité de plasmocytes et de mastocytes répartis dans les centres germinaux situés à proximité de la fibrose de bordure. Les contrôles à J 180 et J 365 montrent une guérison totale du foyer de résection et une taille normale de la rate.
    Notes: Abstract Eleven pigs (18–35 kg) were submitted to partial splenic resection with an 8° divergent Nd-YAG laser beam (80 W). The gastroepiploic artery was ligated in 10 pigs. The laser provided both rapid cutting and haemostasis, and the ischaemic layer was limited to 1 or 2 mm in thickness. This was replaced by fibrous tissue by the tenth postoperative day and delayed bleeding was not observed. Semi-thin and electron microscopic examinations of the spleen on the third postoperative day showed intensive macrophage and polynuclear infiltration into the red pulp in the vicinity of the resection. At ten days mitotic figures of lymphoid cells and a few mast cells were present in the white pulp. By day 30 a large concentration of plasmocytes and mast cells were scattered in germinal centres underlying the new fibrotic capsule. Healing, with restoration of the size of the spleen, was found at six months and at twelve months postoperatively.
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    Phase behavior of the ternary system solvent: poly(γ-benzyl L-glutemate) and polystyrene (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 517-524 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Phase equilibria were investigated at 80°C for a ternary system involving a solvent benzyl alcohol, a rodlike polymer poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG), and a flexible polymer polystyrene (PS). The fairly dilute solution of the two polymers was isotropic and monophasic. At greater concentrations, it was separated into two isotropic phases. Above an even higher critical concentration of the two polymers, three phases, a cholesteric (A1) and two isotropic phases (I1 and I2), coexisted at equilibrium. PBLG was contained exclusively in the phases A1 and I1, while PS was in the phase I2. The more concentrated solution was separated into a cholesteric phase and an isotropic phase. The latter contained PS but excluded PBLG, These features were discussed on the ground of the Flory theory by considering the polymer compatibility.
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    Initiated oxidation of PE and PP in solution (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 531-537 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the oxidation of a low density polyethylene and of an isotactic and an atactic polypropylene in solution. The solvent was 1,2, 4-trichlorobenzene and the process was investigated at different temperatures, with varying concentrations of the initiator and of the polymer. Under the experimental conditions, a non-accelerating chain reaction proceeds at the beginning of the process. The equation derived from the proposed simplified mechanism describes consistently the dependences of experimentally measured rates on the concentrations of the initiator and of the polymer.
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    End group analysis of commercial poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether's (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 547-549 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Analysis of the hydroxyl content of a series of commercial poly(ethylene glycol)monomethy1 ethers by means of 360 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy of the trichloroacetyl isocyanate modified polymers has shown that some compounds contain considerable amounts of poly(ethylene glycol).
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    Aromatic polyureas and polythioureas by a new polycondensation reaction using ethylene chlorophosphite as reagent (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 143-146 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Aromatic polyureas and polythioureas are prepared from aromatic diamines and carbon dioxide or carbon disulfide, by a new direct polycondensation reaction with ethylene chlorophosphite as reagent in pyridine as solvent and acceptor for hydrochloric acid at 50–60° for 6–7 hours.
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    Towards an understanding of stacked base interactions: non-equilibrium phase transitions as a probable model (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 89-91 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The distances of stacked bases of DNA in different conformations can-not be calculated by equilibrium potentials, since they exhibit not more than only one minimum. However, a double potential minimum is obtained by considering the most simple semiclassical model of excitons that are coupled adiabatically to lattice vibrations, hence forming polaritons. By use of Danilov's extended Hückel approximation of DNA excitons, stacked base distances can be calculated that agree fairly well with the experimental data. The errors of this approach are small as compared to the differences of the distances in various conformations. Consequently, this model may work as a first base of understanding molecular interactions in DNA.
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    Reactive monomers and polymers containing chiral groups (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 491-495 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract N-(p-methylstyryl)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine is prepared by alkylation of p-chloromethylstyrene under conditions which do not favor quaternization. A series of Copolymerization reactions confirm that the new chiral monomer and styrene copolymerize in random fashion with r1=1.09 and r2=0.98. The optical rotation of the copolymers does not vary linearly with composition. Applications of the copolymer include its use as chiral ligand for asymmetric synthesis or as a separation medium.
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    Preparation and characterization of polymethoxymethylstyrenes1H-13C NMR studies (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 59-66 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary To study the influence of dipolar moments on the permittivity of polymers, three isomeric polymers ortho, meta and para polymethoxystyrenes have been synthesized. Physical properties and NMR studies1H and13C are described.
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    Functional Polymers (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 135-140 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polycarbonates of Bisphenol A were prepared with 2 (2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2H-4-hydroxybenzotriazole or 2 (2, 4-di-hydroxyphenyl) 2H-1,3-di (4-hydroxybenzotriazole) ultraviolet stabilizers permanently incorporated into the polycarbonate main chain. Direct polycarbonate formation from Bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate or transesterification using previously prepared polycarbonate in the melt with ultraviolet stabilizers 2 (2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) 2H-4-hydroxybenzotriazole or 2 (2, 4-dihydrophenyl) 2H-1,3-di (4-hydroxybenzotriazole) or the corresponding acetyl compounds gave the final polycarbonates which were characterized.
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    Infra-red dichroism investigation of molecular viscoelasticity using isotopically labelled block copolymers (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 165-171 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Infra-red dichroism has been used to measure the orientation of the different sequences of isotopically labelled block copolymers. We have determined the orientation from dichroic ratios of two bands of deuterated polystyrene, and compared in block copolymers the orientation of the central part of the chain with that of the ends. The relaxation of the ends is more rapid, than that of the center, which exhibits a “plateau”.
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    Thermoplastic elastomers by hydrogen bonding (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 173-179 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary By reacting polybutadiene with 4-Phenyl-1, 2, 4-triazoline-3, 5-dione (PTD) urazole groups are added to the polymer. The formation of hydrogen bonds between different urazole groups is investigated by IR-spectroscopy at various temperatures. The carbonyl stretching vibrations at 1700 and 1723 cm−1 could be attributed to hydrogen bonded and free urazole groups. With increasing temperature the fraction of bonded groups decreases. From the overall change in the absorption the ratio of the extinction coefficients of bonded and free C=O is determined. The stability of the hydrogen bonds is explained by a chelate like complex between two urazole groups.
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    Pseudocrown ethers based on polyphosphazene as effective catalysts of nucleophilic substitution reactions (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 303-309 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymer pseudocrownethers based on polyphosphazene are active catalysts of nucleophilic substitution reactions. With respect to the catalytic activity, polyphosphazene is a more suitable carrier of oligo(oxyethylenes) than poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene). With increasing length of oligo(oxyethylene) branches the catalytic activity of polymers increases. The favorable effect of the content of pseudocrownether structures is particularly visible in polymers having a longer oligo(oxyethylene) chain in those reactions in which the polymer acts as a solid cosolvent. The catalysts preserve their activity also if reused.
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    Living carbocationic polymerization (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 317-323 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new family of initiating systems has been discovered that efficiently induces the truly living polymerization of isobutylene (IB). The initiating systems are complexes of organic tertiary esters e.g., cumyl acetate, 2,4,4-trimethylpentane-2-acetate, with BCl3. Living polymerizations proceed very rapidly in a variety of solvents, i.e., CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, C2H5Cl, and mixtures of chlorinated solvents plus n-hexane, in the range from −10° to −50°C. The living nature of the polymerizations was demonstrated by linear ¯Mn versus WPIB (g of polymer formed) plots starting at the origin and horizontal N (number of PIB chains) versus WPIB plots. The DPn of the products obeys [Mo]/[Io] where [Mo] and [Io] are initial monomer and initiator concentrations, respectively. Conversions and initiator efficiencies are ∼100%. In carefully controlled experiments narrow molecular weight distribution polyisobutylenes (PIB) have been obtained, i.e., Mw/Mn=1.17 − 1.3. A mechanism is outlined that helps rationalize the findings. It is postulated that the living polymerization of IB initiated by organic tertiary ester·BCl3 complexes most likely proceeds by a two-component group transfer polymerization process.
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    Optical biaxiality of nematic LC-side chain polymers with laterally attached mesogenic groups (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 349-352 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Liquid crystalline polymers with mesogenic groups laterally attached to the polymer backbone were investigated by polarizing microscopy with respect to their optical properties. The nematic polymers were macroscopically oriented in a magnetic or electric field. Polarization microscopic investigations with convergent polarized light show optical biaxial behavior of the nematic phase.
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    Characterization of orientation at polyester fiber surface by modified infrared reflection technique (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 363-368 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The surface orientation of polyester fibers has been studied by a modified sampling technique using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The fiber axes were arranged parallel to incident radiation first, and then perpendicular to it. The differences in total absorbance and relative intensity changes in the spectra obtained show the features of specular reflection. The technique has the advantage over ATR that there is no optical contact problem.
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    Influence of long chain branching on the elongational behaviour of different polyethylenes and their blends (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 381-387 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Elongational data on a series of polyethylenes with different structure and on their blends are presented in order to correlate the extensional behaviour with the long chain branching degree. The results show that the strain hardening effect increases with the number of branch points; the troutonian value is reached when the branching index is larger than 0.6. Empirical correlations between elongational viscosity and branching index are also presented.
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    Polycondensation of glyoxal with aromatic diamines (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 405-409 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New diamines containing alkaneoxy linkages have been prepared by hydrolysis of the corresponding diamides which were obtained by reaction of p-hydroxyacetanilide with different dibromo alkanes. These diamines were copolymerized with glyoxal to yield insoluble copolymers in solvents such as DMSO, CH3OH, CH3COCH3, CHCl3. The diamides and diamines were characterized by IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses and the copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses.
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    Synthesis of 4-chloro-3-nitrostyrene (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 431-438 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method of preparation giving high yields for 4-chloro-3-nitrostyrene and some derivatives is described. First trials of free radical polymerization and copolymerization are reported and show a deactivating influence of the nitro group.
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    Comments on: “the heat capacity of poly(oxymethylene) as a function of crystallinity” (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 445-447 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the heat capacities of semicrystalline poly(oxymethylene)s (POM) measured recently by Illers and published in this journal support, rather than refute, the existence of a “rigid, amorphous fraction”. The former was suggested by Illers, the latter was our proposal (Suzuki et al.).
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    Announcements (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 476-476 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265732
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    Oxochloromolybdenum(V)tetraphenylporphyrin complex-containing polymer as a phosphate ion exchanger (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 479-484 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Oxochloro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinate)molybdenum (V) was physically entrapped into poly (styrene) by lyophilizing a benzene solution including both complex and polymer. The functional ability of the obtained complex-containing resin to adsorb H2PO4 − from an aqueous solution was investigated in the presence of various anions. It was found that the selectivity of the resin for H2PO4 − is superior to those of conventional anion exchangers.
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    Plasticizer diffusion into PVC particles as studied by ESR spin probe method (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 525-530 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The spin probe technique of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been applied for studying the plasticizer diffusion, migration, and redistribution processes in suspension polymerized PVC particles. In the first series of experiments six PVC powder samples with different K values (58, 61, 64, 67, 70, and 72) were mixed with diisooctyl phthalate (DOP) containing 10−4 M 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as stable free radical spin probe. In the second run TEMPO-doped dry PVC powders were mixed with DOP plasticizer. Finally we studied the plasticizer transport phenomena between plasticized and non-plasticized polymer particles in powder mixtures. The observed diffusion properties of different samples were interpreted in terms of the different porosities of powders.
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    Effect of chemical and configurational sequence distribution on the miscibility of polymer blends (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 539-545 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple model is proposed to describe the miscibility of blends, which contain homo- and/or copolymers with tactic subunits. The directional-specific intermolecular interactions are assumed to be mediated by interactions caused by repulsive type intramolecular tacticity as well as chemical intersteps. Syndiotactic homopolymers are chosen as the reference state, for tactic as well as for mixed triads. The approximations developed in this paper include triad as well as diad treatment with respect to tacticity. Chemical intersteps are taken into account on a diad basis. Additive overlapping of tactic and chemical effects is assumed for mixed hetero- and isotactic triads. Complex copolymer blends, including multi-component copolymers, are treatable in this way. The modification of tactic and chemical sequences in polymer blends with the aim of developing compatible, as well as phase separated, systems may be facilitated.
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    Effect of chlorosulfonation of ultra-high strength polyethylene fibres on mechanical properties and bonding with gypsum plaster (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 1-6 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ultra-high strength polyethylene fibres were chlorosulfonated according to Kanig's technique. It has been found that the tensile strength of the fibre decreases during chlorosulfonation, whereas the Young's modulus can be increased by more than fifty percent of its original value. The interfacial bond-strength between polyethylene and gypsum plaster could be improved at least 4.8 times, amounting values of 6.3 MPa, making these fibres very suitable for use as a reinforcing material in gypsum plaster. SEM indicated that this improvement could be described to surface roughening of the fibre, due to chemical degradative stress-cracking during constrained chlorosulfonation.
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    Thickening of polyester resins with MgO: structural study of a model magnesium carboxylate (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 13-17 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The crystal structure of magnesium 1-methylethylene bis-o-phtalate heptahydrate, a a model for thickened polyester resins, was determined by X-ray analysis. This compound presents a layered structure with alternating polar and non-polar areas. Water molecules are involved in crystal formation through hydrogen bonds showing that water might play a cohesive role in the ionic aggregates of thickened polyester resins.
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    Characterization of the organolithium intermediates in polymerization reaction of 4,4′-difluorodiphenyl sulfone (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 27-33 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of the polymerization of 4,4′-difluorodiphenyl sulfone uith n-BuLi does not follow the way previously proposed by us for other diphenyl derivatives (1–4). Metallation occurs principally in the ortho position of the sulfone group and cyclization reactions also take place. The different intermediates formed were characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. More than eighteen compounds were identified as lithiated monomers which were able to participate in the polymerization process.
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    Synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol-g-4-vinylpyridine hydrochloride) for application as a surfactant in emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 55-58 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A redox initiation system composed of ceric ion and poly(vinyl alcohol) was used to successfully synthesize poly(vinyl alcohol-g-4-vinylpyridine hydrochloride). The aqueous solutions of this polycationic surfactant exhibited no sharp CMC value and tended to become turbid upon standing. This turbidity was related to the formation of crystalline-like aggregates in solution, and was thermally reversible. PMMA latices were unstable when formulated with turbid surfactant solutions, but when surfactant solutions were thermally equilibrated, the final PMMA latices were stable.
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    Photoconductivity of polymeric dibenz [b, i] 1,4,8,11-tetraaza [14] annulenato (μ-pyrazin)iron(II) [Fetaa(pyz)]n (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 75-82 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Results of experiments on dark- and photoconductivity of polymeric dibenz[b,i] 1,4,8,11-tetraaza[14]annulenato(μ-pyrazin) iron(II) [Fetaa(pyz)]n are described. By studying the dependence of photoconductivity on electric field, intensity and wavelength it is shown that photogeneration of charge carriers occurred at short wavelengths by an Onsager mechanism and in the near-infrared region by a photoinjection process from the electrodes.
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    Plasma-polymerization of F-propene/acetylene and F-propene/ethylene mixtures and their gas permeability (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 131-136 
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    Notes: Summary Plasma-polymerized thin films from the mixture ofF-propene and acetylene (C2H2) or ethylene (C2H4) were investigated by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and ESCA. The chemical composition for the plasma-polymers depended on these gaseous mixture composition. The F/C elemental ratio for the plasma-polymers decreased with increasing the C2H2 or C2H4 concentration, and at the same time the H/C ratio increased. The plasma-polymers were composed ofCF3,CF2,CF-CFn,CF, andC-CFn units. The addition of C2H2 or C2H4 depressed the formation of the plasma-poly-mers with highly-fluorinated carbon units such as CF3 CF2 groups, and encouraged that of polymers with less-fluorinated carbon units. Furthermore, such changes of the plasma-polymers in the chemical composition by adding C2H2 or C2H4 were favourable to improve gas separation abilities. The ratio of oxygen and nitrogen permeation coefficient increased from 1.7 to 3.5 by adding C2H2 of 50 mol% and also increased to 2.9 by adding C2H4 of 37.5 mol%. Less-fluorinated carbon units seem to play an important role in the separation from the oxygen/nitrogen mixture.
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    End-functionalized polymers by living cationic polymerization (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 117-123 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Living polymers of isobutyl and 2-benzoyloxyethyl vinyl ethers, initiated by the hydrogen iodide/iodine system, were cleanly end-capped with the sodium salt of diethyl 2-vinyloxyethylmalonate [Na⊖⊖C(COOEt)2CH2OCH=CH2] to give new macromers5 consisting of a vinyl ether terminal and a monodisperse poly(vinyl ether) backbone (¯Mw/¯Mn〈1.1). Their perfect end-functionality (¯Fn≅1.0) was established by1H- and13C-NMR structural analysis. Macromers $$\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{5}$$ could copolymerize with alkyl vinyl ethers under cationic conditions.
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    Polymaleamidehydrazides (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 147-151 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Some polymaleamidehydrazides were synthesized by the ring-opening polyaddition reaction between N,N′-bisisomaleimide and diamines(piperazine, phenylenediamines, 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl, 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, and 2,6-diaminoanthraquinone) in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) containing LiCl Characterization of the polymers was carried out by elemental analysis, solibility in various solvents, IR, UV-VIS, PMR spectra, TG and DSC as well as by inherent viscosity measurements. These polymers began to decompose around 250°C.
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    Optical rotation of branched polysaccharides (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 175-180 
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    Notes: Summary Correlation between optical activity and conformational behavior is attempted for the series of oligomannosides and pure mannan polysaccharide. Then, the principle of decomposing the contribution to optical rotation into some basic components is extended to the case of branched polymers. It is shown that the derived relationship fits the experimental rotation data gathered for this series. Conclusions about the influence of branching on solution behavior of galactomannan chains are drawn.
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    Comparisons of the reactivities of methacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile and of the corresponding polymer radicals (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 209-214 
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    Notes: Summary It is confirmed that the polymethacrylonitrile radical is much less reactive than the polyacrylonitrile radical towardstrans-stilbene. Methacrylonitrile and acrylonitrile are similar in their reactivities towards the 2-cyano-2-propyl radical and the benzoyloxy radical.
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    Synthesis and morphology of poly(styrene-g-[propylene oxide-b-2-methyl-2-oxazoline]) (1986)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 223-228 
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    Notes: Summary Poly(styrene(ST)-g-[propylene oxide(PO)-b-2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MeOz)])s were prepared by ionic polymerization. Alkaline hydrolysis of these graft-block copolymers were carried out and poly(ST-g-[PO-b-ethylene imine(EI)])s were obtained. Morphologies of these copolyraer specimens were obtained by electron microscope.
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    Cationic grafting from carbon black (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 249-256 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The cationic ring-opening copolymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a cyclic acid anhydride such as phthalic anhydride (PAn) and maleic anhydride was initiated by acylium perchlorate groups on carbon black to give alternating copolymer, i.e., polyester. Epichlorohydrin was found to act as effective promoter in the copolymerization. The polyester formed was effectively grafted from carbon black depending upon the propagation of the polymer from the surface: the grafting ratio of polyester from THF and PAn was increased up to about 65% with an increase in conversion. The polyester-grafted carbon black gave a stable colloidal dispersion in chloroform.
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    Chelating polymers (1986)
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    Polymer bulletin 16 (1986), S. 293-298 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chelating polymers were synthesized by polymer analogous reaction of polyethyleneimine with chelating agents: 2-hydroxy-4[2-chloroethanoyl]benzophenone, butanoic-4-oxo-4-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methyl-phenyl)acid and 4,4-′o-o-succinoyl-bis-resorcylaldehyde. The chelating agents were characterized by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polychelates are insoluble in water and common organic solvents and they were characterized by IR spectroscopy. These polymers were contacted with an aqueous solution of copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II).
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    Investigating the structure of the port-wine stain by transcutaneous microscopy (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 107-109 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Microscopy ; Port-wine stains ; Argon laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The structures present in port-wine stains of patients presenting for argon laser therapy were examined by means of a simple transcutaneous microscope. This method is non-invasive and allows the investigator to make a thorough examination of the naevus. The port-wine stain was found to contain a variety of aberrant capillary and vascular structures. Abnormalities of the capillaries of the dermal papillae result in a variety of structures ranging from simple increase in the size of the capillaries to elongation of the vessels and breakdown of the tone of the vessel walls to give structures which resemble cavernous haemangiomata. Abnormalities of the vessels deeper down in the subdermal vascular plexus may also be seen. Occasionally, tufts of several capillaries may originate from a small feeder vessel. The capillaries in some lesions may be abnormally elongated, complex, helically twisted and very thin. Naevi on the face appear different from those on the limbs although this has not yet been verified by extensive observation.
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    A comparison of gold-vapour and dye lasers for photodynamic therapy (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 117-120 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Gold-vapour laser ; Argon-pumped dye laser ; Photodynamic therapy ; Cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper compares the relative merits of the continuous wave argon-pumped dye laser and the pulsed gold-vapour laser as used clinically for photodynamic therapy. At comparable power and energy outputs, the biological effect of the two appears to be the same. However, for 1 W output (a suitable level for clinical use), the gold laser is simpler and easier to install and run, although it requires a larger diameter fibre for light delivery (0.6 mm v. 0.2 mm). The wavelength of the dye laser is tunable, whereas that of the gold is not, although the gold laser can be easily converted to a copper-vapour laser which can pump a tunable dye laser.
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    A prospective randomized trial to compare CO2 laser with standard electrocautery for making thoracotomy incisions (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 135-137 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide laser ; Electrocautery ; Diathermy ; Thoracotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract It has been claimed that surgical incisions made with the carbon dioxide laser are superior to those made by diathermy in terms of blood loss, wound healing and postoperative pain. We have done a small controlled trial to test this hypothesis in 16 patients, comparing thoracotomy incisions made by these two techniques. Incisions made by the laser were slower and had greater blood loss and we were unable to demonstrate any differences between the techniques in wound healing or postoperative pain.
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    New laser literature (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 153-156 
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    Courses (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 160-160 
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    Nd-YAG laser photocoagulation in gastroenterology: Its role in palliation of colorectal cancer (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Neodymium-YAG laser ; colorectal cancer ; Photocoagulation ; Obstruction ; Bleeding ; Adenocarcinomas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The merits of the Nd-YAG laser were evaluated in palliation of obstruction, or bleeding, or both, in 84 patients with colorectal malignancy. Luminal patency was restored in 20 of the 24 patients with obstructing colonic cancers. Haemostasis was achieved in 37 of the 40 patients with bleeding. Combined bleeding and obstruction responded favourably in 19 of the 20 patients treated. Only a few laser photocoagulation sessions, over a short period of time, were needed, and further laser treatment could be continued on an outpatient basis. Major complications such as perforation (6), stenosis necessitating a colostomy (3), and delayed post-treatment bleeding (2) were seen in 13% of patients, with a laser-related mortality in three patients. Minor complications, such as transient stenosis (22) and laser-induced bleeding (11), responded well to further laser application. Pain and warmth (20) resolved spontaneously. Treatment failures and complications were mainly due to inadequate accessibility or were related to tissue characteristics. Laser photocoagulation appears to constitute a valuable alternative treatment, not only to resection and colostomy, in the case of obstruction, but also for haemorrhage that cannot be controlled in other ways. Palliation, in its broad sense, is guaranteed because of the rapid results, reduced time in hospital, the avoidance of hospital admission, and the good tolerance of treatment.
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    International meeting on porphyrins as phototherapeutic agents for tumours and other diseases: Alghero, Italy, 1–4 May 1985 (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 86-87 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Course (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 88-88 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Separate and combined use of Nd-YAG and carbon dioxide lasers in liver resections: A preliminary report (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 101-105 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Liver resection ; Carbon dioxide laser ; Neodymium-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A series of 15 patients have undergone liver resection by laser, 10 by use of the carbon dioxide laser alone, one with the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser (Nd-YAG) alone, and four with combined use. Partial and anatomical liver resections have been done without mortality or haemorrhagic complications, although initial haemostasis was always difficult with the CO2 laser alone. Bile leakage occurred in four patients, but it stopped spontaneously in three. Histology showed a necrotic zone less than 2 mm deep when the CO2 laser was used alone, but the zone was 5–6 mm deep with the Nd-YAG laser and 1.6–1.8 mm deep when the two were used in combination. Thus, the most effective cutting, with good haemostasis and minimum damage to the underlying liver, was achieved with the combined lasers. A precise superposition of the two spots was achieved with a new handpiece prototype.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of microarterial anastomoses with the argon laser (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 111-115 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Argon laser ; Arterial microanastomosis ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Vessel re-endothelialization ; Collagenous fusion ; Vessel repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Anastomoses micro-artérielles au laser argon: étude en microscopie électronique à balayage. Les auteurs réalisent au laser Argon (Coherent 900) une anastomose carotidienne terminoterminale sur une série de 50 rats Wistar de poids moyen de 260 g. Les impacts laser (en moyenne 19) sont de 300 mW de puissance et d'une durée de 5 s chacun, avec un point de focalisation de 150 μm de diamètre. On réalise sur 13 spécimens un examen en microscopie électronique à balayage. L'impact laser induit sur la paroi artérielle une lésion de 100 μm de large avec une légère nécrose de coagulation de la media et de l'adventice. La ligne de suture est re-endothélialisée dès le quatrième jour, alors qu'une fusion du collagène est observée dans les couches sousendothéliales. L'arrangement longitudinal des cellules endothéliales est retrouvé dés le dixième jour. A long terme, un réseau collagénique serré assure la résistance de la media et un endothélium normal recouvre la ligne de ‘soudure’. Les complications tel que lâchage ou anéurysmes doivent être attribuées aux inconvénients techniques du début de l'expérimentation.
    Notes: Abstract A carotid end-to-end anastomosis was performed in 50 Wistar rats (mean weight 260 g) by means of a Coherent 900 argon laser. Laser pulses (average 19) of 300 mW power and 5 s exposure time were used, the beam being focused to form a spot of 150 μm diameter. From day 0 to day 210, 13 specimens underwent scanning electron microscope examination. The results show that the laser impact produces a wall injury of 100 μm in width with some coagulative necrosis of the media and adventitia. The line of anastomosis became re-endothelialized within four days, at which time collagen fusion was observed in the subendothelial layers. The longitudinal arrangement of the endothelial cells was restored by day 10. In the long term, a thick collagenous meshwork maintained the strength of the media, while normal endothelium covered the anastomosis. Complications such as disruption and aneurysm formation were attributed to technical problems.
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    Meetings announcements (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 159-160 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    Photodynamic therapy in the management of malignant gliomas: a review (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 163-174 
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Malignant glioma ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; Photosensitizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Interest in photodynamic therapy in the treatment of malignant gliomas began in the 1950s. Following the publication of papers showing that haematoporphyrin was excluded from the intact blood-brain barrier and that glioma cells grown in culture and subcutaneously could be killed by a combination of light and haematoporphyrin, a number of clinical trials was started, none of which has shown any measurable improvement in patient survival. The reason for this may relate to a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of photodynamic therapy and a lack of the scientific data needed to optimize photodynamic selectivity. This review discusses the potential role of photodynamic therapy in glioma treatment, and reviews the current clinical and experimental work in the field.
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    Photodynamic therapy and γ-irradiation of tumours: Effect of tumour-cell reoxygenation (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 193-195 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; γ-Irradiation ; Hypoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The presence of adequate oxygen appears to be essential for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumours (1, 2). We used the mouse sarcoma 180 tumour model to investigate how the reoxygenation of the tumour cell population after a single exposure to γ-irradiation influenced the effect of photodynamic therapy. The combination of γ-irradiation with PDT leads to a significant enhancement of the therapeutic effect. The best effect is observed when the γ-irradiation precedes the PDT by 24 h, at which time reoxygenation of the tumour is greatest. Also, there is some enhancement of the effect when PDT is given before γ-irradiation, although the mechanism of this is not yet clear.
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    Use of haematoporphyrin derivative as a sensitizer for radiotherapy of oral and maxillofacial tumours: A preliminary report (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 253-256 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Oral tumours ; Maxillofacial tumours ; Radiotherapy ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy of radiotherapy prior to surgery for the treatment of maxillofacial tumours is compared with and without sensitization with haematoporphyrin derivative (HPD). Residual tumour was found in the resected tissue in 92% of unsensitized but only 52% of sensitized cases, suggesting considerable enhancement of tumour destruction by use of the HPD.
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    New laser literature (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 267-270 
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    Abstracts of the third congress of the european laser association, amsterdam, 6–8 november 1986 (1986)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 273-315 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Meetings announcements courses (1986)
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    Lasers in medical science 1 (1986), S. 272-272 
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    Rate of thermooxidation and polymer morphology (1986)
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    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Thermooxidation ; chain scission ; oxygen absorption ; morphology ; isotactic polypropylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstracts A model of the thermooxidation of semicrystalline polymers involving two processes simultaneously is described. The first process is initiated by oxygen dissolved in the interspherulitic amorphous pahse. The second is related to a slower rate of polymer chain scission m the interlamellar amorphous pahse, which is controlled by oxygen diffusion into the spherulite. The presented model describes an exampble of isotactic polypropylene and predicts the effect of polymer morphology on the process of thermooxidation. It leads to the conclusion that the initial rate of polymer chain scission depends on the amount of interspherulitic amorphous phase fraction but the slower rate, considered in steady state conditions of oxygen diffussion into the interlamellar amorphous phase, depends depends on spherulite size according to the derived equation.
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    Study of cryostructurization of polymer systems VII. Structure formation under freezing of poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solutions (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Cryostructurization ; freezing of poly(vinyl alcohol) aqueous solutions ; rheological properties of cryogels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Rheological properties of the cryogels produced by freezing of concentrated aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) have been studied. These properties were shown to depend on the polymer concentration in the initial solution, on PVA molecular weight, cryostructurization duration and temperature. Electron microscopy demonstrates the heterogeneous porous structure of these cryogels and the dependence of the observed pattern on the conditions of formation of the studied objects.
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    Conformation of a chain polyelectrolyte in solution with low molecular weight salt: small angle neutron scattering measurements (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 32-45 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyelectrolytes ; aqueous solutions ; neutron small angle scattering ; chain conformation ; excluded volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Small angle neutron scattering measurements have been carried out on the tetramethylammonium salt of the polystyrenesulfonic acid withDP w =310 and 1060 in water solution with tetramethylammonium chloride with ionic strength between 0.02 M and 1.0 M. The scattering curves in the scattering vector range 0.05 nm−1≤Q≤1.8nm−1 have been fitted using the form factor of a worm-like chain of finite thickness. The conformational parameters mean square radius of gyration, statistic chain element, mass per unit length and mean square radius of the cross-section have been determined experimentally and used for describing the conformation of the coils. By these molecular weights and ionic strengths, excluded volume is not necessary to explain the conformation changes depending on the salt content of the solutions; relatively short coil molecules can be described in their unperturbed dimensions even in a thermodynamically good solvent: a change in the stiffness of the chain according to Odijk's theory succeeds in describing the conformation of the polyions. Together with a slow decrease of the coil dimension by increasing salt content, a transition at ionic strength 0.1–0.5 M between two different conformations has been observed. The conformation at lower ionic strength is characterized by higher stiffness of the chain and lower mass per unit length than the form at higher salt concentration.
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    Wirkungsweise polymerer Vergrauungsinhibitoren in Waschmitteln (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 56-64 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymeric antiredeposition agents ; adsorption ; hydrophilization ; steric repulsion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In laundering, oily soils are detached from textile surfaces and dispersed. In addition, the washing solution should reduce the redeposition of free suspended soil particles onto the textile fibres. In the case of a recommended predetermined dosage of a detergent the main part of the required stabilizing effect is due to the surfactants, complexing agents, builders and zeolites. Polymeric antiredeposition agents cause only gradual additional improvements. In the case of a weak dosage the stabilizing effects of the surfactants and builders rapidly decrease and the effects of the polymeric antiredeposition agents increase. The mechanism of these effects is characterized by high selectivity of the textile substrates. In the case of polar textiles (for instance cotton) carboxy methyl cellulose is often successfully used. In this case the mode of action is mostly due to steric repulsion of the adsorbed layer. In the case of hydrophobic polyester fibres cellulose ethers with hydrophobic sidechains (for instance hydroxy propyl cellulose) show very good effects. In this case the steric component of the polymeric repulsion is supported by the decrease of the driving force of the heterocoagulation (hydrophilization of all hydrophobic interfaces). For this reason combinations of several antiredeposition agents are often used for mixed fabrics. The performenace of the polymeric agents for polyesters can be characterized by their ability to cause strong effective irreversible hydrophilization effects despite the competitive influences of the residual detergent ingrediences.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Waschprozeß werden ölige Anschmutzungen von textilen Oberflächen abgelöst und dispergiert. Die Flotte soll darüber hinaus das Wideraufziehen (Redeposition) frei schwebender Schmutzanteile auf Textilfasern vermindern. Bei empfohlener Solldosierung eines Waschmittels entfalten Tenside, Komplexbildner, Builder und Zeolithe den größten Teil der erforderlichen Stabilisierungswirkung. Polymere Vergrauungsinhibitoren bewirken nur graduelle zusätzliche Verbesserungen. Mit fortschreitender Unterdosierung nimmt die stabilisierende Tensid-und Builder-Wirkung schnell ab und die Bedeutung polymerer Vergrauungsinhibitoren steigt. Der Wirkungsmechanismus weist ein hohes Maß an Selektivität gegenüber textilen Substraten auf. Auf polarem Gut (z. B. Baumwolle) wird oft mit Erfolg Carboxymethylcellulose eingesetzt. Die Wirkungsweise beruht in diesem Falle weitgehend auf der sterischen Polymerschutzwirkung adsorbierter Schichten. Auf hydrophoberen Polyesterfasern zeigen Celluloseether mit hydrophoben Seitenketten (z. B. Hydroxypropylcellulose) sehr gute Effekte. Dabei wird die sterische Komponente der Polymerschutzwirkung durch Erniedrigung der treibenden Kraft der Heterokoagulation (Hydrophilierung sämtlicher hydrophober Grenzflächen) verstärkt. An Mischgeweben werden daher oft Kombinationen mehrerer Vergrauungsinhibitoren genutzt. Die vergrauungsinhibierende Wirksamkeit polymerer Substanzen für Polyester kann durch deren Fähigkeit, ungeachtet der Konkurrenz mit restlichen Inhaltsstoffen des Waschmittels möglichst starke effektiv irreversible Hydrophilierungseffekte hervorzurufen, charakterisiert werden.
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    Self-diffusion of small molecules in colloidal systems (1986)
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    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 77-88 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Self-diffusion ; obstruction factor irreversible processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The self-diffusion of small molecules in colloidal systems is calculated using the cell model to describe the effect of varying concentration of colloidal particles. The relevant boundary conditions are found using arguments from the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. From a general description of the self-diffusion in systems with spherically symmetrical particles we derive expressions for the concentration dependence of the effective self-diffusion coefficientD eff for several cases of practical importance. It is shown that when the molecule studied is strongly attracted to the particle a minimum inD eff is expected around volume fractionΦ=0.35. It is also shown that the often made distinction between free and bound molecules is often problematic and a more general description is proposed. The obstruction effect generated by the excluded volume is discussed both for spherical and spheroidal systems. It is pointed out that the often used formula due to Wang ((1954) J Amer Chem Soc 76:4755) is incorrect for self-diffusion and for the obstruction factor for spheres we obtain (1+0.5Φ)−1. This expresion is tested both by experiments on water diffusion in systems containing latex particles and through computer simulations and it is found valid over a wide concentration range. For prolate ellipsoids the obstruction factor is not greatly different from that for spheres, while for oblate aggregates the limiting obstruction factor of 2/3 can be obtained at low concentrations. It is demonstrated that this effect can be used to distinguish between different aggregate shapes. It is also shown that the disorder present in a solution of colloidal particles leads to a decrease in the obstruction effect.
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    Characterization of polyethylene networks based on the jointed description of melting, swelling and deformation (1986)
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    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 110-110 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Rheological and thermal properties of polysaccharide gels extracted fromAhnfeltia plicata (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 877-882 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rheology ; DSC ; gel ; polysaccharide ; Ahnfeltia plicata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic modulus began to decrease rapidly and loss tanδ showed maxima at the temperature range from 40 °C to 65 °C in polysaccharide gels extracted fromAhnfeltia plicata. An exothermic peak appeared at about 30 °C in heating DSC thermograms for these gels. Endothermic DSC peaks accompanying gel-sol transition appeared at the temperature range from 60 °C to 80 °C. The effects of alkali pretreatment and of maturation on the rheological and thermal properties of these gels were examined.
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    Book reviews (1986)
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    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1001-1004 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    New aspects of the single phase aggregate model for oriented polymers (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1010-1016 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Oriented polymers ; elastic anisotropy ; aggregate model ; orientation parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A reinvestigation of the single phase aggregate model (SPAM) of Ward applied to the elastic properties of uniaxially oriented polymers is presented. It is shown that the Voigt and the Reuss orientation average of elastic constants can be represented as a linear transformation in a 5-dimensional vector space. The corresponding transformation matrix can be diagonalized, showing that the eigenvalues of this transformation are the orientation parametersP 0 =1,P 2 andP 4 . Taking advantage of this representation an easy test of applicability of the SPAM is proposed. Possibilities to evaluate the SPAM parameters are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410318
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple storage of holograms in blocks of PMMA/MMA/Titanocenechloride (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1024-1029 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Optical storage ; optical recording ; holography ; photopolymer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract 101 volume phase holograms are recorded at 514.5 nm by superposition in a 2.6 mm thick block of the polymeric system PMMA/MMA/Titanocenechloride. The sample has been rotated 0.1° between recordings. All volume phase holograms can be read out individually at the corresponding Bragg angles due to the high degree of angular selectivity in a thick storage medium. The holographic recording proceeds irreversibly. Hence a holographic “write once — read only memory” with very large storage capacity can be realized. The multiple storage capability of this optical recording medium is investigated experimentally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410320
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An NMR self-diffusion investigation of water/xylene/alkyl amine solutions (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1051-1059 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: NMR self-diffusion ; alkyl amines ; xylene vapour pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Extensions of the solution phases have been determined and the self-diffusion behaviour investigated in ternary systems containing water/xylene/primary alkyl amine, where the chain length of the amine varied between C6 and C10. The phase diagrams at 25°C are dominated by a solution phase and a rather large water/xylene miscibility gap which increases slightly in size with increasing chain length of the amine. A lamellar liquid crystalline phase was found in all binary amine/water systems at 25°C, except for hexylamine where the lamellar phase melts below this temperature. The self-diffusion coefficients of all components decrease in a similar way when water is added to a xylene/amine solution. The self-diffusion is rapid and of similar magnitude for all components, which shows that no well-defined inverse aggregates are formed. The data are discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding between the different species in the solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410322
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of the viscosity of thin fluid films between two surfaces with and without adsorbed polymers (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1060-1065 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic thickness ; polymer adsorption ; thin film viscosity ; steric interactions ; surface rheology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new method has recently been introduced for making detailed measurements of hydrodynamic effects in very thin liquid films between two surfaces. The method is used to obtain viscosity profiles, i. e. the viscosity as a function of the separation, between surfaces with adsorbed polymer layers. Results are presented for pure cyclohexane between two mica surfaces and for polystyrene (M w=9×105) adsorbed onto mica from cyclohexane at 26°C (i. e. below theθ-temperature of 34.5°C). The range of distances over which the concept of an effective “hydrodynamic layer” is applicable is established, and a simple correspondence is found between the effective hydrodynamic thickness, the radius of gyration of the polymer and the range of the steric force between the two polymer-covered surfaces. Further experimental evidence is presented which suggests that, depending on the solvent conditions, similar correlations apply more generally to other polymer systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410323
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aqueous biphasic systems formed by nonionic polymers I. Effects of inorganic salts on phase separation (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1066-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Phase systems ; phase separation ; inorganic salts ; lyotropic series ; partition technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of salts KSCN, KI, KBr, KCl, KClO4, KF, K2SO4 and NH4Cl, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl on the binodials of the phase diagrams for aqueous biphasic dextranpolyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran-polyvinyl alcohol, dextran-ficoll and dextran-polyethylene glycol systems was studied. It is established that the K-salts present at the concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mol/kg alter the binodials of the phase diagrams for the above systems. The effect of a salt is found to be related to the lyotropy of the salt quantified by the salt molal surface tension increment. It is assumed that phase separation in an aqueous polymer biphasic system is affected by the presence of a salt mainly due to the effect of the salt on the structure and/or state of water in the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410324
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophoresis of large colloidal particles with surface charge layers. Position of the slipping plane and surface layer thickness (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1080-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electrophoresis ; surface charge layer ; slipping plane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A theory is proposed for the electrophoresis of a large colloidal particle with a surface charge layer. The slipping plane is assumed to be located within the surface layer but may not be located at the boundary between the surface layer and the particle core. In previous studies, the depth of the slipping plane is assumed to coincide with the surface layer thickness. The present theory makes it possible to examine the separate dependence of the electrophoretic mobility on the position of the slipping plane and on the surface layer thickness. It is shown that, at constant amount of particle-fixed charges in the surface layer, the mobility increases as the depth of the slipping plane (d s ) increases, while it decreases as the surface layer thickness (d c ) increases, causing a mobility maximum in some cases ifd s =d c . Several approximate analytic expressions for the mobility are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410326
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Removal of iron (III) oxide particles from a quartz plate by liquid flow (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1072-1079 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Detergency ; electro-osmosis ; iron (III) oxide ; electrokinetic phenomena ; heterocoagulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The detachment of submicron particles of iron (III) oxide from a quartz plate in aqueous solutions was investigated by using a well-defined flow of electro-osmosis in comparison with the ordinary flow of water without electrokinetic effect. A rectangular quartz cell was used for removal experiments. Zeta potentials of the particles and the plate were determined by electrophoresis and electro-osmosis, respectively. When the iron (III) oxide particles adhering to the quartz plate were removed by the electro-osmotic flow or the ordinary (Poiseuille) flow, the removal efficiency increased with increasing hydrodynamic force. The removal efficiency by electro-osmotic flow was almost the same as that by ordinary flow under the condition of the same magnitude of applied hydrodynamic force. The values of volume flow rate for the removal efficiency of 0.5 for the electro-osmotic flow was extremely small compared with that for the ordinary flow, showing the effectiveness of particle removal by electrokinetic effect of electro-osmosis. The kinetic analysis of the particle removal process showed that it was characterized by two different rate constants, the rate constant of the rapid process and that of the slow process. The rate constant of slow process increased with increasing electro-osmotic velocity. This shows that the electro-osmotic flow acts as a mechanical force to overcome the energy barrier in the removal process. The rate constant increased with increasing surfactant concentration and this trend became more noticeable as electro-osmotic velocity increased. It is concluded from this result that the effect of surfactant on particle removal is enhanced by the mechanical force in removal processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410325
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On particle coalescence in latex films (1986)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 264 (1986), S. 1092-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polymer diffusion ; self diffusion constants ; latex films ; coalescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01410329
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