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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (308)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929
  • 1986  (308)
  • 101
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    Comparison of in situ measurements of forest decline symptoms in Vermont (USA) and the Schwarzwald (FRG) (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Field analyses were conducted at spruce/fir sites in the U.S. and Germany undergoing forest decline. Data gathered from common branch samples included reflectance curves, fluorescence measurements, and pigment concentrations. Similar reflectance signatures are seen for specimens from all sites. Reflectance spectra from specimens collected from high damage sites in both countries show a characteristic reflectance drop in the near infrared and a shift (5 nm) of the red edge to shorter wavelengths. Fluorescence data suggest altered state of health of photosynthetic pigments only in specimens from German high damage sites, and pigment extraction and analysis indicate a reduction in total chlorophyll, a decrease in chlorophyll b when compared with chlorophyll a, and a relative increase in carotenoids.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 1986 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '86) on Remote Sensing: Today's Solutions for Tomorrow's Information Needs, Volume 3; p 1667-1672
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  • 102
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    Evaluation of land altimetry systems (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The performance of land altimetry systems was studied by simulating radar returns from modeled and actual topographic data. Four different algorithms were considered and contrasted using a set of performance criteria. A potential definition of the horizontal resolution of a radar altimeter was evaluated. Results indicate that the peak-power and threshold algorithms are more affected by noise and changes in surface topography than the centroid and half-energy algorithms. The centroid and half-energy algorithms can provide better spatial resolutions for the altimetric measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 1986 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '86) on Remote Sensing: Today's Solutions for Tomorrow's Information Needs, Volume 3; p 1327-1330
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  • 103
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    SIR-B measurements and modeling of vegetation (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A summary is presented of the results derived from analysis of six SIR-B data takes over an agricultural test site in west central Illinois. The first part describes the procedure used to calibrate the SIR-B imagery, the second part pertains to the observed radar response to soil moisture content, and the last part examines the information derivable from multiangle observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 191-200
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  • 104
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    Application of Thermal Infrared Multiband Scanner (TIMS) data to mapping of Plutonic and stratified rock and assemblages in accreted terrains of the Northern Sierra, California (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data were acquired over the Donner Pass area in California on September 12, 1985. The higher peaks in the area approach 9,200 feet in elevation, while the canyon of the north fork of the American River is only 3000 feet in elevation. The vegetation is dominated by conifers, although manzanita and other shrubs are present in areas where soils have developed. The data contain noise patterns which cut across scan lines diagonally. The TIMS data were analyzed using both photointerpretative and digital processing techniques. Preliminary image interpretation and field analysis confirmed that TIMS image data displays the chert units and silicic volcanics as bright red. The imagery appears to display zoning in the batholithic and hypabyssal intrusive rocks, although this was not field checked at this time. Rocks which appear to be more dioritic in composition appear purple on the imagery, while rocks more granitic in composition appear shades of red and pink. Areas that have more than 40% vegetative cover appear green on the imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 71-73
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  • 105
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    The application of remotely sensed data to pedologic and geomorphic mapping on alluvial fan and playa surfaces in Saline Valley, California (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Arid and semiarid regions yield excellent opportunities for the study of pedologic and geomorphic processes. The dominance of rock and soil exposure over vegetation not only provides the ground observer with observational possibilities but also affords good opportunities for measurement by aircraft and satellite remote sensor devices. Previous studies conducted in the area of pedologic and geomorphic mapping in arid regions with remotely sensed data have utilized information obtained in the visible to near-infrared portion of the spectrum. Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) and Thematic Mapping (TM) data collected in 1984 are being used in comjunction with maps compiled during a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) soil survey to aid in a detailed mapping of alluvial fan and playa surfaces within the valley. The results from this study may yield valuable information concerning the application of thermal data and thermal/visible data combinations to the problem of dating pedologic and geomorphic features in arid regions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 61
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  • 106
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    A scanning radar altimeter for mapping continental topography (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Topographic information constitutes a fundamental data set for the Earth sciences. In the geological and geophysical sciences, topography combined with gravitational information provides an important constraint on the structure and rheologic properties of the crust and lithosphere. Detailed topography data can also be used to map offsets associated with faulting and to reveal the effects of tectonic deformation. In the polar regions, elevation data form a crucial but as yet largely unavailable resource for studying ice sheet mass balance and ice flow dynamics. The vast Antarctic ice sheet is the largest fresh water reservoir on Earth and is an important influence on ocean circulation and global climate. However, our knowledge of its stability is so limited that we cannot even specify whether the Antarctic ice sheet is growing or shrinking. It is clear that there is need for high quality global topography data. A summary of potential applications with their resolution requirements is shown.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 84-88
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  • 107
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    A geologic atlas of TIMS data (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In the three years since the first data were taken, it was well demonstrated that the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), properly used, can be a most valuable tool for the geologist. Compilation of the TIMS data into a geological atlas was felt to be useful. Several data sets were extensively studied to establish TIMS as a geologic tool and to explore the optimum enhancement techniques. It was found that a decorrelation stretch of bands 1, 3, and 5 enhance the data to a form that is very useful and this enhancement will be used in the geologic atlas along with an accompanying geologic map and description. Many data sets are well published and familiar to TIMS users, but there are some sets that, for lack of time and funds, were not thoroughly studied or published. A short description of these least studied sets of data is presented. The images presented along with the many previously studied and published TIMS images constitute an enormously useful set of information for the geologist in the 8 to 10 micron range.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 74-75
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  • 108
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    Airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) images over disseminated gold deposits, Osgood Mountains, Humboldt County, Nevada (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) acquired airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) images over several disseminated gold deposits in northern Nevada in 1983. The aerial surveys were flown to determine whether TIMS data could depict jasperoids (siliceous replacement bodies) associated with the gold deposits. The TIMS data were collected over the Pinson and Getchell Mines in the Osgood Mountains, the Carlin, Maggie Creek, Bootstrap, and other mines in the Tuscarora Mountains, and the Jerritt Canyon Mine in the Independence Mountains. The TIMS data seem to be a useful supplement to conventional geochemical exploration for disseminated gold deposits in the western United States. Siliceous outcrops are readily separable in the TIMS image from other types of host rocks. Different forms of silicification are not readily separable, yet, due to limitations of spatial resolution and spectral dynamic range. Features associated with the disseminated gold deposits, such as the large intrusive bodies and fault structures, are also resolvable on TIMS data. Inclusion of high-resolution thermal inertia data would be a useful supplement to the TIMS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop (date); p 76-78
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  • 109
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    Calculation of day and night emittance values (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In July 1983, the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) was flown over Death Valley, California on both a midday and predawn flight within a two-day period. The availability of calibrated digital data permitted the calculation of day and night surface temperature and surface spectral emittance. Image processing of the data included panorama correction and calibration to radiance using the on-board black bodies and the measured spectral response of each channel. Scene-dependent isolated-point noise due to bit drops, was located by its relatively discontinuous values and replaced by the average of the surrounding data values. A method was developed in order to separate the spectral and temperature information contained in the TIMS data. Night and day data sets were processed. The TIMS is unique in allowing collection of both spectral emittance and thermal information in digital format with the same airborne scanner. For the first time it was possible to produce day and night emittance images of the same area, coregistered. These data add to an understanding of the physical basis for the discrimination of difference in surface materials afforded by TIMS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 67-70
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  • 110
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    Infrared spectroscopy for geologic interpretation of TIMS data (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Portable Field Emission Spectrometer (PFES) was designed to collect meaningful spectra in the field under climatic, thermal, and sky conditions that approximate those at the time of the overflight. The specifications and procedures of PFES are discussed. Laboratory reflectance measurements of rocks and minerals were examined for the purpose of interpreting Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data. The capability is currently being developed to perform direct laboratory measurement of the normal spectral radiance of Earth surface materials at low temperatures (20 to 30 C) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 65-66
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  • 111
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    Multiple incidence angle SIR-B experiment over Argentina (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B), the second synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to fly aboard a shuttle, was launched on October 5, 1984. One of the primary goals of the SIR-B experiment was to use multiple incidence angle radar images to distinguish different terrain types through the use of their characteristic backscatter curves. This goal was accomplished in several locations including the Chubut Province of southern Argentina. Four descending image acquisitions were collected providing a multiple incidence angle image set. The data were first used to assess stereo-radargrammetric techniques. A digital elevation model was produced using the optimum pair of multiple incidence angle images. This model was then used to determine the local incidence angle of each picture element to generate curves of relative brightness vs. incidence angle. Secondary image products were also generated using the multi-angle data. The results of this work indicate that: (1) various forest species and various structures of a single species may be discriminated using multiple incidence angle radar imagery, and (2) it is essential to consider the variation in backscatter due to a variable incidence angle when analyzing and comparing data collected at varying frequencies and polarizations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 165-173
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  • 112
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    Analysis of multiple incidence angle SIR-B data for determining forest stand characteristics (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: For the first time in the U.S. space program, digital synthetic aperture radar (SR) data were obtained from different incidence angles during Space Shuttle Mission 41-G. Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) data were obtained at incidence angles of 58 deg., 45 deg., and 28 deg., on October 9, 10, and 11, 1984, respectively, for a predominantly forested study area in northern Florida. Cloud-free LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (T.M.) data were obtained over the same area on October 12. The SIR-B data were processed and then digitally registered to the LANDSAT T.M. data by scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This is the only known digitally registered SIR-B and T.M. data set for which the data were obtained nearly simultaneously. The data analysis of this information is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 159-164
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  • 113
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    The SIR-C ground data system: Digital processor, data products, information flow (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The SIR-C (Shuttle Imaging Radar) instrument will collect both C-Band and L-Band data with each frequency band consisting of direct (HH or VV) and cross-polarized (HV or VH) data. Considering all possible combinations as many as eight different data channels will be available for any given target area. This data will be digitized and formatted on-board for direct downlink via the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS), or it will be buffered through on-board high density digital recorders for storage or transmission when TDRSS is available. The data is received by the TDRSS ground station at White Sands and is nominally relayed via DOMSAT to the high data rate recording facility at GSFC. The tapes are then shipped to JPL for processing into imagery and eventual distribution to the SIR-C investigators.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 149-156
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  • 114
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    An alternative multi-mode SAR for RADARSAT (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The RADARSAT project was asked by the Canadian government in the spring of 1986 to design for reduced costs and increased radar performance as compared to the well-known baseline design. Both the Project Office and Canadian industry (lead by SPAR Aerospace of Montreal) have undertaken to meet this request, with a proposal to cabinet to be submitted in the fall of 1986. One alternative SAR concept is outlined which is under consideration for a revised RADARSAT configuration. The radar system described uses two frequencies (C&L band) over four possible modes: near range swath; far range swath; wide swath; and high resolution. Good sensitivity, resolution, and coverage are obtained with modest power and data rates. The antenna systems are relatively simple. Indeed, no break-through technological developments are needed. The design allows several mode combinations for simultaneous data collection or performance enhancement. The principal parameters are described. A nominal mean altitude of 700 km is assumed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 74-78
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  • 115
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    Spaceborne Imaging Radar Project (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In June of 1985 the Project Initiation Agreement was signed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the NASA Office of Space Science and Applications for the Spaceborne Imaging Radar Project (SIR). The thrust of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar Project is to continue the evolution of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) science and technology developed during SEASAT, SIR-A and SIR-B missions to meet the needs of the Earth Observing System (EOS) in the mid 1990's. As originally formulated, the Project plans were for a reflight of the SIR-B in 1987, the development of a new SAR, SIR-C, for missions in mid 1989 and early 1990, and the upgrade of SIR-C to EOS configuration with a qualification flight aboard the shuttle in the 1993 time frame (SIR-D). However, the loss of the shuttle Challenger has delayed the first manifest for SIR to early 1990. This delay prompted the decision to drop SIR-B reflight plans and move ahead with SIR-C to more effectively utilize this first mission opportunity. The planning for this project is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 67-73
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  • 116
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    Geological applications of multipolarization SAR data (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data acquired by SEASAT and the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A/B) operating at L-band with HH polarization were found to be useful in conjunction with other sensors for lithologic discrimination in arid environments with limited vegetation cover. In order to assess the utility of more advanced sensors for geologic research and define the unique contributions each sensor makes, remote sensing data were collected over the Deadman Butte area of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming. The Wind River Basin is an asymmetric sedimentary basin in central Wyoming created during the early Eocene Laramide orogeny. The stratigraphic section of the Deadman Butte study area, which was measured by Woodward is made up of Paleozoic and Mesozoic marine shales, siltstones, limestones, and sandstones. Sensor systems included LANDSAT 4 Thematic Mapper (TM), Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) and the Multipolarization, L-band airborne SAR, a prototype for the next Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C). Sensor parameters are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 36-41
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  • 117
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    Spaceborne imaging radar research in the 90's (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The imaging radar experiments on SEASAT and on the space shuttle (SIR-A and SIR-B) have led to a wide interest in the use of spaceborne imaging radars in Earth and planetary sciences. The radar sensors provide unique and complimentary information to what is acquired with visible and infrared imagers. This includes subsurface imaging in arid regions, all weather observation of ocean surface dynamic phenomena, structural mapping, soil moisture mapping, stereo imaging and resulting topographic mapping. However, experiments up to now have exploited only a very limited range of the generic capability of radar sensors. With planned sensor developments in the late 80's and early 90's, a quantum jump will be made in our ability to fully exploit the potential of these sensors. These developments include: multiparameter research sensors such as SIR-C and X-SAR, long-term and global monitoring sensors such as ERS-1, JERS-1, EOS, Radarsat, GLORI and the spaceborne sounder, planetary mapping sensors such as the Magellan and Cassini/Titan mappers, topographic three-dimensional imagers such as the scanning radar altimeter and three-dimensional rain mapping. These sensors and their associated research are briefly described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 45-55
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  • 118
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    Delineation of fault zones using imaging radar (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The assessment of earthquake hazards and mineral and oil potential of a given region requires a detailed knowledge of geological structure, including the configuration of faults. Delineation of faults is traditionally based on three types of data: (1) seismicity data, which shows the location and magnitude of earthquake activity; (2) field mapping, which in remote areas is typically incomplete and of insufficient accuracy; and (3) remote sensing, including LANDSAT images and high altitude photography. Recently, high resolution radar images of tectonically active regions have been obtained by SEASAT and Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A and SIR-B) systems. These radar images are sensitive to terrain slope variations and emphasize the topographic signatures of fault zones. Techniques were developed for using the radar data in conjunction with the traditional types of data to delineate major faults in well-known test sites, and to extend interpretation techniques to remote areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 17-24
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  • 119
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    Space shuttle radar images of Indonesia (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Sabins (1983) interpreted Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR)-A images of Indonesia; Sabins and Ford (1985) interpreted SIR-B images. These investigations had the following major results: (1) major lithologic assemblages are recognizable by their terrain characteristics in the SIR images, and (2) both local and regional geologic structures are mappable. These results are summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 11-16
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  • 120
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    The physical basis for spectral variations in thermal infrared emittance of silicates and application to remote sensing (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The use of infrared spectroscopy for the remote characterization of planetary surfaces has received attention due to efforts in the investigation of these bodies from space. In the 8 to 14 micron region, a depression in the emittance spectra of rocks (sometimes called reststrahlen) is related to the fundamental stretching vibrations of Si-O bonds and shifts in the locations of this feature are ascribed to variations in rock composition. Thus, it should be possible to investigate, quantify, and model the relationships of reststrahlen spectral band location through silicate mineralogical composition to rock classification. This concept will be tested first through the use of laboratory-acquired data on the infrared spectra and mineralogy of selected mineral and rock samples. As a suitable classification model is developed, it will be tested through overflights of appropriate rock outcrops using the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 63-64
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  • 121
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    Application of TIMS data in stratigraphic analysis (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An in-progress study demonstrates the utility of Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data for unraveling the stratigraphic sequence of a western interior, North American foreland basin. The TIMS data can be used to determine the stratigraphic distribution of minerals that are diagnostic of specific depositional distribution. The thematic mapper (TM) and TIMS data were acquired in the Wind River/Bighorn area of central Wyoming in November 1982, and July 1983, respectively. Combined image processing, photogeologic, and spectral analysis methods were used to: map strata; construct stratigraphic columns; correlate data; and identify mineralogical facies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 50-52
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  • 122
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    Investigation of forest canopy temperatures recorded by the thermal infrared multispectral scanner at H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data were collected over the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Western Oregon on July 29, 1983 at approximately 1:30 p.m., Pacific Standard Time. The relation of changes in canopy temperature to green leaf biomass levels in reforested clearcuts and old-growth forest was investigated. A digital data base was generated in order to isolate that portion of the thermal emission that could be attributed to surface properties other than the vegetation biomass component. The TIMS appears to be capable of detecting subtle differences in ERT as related to canopy closure and green lead biomass, however calibration techniques are needed to correct for emissivity and atmospheric effects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 55-57
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  • 123
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    Thermal imaging spectroscopy in the Kelso-Baker Region, California (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The ability of the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data to identify rock composition using thermal-infrared spectroscopy was assessed. A region was selected with a wide range of rock and soil types in an arid environment, and the spectra acquired by TIMS was compared to laboratory spectra of collected samples. A TIMS image was acquired of the Kelso-Baker region in the Mojave desert of California at a surface resolution of approximately 7 m. This image was then used to map the areal extent of each geologic component. The TIMS data provided an excellent means for discriminating and mapping rocks of very similar mineralogy. These findings suggest that thermal-infrared spectroscopy can provide a powerful tool for identifying and mapping rock composition on the Earth and other terrestrial planets.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 25-28
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  • 124
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    Estimation of absolute water surface temperature based on atmospherically corrected thermal infrared multispectral scanner digital data (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Airborne remote sensing systems, as well as those on board Earth orbiting satellites, sample electromagnetic energy in discrete wavelength regions and convert the total energy sampled into data suitable for processing by digital computers. In general, however, the total amount of energy reaching a sensor system located at some distance from the target is composed not only of target related energy, but, in addition, contains a contribution originating from the atmosphere itself. Thus, some method must be devised for removing or at least minimizing the effects of the atmosphere. The LOWTRAN-6 Program was designed to estimate atmospheric transmittance and radiance for a given atmospheric path at moderate spectral resolution over an operational wavelength region from 0.25 to 28.5 microns. In order to compute the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) digital values which were recorded in the absence of the atmosphere, the parameters derived from LOWTRAN-6 are used in a correction equation. The TIMS data were collected at 1:00 a.m. local time on November 21, 1983, over a recirculating cooling pond for a power plant in southeastern Mississippi. The TIMS data were analyzed before and after atmospheric corrections were applied using a band ratioing model to compute the absolute surface temperature of various points on the power plant cooling pond. The summarized results clearly demonstrate the desirability of applying atmospheric corrections.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 9-10
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  • 125
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    Hydrodynamics of internal solitons and a comparison of SIR-A and SIR-B data with ocean measurements (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Large internal solitary waves have been observed by Shuttle SIR-A and SIR-B at locations in the Andaman Sea and the New York Bight. Satellite imagery and oceanographic measurements are used in conjunction with hydrodynamic interaction and electromagnetic scattering models to estimate the expected SAR image intensity modulations associated with the internal waves. There is reasonable agreement between the predicted and observed internal wave signatures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 91-102
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    The megageomorphology of the radar rivers of the eastern Sahara (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Eastern Sahara is devoid of surface drainage; this unusual characteristic distinguishes its morphology from that of most other desert regions where running water dominates landscape development. A map derived from SIR-A/B and LANDSAT images and the literature, shows the major presently known paleodrainages in the Eastern Sahara. This compilation permits consideration of the key questions: Where did the radar rivers come from and where did they go? Analysis of SIR-A data led McCauley et al. to suggest that the radar rivers, because of their southwestward trends, once flowed into the Chad basin. This key North African feature is a regional structural low formed in the Early Cretaceous in response to initial opening of the South Atlantic. The problem of the origin of headwaters for the radar rivers was less tractable. The idea that the source areas of the radar rivers might originally have been the same as those later captured by the Nile was proposed tentatively. A more extensive review of the Cenozoic tectonic history of North Africa reveals no reason now to suppose that the Central African tributaries of the present Nile were ever connected to the large alluvial valleys in southwestern Egypt and northwestern Sudan. formed in the Early Cretaceous in response to initial opening of the South Atlantic. The problem of the origin of headwaters for the radar rivers was less tractable. The idea that the source areas of the radar rivers might originally have been the same as those (The Ethiopian Highlands) later captured by the Nile was proposed tentatively. A more extensive review of the Cenozoic tectonic history of North Africa reveals no reason now to support that the Central African tributaries of the present Nile were ever connected to the large alluvial valleys in southwestern Egypt and northwestern Sudan.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 25-36
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    Tectonic geomorphology of the Andes with SIR-A and SIR-B (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Data takes from SIR-A and SIR-B (Shuttle Imaging Radar) crossed all of the principal geomorphic provinces of the central Andes between 17 and 34 S latitude. In conjunction with Thematic Mapping images and photographs from hand-held cameras as well as from the Large Format Camera that was flown with SIR-B, the radar images give an excellent sampling of Andean geomorphology. In particular, the radar images show new details of volcanic rocks and landforms of late Cenozoic age in the Puna, and the exhumed surfaces of tilted blocks of Precambrian crystalline basement in the Sierras Pampeanas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 5-10
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    Off-line processing of ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar data with high precision and high throughput (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The first European remote sensing satellite ERS-1 will be launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1989. The expected lifetime is two to three years. The spacecraft sensors will primarily support ocean investigations and to a limited extent also land applications. Prime sensor is the Active Microwave Instrumentation (AMI) operating in C-Band either as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) or as Wave-Scatterometer and simultaneously as Wind-Scatterometer. In Europe there will be two distinct types of processing for ERS-1 SAR data, Fast Delivery Processing and Precision Processing. Fast Delivery Proceessing will be carried out at the ground stations and up to three Fast Delivery products per pass will be delivered to end users via satellite within three hours after data acquisition. Precision Processing will be carried out in delayed time and products will not be generated until several days or weeks after data acquisition. However, a wide range of products will be generated by several Processing and Archiving Facilities (PAF) in a joint effort coordinated by ESA. The German Remote Sensing Data Center (Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum DFD) will develop and operate one of these facilities. The related activities include the acquisition, processing and evaluation of such data for scientific, public and commercial users. Based on this experience the German Remote Sensing Data Center is presently performing a Phase-B study regarding the development of a SAR processor for ERS-1. The conceptual design of this processing facility is briefly outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium; p 130-142
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    Locating subsurface gravel with thermal imagery (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A method was discussed for using 6 band thermal imagery to locate subsurface gravel deposits in vegetated areas. Geologic history is reviewed to select potential areas of study. An overflight was made using a thermal scanner. The data were processed with a computerized system to delineate areas showing a quartz signature radiated by a gravel deposit. The method was developed during a search for gravel on National Forest land in Louisiana. Processed data from thermal imagery was compared with known gravel deposits and exploratory drill hole logs. A high correlation was noted for a wide range of deposits, from commercial pits to trace deposits only a foot thick. Overburden at these sites varied from zero to sixty feet, near the maximum annual penetration by the thermal wave. It was concluded that the method can be used to locate buried gravel deposits and that more time and effort are needed to verify the usefulness for developing gravel pits adjacent to proposed construction sites.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 59
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    Simulation modeling and preliminary analysis of TIMS data from the Carlin area and the northern Grapevine Mountains, Nevada (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A theoretical radiance model was employed together with laboratory data on a suite of igneous rock to evaluate various algorithms for processing Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data. Two aspects of the general problem were examined: extraction of emissivity information from the observed TIMS radiance data, and how to use emissivity data in a way that is geologically meaningful. The four algorithms were evaluated for appropriate band combinations of TIMS data acquired on both day and night overflights of the Tuscarora Mountains, including the Carlin gold deposit, in north-central Nevada. Analysis of a color composited PC decorrelated image (Bands 3, 4, 5--blue/green/red) of the Northern Grapevine Mountains, Nevada, area showed some useful correlation with the regional geology. The thermal infrared region provides fundamental spectral information that can be used to discriminate the major rock types occurring on the Earth's surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 48-49
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    Detection and mapping of volcanic rock assemblages and associated hydrothermal alteration with Thermal Infrared Multiband Scanner (TIMS) data Comstock Lode Mining District, Virginia City, Nevada (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data were acquired over the Virginia City area on September 12, 1984. The data were acquired at approximately 1130 hours local time (1723 IRIG). The TIMS data were analyzed using both photointerpretation and digital processing techniques. Karhuen-Loeve transformations were utilized to display variations in radiant spectral emittance. The TIMS image data were compared with color infrared metric camera photography, LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) data, and key areas were photographed in the field.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 45-47
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    TIMS data applications in Nebraska (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A total of 172 flight-line miles of Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data were acquired in the state of Nebraska; and an additional mission is planned for August of this year. Data collected by the scanner were generally applied to investigations in four general areas: hydrology, geology, soils, and vegetation analysis. Relatively simple manipulations of these thermal-emittance data led to excellent classifications of vegetation communities established along topographic gradients in the Nebraska Sandhills. Similar procedures were used to study variations in soil parameters along those same routes. Proposed geologic applications include mapping of the surficial geology along a portion of the Platte River and the delineation of a segment of the Cambridge Arch, a structural feature in central Nebraska.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop (date); p 60
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    Applications of TIMS data in agricultural areas and related atmospheric considerations (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: While much of traditional remote sensing in agricultural research was limited to the visible and reflective infrared, advances in thermal infrared remote sensing technology are adding a dimension to digital image analysis of agricultural areas. The Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) an airborne sensor having six bands over the nominal 8.2 to 12.2 m range, offers the ability to calculate land surface emissivities unlike most previous singular broadband sensors. Preliminary findings on the utility of the TIMS for several agricultural applications and related atmospheric considerations are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 57-58
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    Monitoring vegetation recovery patterns on Mount St. Helens using thermal infrared multispectral data (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Mount St. Helens 1980 eruption offers an opportunity to study vegetation recovery rates and patterns in a perturbed ecosystem. The eruptions of Mount St. Helens created new surfaces by stripping and implacing large volumes of eroded material and depositing tephra in the blast area and on the flanks of the mountain. Areas of major disturbance are those in the blast zone that were subject to debris avalanche, pyroclastic flows, mudflows, and blowdown and scorched timber; and those outside the blast zone that received extensive tephra deposits. It was observed that during maximum daytime solar heating, surface temperatures of vegetated areas are cooler than surrounding nonvegetated areas, and that surface temperature varies with percent vegetation cover. A method of measuring the relationship between effective radiant temperature (ERT) and percent vegetation cover in the thermal infrared (8 to 12 microns) region of the electromagnetic spectrum was investigated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, California Inst. of Technology The TIMS Data User's Workshop; p 53-54
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    On the design of classifiers for crop inventories (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Crop proportion estimators that use classifications of satellite data to correct, in an additive way, a given estimate acquired from ground observations are discussed. A linear version of these estimators is optimal, in terms of minimum variance, when the regression of the ground observations onto the satellite observations in linear. When this regression is not linear, but the reverse regression (satellite observations onto ground observations) is linear, the estimator is suboptimal but still has certain appealing variance properties. In this paper expressions are derived for those regressions which relate the intercepts and slopes to conditional classification probabilities. These expressions are then used to discuss the question of classifier designs that can lead to low-variance crop proportion estimates. Variance expressions for these estimates in terms of classifier omission and commission errors are also derived.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 150-156
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    Analysis of forest structure using thematic mapper simulator data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The potential of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for sensing forest structure information has been explored by principal components and feature selection techniques. In a survey of forest structural properties conducted for 123 field sites of the Sequoia National Park, the canopy closure could be well estimated (r = 0.62 to 0.69) by a variety of channel bands and band ratios, without reference to the forest type. Estimation of the basal area was less successful (r = 0.51 or less) on the average, but could be improved for certain forest types when data were stratified by floristic composition. To achieve such a stratification, individual sites were ordinated by a detrended correspondence analysis based on the canopy of dominant species. The analysis of forest structure in the Sequoia data suggests that total basal area can be best predicted in stands of lower density, and in younger even-aged managed stands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 113-121
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    Vegetation assessment using a combination of visible, near-IR, and thermal-IR AVHRR data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Twelve-hour temperature difference (thermal inertia) maps generated by rectifying and registering ascending (day) passes and descending (night) passes of the NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are compared to vegetation index maps generated from the visible and near IR data from the day pass of that satellite. There appears to be significant and unique information concerning surface characteristics in the temperature difference data on the 1-km scale of the AVHRR. A scatter diagram is provided which shows the pattern of day-night temperature difference compared to vegetation index for irrigated agriculture, dry rangeland, lakes, wet areas and burned rangeland. A detailed description of the techniques employed to provide the day-night temperature maps is provided.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 107-112
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    Early warning and crop condition assessment research (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Early Warning Crop Condition Assessment Project of AgRISTARS was a multiagency and multidisciplinary effort. Its mission and objectives were centered around development and testing of remote-sensing techniques that enhance operational methodologies for global crop-condition assessments. The project developed crop stress indicators models that provide data filter and alert capabilities for monitoring global agricultural conditions. The project developed a technique for using NOAA-n satellite advanced very-high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data for operational crop-condition assessments. This technology was transferred to the Foreign Agricultural Service of the USDA. The project developed a U.S. Great Plains data base that contains various meteorological parameters and vegetative index numbers (VIN) derived from AVHRR satellite data. It developed cloud screening techniques and scan angle correction models for AVHRR data. It also developed technology for using remotely acquired thermal data for crop water stress indicator modeling. The project provided basic technology including spectral characteristics of soils, water, stressed and nonstressed crop and range vegetation, solar zenith angle, and atmospheric and canopy structure effects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 54-64
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    Passive microwave soil moisture research (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During the four years of the AgRISTARS Program, significant progress was made in quantifying the capabilities of microwave sensors for the remote sensing of soil moisture. In this paper, a discussion is provided of the results of numerous field and aircraft experiments, analysis of spacecraft data, and modeling activities which examined the various noise factors such as roughness and vegetation that affect the interpretability of microwave emission measurements. While determining that a 21-cm wavelength radiometer was the best single sensor for soil moisture research, these studies demonstrated that a multisensor approach will provide more accurate soil moisture information for a wider range of naturally occurring conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 12-22
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  • 140
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    Field spectroscopy of agricultural crops (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The development of the full potential of multispectral data acquired from satellites, requires quantitative knowledge, and physical models of the spectral properties of specific earth surface features. Knowledge of the relationships between spectral-radiometric characteristics and important biophysical parameters of agricultural crops and soils can best be obtained by carefully controlled studies of fields or plots. It is important to select plots where data describing the agronomic-biophysical properties of the crop canopies and soil background are attainable, taking into account also the feasibility of frequent timely calibrated spectral measurements. The term 'field spectroscopy' is employed for this research. The present paper is concerned with field research which was sponsored by NASA as part of the AgRISTARS Supporting Research Project. Attention is given to field research objectives, field research instrumentation, measurement procedures, spectral-temporal profile modeling, and the effects of cultural and environmental factors on crop reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 65-75
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    Use of remotely sensed data for assessing forest stand conditions in the Eastern United States (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Techniques for the detection, classification, and measurement of forest disturbances, using digital Landsat data for three study areas (Pennsynvania, North Carolina, and Maine) are reported. Results with respect to (1) the delineation and assessment of forest damage due to the use of two forest insect defoliators, and (2) qualitative assessment of the Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and the Thematic Mapper data for delineating forest stand characteristics are presented. Key results include a development of a statewide MSS digital data base and associated image-processing techniques for accurately delineating insect-damaged and healthy forest areas. For classification of broad land-cover classes which are spectrally homogeneous, the accuracy yielded by the use of either MSS data or TM Simulator data is similar. However, the TMS data provided 20 percent accuracy improvement over the MSS results when detailed (Level III) forest classes were mapped.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-24; 130-138
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    Mapping permafrost in the boreal forest with Thematic Mapper satellite data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A geographic data base incorporating Landsat TM data was used to develop and evaluate logistic discriminant functions for predicting the distribution of permafrost in a boreal forest watershed. The data base included both satellite-derived information and ancillary map data. Five permafrost classifications were developed from a stratified random sample of the data base and evaluated by comparison with a photo-interpreted permafrost map using contingency table analysis and soil temperatures recorded at sites within the watershed. A classification using a TM thermal band and a TM-derived vegetation map as independent variables yielded the highest mapping accuracy for all permafrost categories.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 52; 1513-152
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    Floodplain land cover mapping using Thematic Mapper data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The accuracy of land-cover classifications based on Landsat-4 TM and MSS images (obtained in August 1982) and airborne TMS images (obtained in September 1981) of the New Martinsville, West Virginia area is evaluated by comparison with ground-truth data. TM, TMS, and MSS are found to have overall mapping accuracies 80.1, 78.5, and 75.6 percent; agriculture/grass accuracies 62.0, 29.7, and 46.6 percent; and developed-area accuracies 67.2, 77.8, and 59.4 percent, respectively.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Present and future uses of AVHRR multispectral data (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present series of NOAA LEO satellites became operational in October 1978. Since then, four additional satellites have been launched in this series and three more are in fabrication. Planning is underway for at least three more. The AVHRR is a prime imaging sensor on these satellites. It is a multispectral imaging radiometer which has evolved in both function and the use of its data products. Investigators in a wide variety of disciplines are finding the readily available, high quality, moderate-resolution data useful in their studies.
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    The effect of Thematic Mapper spectral properties on land cover mapping for hydrologic modeling (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The accuracy of unsupervised land-cover classification from all seven Landsat TM bands and from six combinations of three or four bands is evaluated using images of the Clinton River Basin, a suburban watershed near Detroit. Data from aerial TMS photography, USGS topographic maps, and ground surveys are employed to determine the classification accuracy. The mapping accuracy of all seven bands is found to be significantly better (6 percent overall, 12 percent for residential areas, and 13 percent for commercial districts) than that with bands 2, 3, and 4; but almost the same accuracy is obtained by including at least one band from each major spectral region (visible, NIR, and mid-IR).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Gross-merchantable timber volume estimation using an airborne lidar system (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A preliminary study to determine the utility of an airborne laser as a tool for use by forest managers to estimate gross-merchantable timber volume was conducted near the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Flight Facility utilizing the NASA Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) system. Measured timber volume was regressed against the cross-sectional area of an AOL-generated profile of forest at the same location. The AOL profile area was found to be a very significant variable in the estimation of gross-merchantable timber volume. Significant improvements were obtained when the data were stratified by species. The overall R-squared value obtained was 0.921 with the regression significant at the one percent level.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0008-2821); 12; 7-18
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  • 147
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    Analysis of a resistance-energy balance method for estimating daily evaporation from wheat plots using one-time-of-day infrared temperature observations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Accurate estimates of evaporation over field-scale or larger areas are needed in hydrologic studies, irrigation scheduling, and meteorology. Remotely sensed surface temperature might be used in a model to calculate evaporation. A resistance-energy balance model, which combines an energy balance equation, the Penman-Monteith (1981) evaporation equation, and van den Honert's (1948) equation for water extraction by plant roots, is analyzed for estimating daily evaporation from wheat using postnoon canopy temperature measurements. Additional data requirements are half-hourly averages of solar radiation, air and dew point temperatures, and wind speed, along with reasonable estimates of canopy emissivity, albedo, height, and leaf area index. Evaporation fluxes were measured in the field by precision weighing lysimeters for well-watered and water-stressed wheat. Errors in computed daily evaporation were generally less than 10 percent, while errors in cumulative evaporation for 10 clear sky days were less than 5 percent for both well-watered and water-stressed wheat. Some results from sensitivity analysis of the model are also given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 19; 253-268
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  • 148
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    Directional reflectance response in AVHRR red and near-IR bands for three cover types and varying atmospheric conditions (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Surface directional red and near-infrared reflectances of bare soil, orchard grass, and fescue were extracted from a multitemporal data set to correspond to NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) scanning and illumination geometry at 30 deg latitude. Radiances were simulated at satellite altitude and a ratio vegetation index was calculated. The results show that off-nadir directional reflectance measured at the surface in the red and near-IR portions of the spectrum are approximately maintained with AVHRR viewing and illumination characteristics. The two-channel reflectance response is such that the ratio vegetation index is more constant with scan angle and atmospheric conditions than individual channels. It is shown that inclusion of atmospheric and surface reflectance data can greatly improve interpretation of AVHRR data, when knowledge of the range of atmospheric conditions and approximate directional reflectances of major cover types are known.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 19; 213-236
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    Topographic mapping from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The production of high-resolution topographic maps derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations of the earth is reported. Topographic maps are typically determined from stereo-pair optical photographs. Vertical relief causes the same terrain to appear in a slightly different projection for differing look angles, and this shift in appearance is interpreted in terms of the height of the terrain. The radar interferometric approach is related to the stereo technique in that the terrain is viewed at two different angles; however, in this case, the angular separation of the antennas is extremely small, on the order of a milliradian or less, as compared to tens of degrees for the optical case. Thus, the geometrical distortion and subsequent rectification correction algorithms are much less severe in the reduction of interferometric data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 4993-499
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    Identifying deforestation in Brazil using multiresolution satellite data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The use of multiresolution satellite data to monitor deforestation on a continental/subcontinental scale is examined. MSS, local area coverage (LAC), global area coverage (GAC), and GOES data were applied to the study of deforestation in Rondonia, Brazil; the characteristics of these sensors are described. The probability thresholding and vegetation-index thresholding procedures used to process the data in order to differentiate between forest from nonforest are analyzed. The LAC, GAC, and GOES data are compared to MSS data. It is observed that GOES data is not useful for monitoring colonization projects due to excessive noise in the data; the GAC data is only applicable in large areas of contiguous forest clearing; the MSS data when available is applicable as a ground data reference source for differentiating cleared areas from primary; the LAC data are capable of delineating colonization clearings; and the probability thresholding procedure differentiates forest from nonforest more accurately than the vegetation-index procedure. The data reveal that the LAC data combined with the probability threshold procedure provide the best data-source/classification-procedure combination.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 7; 429-448
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  • 151
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    Contribution of space technology to disaster preparedness, warning, and relief (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Use of remote sensing for disaster control and vulnerability analysis, disaster prevention, and disaster relief is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the ESA-EARSeL Europe from Space Symposium; p 103-107
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  • 152
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    Earth surface sensing in the '90's (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Advances in Earth sensor technology and data handling techniques are reviewed. These will allow the acquisition of high resolution images over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum (from microwave to optical) with sufficient spectral resolution to permit detailed analysis of the surface chemical, thermal, and physical properties. When combined with the topography, this will allow the user to analyze the full data set in a perspective view that enhances interpretation capability.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the International Symposium on Progress in Imaging Sensors; p 1-11
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  • 153
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    Estimation of soil moisture from diurnal surface temperature observations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A coupled heat and moisture balance model was used to determine the thermal inertia of a grass covered top soil under different meteorological conditions. Relations between thermal inertia and soil moisture were established using the De Vries models for thermal conductivity and heat capacity to relate soil moisture and thermal inertia as a function of soil type. A sensitivity study of the surface roughness length and thermal inertia on diurnal surface temperature shows the necessity of focusing on the night time surface temperature rather than on the day time surface temperature, in order to estimate the soil moisture content of the top soil.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 1986 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '86) on Remote Sensing: Today's Solutions for Tomorrow's Information Needs, Volume 3; p 1227-1230
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  • 154
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    An overview of the NSCAT/N-ROSS program (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) to fly on the U.S. Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System (N-ROSS) mission is presented. The overall N-ROSS mission, the NSCAT flight instrument and groundbased data processing/distribution system, and NASA-supported science and verification activities are described. The N-ROSS system is designed to provide measurements of near-surface wind, ocean topography, wave height, sea-surface temperature, and atmospheric water content over the global oceans. The NSCAT is an improved version of the Seasat scatterometer. It will measure near surface vector winds.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of an ESA Workshop on ERS-1 Wind and Wave Calibration; p 143-149
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  • 155
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    Oceanographic measurement capabilities of the NASA P-3 aircraft (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Instrumentation on NASA P3 aircraft available to provide ground truth for ERS-1 is described. The wave sensors include the 36 GHz Surface Contour Radar (SCR), the Ku-band Radar Ocean Wave Spectrometer (ROWS), and the Airborne Oceanographic Lidar. The other sensors include a C-band scatterometer, video camera, radiation thermometer, and AXRTs. The SCR and ROWS directional spectrum measurements are discussed. When planning for an underflight mission, the limited endurance of the aircraft (6 hr) and flight cost (2.7 K$/hr) must be considered. The advantage of the redundancy afforded by the several wave instruments is another important consideration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of an ESA Workshop on ERS-1 Wind and Wave Calibration; p 111-121
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  • 156
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    NASA scatterometer data processing system: Features for validation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The design of the N-ROSS scatterometer data system and the development of key processing algorithms are described. The data products and parts of the data system to be directly validated are listed. The main features of the Data Management Subsystem, which delivers data to science users and supports system validation are outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of an ESA Workshop on ERS-1 Wind and Wave Calibration; p 17-25
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  • 157
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    Effects of salinity on the microwave emission of soils (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Controlled plot experiments were conducted to collect L and C band passive microwave data concurrent with ground observations of salinity and soil moisture. Two dielectric mixing models were used with an emission model to predict the emissivity from a bare smooth uniform profile. The models produce nearly identical results when near zero salinity is involved and reproduce the observed data at L band extremely well. Discrepancies at C band are attributed to sampling depth problems. Comparisons of predicted emissivities at various salinities with observed values indicate that the dynamic range of the emissivities can be explained using either of the dielectric mixing models. Evaluation of the entire data set, which included four salinity levels, indicates that for general application the effects of soil salinity can be ignored in interpreting microwave data for estimating soil moisture under most agricultural conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 1986 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '86) on Remote Sensing: Today's Solutions for Tomorrow's Information Needs, Volume 2; p 833-837
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  • 158
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    Satellite scatterometer comparisons with surface measurements: Techniques and Seasat results (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A method by which satellite and surface measurements can be compared in order to validate satellite wind observations is presented. The regression method requires knowledge of the expected differences (due to atmospheric variability and differing averaging) between perfect satellite and perfect buoy measurements. A model for estimating these differences is described. The regression method is applied to comparisons between Seasat Scatterometer (SASS) and U.S. National Data Buoy Office buoy data. Comparisons indicating a dependence of SASS accuracy on sea-surface temperature are summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of an ESA Workshop on ERS-1 Wind and Wave Calibration; p 57-62
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  • 159
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    Discrimination of soil hydraulic properties by combined thermal infrared and microwave remote sensing (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Using the De Vries models for thermal conductivity and heat capacity, thermal inertia was determined as a function of soil moisture for 12 classes of soil types ranging from sand to clay. A coupled heat and moisture balance model was used to describe the thermal behavior of the top soil, while microwave remote sensing was used to estimate the soil moisture content of the same top soil. Soil hydraulic parameters are found to be very highly correlated with the combination of soil moisture content and thermal inertia at the same moisture content. Therefore, a remotely sensed estimate of the thermal behavior of the soil from diurnal soil temperature observations and an independent remotely sensed estimate of soil moisture content gives the possibility of estimating soil hydraulic properties by remote sensing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 1986 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '86) on Remote Sensing: Today's Solutions for Tomorrow's Information Needs, Volume 2; p 839-845
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  • 160
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    High resolution remote sensing missions of a tethered satellite (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The application of the Tethered Satellite (TS) as an operational remote sensing platform is studied. It represents a new platform capable of covering the altitudes between airplanes and free flying satellites, offering an adequate lifetime, high geometric and radiometric resolution and improved cartographic accuracy. Two operational remote sensing missions are proposed: one using two linear array systems for along track stereoscopic observation and one using a synthetic aperture radar combined with an interferometric technique. These missions are able to improve significantly the accuracy of future real time cartographic systems from space, also allowing, in the case of active microwave systems, the Earth's observation both in adverse weather and at any time, day or night. Furthermore, a simulation program is described in which, in order to examine carefully the potentiality of the TS as a new remote sensing platform, the orbital and attitude dynamics description of the TSS is integrated with the sensor viewing geometry, the Earth's ellipsoid, the atmospheric effects, the Sun illumination and the digital elevation model. A preliminary experiment has been proposed which consist of a metric camera to be deployed downwards during the second Shuttle demonstration flight.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington Applications of Tethers in Space: Workshop Proceedings, Volume 1; p 349-363
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  • 161
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    1985 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '85), University of Massachusetts, Amherst, October 7-9, 1985, Proceedings (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Papers are presented on an EM subsurface radar based on the transient field radiated by a wire antenna; the microwave dielectric, structural, and salinity properties of simulated sea ice; the extraction of sea-ice data from satellite SAR imagery, and the probing of thick vegetation canopies with a field microwave scatterometer. Also discussed are the bidirectional reflectance modeling of a conifer forest canopy, a microwave dielectric model for aggregated soils, and the estimation of soil hydraulic parameters with passive microwave data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: (ISSN 0196-2892)
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  • 162
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    Airborne and spaceborne radar images for geologic and environmental mapping in the Amazon rain forest, Brazil (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Spaceborne and airborne radar image of portions of the Middle and Upper Amazon basin in the state of Amazonas and the Territory of Roraima are compared for purposes of geological and environmental mapping. The contrasted illumination geometries and imaging parameters are related to terrain slope and surface roughness characteristics for corresponding areas that were covered by each of the radar imaging systems. Landforms range from deeply dissected mountain and plateau with relief up to 500 m in Roraima, revealing ancient layered rocks through folded residual mountains to deeply beveled pediplain in Amazonas. Geomorphic features provide distinct textural signatures that are characteristic of different rock associations. The principle drainages in the areas covered are the Rio Negro, Rio Branco, and the Rio Japura. Shadowing effects and low radar sensitivity to subtle linear fractures that are aligned parallel or nearly parallel to the direction of radar illumination illustrate the need to obtain multiple coverage with viewing directions about 90 degrees. Perception of standing water and alluvial forest in floodplains varies with incident angle and with season. Multitemporal data sets acquired over periods of years provide an ideal method of monitoring environmental changes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: INPE, Latin American Symposium on Remote Sensing. 4th Brazilian Remote Sensing Symposium and 6th SELPER Plenary Meeting, Volume 1,; p 129
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  • 163
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    Radar penetration in the Amazonian rain forest (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-27
    Description: Radar return from vegetation covered terrains is due to three components: the scattering resulting from the top surface of the vegetation canopy (surface scattering); the scattering which occurs within the vegetation layer (volume scattering); and the scattering which takes place at the surface below the vegetation canopy (ground scattering). Through the studies of selected areas a case is presented where most of the radar return observed in radar imageries results from the scattering at the surface below the vegetation layer (ground scattering).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: INPE, Latin American Symposium on Remote Sensing. 4th Brazilian Remote Sensing Symposium and 6th SELPER Plenary Meeting, Volume 1; p 373-374
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  • 164
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    Utility of remotely sensed data for identification of soil conservation practices (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Discussed are a variety of remotely sensed data sources that may have utility in the identification of conservation practices and related linear features. Test sites were evaluated in Alabama, Kansas, Mississippi, and Oklahoma using one or more of a variety of remotely sensed data sources, including color infrared photography (CIR), LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) data, and aircraft-acquired Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) data. Both visual examination and computer-implemented enhancement procedures were used to identify conservation practices and other linear features. For the Kansas, Mississippi, and Oklahoma test sites, photo interpretations of CIR identified up to 24 of the 109 conservation practices from a matrix derived from the SCS National Handbook of Conservation Practices. The conservation practice matrix was modified to predict the possibility of identifying the 109 practices at various photographic scales based on the observed results as well as photo interpreter experience. Some practices were successfully identified in TM data through visual identification, but a number of existing practices were of such size and shape that the resolution of the TM could not detect them accurately. A series of computer-automated decorrelation and filtering procedures served to enhance the conservation practices in TM data with only fair success. However, features such as field boundaries, roads, water bodies, and the Urban/Ag interface were easily differentiated. Similar enhancement techniques applied to 5 and 10 meter TIMS data proved much more useful in delineating terraces, grass waterways, and drainage ditches as well as the features mentioned above, due partly to improved resolution and partly to thermally influenced moisture conditions. Spatially oriented data such as those derived from remotely sensed data offer some promise in the inventory and monitoring of conservation practices as well as in supplying parameter data for a variety of computer-implemented agricultural models.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-176874 , NASA/NSTL/ERL-234 , NAS 1.26:176874 , DC-Y5-00400
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  • 165
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    Using Landsat TM imagery and spatial modeling in automatic habitat evaluation and release site selection for the ruffed grouse (Galliformes - Tetraonidae) (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 166
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    Temperature and reflectance monitoring from satellites as an indication of shift and impact of vegetation change (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 167
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    A computational method to model radar return range in a polygonally based, computer-generated-imagery simulation (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Described is a method for modeling a ground-mapping radar system for use in simulations where the terrain is in a polygonal form commonly used with computer generated imagery (CGI). The method employs a unique approach for rapidly rejecting polygons not visible to the radar to facilitate the real-time simulation of the radar return. This rapid rejection of the nonvisible polygons requires the precalculation and storage of a set of parameters that do not vary during the simulation. The calculation of a radar range as a function of the radar forward-looking angle to the CGI terrain is carried out only for the visible polygons. This method was used as part of a simulation for terrain-following helicopter operations on the vertical motion simulator at the NASA Ames Research Center. It proved to be an efficient means for returning real-time simulated radar range data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-88324 , A-86313 , NAS 1.15:88324
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  • 168
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    Department of Geology/NASA-GSFC geobotanical investigation (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Geobotanical mapping in the southern Appalachians and soil metal associated changes in vegatation spectral responses in the reflective and emissive portions of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) is studied. It is determined whether deciduous forest vegetation reflection and emission characteristics show detectable changes that can be related to residual soil characteristics. Analyses of such related characteristics enhances the ability to discriminate underlying lithologies as well as variances within lithologies associated with natural heavy metal occurences. An understanding is developed of the factors which contribute to the differing spectral signatures of various lithology/soil types. A combination of field data and remote spectral analysis is studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-177300 , NAS 1.26:177300
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  • 169
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    NASA/JPL aircraft SAR operations for 1984 and 1985 (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The NASA/JPL aircraft synthetic aperture radar (SAR) was used to conduct major data acquisition expeditions in 1983 through 1985. Substantial improvements to the aircraft SAR were incorporated in 1981 through 1984 resulting in an imaging radar that could simultaneously record all four combinations of linear horizontal and vertical polarization (HH, HV, VH, VV) using computer control of the radar logic, gain setting, and other functions. Data were recorded on high-density digital tapes and processed on a general-purpose computer to produce 10-km square images with 10-m resolution. These digital images yield both the amplitude and phase of the four polarizations. All of the digital images produced so far are archived at the JPL Radar Data Center and are accessible via the Reference Notebook System of that facility. Sites observed in 1984 and 1985 included geological targets in the western United States, as well as agricultural and forestry sites in the Midwest and along the eastern coast. This aircraft radar was destroyed in the CV-990 fire at March Air Force Base on 17 July 1985. It is being rebuilt for flights in l987 and will likely be operated in a mode similar to that described here. The data from 1984 and 1985 as well as those from future expeditions in 1987 and beyond will provide users with a valuable data base for the multifrequency, multipolarization Spaceborne Imaging Radar (SIR-C) scheduled for orbital operations in the early 1990's.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-180237 , JPL-PUB-86-20 , NAS 1.26:180237
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    An inter-sensor comparison of the microwave signatures of Arctic sea ice (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Active and passive microwave and physical properties of Arctic sea ice in the marginal ice zone were measured during the summer. Results of an intercomparison of data acquired by an aircraft synthetic aperture radar, a passive microwave imager and a helicopter-mounted scatterometer indicate that early-to-mid summer sea ice microwave signatures are dominated by snowpack characteristics. Measurements show that the greatest contrast between thin first-year and multiyear sea ice occurs when operating actively between 5 and 10 GHz. Significant information about the state of melt of snow and ice is contained in the active and passive microwave signatures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the 1986 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS '86) on Remote Sensing: Today's Solutions for Tomorrow's Information Needs, Volume 1; p 117-120
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    The TIMS Data User's Workshop (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A workshop was held to bring together all users of data from NASA's airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS). The purpose was to allow users to compare results, data processing algorithms, and problems encountered; to update the users on the latest instrument changes and idiosyncracies, including distribution of the TIMS investigation guide; to inform the users of the wide range of problems that are currently being tackled by other TIMS investigators; to explore ways to expand the user community; to discuss current areas where more basic research is required; and to discuss the future directions of NASA's thermal infrared remote sensing programs. Also discussed were: geology, land use, archeology; and data processing and noise research.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-180130 , JPL-PUB-86-38 , NAS 1.26:180130
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  • 172
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    The Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Summaries of the papers presented at the Second Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symposium are presented. The purpose of the symposium was to present an overwiew of recent developments in the different scientific and technological fields related to spaceborne imaging radars and to present future international plans.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-180131 , JPL-PUB-86-26 , NAS 1.26:180131
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  • 173
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    Evaluation of geophysical parameters measured by the Nimbus-7 microwave radiometer for the TOGA Heat Exchange Project (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The data distributed by the National Space Science Data Center on the Geophysical parameters of precipitable water, sea surface temperature, and surface-level wind speed, measured by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on Nimbus-7, are evaluated with in situ measurements between Jan. 1980 and Oct. 1983 over the tropical oceans. In tracking annual cycles and the 1982-83 E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation episode, the radiometer measurements are coherent with sea surface temperatures and surface-level wind speeds measured at equatorial buoys and with precipitable water derived from radiosonde soundings at tropical island stations. However, there are differences between SMMR and in situ measurements. Corrections based on radiosonde and ship data were derived supplementing correction formulae suggested in the databook. This study is the initial evaluation of the data for quantitative description of the 1982-83 E1 Nino/Southern Oscillation episode. It paves the way for determination of the ocean-atmosphere moisture and latent heat exchanges, a priority of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Heat Exchange Program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-180151 , JPL-PUB-86-50 , NAS 1.26:180151
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  • 174
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    Spaceborne radar imagery in regional geologic mapping of the Sierra Madre Oriental, northeastern Mexico - The use of morphostratigraphic units in mapping by remote sensing (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
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  • 175
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    Lithologic discrimination of volcanic and sedimentary rocks by spectral examination of Landsat TM data from the Puma, Central Andes Mountains (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Central Andes are widely used as a modern example of noncollisional mountain-building processes. The Puna is a high plateau in the Chilean and Argentine Central Andes extending southward from the altiplano of Bolivia and Peru. Young tectonic and volcanic features are well exposed on the surface of the arid Puna, making them prime targets for the application of high-resolution space imagery such as Shuttle Imaging Radar B and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). Two TM scene quadrants from this area are analyzed using interactive color image processing, examination, and automated classification algorithms. The large volumes of these high-resolution datasets require significantly different techniques than have been used previously for the interpretation of Landsat MSS data. Preliminary results include the determination of the radiance spectra of several volcanic and sedimentary rock units and the use of the spectra for automated classification. Structural interpretations have revealed several previously unknown folds in late Tertiary strata, and key zones have been targeted to be investigated in the field. The synoptic view of space imagery is already filling a critical gap between low-resolution geophysical data and traditional geologic field mapping in the reconnaissance study of poorly mapped mountain frontiers such as the Puna.
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  • 176
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    Discrimination of lithologic units of the basis of botanical associations and Landsat TM spectral data in the Ridge and Valley province, Pennsylvania (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data collected on November 2, 1982 by the Landsat 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) over 72 forested sites in the Ridge and Valley province in Pennsylvania were compared with corresponding botanical and site variable field data. The analysis revealed that both the TM and the botanical data sets can be divided into four groups based on lithology and aspect. Lithology, which is clearly the dominant controlling factor in both sets of data, determines elevation and slope. The aspect (essentially north- and south-facing slope) determines the intensity of solar illumination which affects both the moisture available to the vegetation and the intensity of reflected radiance. Each of the four lithologic/aspect units support unique forest associations, clearly separable both on the basis of ground-based 1/10-acre forest association surveys and on the basis of their TM spectral signatures.
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    Remote Sensing Information Sciences Research Group, Santa Barbara Information Sciences Research Group, year 3 (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Research continues to focus on improving the type, quantity, and quality of information which can be derived from remotely sensed data. The focus is on remote sensing and application for the Earth Observing System (Eos) and Space Station, including associated polar and co-orbiting platforms. The remote sensing research activities are being expanded, integrated, and extended into the areas of global science, georeferenced information systems, machine assissted information extraction from image data, and artificial intelligence. The accomplishments in these areas are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179769 , NAS 1.26:179769
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    Development of a variational SEASAT data analysis technique (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Oceans are data-sparse areas in terms of conventional weather observations. The surface pressure field obtained solely by analyzing the conventional weather data is not expected to possess high accuracy. On the other hand, in entering asynoptic data such as satellite-derived temperature soundings into an atmospheric prediction system, an improved surface analysis is crucial for obtaining more accurate weather predictions because the mass distribution of the entire atmosphere will be better represented in the system as a result of the more accurate surface pressure field. In order to obtain improved surface pressure analyses over the oceans, a variational adjustment technique was developed to help blend the densely distributed surface wind data derived from the SEASAT-A radar observations into the sparsely distributed conventional pressure data. A simple marine boundary layer scheme employed in the adjustment technique was discussed. In addition, a few aspects of the current technique were determined by numerical experiments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-177175 , NAS 1.26:177175
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  • 179
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    Utilizing remote sensing of Thematic Mapper data to improve our understanding of estuarine processes and their influence on the productivity of estuarine-dependent fisheries (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: LANDSAT thematic mapper (TM) data are being used to refine and validate a stochastic spatial computer model to be applied to coastal resource management problems in Louisiana. Two major aspects of the research are: (1) the measurement of area of land (or emergent vegetation) and water and the length of the interface between land and water in TM imagery of selected coastal wetlands (sample marshes); and (2) the comparison of spatial patterns of land and water in the sample marshes of the imagery to that in marshes simulated by a computer model. In addition to activities in these two areas, the potential use of a published autocorrelation statistic is analyzed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-177177 , NAS 1.26:177177 , SAPR-2
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  • 180
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    The March 1985 demonstration of the fiducial network concept for GPS geodesy: A preliminary report (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The first field tests in preparation for the NASA Global Positioning System (GPS) Caribbean Initiative were conducted in late March and Early April of 1985. The GPS receivers were located at the POLARIS Very Long Base Interferometry (VLBI) stations at Westford, Massachusetts; Richmond, Florida; and Ft. Davis, Texas; and at the Mojave, Owens Valley, and Hat Creek VLBI stations in California. Other mobile receivers were placed near Mammoth Lakes, California; Pt. Mugu, California; Austin, Texas; and Dahlgren, Virginia. These sites were equipped with a combination of GPS receiver types, including SERIES-X, TI-4100 and AFGL dual frequency receivers. The principal objectives of these tests were the demonstration of the fiducial network concept for precise GPS geodesy, the performance assessment of the participating GPS receiver types, and to conduct the first in a series of experiments to monitor ground deformation in the Mammoth Lakes-Long Valley caldera region in California. Other objectives included the testing of the water vapor radiometers for the calibration of GPS data, the development of efficient procedures for planning and coordinating GPS field exercise, the establishment of institutional interfaces for future cooperating ventures, the testing of the GPS Data Analysis Software (GIPSY, for GPS Inferred Positioning SYstem), and the establishment of a set of calibration baselines in California. Preliminary reports of the success of the field tests, including receiver performance and data quality, and on the status of the data analysis software are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; 7 p
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  • 181
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    High frequency sampling of the 1984 spring bloom within the mid-Atlantic Bight: Synoptic shipboard, aircraft, and in situ perspectives of the SEEP-I experiment (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Moorings of current meters, thermistors, transmissometers, and fluorometers on the mid-Atlantic shelf, south of Long Island, suggest a cumulative seaward export of perhaps 0.35 g C/sq m/day between the 80 and 120 m isobaths during February-April 1984. Such a horizontal loss of algal carbon over the lower third of the water column would be 23 to 78% of the March-April 1984 primary production. This physical carbon loss is similar to daily grazing losses from zooplankton of 32-40% of the algal fixation of carbon. Metabolic demands of the benthos could be met by just the estimated fecal pellet flux, without direct consumption of algal carbon, while bacterioplankton needs could be served by excretory release of dissolved organic matter during photosynthesis. Sediment traps tethered 10 m off the bottom at the 120 m isobath and 50 m above the 500 m isobath caught as much as 0.16 to 0.26 g C /sq m/day during March-April 1984, in reasonable agreement with the flux estimated from the other moored instruments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-88765 , NAS 1.15:88765
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  • 182
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    Application of LANDSAT TM images to assess circulation and dispersion in coastal lagoons (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The main objectives are formulated around a four pronged work approach, consisting of tasks related to: image processing and analysis of LANDSAT thematic mapping; numerical modeling of circulation and dispersion; hydrographic and spectral radiation field sampling/ground truth data collection; and special efforts to focus the investigation on turbid coastal/estuarine fronts.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-177315 , NAS 1.26:177315
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  • 183
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    History matching by spline approximation and regularization in single-phase areal reservoirs (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An automatic history matching algorithm is developed based on bi-cubic spline approximations of permeability and porosity distributions and on the theory of regularization to estimate permeability or porosity in a single-phase, two-dimensional real reservoir from well pressure data. The regularization feature of the algorithm is used to convert the ill-posed history matching problem into a well-posed problem. The algorithm employs the conjugate gradient method as its core minimization method. A number of numerical experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Comparisons with conventional (non-regularized) automatic history matching algorithms indicate the superiority of the new algorithm with respect to the parameter estimates obtained. A quasioptimal regularization parameter is determined without requiring a priori information on the statistical properties of the observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-178087 , ICASE-86-19 , NAS 1.26:178087
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  • 184
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    Thematic mapper studies of Andean volcanoes (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The primary objective was to identify all the active volcanoes in the Andean region of Bolivia. Morphological features of the Tata Sabaya volcano, Bolivia, were studied with the thematic mapper. Details include marginal levees on lava and pyroclastic flows, and summit crater structure. Valley glacier moraine deposits, not easily identified on the multispectral band scanner, were also unambiguous, and provide useful marker horizons on large volcanic edifices which were built up in preglacial times but which were active subsequently. With such high resolution imagery, it is not only possible to identify potentially active volcanoes, but also to use standard photogeological interpretation to outline the history of individual volcanoes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-176807 , NAS 1.26:176807 , MR-6
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  • 185
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    Conceptual design study: Forest Fire Advanced System Technology (FFAST) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An integrated forest fire detection and mapping system that will be based upon technology available in the 1990s was defined. Uncertainties in emerging and advanced technologies related to the conceptual design were identified and recommended for inclusion as preferred system components. System component technologies identified for an end-to-end system include thermal infrared, linear array detectors, automatic georeferencing and signal processing, geosynchronous satellite communication links, and advanced data integration and display. Potential system configuration options were developed and examined for possible inclusion in the preferred system configuration. The preferred system configuration will provide increased performance and be cost effective over the system currently in use. Forest fire management user requirements and the system component emerging technologies were the basis for the system configuration design. A preferred system configuration was defined that warrants continued refinement and development, examined economic aspects of the current and preferred system, and provided preliminary cost estimates for follow-on system prototype development.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL-PUBL-86-5 , NAS 1.26:177214 , NASA-CR-177214
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  • 186
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    EOS radiometer concepts for soil moisture remote sensing (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Preliminary work with aperture synthesis concepts for EOS is reported. The effects of nonvanishing bandwidths on image reconstruction in aperture synthesis system was studied. It is found that nonvanishing bandwidths introduce errors in off-axis pixels when naive Fourier processing is used. The net effect is for bandwidth to limit sensor field-of-view. To quantify this effect a computer program was written which is documented. Example runs are included which illustrate the resultant radiometric errors and effective fields-of-view for a plausible simple sensor.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-177854 , NAS 1.26:177854
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  • 187
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    Error analysis of leaf area estimates made from allometric regression models (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Biological net productivity, measured in terms of the change in biomass with time, affects global productivity and the quality of life through biochemical and hydrological cycles and by its effect on the overall energy balance. Estimating leaf area for large ecosystems is one of the more important means of monitoring this productivity. For a particular forest plot, the leaf area is often estimated by a two-stage process. In the first stage, known as dimension analysis, a small number of trees are felled so that their areas can be measured as accurately as possible. These leaf areas are then related to non-destructive, easily-measured features such as bole diameter and tree height, by using a regression model. In the second stage, the non-destructive features are measured for all or for a sample of trees in the plots and then used as input into the regression model to estimate the total leaf area. Because both stages of the estimation process are subject to error, it is difficult to evaluate the accuracy of the final plot leaf area estimates. This paper illustrates how a complete error analysis can be made, using an example from a study made on aspen trees in northern Minnesota. The study was a joint effort by NASA and the University of California at Santa Barbara known as COVER (Characterization of Vegetation with Remote Sensing).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-89220 , NAS 1.15:89220
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  • 188
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    Radiometric analysis of the longwave infrared channel of the Thematic Mapper on LANDSAT 4 and 5 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The first objective was to evaluate the postlaunch radiometric calibration of the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) band 6 data. The second objective was to determine to what extent surface temperatures could be computed from the TM and 6 data using atmospheric propagation models. To accomplish this, ground truth data were compared to a single TM-4 band 6 data set. This comparison indicated satisfactory agreement over a narrow temperature range. The atmospheric propagation model (modified LOWTRAN 5A) was used to predict surface temperature values based on the radiance at the spacecraft. The aircraft data were calibrated using a multi-altitude profile calibration technique which had been extensively tested in previous studies. This aircraft calibration permitted measurement of surface temperatures based on the radiance reaching the aircraft. When these temperature values are evaluated, an error in the satellite's ability to predict surface temperatures can be estimated. This study indicated that by carefully accounting for various sensor calibration and atmospheric propagation effects, and expected error (1 standard deviation) in surface temperature would be 0.9 K. This assumes no error in surface emissivity and no sampling error due to target location. These results indicate that the satellite calibration is within nominal limits to within this study's ability to measure error.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-180180 , NAS 1.26:180180 , RIT/DIRS-86/87-51-112
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  • 189
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    Rivited panel surface measurement using photogrammetry (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two riveted antenna panels on rings number 3 and 9 were removed from the 34m antenna at DSS-15, fixed in the leveled position and the surface was photographed indoors. The results from this pilot photogrammetric demonstration and diagnostics of panel surface contours, are presented. The photogrammetric network for each panel incorporated eight photographs, two from each of four camera stations and observed over 200 targets. The accuracy (1 sigma) of the XYZ coordinates for the error ellipsoids was + or - 0.013 mm (0.0005 inch). This level of precision relative to the object size corresponds roughly to 1 part in 250,000 which is superior to conventional dial sweep-arm template techniques by at least a factor of 4.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; p 193-205
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  • 190
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    Time dependent wind fields (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two tasks were performed: (1) determination of the accuracy of Seasat scatterometer, altimeter, and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer measurements of wind speed; and (2) application of Seasat altimeter measurements of sea level to study the spatial and temporal variability of geostrophic flow in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The results of the first task have identified systematic errors in wind speeds estimated by all three satellite sensors. However, in all cases the errors are correctable and corrected wind speeds agree between the three sensors to better than 1 ms sup -1 in 96-day 2 deg. latitude by 6 deg. longitude averages. The second task has resulted in development of a new technique for using altimeter sea level measurements to study the temporal variability of large scale sea level variations. Application of the technique to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current yielded new information about the ocean circulation in this region of the ocean that is poorly sampled by conventional ship-based measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179959 , NAS 1.26:179959
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  • 191
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    ERS-1 SAR data processing (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: To take full advantage of the synthetic aperature radar (SAR) to be flown on board the European Space Agency's Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) (1989) and the Canadian Radarsat (1990), the implementation of a receiving station in Alaska is being studied to gather and process SAR data pertaining in particular to regions within the station's range of reception. The current SAR data processing requirement is estimated to be on the order of 5 minutes per day. The Interim Digital Sar Processor (IDP) which was under continual development through Seasat (1978) and SIR-B (1984) can process slightly more than 2 minutes of ERS-1 data per day. On the other hand, the Advanced Digital SAR Processore (ADSP), currently under development for the Shuttle Imaging Radar C (SIR-C, 1988) and the Venus Radar Mapper, (VMR, 1988), is capable of processing ERS-1 SAR data at a real time rate. To better suit the anticipated ERS-1 SAR data processing requirement, both a modified IDP and an ADSP derivative are being examined. For the modified IDP, a pipelined architecture is proposed for the mini-computer plus array processor arrangement to improve throughout. For the ADSP derivative, a simplified version is proposed to enhance ease of implementation and maintainability while maintaing real time throughput rates. These processing systems are discussed and evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179913 , JPL-PUB-86-33 , NAS 1.26:179913
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    Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Topics addressed include: calibration, the atmosphere, data problems and techniques, geological research, and botanical and geobotanical research.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179924 , JPL-PUB-86-35 , NAS 1.26:179924
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  • 193
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    Environmental processes and spectral reflectance characteristics associated with soil erosion in desert fringe regions (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes were acquired. A scene was acquired for the Bahariya, Egypt field area, and one was acquired covering the Okavango Delta site. Investigations at the northwest Botswana study sites have concentrated upon a system of large linear (alab) dunes possessing an average wavelength of 2 kilometers and an east-west orientation. These dunes exist to the north and west of the Okavango Swamp, the pseudodeltaic end-sink of the internal Okavango-Cubango-Cuito drainage network. One archival scene and two TM acquisitions are on order, but at present no TM data were acquired for the Tombouctou/Azaouad Dunes, Mali. The three areas taken together comprise an environmental series ranging from hyperarid to semi-arid, with desertization processes operational or incipient in each. The long range goal is to predict normal seasonal variations, so that aperiodic spectral changes resulting from soil erosion, vegetation damage, and associated surface processes would be distinguishable as departures from the norm.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179729 , NAS 1.26:179729
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  • 194
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    Thematic mapper study of Alaskan ophiolites (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The combinations of Thematic Mapper (TM) bands that best distinguish basalts of the Brooks Range ophiolites were determined. Geochemical analyses, including major, trace, and rare earth elements (REE), are being done in order to study the significance of TM spectral variations that were observed within some of the sampled rock units. An image of the topography of the western Brooks Range and Colville Basin was constructed. Elevation data for the rest of Northern Alaska are being acquired to expand the area covered by the topography image. Two balanced cross sections (one along the eastern margin, the other along the western margin of the Brooks Range) are being constructed, using the techniques of fault-bend and fault-propagation folding. These are being used to obtain regional shortening estimates for the Brooks Range in an attempt to constrain tectonic models for the evolution of Northern Alaska. The TM data are being used to confirm reconnaissance maps and to obtain structural data where no maps exist. Along with the TM data, digital topography, seismic reflection profiles, and magnetic and gravity surveys are examined to better understand the evolution of the Colville Basin, north of the Brooks Range.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179728 , NAS 1.26:179728
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  • 195
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    Spectral characteristics and the extent of paleosols of the Palouse formation (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Spectral relationships were investigated for several bare soil fields which were in summer fallow rotation on the date of the imagery. Printouts of each band were examined and compared to aerial photography. Bands with dissimilar reflectance patterns for known areas were then combined using ratio techniques which were proven useful in other studies (Williams, 1983). Selected ratios were Thematic Mapper (TM) 1/TM4, TM3/TM4, and TM5/TM4. Cluster analyses and Baysian and Fastclass classifier images were produced using the three ratio images. Plots of cluster analysis outputs revealed distinct groupings of reflectance data representing green crops, ripened crops, soil and green plants, and bare soil. Bare soil was represented by a line of clusters on plots of the ratios TM5/TM4 and TM3/TM4. The soil line was investigated further to determine factors involved in the distributin of clusters alone the line. The clusters representing the bare soil line were also studied by plotting the Tm5/TM4, TM1/TM4 dimension. A total of 76 soil samples were gathered and analyzed for organic carbon.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179727 , NAS 1.26:179727 , SAPR-2
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  • 196
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    An ecologic study of peat landforms in Canada and Alaska (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The role of groundwater and surface runoff in controlling the water chemistry and development of peat landforms in northern Minnesota are described. The LANDSAT imagery taken duing spring break-up are particularly valuable in identifying potential zones of groundwater discharge. The vascular floras of raised bogs in eastern North Americas demonstrating the remarkabe uniformity of the ombrotrophic flora over broad geographic regions are described. The evolution of peat landforms in the major boreal peatlands of eastern America is examined. The LANDSAT imagery is used to determine the area of patterned to featureless peatlands, the area of ombrotrophic bog relative to minerotrophic fen, and the relative size and degree of streamlining of island landforms entirely composed of peat. Such measurements can be used to assess the role of climate, time, and hydrology in controlling the formation of peatland patterns across broad geographic regions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179740 , NAS 1.26:179740
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  • 197
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    Interpreting forest and grassland biome productivity utilizing nested scales of image resolution and biogeographical analysis (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several hardware, software, and data collection problems encountered were conquered. The Geographic Information System (GIS) data from other systems were converted to ERDAS format for incorporation with the image data. Statistical analysis of the relationship between spectral values and productivity is being pursued. Several project sites, including Jackson, Pope, Boulder, Smokies, and Huntington Forest are evolving as the most intensively studied areas, primarily due to availability of data and time. Progress with data acquisition and quality checking, more details on experimental sites, and brief summarizations of research results and future plans are discussed. Material on personnel, collaborators, facilities, site background, and meetings and publications of the investigators are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179739 , NAS 1.26:179739 , PR-2
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  • 198
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    Interpreting forest and grassland biome productivity utilizing nested scales of image resolution and biogeographical analysis (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data acquisition, initial site characterization, image and geographic information methods available, and brief evaluations of first-year for NASA's Thematic Mapper (TM) working group are presented. The TM and other spectral data are examined in order to relate local, intensive ecosystem research findings to estimates of carbon cycling rates over wide geographic regions. The effort is to span environments ranging from dry to moist climates and from good to poor site quality using the TM capability, with and without the inclusion of geographic information system (GIS) data, and thus to interpret the local spatial pattern of factors conditioning biomass or productivity. Twenty-eight TM data sets were acquired, archived, and evaluated. The ERDAS image processing and GIS system were installed on the microcomputer (PC-AT) and its capabilities are being investigated. The TM coverage of seven study areas were exported via ELAS software on the Prime to the ERDAS system. Statistical analysis procedures to be used on the spectral data are being identified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-176803 , NAS 1.26:176803
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  • 199
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    Landsat D Thematic Mapper image dimensionality reduction and geometric correction accuracy (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: To characterize and quantify the performance of the Landsat thematic mapper (TM), techniques for dimensionality reduction by linear transformation have been studied and evaluated and the accuracy of the correction of geometric errors in TM images analyzed. Theoretical evaluations and comparisons for existing methods for the design of linear transformation for dimensionality reduction are presented. These methods include the discrete Karhunen Loeve (KL) expansion, Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA), Thematic Mapper (TM)-Tasseled Cap Linear Transformation and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). A unified approach to these design problems is presented in which each method involves optimizing an objective function with respect to the linear transformation matrix. From these studies, four modified methods are proposed. They are referred to as the Space Variant Linear Transformation, the KL Transform-MDA hybrid method, and the First and Second Version of the Weighted MDA method. The modifications involve the assignment of weights to classes to achieve improvements in the class conditional probability of error for classes with high weights. Experimental evaluations of the existing and proposed methods have been performed using the six reflective bands of the TM data. It is shown that in terms of probability of classification error and the percentage of the cumulative eigenvalues, the six reflective bands of the TM data require only a three dimensional feature space. It is shown experimentally as well that for the proposed methods, the classes with high weights have improvements in class conditional probability of error estimates as expected.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179876 , NAS 1.26:179876
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  • 200
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    Follow-on proposal identifying environmental features for land management decisions (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Urban morphology (an examination of spatial fabric and structure), natural ecosystem (investigations emphasizing biophysical processes and patterns), and human ecosystem (emphasizing socio-economic and engineering parameters) were studied. The most critical variable, transpiration, in the ASPCON model, created by Jaynes (1978), describing the hydrology of aspen to conifer succession was studied to improve the accuracy. Transpiration is determined by a canopy transpiration model which estimates consumptive water use (CWU) for specific species and a plant activity index. Also studied was Pinyon-Juniper woodland erosion.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-179703 , NAS 1.26:179703
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