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  • Articles  (114)
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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (114)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Cambridge University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 312-313 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary micro-packed columns ; Open tubular columns ; Sample capacity ; Trace analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 320-327 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detector, ECD ; Electron capture sensitization ; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron capture detector (ECD) response to numerous aromatic hydrocarbons of low electron affinity (EA) is shown to be detrimentally affected by two processes which compete with and typically overwhelm the electron capture reactions of these molecules. It is shown that the effects of these two undesired reactions can be eliminated by the permanent addition of trimethylamine and one of several alkyl monochlorides to the detector make-up gas. These modifications of the detector gas result in greatly increased sensitivity, increased linearity, and increased reproducibility of response. A kinetic model for the ECD responses of low EA resonance capture molecules is developed which appears to explain these improvements.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 328-334 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; GC/MS ; Fused silica (capillary) columns ; Retention index data ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Retention indices of standard organic compounds of environmental interest were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, using a DB-5 fused-silica capillary column. Retention indices are useful references for tentative compound identification by gas chromatography, or confirmation by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. They provide elution order for isomers that might be indistinguishable based on mass spectra. Modified Kovats and Lee retention indices are given for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; sulfur heterocycles; nitrogen heterocycles; aromatic amines; oxygen heterocycles; phenols; alcohols; ketones; alkanes; nitriles; and methylesters of fatty, dicarboxylic, and aromatic acids for comparison and reference. Retention index values for heterocycles by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry are comparable with gas chromatography values previously reported.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns, glass ; OV-240-H, 33% cyanopropyl ; Immobilization by condensation ; Crosslinker, dimethyltetramethoxysiloxane ; in situ methylation, diazomethane ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Coating intensely leached glass capillaries with OV-240-OH, the most polar commercially available OH-terminated polysiloxane phase at the present time, is described. Beside chemical bonding of the phase via condensation with silanol groups of the support, additional immobilization using dimethyltetramethoxysiloxane as a crosslinker is carried out. After in situ methylation of the immobilized coating, and transformation of acidic impurities of the cyanopropyl substituted phase into the respective methyl esters, increased inertness of the column was observed. Working instructions are given, and processes involved are discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 595-595 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Connection device ; Micro packed columns ; Macrobore capillaries ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 6
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 357-358 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column, glass ; Large on-column injection ; Retention gap ; Diethyl-dithiocarbamate-metal chelate analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 446-451 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns, fused silica ; Retention index library ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: During the development of a GC retention index library very rigorous standard parameters were used in the SADTLER laboratories. Because most chromatographers presumably have their “favourite” and well-proven columns a study has been carried out on how to make use of them for standard index generation. Variables such as column geometry, split ratio, and film thickness were examined and the calculated indices were compared to some “basic” values. Splitless and cool on-column injection techniques were also investigated and comparable temperature programming indices have been obtained. Finally, standard index values of 53 volatile halogenated hydrocarbons measured on very thick-film bonded fused silica capillary columns are tabulated.
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  • 8
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 293-295 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Capillary GC ; Fused silica GC ; Nitro-PAHs ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 412-414 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Zanthoxylum tessmannii (Engl.) Ayafor ; Amides ; Terpene hydrocarbons ; Alkaloids ; Medicinal plant ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 266-271 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused silica capillary column ; Bonded phase ; Pesticides ; Retention index ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new gas chromatographic (GC) retention index based on a homologous series of tri-n-alkylamines is proposed for use in the detection of pesticides and related compounds because the standard n-paraffin hydrocarbons used for the Kovats index do not show up well on the nitrogen-phosphorus detectors commonly used in pesticide analysis. Using fused silica bonded phase capillary columns (DB-1 or DB-5), the trialkylamine indices of 106 selected pesticides and related compounds were measured and their relationship to the Kovats index determined.
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  • 11
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 640-643 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary column ; Chiral monoamide phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 12
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 469-471 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; GC/MS ; Selected ion monitoring (SIM) ; Polycyclic aromatic compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 13
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 702-707 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Temperature programming ; Optimization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory which predicts the retention time, retention temperature, and peak width for any kind of multi-step TPGC and the principle of optimization has been described. Software for optimization and identification in TPGC has been developed on the basis of this theory. It has also been proven that the relationship between peak width in TPGC and the derived or “invented” retention time is similar to that between peak width and retention time in isothermal processes. The validity of the software has been proved by using it to predict retention temperature, retention time, and peak width for any kind of temperature programming and to predict the optimum temperature program for separation of a multihomolog mixture of industrial alcohols and 15 enantiomeric pairs of amino acids.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fused-silica capillary columns ; Programmed-temperature (PTV) injection ; Cold on-column injection ; Triglyceride analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The capillary gas chromatographic analysis of complex naturally occurring and food-product triglyceride mixtures is accomplished qualitatively and quantitatively on columns coated with methyl and methyl-phenyl (65%) silicones using programmed-temperature split/splitless and on-column injection. Faster analysis times are achieved using elevated initial column oven temperatures with cold initial injector temperatures.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; FID and FPD ; Azinphos-methyl, -ethyl and six metabolites ; Beta vulgaris leaves ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 16
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Programmed-temperature (PTV) injection ; Cold on-column injection ; Triglycerides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The performance of split and splitless programmed-temperature (PTV) injection is compared to cold on-column and hot (classical) split injection for the analysis of triglycerides on an apolar capillary gas chromatographic column. Quantitative accuracy and precision of PTV injection are determined for a synthetic mixture of triglycerides relative to cold on-column injection.
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  • 17
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 124-126 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fourier transform infrared spectrometry ; Infrared microscopy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 18
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 555-560 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, fused-silica ; Plasma amino acid analysis ; “On-column” injection ; Classical ion exchange ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A capillary chromatographic procedure using a fused silica column is described which can be used to quantitatively determine amino acids in plasma following the pre-chromatographic “clean-up” described in a recent paper [1]. In substituting this procedure for that involving a packed column, advantage has been taken of the greater resolving power to separate amino acids from background component peaks. In order to extend this advantage and provide a sound basis for quantitative analysis, the technique of cold on-column injection was employed. As a result, good precision of standard analysis was obtained with relative standard deviation (RSD) values for all amino acids of less than 4%. Application of the entire procedure to plasma samples yields RSD values of better than 10% for all amino acids with recoveries ranging from 72% to 104%. Simultaneous determination of plasma amino acid levels by gas chromatography (GC) using capillary columns and by classical ion exchange (CIE) showed reasonable agreement. Statistical evaluation showed no significant difference between twelve amino acids. Values for the remaining two, namely, phenylalanine and histidine are significantly different (p 〈 0.005). Comparison of the values obtained from GC capillary and packed columns reveals no significant difference between fourteen amino acids. Significant differences exist between results for phenylalanine and tyrosine (p 〈 0.001). It is concluded that there is good agreement between data obtained by GC capillary and CIE techniques and that differences between results for phenylalanine and histidine are method related.
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  • 19
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9 (1986), S. 120-121 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns, glass ; Persilylation ; Polar, inert columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Theory ; Mathematical dead time ; Methylphenylsiloxane stationary phases ; Constants of the n-alkane retention time curve ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The column dead time and the constants of the n-alkane retention time curve in gas-liquid chromatography are calculated by the Wentworth iterative method on series of OV polymethylphenylsilicones with an increasing percentage of phenyl substituent. The values obtained are in good agreement with those calculated by the methods of Gröbler and Kaiser and with the experimental ones reported in the literature for stationary phases studied at 120°C and 150°C. The scatter of experimental retention times of n-alkanes and tM and b and c and Kováts retention indices are calculated.
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  • 21
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vorticity-Potential ; 3-D Body-Fitted Grid ; Navier-Stokes ; Internal Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An improved Vorticity-Potential method is presented for the numerical solutions of three-dimensional duct flow problems. The solution procedure requires first a potential solution. Then the viscous effects are added through the vorticity transport equation. By using body-fitted coordinates, the method is applied to simulate the incompressible laminar flows in a square elbow and in a twisted square elbow.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 101-102 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Wind Engineering ; Control Volume Method ; Wind Flow Simulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The steady Navier-Stokes equation is solved to simulate the wind-flow environment of three-dimensional configurations of buildings. The method assumes an incident wind described by a power-law velocity profile. A new method for controlling the two-part nested solution iteration is introduced. The simulation is compared to some published wind-tunnel measurements.
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 257-258 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 165-172 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Pressure Oscillations ; Driven Cavity ; Boundary Data ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The 8-node (serendipity) velocity basis with C° bilinear pressure is a popular element but has been observed to yield poor pressures. We present some details of numerical experiments that indicate the local nature of the error and the effects of mesh refinement, increasing Reynolds number and regularity of the data. This leads to a strategy for appropriately modifying the data near the corners that is effective in improving the computed pressure approximation.
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Water Waves ; Bifurcation ; Non-linear ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We are concerned with the numerical computation of progressive free surface gravity waves on a horizontal bed. They are regarded as families of bifurcation branches (λ,A)Q of constant discharge Q.Numerically we determine two transition values Q1 and Q2 with corresponding transition bifurcation branches that classify waves into three disjoint branch sets B1, B2 and B3. Their members are families of waves (λ,A)Q satisfying the conditions 0〈Q2 ≤Q12, Q12 〈Q2 ≤Q22 and Q22 〈Q2 〈B/27, respectively.The bifurcation patterns are analysed in some detail from the computed bifurcation diagram, which shows that in B1 bifurcation is to the left and the amplitude A increases as the wavelength λ decreases; in B2 bifurcation is to the right and turning points are observed nearly at breaking point. In B3 bifurcation is to the right and A increases monotonically with λ.
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 496-496 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 30
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 291-304 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Grid Generation ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An efficient and versatile algebraic grid generation technique is presented for generating grid points in irregularly shaped and time-varying spatial domains. The method presented is based on the ‘two-boundary technique’ of Smith. The usefulness and the feasibility of the grid generation technique were demonstrated by (1) generating grid points inside one of the combustion chambers of a motored two-dimensional rotary engine and (2) obtaining numerical solutions for the flow field inside one of those combustion chambers.
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 883-894 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Convective Instability ; Orr-Sommerfeld Equation ; Optimal Control ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Orr-Sommerfeld equation is solved numerically for a layer of liquid film flowing down an inclined plane under the action of gravity using the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm (SGRA) The method consists of solving the governing equation as it is a Bolza problem in the calculus of variations. The neutral stability curves, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions to the stability problem can be determined simultaneously during the process.
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  • 33
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 927-937 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Two-equation Turbulence Model ; Separated Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An implicit two-equation turbulence solver, KEM. in generalized co-ordinates, is used in conjunction with the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes solver, INS3D, to calculate the internal flow in a channel and a channel with a sudden 2:3 expansion. A new and consistent boundary procedure for a low Reynolds number form of the κ-ε turbulence model is chosen to integrate the equations up to the wall. The high Reynolds number form of the equations is integrated using wall functions. The latter approach yields a faster convergence to the steady-state solution than the former. For the case of channel flow, both the wall-function and wall-boundary-condition approaches yield results in good agreement with the experimental data. The back-step (sudden expansion) flow is calculated using the wall-function approach. The predictions are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 715-731 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Viscous Flow ; Array of Cylinders ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The unsteady two-dimensional flow around an array of circular cylinders submerged in a uniform onset flow is analysed. The fluid is taken to be viscous and incompressible. The array of cylinders consists of two horizontal rows extending to infinity in the upstream and downstream directions. The centre-to-centre distance between adjacent cylinders is fixed at three diameters, and the rows are staggered. Advantage is taken of spatially periodic boundary conditions in the flow direction. This reduces the computational domain to a rectangular region surrounding a single circular cylinder. Two cases, for Reynolds numbers of 1000 and 10,000, are presented.
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 36
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 769-787 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulent Boundary Layer ; Kκ-ε Model ; Dorodnitsyn Finite Element ; Heat Transfer ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of finite element methods for turbulent boundary-layer flow is relatively recent and of limited extent.1 In the present study, we extend the group variable approach of Fletcher and Fleer2,3 to treat turbulent boundary layer flows with heat transfer using a two-equation turbulence model. The main concepts in the formulations include a Dorodnitsyn-type transformation which uses a velocity component as the transverse variable, a ‘variational’ formulation for the transformed equations using special test functions and development of a two-equation turbulence model in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate as additional field variables. Several numerical test cases have been examined comparing the results with finite difference calculations and comparing the two-equation turbulence model with an algebraic turbulence model.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 47-48 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 21-34 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Asymptotic Finite Element method for improvement of standard finite element solutions of perturbation equations by the addition of asymptotic corrections to the right hand side terms is presented. It is applied here to 1-D and 2-D diffusion-convection equations and to non-linear similarity equations. Excellent results were obtained without the a priori use of special trial and test functions. Theoretical expectations were confirmed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 49-64 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulence Modelling ; Large Eddy Simulation ; Filtering ; One-dimensional Scalar Transport ; Burgers' Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This is the first of two articles intended to develop, apply and verify a new method for averaging the momentum and mass transport equations for turbulence. The new method is based on Gaussian filtering in both the spatial and temporal domains. Application is made to the problem of momentum and scalar transport in a one-dimensional transient Burgers' flow field. No actual calculations, with the averaged equations, are presented in this paper. However, an ‘exact’ solution of the one-dimensional flow situation is presented as an economical tool for verifying the performance of the different turbulence models. In the second paper calculations are performed with the averaged one-dimensional equations on coarse grids, and the results are compared to the exact or fully simulated data with a statistical verification procedure.
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 83-100 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Flow ; Gas ; Numerical ; One-dimensional ; Pipeline ; Unsteady ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The unsteady frictional flow of a compressible fluid generated in a long pipeline after an accidental rupture is of considerable interest to the offshore gas industry. It answers several important questions concerning safety and pollution, e.g. the flow rate at the broken pipe end.Laboratory tests cannot simulate the rather complex phenomenon satisfactorily. The problem is highly non-linear and no general analytical solution is yet known.In this study, based on computational fluid dynamics, the simplifying assumptions of isothermal and low Mach number flow often applied in the case of unsteady compressible flows in pipelines, have not been used.Owing to the choking condition (Ma=1) which prevails for some time at the broken end. and the cumulative effect of friction over the 145 km long pipeline, we obtain (∂p/∂x)t→-∞. This analytically established singularity leads to numerical difficulties which seriously affect the accuracy. For short tubes (such as shock tubes) this negative feature is much less severe. Special procedures were necessary to keep the accuracy within the chosen limit of 1 per cent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 155-163 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper is intended to provide some background to a number of widely used methods for solving the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations. The difference between coupled and uncoupled iterative schemes is discussed together with methods for solving the equations. Methods covered include time marching (both explicit and implicit), pressure correction and a Newton-Raphson technique. The relationship between the methods is illustrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 275-290 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Separated flow past a circular cylinder is computed from two finite-difference Navier-Stokes models. Stream functions are calculated using a successive-over-relaxation (SOR) procedure. Alternating-direction-implicil (ADI) and ‘upwind’ directional difference explicit (DDE) numerical schemes for solving the vorticity-transport equation are compared. The ‘upwind’ differencing technique produces artificial viscosity which damps the wake and suppresses vortex shedding. It is shown to be unreliable and so the ADI approach is recommended.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 315-316 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 351-364 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Pressure Gradient Method ; FEM ; Unsteady Flow ; Cavity Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A pressure gradient method employing pressure gradients as dependent variables is applied to a finite-element-method flow analysis for a two-dimensional incompressible Newtonian fluid flow. In a numerical analysis, a triangular element is adopted, a velocity vector and a pressure gradient vector being assigned as dependent variables at the nodal points. Velocity and pressure gradient are interpolated linearly in space, and a discretizing formulation can be made using a suitably selected weighting function. An example of application is shown for an unsteady-state development of a recirculating circular cavity flow, the numerical results to which are in good agreement with those obtained analytically or by other numerical means.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 403-404 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 48
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 459-477 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Multigrids ; Laminar Flow ; Sudden ; Expansions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The performance of a recently developed calculation procedure for steady incompressible flows is assessed in a variety of three-dimensional sudden expansion type flows representative of those encountered in several types of industrial equipment. The calculation procedure, called here BLIMM (for block-implicit multigrid method), is based on a coupled solution of the three-dimensional momentum and continuity equations in primitive variables, using the multigrid technique. Different Reynolds numbers and finite difference grids are considered for each flow situation. The rates of convergence and the computational times are reported for each case.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 445-458 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The analysis presented herein deals with the evaluation of pressure and temperature fields which are generated in thin fluid films of varying thickness. The particular problem of a misaligned journal bearing has been studied by solving simultaneously the Reynolds and energy equations, which also include the effects of viscous dissipation and the variation of fluid viscosity with temperature.The method has been used to predict pressure and temperature fields as well as global performance parameters for a typical journal bearing operation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 479-493 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Gravity Waves ; Kantorovich Method ; Mesh Effects ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical computations of non-linear gravity waves are presented and the effects of mesh variations on the results are discussed.Waves are regarded as two-parameter families (λ,A)Q of arbitrary discharge Q, and computations are carried out using a new Kantorovich algorithm.Mesh effects are to a large extent dependent on the particular wave region under consideration. Three such regions are identified and typical examples are computed and discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Computer Extended Series ; Gas Centrifuge Theory ; MACSYMA ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Linearized, multidimensional, thermally driven flow in a gas centrifuge can be approximately described in regions away from the ends by Onsager's homogeneous pancake equation.1 Upon reformulation of the general problem, we find a new, simple and rigorous closed form, analytical solution by assuming a special separable solution and replacing the usual Ekman end cap boundary conditions with idealized impermeable, free slip boundary conditions. Then the flow may be described by an ordinary differential equation with solutions in terms of simple, classical functions. By identifying a small parameter, say ∊, defining the semi-long bowl approximation, and assuming a power series expansion in ∊, a sequence of asymptotic approximations to the master potential is obtained. Not surprisingly, the leading order term involves the well known ‘long bowl’ solution. Using the so-called ‘solving’ property of the 1-D pancake Green's function,2 we determine the next higher order solution. This recursive process is carried out on the computer to find all the terms up to O(∊4).Consequently, the solution of some complex rotating, viscous, heat conducting flow problems that normally require large mainframe computers can be better understood.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 409-426 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Non-linear ; Newton-Raphson ; Linearization ; Incompressible ; Line Solver ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The solution of the full non-linear set of discrete fluid flow equations is usually obtained by solving a sequence of linear equations. The type of linearization used can significantly affect the rate of convergence of the sequence to the final solution. The first objective of the present study was to determine the extent to which a full Newton-Raphson linearization of all non-linear terms enhances convergence relative to that obtained using the ‘standard’ incompressible flow linearization. A direct solution procedure was employed in this evaluation. It was found that the full linearization enhances convergence, especially when grid curvature effects are important.The direct solution of the linear set is uneconomical. The second objective of the paper was to show how the equations can be effectively solved by an iterative scheme, based on a coupled-equation line solver, which implicitly retains all the inter-equation couplings. This solution method was found to be competitive with the highly refined segregated solution methods that represent the current state-of-the-art.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 495-496 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 497-505 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Finite Differences ; Irregular Boundaries ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Propagation of periodic waves in the vicinity of irregular saw-tooth shaped boundary in finite difference models is investigated. The reflection of an incoming wave from a single saw-tooth boundary is found to be accompanied by a phase shift. It is shown that any wave mode propagating along such a boundary is trapped and decays in the direction normal to the boundary. A wave propagating along a channel with saw-tooth shaped lateral boundaries is influenced by the trapped waves, which leads to a reduction of the phase velocity. Phase velocities obtained from the present normal mode analysis are compared to velocities in numerical experiments. The agreement is excellent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 585-586 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 641-657 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is well known that explicit methods are subject to a restriction on the time step. This restriction is a drawback if the variation of the solution in time is so small that accuracy considerations would allow a larger time step. In this case, implicit methods are more appropriate because they do allow large time steps. However, in general, they require more storage and are more difficult to implement than explicit methods. In this paper we propose a technique by which it is possible to stabilize explicit methods for quasi-linear hyperbolic equations. The stabilization turns out to be so effective that explicit methods become a good alternative to unconditionally stable implicit methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 939-940 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 677-713 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Orbital flow past a cylinder is relevant to offshore structures. The numerical scheme presented here is based on a finite-difference solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. Alternating-directional-implicit (ADI) and successive-over-relaxation (SOR) techniques are used to solve the vorticity-transport and stream-function equations. Theoretical simulations to low Reynolds number flows (up to 1000) are discussed for cases involving uniform flow past stationary and rotating cylinders and orbital flow past a cylinder. The separation points for cylinders that are rotating or immersed in an orbital flow are deduced from velocity profiles through the boundary layer using a hybrid mesh scheme. During the initial development of orbital flow surface vorticity on the impulsively started cylinder dominates the flow. A vortex then detaches from behind the cylinder and establishes the flow pattern of the orbit. After some time a collection of vortices circles the orbit and distorts its shape a great deal. These vortices gradually spiral outward as others detach from the cylinder and join the orbital path.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 861-882 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Three Dimensional Flow ; Turbine Draft Tube ; Curvilinear Co-ordinates ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The three-dimensional turbulent flow in a curved hydraulic turbine draft tube is studied numerically. The analysis is based on the steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations closed with the κ-ε model. The governing equations are discretized by a conservative finite volume formulation on a non-orthogonal body-fitted co-ordinate system. Two grid systems, one with 34 × 16 × 12 nodes and another with 50 × 30 × 22 nodes, have been used and the results from them are compared. In terms of computing effort, the number of iterations needed to yield the same degree of convergence is found to be proportional to the square root of the total number of nodes employed, which is consistent with an earlier study made for two-dimensional flows using the same algorithm. Calculations have been performed over a wide range of inlet swirl, using both the hybrid and second-order upwind schemes on coarse and fine grids. The addition of inlet swirl is found to eliminate the stalling characteristics in the downstream region and modify the behaviour of the flow markedly in the elbow region, thereby affecting the overall pressure recovery noticeably. The recovery factor increases up to a swirl ratio of about 0·75, and then drops off. Although the general trends obtained with both finite difference operators are in agreement, the quantitative values as well as some of the fine flow structures can differ. Many of the detailed features observed on the fine grid system are smeared out on the coarse grid system, pointing out the necessity of both a good finite difference operator and a good grid distribution for an accurate result.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 941-941 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 1-19 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element model is developed based on the penalty formulation to study incompressible laminar flows. The study includes a number of new quadrilateral and triangular elements for 2-dimensional flows and a number of new hexahedral and tetrahedral elements for 3-dimensional flows. All elements employ continuous velocity approximations and discontinuous pressure approximations respecting the LBB condition of numerical instability. An incremental Newton-Raphson method coupled with the Broyden method is used to solve the non-linear equations. Several numerical examples (colliding flow, cavity flow, etc.) are presented to assess the efficiency of elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 48-48 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 65-82 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulence Modelling ; Large Eddy Simulation ; Filtering ; One-Dimensional Scalar Transport ; Burgers' Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This is the second of two articles intended to develop, apply and verify a new method for averaging the momentum and mass transport equations for turbulence. Part I presented the theoretical development of a new space-time filter (STF) averaging procedure. The new method, as well as all existing averaging procedures, are applied to the one-dimensional transient equations of momentum and scalar transport in a Burgers' flow field. Dense-grid ‘exact’ results from the unaveraged equations are presented to depict the dynamic behaviour of the flow field and serve as a basis for verifying the coarse-grid STF predictions. In this paper, a finite difference procedure is used to numerically solve the new STF averaged equations, as well as the other forms of the averaged equations derived in Part I. All averaged equations are solved on the same coarse grid. The velocity and scalar fields, predicted from each equation form, are intercompared according to a verification procedure based on the statistical and spectral properties of the results. It is found that the new STF procedure improves coarse-grid dynamic predictions over the existing methods of averaging.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Supersonic ; Subsonic ; Mach Disc ; Compressible Pressure-correction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An analytical model has been developed for computing embedded subsonic flow in rocket plumes from underexpanded axisymmetric supersonic nozzles. Numerical procedures based on the analysis have been incorporated in a simplified, non-reacting exhaust structure program and calculations for representative plume conditions performed. The technique is numerically stable and has provided satisfactory predictions of Mach-disc associated embedded subsonic flow.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 129-153 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A comparative study of eight discretization schemes for the equations describing convection-diffusion transport phenomena is presented. The (differencing) schemes considered are the conventional central, upwind and hybrid difference schemes,1,2 together with the quadratic upstream,3,4 quadratic upstream extended4 and quadratic upstream extended revised difference4 schemes. Also tested are the so called locally exact difference scheme5 and the power difference scheme.6 In multi-dimensional problems errors arise from ‘false diffusion’ and function approximations. It is asserted that false diffusion is essentially a multi-dimensional source of error. Hence errors associated with false diffusion may be investigated only via two- and three-dimensional problems. The above schemes have been tested for both one- and two-dimensional flows with sources, to distinguish between ‘discretization’ errors and ‘false diffusion’ errors.7 The one-dimensional study is reported in Reference 7. For 2D flows, the quadratic upstream difference schemes are shown to be superior in accuracy to the others at all Peclet numbers, for the test cases considered. The stability of the schemes and their CPU time requirements are also discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 175-196 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Rotating Disk ; Asymmetric Flow ; Bifurcation ; Navier-Stokes ; Exact Solutions ; Multiplicity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We investigate the flow as it occurs above a single rotating disk when uniform suction is applied at the disk surface. It has been demonstrated by others that at zero suction repeated branching of the solution occurs as the parameter s is varied, where s is the ratio of the angular velocity of the fluid at infinity to the angular velocity of the disk. We show multiplicity of solution also at -0·82≤α≤1·15, where α is the suction parameter; for large absolute values of α the solution fails to turn back on itself and we obtain only the von Karman solution.We then generalize the von Karman solution for flow above a single rotating disk with uniform suction to include non-axisymmetric solutions due to streaming at infinity. These solutions are continuous in an arbitrary parameter, the streaming velocity at infinity; for zero value of this parameter the asymmetric flow degenerates into the classical von Karman flow. Thus the classical solution is never isolated when considered within the framework of the Navier-Stokes equations: there are asymmetric solutions in every neighbourhood of the von Karman solution.
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  • 68
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 557-572 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes Equations ; Primitive Variables ; Parabolic Sublayer Approach ; Multi-grid Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present paper reports on a modified pressure implicit predictor corrector type scheme for solving the flow governing equations, in which a consistent formulation is combined with a multi-grid solver for the pressure correction. In addition a parabolic sublayer (PSL) approach for the treatment of the flow in the vicinity of solid walls is critically evaluated in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. The lid-driven cavity flow is chosen as the test case and results are presented for Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 1000. Predictions with the proposed scheme indicate substantial computational savings and fairly good agreement when compared with previous work. The PSL approach reduces the computing time, but with increasing Reynolds numbers the accuracy of the solutions tends to deteriorate.
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  • 69
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 573-583 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An improved formulation of the inverse integral equation method proposed in Reference 1 is presented which allows, in particular, a well-posed problem to be ensured. The corresponding computation code is tested in an exhaustive manner for axial and radial compressor and turbine cascades. The agreement between the velocity field obtained with the inverse method and that resulting from a direct calculation is examined for subsonic, transonic and supersonic flows. Accuracy and reliability of the solution to the boundary condition problem are excellent for the subsonic and transonic flows. However, for the supersonic flow, the application of the method seems to be limited by the use of elementary solutions of the Laplace operator.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 611-622 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A flow problem in a complex three-dimensional domain with a free surface and mixed-type boundary conditions is solved by the boundary collocation method. The solution is expressed as a combination of source functions distributed all around the domain close to the boundary, plus a special basis function to take care of a corner singularity. The resulting procedure is compared with the boundary integral elements method and is found to be simpler and more flexible to implement and faster to compute.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 671-671 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 72
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 586-586 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 73
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 593-609 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Infinite Channels ; MHD Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of an incompressible, viscous, electrically conducting fluid in an infinite channel, under an applied magnetic field has been investigated. The MHD flow between two parallel walls is of considerable practical importance because of the utility of induction flowmeters. The walls of the channel are taken perpendicular to the magnetic field and one of them is insulated, the other is partly insulated, partly conducting. An analytical solution has been developed for the velocity field and magnetic field by reducing the problem to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, which has been solved numerically. Solutions have been obtained for Hartmann numbers M up to 200. All the infinite integrals obtained are transformed to finite integrals which contain modified Bessel functions of the second kind. So, the difficulties associated with the computation of infinite integrals with oscillating integrands which arise for large M have been avoided. It is found that, as M increases, boundary layers are formed near the nonconducting boundaries and in the interface region for both velocity and magnetic fields, and a stagnant region in front of the conducting boundary is developed for the velocity field. Selected graphs are given showing these behaviours.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 623-639 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Four new methods are presented: a method of accelerating the truncation error convergence, a fourth and fifth order difference scheme for discretizing the normal partial derivatives, high order quadrature formulae for integrating a stream function and a third order implicit scheme for treating the streamwise partial derivatives. These are seen to be effective in finding solutions to the boundary layer equations in which the step sizes are adaptively altered to meet an error bound.
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 659-670 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new version of a numerical algorithm for the Lagrangian treatment of incompressible fluid flows with free surfaces is developed. The novel features of the present method are the adoptions of the Lagrangian finite element method and the velocity correction technique. The use of the velocity correction approach makes the computational scheme extremely simple in algorithmic structure. Hence, the present method is particularly attractive for large-scale problems. The techniques discussed here are applied to some two-dimensional sloshing problems, which may indicate the versatility and effectiveness of the present method.
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 763-764 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 789-809 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Conformal Mapping ; Reynolds Equations ; Separated Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The present work deals with the numerical calculation of the incompressible turbulent flow around aerofoils. An orthogonal curvilinear grid of ‘C’ type is used for the solution of the time averaged equations and Reynolds stresses are modelled according to the κ-ε turbulence model. PISO and SIMPLE algorithms are used to solve the strongly coupled system of the derived finite volume equations and convergence is improved by applying the method of variable local underrelaxation factors. Comparisons between the calculated and measured pressure distributions are presented for NACA 0012 and NACA 4412 wing sections. The formation of separation bubbles according to calculations is also shown.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 855-856 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 79
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 913-925 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Ground-water Models ; Vector Computers ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Finite element models, optimized for running on conventional serial computers, are not suitable to make use of the potentional high performance of today's vector or parallel computers. Also, automatic vectorization by the compiler or manual vectorization at the local level do not by far lead to the required and expected computational speed.A global change of the overall program logic or a complete redesign becomes necessary, i.e. a completely new generation of program systems has to be created, considering the new hardware characteristics and abilities.A new computer-independent programming technique for finite element problems to be implemented on vector computers is proposed and the test results of scalar and vectorized program structures on a conventional serial and on a non-conventional pipeline computer are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 173-174 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 229-240 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Swirling flows are often employed in gas turbine combustion systems and high intensity industrial furnaces. A detailed analysis of the turbulence in the flow is necessary to achieve optimum combustion conditions. In this paper a method has been described to measure the turbulence levels in three directions using a hot wire anemometer. So far there is no established method available for measurement of turbulence in swirling and recirculating flows.The present method, it is hoped, will bridge the gap. The merit of the present method is the use of a single-wire probe rather than the X-probe. The method has been used for the measurement of turbulence levels in swirling recirculating flows generated by vane swirlers. From the measured turbulence levels, the kinetic energy of turbulence has been calculated and the results are compared with a well-established numerical prediction method.Mean velocity measurements have also been made using a 3-hole Pitot probe. The agreement between the measured and predicted values is quite satisfactory.
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  • 83
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 241-253 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite-element model ; Turbulence ; Density flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A mathematical model of turbulent density-driven flows is presented and is solved numerically. A form of the k-∊ turbulence model is used to characterize the turbulent transport, and both this non-linear model and a sediment transport equation are coupled with the mean-flow fluid motion equations. A partitioned, Newton-Raphson-based solution scheme is used to effect a solution. The model is applied to the study of flow through a circular secondary sedimentation basin.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 305-311 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Storm Surge ; Bottom Stress ; Turbulent Energy Closure ; Exchange Coefficient ; Roughness Length Bottom Friction Coefficient ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A comparative study with a vertically integrated model and the multi-level model has shown that the former can remain a good substitute for the latter in the prediction of sea-surface elevation as long as the bottom friction coefficients in the vertically integrated models are properly specified.
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 365-386 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 86
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 387-393 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Equations ; Compression ; Corner ; Flows ; Implicit ; Numerical ; Scheme ; Co-ordinate ; Transformation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of an implicit numerical scheme, analogous to MacCormack's1, for the supersonic laminar two-dimensional compression corner flow problem using unsteady Navier-Stokes equations is demonstrated. The technique entails a reduction of about 70 per cent in the computation time for a Courant number of 5, but it is characterized by an increase of approximately 20 per cent in computer memory requirement.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 407-408 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 427-443 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Equations ; Time Integration ; Penalty Function Approach ; Oscillating Flow ; Vortex Shedding ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper a penalty finite element solution method for the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional incompressible flow is described. The performances of the Euler implicit (EI) and the Crank-Nicolson (CN) time integration methods are analysed. Special attention is payed to the undamped pressure oscillations which can occur when the Crank-Nicolson integration rule is used in combination with the penalty function method. Stability and convergence properties are illustrated by means of the computation of fully developed oscillating flow between two flat plates. Furthermore, the von Karman vortex street past a circular cylinder is computed to demonstrate the behaviour of the time integration schemes for a more complicated flow. It is concluded that the EI method has its advantages over the CN method with respect to the damping of numerical oscillations. However, for flows with an important convective contribution, where physically originated oscillations may be present, the CN method is preferable.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 541-556 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbulent Swirling Diffuser Flow ; Reduced Navier-Stokes Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A reduced form of Navier-Stokes equations is developed which does not have the usual minimum axial step size restriction. The equations are able to predict accurately turbulent swirling flow in diffusers. An efficient single sweep implicit scheme is developed in conjunction with a variable grid size domain-conforming co-ordinate system. The present scheme indicates good agreement with experimental results for (1) turbulent pipe flow, (2) turbulent diffuser flow, (3) turbulent swirling diffuser flow. The strong coupling between the swirl and the axial velocity profiles outside of the boundary layer region is demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 587-591 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 672-673 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 674-676 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 94
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 749-761 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Creeping Flow ; Forming Processes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Creeping viscous flows are followed through finite element meshes by use of pseudo-concentrations which define material position. The concentrations, assumed to be transported only by convection, serve as material markers. Illustrations are presented related to industrial forming processes and the slow deformation of geological structures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 733-747 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Coriolis ; Rotating Tube ; Finite Element ; Fluid Mechanics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element solution is developed for a penalty function formulation of the equations which govern the steady motion of a Newtonian fluid through a pipe that rotates about an axis not parallel to its own. The motion in this system is driven by the Coriolis acceleration, which has components in the axial direction as well as in the transverse plane of the pipe. The relative magnitudes of these components significantly affect the qualitative and quantitative nature of the primary and secondary flow field. The present results compare favourably with those of previously reported experimental and theoretical studies over a wide range of flow regimes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 819-839 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Lubricated Flow ; Extensional Flow ; Compression Moulding ; Two-Liquid Interface Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A thin film of low-viscosity lubricating liquid between a solid wall and a viscous material reduces shear stress on the latter and tends to make it flow as though it were slipping along the wall. The result when the lubricated material is being squeezed out of the gap between approaching parallel plates is flow more nearly irrotational, or extensional, the more effective the lubricating film on the plates. Two Newtonian analyses of this flow situation are reported. One is an approximate, asymptotic analytical solution for Newtonian lubricating flow in the films and combined mixed flow, shear and extension, in the viscous layer. The second is a full two-dimensional axisymmetric solution of the momentum and continuity equations along with the kinematic condition which governs the motion of the interface. Both analyses indicate that there are two limiting flow regimes, depending on the ratio of the thickness of each of the two phases to radius and on the viscosity ratio of the two liquids. In one limit the flow is parallel squeezing and the lubricant layer slowly thins and persists a long time. In the other the lubricant is expelled preferentially. Implications of the results are discussed for rheological characterization of viscoelastic liquids and for prediction of lubricated or autolubricated flows in processing situations.
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  • 97
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 841-853 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Incompressible Flow ; Finite Element ; Stability ; Accuracy ; Convergence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The stability of two different mixed finite element methods for incompressible flow problems are theoretically analysed. The effect of the stability of the mixed approximation on the accuracy and the rate of convergence of solution is assessed for two non-trivial problems. The numerical results presented indicate that if the stability of the mixed approximation is not guaranteed then both pressure and velocity solutions are markedly less accurate. In one of the cases considered the ultimate convergence of both the pressure and the velocity solutions is seriously in doubt.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 895-911 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Free Surface Flow ; Mixed Finite Elements ; Choice of Velocity Approximation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: New finite elements have been developed to simulate steady and unsteady two-dimensional free surface flows. The depth-averaged velocity components with the free surface elevation have been used as independent variables in the model. The differences between the various elements presented lie in the choice of velocity approximation. The Newton-Raphson method has been used to solve the non-linear system of equations. Emphasis is put on bench-mark examples to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the elements. A simple stable new element tested herein shows promising advantages for industrial finite element codes.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 174-174 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 6 (1986), S. 197-218 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Bingham Fluids ; Forming Process ; Non-Newtonian Flows ; Finite Elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We model the forming process as a fluid flow. A finite element program, FIDAP, which analyses flow problems, was used to calculate velocity and strain rates at points throughout the material during the deformation process. This allows predictions to be made on the shape and quality of the resulting part. The stress-strain relation we used models the plastic flow of metals (Bingham fluids). The FEM approximation of such a fluid is tested by comparing results for a simple analytical example. In forming processes provision must be made for friction between dye and workpiece, and the program was modified accordingly. Two classical ring forming simulations are compared to published results.
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