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  • Immunocytochemistry  (79)
  • Yeast  (62)
  • temperature  (62)
  • Springer  (203)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1985-1989  (203)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1987  (114)
  • 1986  (89)
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  • Springer  (203)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pitzer-Debye-Hückel limiting slopes for water from 0 to 350°C and from saturation to 1 kbar (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 749-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Apparent molar enthalpy ; heat capacity ; volume ; compressibility ; expansitivity ; Debye-Hückel limiting law ; dielectric constant ; PVT properties ; pressure ; temperature ; thermodynamic properties ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using internationally recognized critical evaluations for the dielectric constant of water by Uematsu and Franck and the thermodynamic surface of water by Haar, Gallagher, and Kell, the Bureau of Mines presents values for the Pitzer-Debye-Hückel limiting slopes for osmotic coefficients, apparent molal enthalpies, apparent molal heat capacities, apparent molal volumes, molal compressibilities, and apparent molal expansivities from 0 to 350°C and from saturation to 1 kbar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646716
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1192-1197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Psychrophily ; psychrotrophy ; microorganisms ; temperature ; physiology ; activities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms have the ability to grow at 0°C. Psychrotrophic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth above 20°C and are widespread in natural environments and in foods. Psychrophilic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth at 20°C or below and are restricted to permanently cold habitats. This ability to grow at low temperature may be correlated with a lower temperature characteristic than that of the mesophiles, an increasing proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the lipid phase of the cell membrane, which makes it more fluid, and a protein conformation functional at low temperature. The relatively low maximum temperature of growth for these microorganisms is often considered to be due to the thermolability of one or more essential cellular components, particularly enzymes, while some degradative activities are enhanced, resulting in an exhaustion of cell energy, a leakage of intracellular substances or complete lysis. Psychrotrophic microorganisms are well-known for their degradative activities in foods. Some are pathogenic or toxinogenic for man, animals or plants. However in natural microbial ecosystems psychrotrophic and psychrophilic microorganisms can play a large role in the biodegradation of organic matter during cold seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946390
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature dependence of neurotransmitter release in the antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 414-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; quantal content ; antarctic fish ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The quantal contents of endplate potentials from extraocular muscles of an antarctic fishPagothenia borchgrevinki were measured over a range of temperatures. Quantal release was maximal at about 5°C but showed little dependence on temperature between −2°C and 10°C. Above 10°C quantal content declined until release ceased about 18°C. In view of the fact that the ambient temperature at which these fish live is constant at −1.9°C, the results suggest thatPagothenia borchgrevinki is only partially adapted to its environment despite 25 million years acclimatization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118635
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of photoperiod and temperature on the life-cycle of different populations of the peacock butterfly Inachis io (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: photoperiod ; temperature ; Inachis io ; life-cycle ; geographical variation ; butterfly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Inachis io (L.), observable dans une grande partie de l'Europe, y présente des différences quant au cycle biologique, au voltinisme et à la durée du développement. Trois populations provenant de la zone de transition entre monovoltinisme et bivoltinisme ont été échantillonnées pour examiner les différences de réponses à la photopériode et à la température, et pour évaluer l'étendue des possibilités d'adaptation de cette espèce à l'environnement et ainsi optimaliser son potentiel reproductif. L'induction photopériodique de la diapause est de type jour long pour toutes les souches examinées, mais la photopériode critique 50 (CPh50) varie suivant les populations et paraît étroitement ajustée aux conditions locales. Il y a cependant assez de variabilité à l'intérieur des populations pour que le seuil puisse être rapidement abaissé dans chaque population par des expériences d'élevage sélectif. Par contre, la vitesse de développement ne varie pas significativement entre les populations pour la gamme de température: 15–27°C. Les poids de chrysalides ne diffèrent pas suivant les populations, bien qu'ils augmentent quand la température de dévelppement diminue. On peut penser que des modèles, prédisant que la diminution du nombre de générations pendant une saison sera accompagnée d'une prolongation de la durée de développement et d'une augmentation de la taille, et que ceci est d'origine génétique et non le résultat seul du refroidissement de l'environnement, ne tiendront pas compte de l'absence de variation entre populations dans la relation entre température et développement.
    Notes: Abstract The variation in response to photoperiod and temperature of different populations of the peacock butterfly, Inachis io (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), was investigated to test the extent to which species can adjust their response to the environment, and therefore maximise their reproductive potential. The photoperiodic (adult) diapause induction response varies between populations, and appears to be finely tuned to the local conditions. There is however variation within populations and the response can be adjusted in a population by selective breeding. The developmental rate is not significantly different between three latitudinally distinct populations, over the range of temperatures tested, and pupal weights are similar at given temperatures. However, pupal weights increase with decreasing development temperature. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to modelling life history strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221253
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Étude des principaux facteurs influençant l'émission d'attractifs sexuels synthétiques à partir de diffuseurs en caoutchouc et en plastique (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: composantes phéromonales ; diffusion ; température ; vent ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac ; pheromonal components ; diffusion ; temperature ; wind ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To determine the effect of various factors influencing the emission rate of pheromones from slow release dispensers, laboratory tests were undertaken with two types of rubber (Michelin) and one type of plastic trilaminate (Hercon®) dispenser. The effects of chain length, and the presence of double bonds were tested with three pheromonal compounds, Z9-12: Ac, 12: Ac and Z9-14: Ac impregnated on both types of rubber dispenser. The influences of temperature, wind velocity, humidity and percent loading were also tested. Data obtained indicated that chain length has a greater effect than the presence of a double bond. Amongst the climatic factors tested, wind speed has a greater effect than temperature while humidity has a minimal effect.
    Notes: Abstract Deux types de diffuseurs en caoutchouc (Michelin) et en plastique polystratifié (Hercon®) sont testés en laboratoire pour étudier quelques aspects des phénomènes de diffusion. Trois composantes phéromonales, le Z9-12: Ac, le 12: Ac et le Z9-14: Ac imprégnées dans ces différents supports servent à détermineer le rôle joué par la longueur de la chaîne de la molécule et la présence de doubles liaisons sur la vitesse de diffusion. L'influence de la température, de la vitesse du vent et de l'humidité est déterminée en cellules climatisées. Parmi les facteurs relatifs à la structure chimique, l'influence de la longueur de la chaîne est prédominante par rapport à la présence d'une double liaison. Parmi les facteurs climatiques, le vent agit plus que la température sur la diffusion, alors que l'humidité paraît secondaire.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367619
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of body size in a heteropteran bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 257-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Pyrrhocoris apterus ; adult size ; egg weight ; starvation ; temperature ; pollution ; crowding ; duration of development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Körpergrösse bei den Imagines eines Wildstammes der Feuerwanze Pyrrhocoris apterus wurde teilweise durch die Veränderlichkeit der Eigrösse determiniert, teilweise auch durch Hungern der Larven, niedrige Temperatur und metabolischen Produkten beeinflusst. Der Effekt letzterer Faktoren stieg mit deren Dauer und war je grösser desto näher sich die Wirkungsperiode zur Imaginalhäutung befand. Unterschiedliche Photoperioden wirkten auf die Körperlänge nicht. Wurden die Larven zwischen der ungünstigen Periode und der Imaginalhäutung noch den optimalen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, kompensierten sich die negativen Einflüsse weitgehend. Zu einer drastischen Verkleinerung der Imagines kam es nur, wenn das letzte Larven-stadium mit Hunger beeinflusst wurde und bis zur Imaginalhäutung keinen Zutritt zum Futter hatte. Minimales Gewicht, wo die Metamorphose der Larven noch möglich war, wurde zu 18 mg festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The determination of body size (length or weight) of teneral adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus L. was investigated. About 50% of size variation was determined already in the egg stage (average egg weight adult length correlations were 0.67 in males and 0.71 in females). During the larval development, starvation, low temperature, and pollution by excreta combined with crowding reduced adult size and usually increased the development length. The effects were directly proportionate to the length of the stress period, and increased with larval age. Photoperiod or intrinsic variation of development time did not affect adult size. The effects of stress were largely compensated when it was followed by a period of compensation growth at optimum conditions. A dramatic reduction of size appeared when last inster larvae starved and moulted to adults without access to food. Average adult weight was then reduced by up to 48%. Threshold weight for adult moulting was 18 mg, being attained after 1–2 day feeding of the last instar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369187
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival of repeated frosts by the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni: experiments in laboratory simulated climates with either step or ramp fluctuations of temperature (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dacus tryoni ; fruit fly ; frosts ; cold ; survival ; winter ; step ; ramp ; cooling ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aptitude à survivre à une ou plusieurs expositions à des températures inférieures à zéro dépend à la fois de leur sévérité et du laps de temps entre les expositions. L'effet d'une température minimale déterminée dépend de sa valeur, de sa durée et du type de refroidissement: brutal (step) ou progressif (ramp). Les effets de toute température minimale peuvent être exprimés en termes de LE50 (temps nécessaire pour obtenir une mortalité de 50% avec une exposition unique). Lorsque le temps d'application de la température minimale correspond à 35% du LE50, il n'y a pas de mortalité, de même dans le cas de répétitions quotidiennes. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 44% du LE50, il provoque environ 14% de mortalité après la première exposition, avec 3% supplémentaire après chaque exposition quotidienne, mais l'augmentation est nulle si l'exposition au froid n'a lieu que tous les 3 jours. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 88% de LE50, la mortalité après la première exposition est d'environ 40% et de même importance à chaque nouvelle exposition, même si elles sont espacées de 7 j. Lorsque la durée d'exposition au minimum correspond à 125% et à 150% de LE50, les mortalités sont respectivement d'environ 80% et 100% à la première exposition. La température maximale quotidienne, entre 15 et 25°C, semble avoir peu d'influence sur la mortalité provoquée par des expositions répétées à-5°C. Les mouches d'âges différents résistent de la même façon jusqu'à 6 expositions répétées à-6°C, mais au-delà les mouches âgées sont plus sensibles que les jeunes. Dans la mesure où, dans la nature, la durée d'exposition à la température minimale est connue et où la température dans le sol peut être calculée ou mesurée, ces résultats peuvent permettre d'interpréter la mortalité provoquée par le gel.
    Notes: Abstract Ability to survive exposure to single or repeated periods at a subzero temperature is related to the temperature experienced, whether it is approached quickly or slowly, the time for which it prevails and the interval between exposures. The severity of any low temperature can be expressed in terms of LE50 (time required to kill 50% of individuals with one exposure). Minima enduring for 35% LE50 do not cause any mortality, even when repeated daily. Minima enduring for 44% LE50 cause ca 14% mortality on the first occurrence but no more if repeated at 3 day intervals, but 3% more per occasion if repeated daily. Minima enduring for 88% LE50 cause ca 40% mortality on first occurrence and an equal amount at each recurrence even if each is 7 days apart. Minima enduring for 125% LE50 and over 150% LE50 cause respectively ca 80% and 100% mortality respectively on first occurrence. The daily maximum temperature (in the range 15°C to 25°C) appears to have little relevance to the mortality caused by a repeated minimum of -5°C. Flies of different ages have a similar ability to survive a repeated minimum of -6°C for up to six exposures, but thereafter old flies are more susceptible than young ones. These results can be related to mortality caused by frosty conditions in the field so long as the time spent at the minimum is known and the temperature on the ground can be measured or calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343619
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production and storage of diapausing codling moth larvae (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; diapause ; rearing method ; larval storage ; production ; temperature ; photoperiod
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article porte sur les aspects principaux de l'élevage et de la production de chenilles diapaussantes de Cydia pomonella L. (Lep. Olethreutidae) pour des travaux de recherche. La diapause a été induite sous obscurité totale ou photophases inférieures à 15 heures. Des chenilles diapausantes ont été conservées en laboratoire jusqu'à deux ans, mais la survie pendant la première année était supérieure. Les conditions recommandées pour l'induction de la diapause sont une photophase de 12 heures, 25°C et 55–65 h.r.
    Notes: Abstract The rearing and production of diapausing codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.) [Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae]) larvae for use in research programmes is outlined. Diapause was induced under conditions of complete darkness or under photoperiods of up to 15 h. Diapausing larvae were stored for over 2 years in the laboratory but greatest survival occurred when the storage time was one year or less. The recommended conditions for the induction of diapause are a 12 h photoperiod, 25°C and 55–65% r.h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343492
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, photoperiod, and light intensity on the calling rhythm in Arctiid moths (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Arctiidae ; calling behaviour ; light intensity ; photoperiod ; rhythms ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Aux faibles températures le moment moyen de déclenchement de l'appel apparaît plus tôt au cours de la photopériode chez Haploa clymene Brown, Spilosoma virginica Fab., Pareuchaetes insulata Walk., Cycnia tenera Hübn. et Euchaetes egle Drury. La température n'a apparemment pas d'effet sur le moment où l'appel débute chez Pyrrharctica isabella J.E. Smith, S. congrua Walk. et Apantesis nais Drury. L'analyse porte sur les relations entre les températures subies par les adultes de ces espèces et leurs réactions d'appel aux différentes températures. L'apparition de la lumière peut induire le comportement d'appel chez C. tenera, bien que ce ne soit pas indispensable puisqu'il peut éventuellement commencer à des températures plus basses avant l'illumination quand celle-ci est retardée de 4 heures. Les périodes d'appel sont prolongées avec la scotophase chez C. tenera et S. congrua, et même après l'apparition d'une photophase à faible intensité lumineuse (40 lux), l'appel de S. congrua se poursuit, ce qui suggère que les photophases à intensité lumineuse plus élevée (450 lux) inhibent l'appel et ainsi en provoquent la fin.
    Notes: Abstract Mean times of onset for calling in Haploa clymene (Brown), Spilosoma virginica (Fabricius), Pareuchaetes insulata (Walker), Cycnia tenera (Hübner), and Euchaetes egle (Drury) advance to earlier times in the photoperiod at lower temperatures. Temperature has no apparent effect on the calling period in Pyrrharctia isabella (J. E. Smith), Spilosoma congrua Walker, and Apantesis nais (Drury). The relationship between the temperatures experienced by each of these species as adults and the response of their calling rhythms to temperature is discussed. Lights-on can elicit calling behaviour in C. tenera, although it is not an absolute requirement because calling eventually begins when lights-on is delayed 4 h and calling also begins prior to lights-on at lower temperatures. Calling periods lengthen in C. tenera and S. congrua when the scotophase is prolonged and in S. congrua after the onset of a lower photophase light intensity (40 lux), suggesting that a higher photophase light intensity (450 lux) inhibits calling and thus causes its termination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293706
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study on the intrinsic rates of increase ofCyrtobagous singularis andC. salviniae on the water weedSalvinia molesta (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous singularis ; Cyrtobagous salviniae ; Salvinia molesta ; population increase ; survivorship ; fecundity ; fertility ; biological control ; temperature ; nutrition ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux intrinsèques d'accroissement (rm) deC. salviniae du Bresil et deC. singularis de Trinidad, ont été établis au laboratoire à 23°C; 27°C; 31°C, sur des plants deS. molesta riches en azote. Les différences entre les rm des deux espèces provenaient pour l'essentiel de la ponte et de la mortalité préimaginale. Aux 3 températures, les valeurs de rm deC. salviniae (0.210; 0.366; 0.404) étaient supérieures à celles deC. singularis (0.148; 0.140; 0.064). A toutes les températuresC. salviniae a pondu 7 fois plus d'oeufs queC. salviniae; à 31°C, la ponte a été réduite de 45% pour les 2 espèces et été accompagnée d'une diminution des taux d'éclosion. La ponte deC. salvinae était presque continue (92% des semaines avec des oeufs), tandis que celle deC. singularis était intermittent (50% des semaines avec pontes), les interruptions étant en moyenne de 2 semaines. La teneur deS. molesta en azote a affecté la reproduction deC. singularis plus que celle deC. salviniae; un accroissement de 0.1% en poids sec, augmentant les pontes hebdomadaires respectivement de 7% et de 3.6%. Les différences de valeur de rm des 2 espèces sont examinées pour évaluer leurs potentialités comme éléments de la lutte biologique.
    Notes: Abstract The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) ofCyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands from Brazil andC. singularis Hustache from Trinidad W.I., were determined in the laboratory at 23°C, 27°C and 31°C on nitrogen-rich plants of the aquatic weed,Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Variation in oviposition and immature survivorship accounted for most of the differences between species in rm values (exponential growth of a stable-age population in a non-limiting environment). Values for rm were higher forC. salviniae (0.210, 0.366, 0.404) than forC. singularis (0.148, 0.140, 0.064) at the three temperatures respectively. At all temperatures,C. salviniae laid seven times more eggs thanC. singularis while at 31°C oviposition was reduced for both species by 45%, and was accompanied by a reduction in egg hatch. Oviposition byC. salviniae was almost continuous (92% of weeks with some eggs laid) whereas oviposition byC. singularis was intermittent (50% of weeks) with intervals averaging 3 weeks without oviposition. Nitrogen concentration inS. molesta affected reproduction byC. singularis more thanC. salviniae, an increase of 0.1% (dry wt) increasing weekly oviposition by 7.0% and 3.6% respectively. The differences in rm for the two weevil species are discussed in relationship to their potential as biological control agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00629309
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of temperature on the duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of sciomyzid flies, predators of the snail Lymnaea truncatula (1987)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Pherbellia cinerella ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larva ; pupa ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; snails ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350381
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    A method for hatching the eggs of the aphid Schizaphis graminum (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aphids ; greenbug ; Schizaphis graminum ; mating ; oviposition ; eggs ; sterilization ; hatching ; temperature ; photoperiod ; moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine einfache und effektive Methode beschrieben, die Eier von Schizaphis graminum auf Filterpapier zu sammeln, sie nachfolgend zu sterilisieren und unter verschiedenen Temperatur- und Photoperiodebedingungen bis zum Schlüpfen zu inkubieren. Hierbei wurden folgende Resulate erzielt: (a) Inkubation der Eier in vollkommener Dunkelheit bei 16°C führte zu einem Schlupferfolg von 19% nach einer Entwicklungszeit von im Mittel 81 Tagen; (b) Kühlung der Eier bei 6°C während 40 Tagen (vom 10. Tag nach der Eiablage an) erhöhte die Schlupfrate unter ansonsten gleichen Bedingungen auf 45% und reduzierte die Entwicklungszeit auf 71 Tage; (c) durch einen Licht/Dunkel-Rhythmus, dem die Eier nach der 40-tägigen Kühlung ausgesetzt wurden, konnte eine weitere Steigerung der Schlupfrate und eine Verkürzung der Entwicklungszeit erreicht werden.
    Notes: Abstract Techniques are described for the collection of fertile eggs of Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) on filter paper, and for the subsequent sterilization and incubation of the eggs under various temperature and photoperiodic conditions. 19% of the eggs incubated continuously at 16°C in complete darkness hatched in 81 days after deposition. 45% of the eggs chilled at 6°C for 40 days (starting 10 days after deposition) hatched in 71 days if the postchilling incubation at 16°C was completed in darkness. The results indicate a further enhancement in the percentage egg hatch and a reduction in developmental time when the eggs were subjected to a light-dark regime during the post-chilling incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186158
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    The cellular level of yeast ribosomal protein L25 is controlled principally by rapid degradation of excess protein (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 733-739 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosome synthesis ; Regulation ; Ribosomal protein turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary When the gene dosage for the primary rRNA-binding ribosomal protein L25 in yeast cells was raised about 50-fold, the level of mature L25 transcripts was found to increase almost proportionally. The plasmid-derived L25 transcripts were structurally indistinguishable from their genomic counterparts, freely entered polysomes in vivo and were fully translatable in a heterologous in vitro system. Nevertheless, pulse-labelling for periods varying from 3–20 min did not reveal a significant elevation of the intracellular level of L25 protein. When pulse-times were decreased to 10–45 s, however, we did detect a substantial over production of L25. We conclude that, despite the strong RNA-binding capacity of the protein, accumulation of L25 is not controlled by an autogenous (pre-)mRNA-targeted mechanism similar to that operating in bacteria, but rather by extremely rapid degradation of excess protein produced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00405095
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    Yeast centromere sequences do not confer mitotic stability on circular plasmids containing ARS elements of Tetrahymena thermophila rDNA (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 353-357 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; Replication ; Segregation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that a 657 bp TaqI-XbaI and a 427 by XbaI-XbaI fragment from the 5′ non-transcribed spacer of the extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA of Tetrahymena thermophila function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These fragments are adjacent to each other in a region that encompasses the in vivo origin of bidirectional replication of rDNA. The presence of a yeast centromere (CEN) fragment does not confer mitotic stability on these plasmids. A sensitive yeast colony colour assay (Hieter et al. 1985a) has been used to evaluate the cis-acting effect of each ARS segment on the pattern of inheritance of a plasmid containing CEN5:URA3:SUP4. Colonies of transformed cells obtained both in the presence and absence of selection were red with no detectable white or pink sectors. The lack of sectoring indicates that both plasmids are lost at an extremely high rate, likely due to 1:0 segregation events. We conclude that while these ARS elements confer a high frequency transformation phenotype, they lack a function which is required in cis for the maintenance of mitotic stability in the presence of a centromere. This missing cis-acting function may result in the inability of the plasmids to be brought under the control of cell-cycle regulated replication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378177
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    Temperature sensitive pet mutants in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that lose mitochondrial RNA (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 359-367 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial ; Mutants ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This is a description of a new class of temperature sensitive pet mutants in Saccharomyces cereviase that lose all or part of their mitochondrial RNA at the restrictive temperature. These mutants fall into 8 different complementation groups, mna1 to mna8, and 2 different classes based on their phenotype. Class I mutations, mna1-1 through mna5-1, cause complete or partial loss of mitochondrial RNA at the restrictive temperature. The mutation, mna1-1, is especially interesting since it causes a loss of both mitochondrial DNA and RNA when the mutant is grown on a fermentable carbon source at the restrictive temperature. However, when this mutant is grown at the permissive temperature on a non-fermentable carbon source then shifted to the restrictive temperature, only the mitochondrial RNA is lost. This indicates that the primary cause for the pet phenotype is due to the loss of mitochondrial RNA and not DNA. Class II mutations, mna6-1 through man8-1, cause complete loss of the 14S rRNA after growth at the restrictive temperature in a fermentable carbon source. This loss appears to be specific for the 14S rRNA, since all other transcripts probed by Northern analysis are normal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378178
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    The disomy for chromosome IV and the spontaneous rho- mutability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 407-410 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Disomy for chromosome IV ; Mitochondrial rho − mutability ; Mitotic chromosome loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The disomy for chromosome IV in the strains studied led to: i) a reduction in the red pigmentation of ade1 mutant colonies; ii) a decrease of the spontaneous rho − mutant frequency, and iii) an impairment of sporulation in hybrids descended from disomic parents. The nuclear srm1 mutation decreasing the spontaneous rho − mutability promoted the spontaneous extra chromosome loss in the disomes for chromosome IV. This result suggests a close connexion between the spontaneous rho − mutability and mitotic chromosome stability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378184
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    The Yarrowia lipolytica LEU2 gene (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 377-383 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Y. lipolytica ; LEU2 ; Yeast ; Leucine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 2810 by DNA fragment containing the beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene of the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has been sequenced. The sequence contains an open reading frame of 405 codons, predicting a protein of 43,366 molecular weight. Protein sequence homology with the polypeptide encoded by the LEU2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is 64%, whereas DNA sequence homology is 61%. The 5′- and 3′-flanking regions of the Y. lipolytica LEU2 gene share only some general structural features common to genes of S. cereviside such as the presence and location of TATA boxes, CAAT boxes, CACACA repeats, the lack of G residues in the 5′-untranslated region and 3′-transcription terminators. Transcription of a 1.4 kb mRNA begins at a small cluster of sites approximately 40 base pairs before the initial ATG.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378180
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    Genetic modification of the spontaneous rho − mutability in Saccharomyces cerevisiaee (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 411-413 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial rho − mutability ; Genetic analysis ; Modifying genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotypic trait “starry colony” in Saccharomyces is associated with a high spontaneous rho − petite mutability. Genetic analysis of this trait has shown the high rho − mutability to be caused by several modifying genes present together in the strains studied. Every single modifying gene produces only a relatively small enhancement of the rho − mutability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378185
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    Base analogue mutagenesis in yeast and its modulation by pyrimidine deoxynucleotide pool imbalances: incorporation of bromodeoxyuridylate and iododeoxyuridylate (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 421-427 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutagenesis ; Base analogues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which are auxotrophic for thymidylate (tmp1) can also incorporate analogues of thymidylate. When the base analogue, 5-bromodeoxyuridylate, is incorporated into tmp1 yeast cells it is lethal and mutagenic. Both lethality and mutation induction can be drastically altered by perturbation of the pyrimidine nucleotide pools. Analysis of mutation induction, bromodeoxyuridylate incorporation into DNA, and cell viability under various conditions revealed: (1) lethality and mutagenesis can be uncoupled, (2) thymidylate enhances mutagenesis and deoxycytidylate suppresses it, (3) mutation induction is not correlated with the magnitude of bromodeoxyuridylate incorporation into DNA. Therefore, in yeast, the pyrimidine nucleotide pools have a powerful effect on bromodeoxyuridylate mutagenesis. Both bromodeoxyuridylate and iododeoxyuridylate are extensively incorporated into the DNA of tmp1 yeast cells; however, iododeoxyuridylate is non-mutagenic. Replication proceeds at the same rate in the presence of the natural substrate or either analogue. When cells are supplied with thymidylate and bromodeoxyuridylate together, there is no discrimination against bromodeoxyuridylate as a DNA precursor. However, in the presence of thymidylate and iododeoxyuridylate, there is a 3 to 1 discrimination against iododeoxyuridylate as compared to thymidylate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384602
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    Extrachromosomal genetics in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Isolation and characterization of antimycin-resistant mutants (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 475-482 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; Yeast ; Extrachromosomal inheritance ; Antimycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Antimycin-resistant (AR) mutants of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, obtained either spontaneously or after manganese treatment, were isolated and genetically characterized. Most of the mutants obtained after manganese mutagenesis and two spontaneous mutants, tolerated high antimycin concentrations (more than 10 /gmg/ml) and were extrachromosomal. One mutant which grew only in low antimycin (1 /gmg/ml) showed a Mendelian type of inheritance. The extrachromosomal mutants could be assigned to at least two genetic loci (A I R and A II R ). Mutants representative of these two groups showed increased resistance to the antibiotic when the respiration of whole cells or mitochondria was studied. Extrachromosomal mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to antimycin were also induced with manganese, isolated and characterized. Comparative studies of the antimycin-resistant mutants of K. lactis and S. cerevisiae permitted the following observations: a) K. lactis is more resistant to antimycin, funiculosin, mucidin and diuron than S. cerevisiae, as are the AR mutants; b) K. lactis shows correlated sensitivity to funiculosin differing in this aspect from S. cerevisiae; c) the antimycin-resistant mutants of K. lactis belonging to group 11 (A II R ) were also resistant to diuron, tolerating concentrations of more than 200 /gmg/ml; d) all extrachromosomal antimycin-resistant-mutants of S. cerevisiae and some of the AR mutants of K. lactis were more sensitive to mucidin than the wild type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384609
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    Phenotypic suppression and nuclear accommodation of the mit − oxi1-V25 mutation in isolated yeast mitochondria (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 305-310 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Translation ; Informational Suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phenotypic suppression by the antibiotic, paromomycin, of the mitochondrial oxi1 −-V25 mutation, a mutation which arrests by premature ochre codon the synthesis of the cox 11 subunit, was studied in isolated yeast mitochondria competent in translation. This antibiotic is known to suppress the mutation in vivo (Dujardin et al. 1984) and allowed in vitro, at concentrations of 20–1100 Mg per ml. the synthesis of the cox II subunit. This strongly suggests that phenotypic suppression of mit − mutations is due to the direct action of paromomycin on mitochondrial ribosomes. The effect of paromomycin bears a resemblance to the function of the omnipotent nuclear suppressor mutation R705. The nuclear suppression was expressed in isolated mitochondria; suppressor mutation influenced the structure of the mitoribosome. Therefore, it appears that mitoribosomes are indeed the common target in the phenotypical and genetic nuclear suppression of the oxi1-V25 mutation.
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    ARS activity along the yeast mitochondrial apocytochrome b region: correlation with the location of petite genomes and consensus sequences (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 583-589 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; ARS-like activity ; Petite genome replication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seven MboI fragments spanning the mitochondrial apocytochrome b gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D273-10B were cloned in the BamHI site of the integrative yeast vector YIp5 and the capacity for autonomous replication was subsequently assayed in yeast. The positive correlation found between the ars-like activity in four fragments and the presence of regions common to multiple ethidium bromide-induced petite (rho−) genomes suggests that the mitochondrial sequences possibly active as origins of replication in low-complexity neutral or weakly suppressive rho− mutants could be functionally related to the yeast nuclear replicator 11 nucleotide motif defined by Broach et al. (1983).
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    Genetic mapping of eleven spo genes essential for ascospore formation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 443-447 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mapping ; Sporulation ; Yeast ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sporulation-deficient mutants of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe were isolated from a homothallic strain mutagenized with ethyl methanesulfonate. Complementation tests defined two new genetic loci (spo19 and spo20) essential for ascospore formation, in addition to the 18 known spo loci (Bresch et al. 1968). A novel mapping procedure using random spore analysis prior to tetrad analysis allowed us to map 11 spo genes. Four genes (spo3, spo15, spo19 and spo20) were mapped on chromosome I, 6 genes (spo2, spo4, spoS, spo6, spo14 and spo18) on chromosome II and 1 gene (spo13) on chromosome III. Although there was no noticeable clustering of spo genes on the chromosomes, three pairs of linked genes (spo15-spo20, spo3-spo19 and spo2-spo18) were found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419871
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    Cloning and characterisation of the ribosomal RNA genes of the dimorphic yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 449-452 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: rRNA genes ; Yeast ; Yarrowia lipolytica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ribosomal RNA genes of Yarrowia lipolytica have been identified, both in restriction digests of total genomic DNA and in a pBR322 gene bank, by hybridisation with cloned Saccharomyces cerevisiae rDNA. The Y. lipolytica rDNA repeat unit is 8.9 kb in size and contains the genes for the 25S and 18S, but not the 5S, rRNA species. The number of copies of these repeat units is approx. 50 per haploid genome. Several clones were found which did not conform to the standard restriction map due to differences outside the coding region. It appears that there is either heterogeneity of the spacer sequence within a strain or that the Y. lipolytica rDNA genes may be present as a number of separate clusters within this yeast's genome.
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    Yeast arginine permease: nucleotide sequence of the CAN1 gene (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 587-592 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Arginine permease ; Membrane protein ; Nucleotide sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast CAN1 gene, thought to encode arginine permease, has found use in genetics as a selectable locus. We have sequenced the cloned CAN1 gene, which contains an open reading frame of 1770 nucleotides, encoding a polypeptide of calculated molecular weight 65,766. Disruption of this open reading frame largely abolishes CAN1 gene expression, while subcloned fragments of the open reading frame hybridize strand —specifically to a 2.3 kb yeast RNA message. The encoded protein has no leader signal sequence, and is highly hydrophobic, with a possible twelve membrane-spanning domains, several of which have the high hydrophobic moments seen in channel-forming or permease proteins. This protein structure is consistent with the CAN1 product being the plasma membrane arginine permease.
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    Cloning of a nuclear gene MRS1 involved in the excision of a single group I intron (bI3) from the mitochondrial COB transcript in S. cerevisiae (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 185-191 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene cloning ; Mitochondrial RNA splicing ; Nuclear mutants ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The respiratory deficient yeast nuclear mutant MK3 is defective in the synthesis of the mature transcripts of the mitochondrial COB and OX13 genes, which code for apocytochrome b and subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase, resp. Introns 3 and 4 of the COB transcript (bI3 and bI4) and intron 4 (aI4) of the OXI3 transcript can not be excised (Pillar et al. 1983a, b). When combined with mitochondrial genomes lacking introns bI1, bI2 and bI3, or lacking intron bI3 alone the mutant is respiratory competent. Thus, the non-excision of bI4 and aI4 turns out to be an indirect effect of the mutation. From a wild type yeast genebank a plasmid has been isolated with a 3.3 kb DNA insert, which complements the mutant. Subcloning experiments assigned the functional gene to a 1.6 kb HaeIII-Sau3A fragment. Hybridization experiments showed, that it is (i) a single copy gene, (ii) also present in strain D273-10B, containing the “short form” mitochondrial genome (lacking the COB introns bI1-bI3), and (iii) located on chromosome IX. The nuclear gene defective in mutant MK3, was named MRS1 (Mitochondrial RNA Splicing). The involvement of this nuclear gene in the excision of a single group I mitochondrial intron (bI3) of the COB transcript is discussed.
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    DNA repair genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: complementing rad4 and rev2 mutations by plasmids which cannot be propagated in Escherichia coli (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Excision repair ; Mutagenic DNA repair ; RAD4 and REV2 gene cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The RAD4 gene of yeast required for the incision step of DNA excision repair and the REV2 (= RAD5) gene involved in mutagenic DNA repair could not be isolated from genomic libraries propagated in E. coli regardless of copy number of the shuttle vector in yeast. Transformants with plasmids conferring UV resistance to a rad4-4 or a rev2-1 mutant were only recovered if yeast was transformed directly without previous amplification of the gene bank in E. coli. DNA preparations from these yeast clones yielded no transformants in E. coli but retransformation of yeast was possible. This lead to the isolation of a defective derivative of the rad4 complementing plasmid. The modified plasmid was now capable of transforming E. coli but still interfered significantly with its growth.
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    A mitochondrial frameshift-suppressor (+) of the yeast S. cerevisiae maps in the mitochondrial 15S rRNA locus (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 295-301 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial ; Frameshift-Suppression ; 15S rRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The first case of a +1 “extrageneic” frameshift suppressor (MF1), mapping in the yeast mitochondrial 15S rRNA gene is reported. The suppressor was identified by genetic analyses in a leaky mitochondrial oxi1 frameshift mutant and the respective wild-type strain 777-3A of the yeast S. cerevisiae. This is in accordance with the finding that all mitochondrial frameshift mutants isolated from this strain tend to be leaky to a variable degree. MF1 does not suppress known nonsense mutations created by a direct basepair exchange in strain 777-3A. These mutants exhibit a non-leaky phenotype (Weiss-Brummer et al. 1984).
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    Effect of ploidy on the critical size for cell proliferation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 591-594 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Nuclear ploidy ; Critical size ; Cell proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary For a polyploid series of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains ranging from haploid to tetraploid we found that the critical cell size required to initiate a new cell division process was directly and linearly proportional to ploidy, but was not influenced by the information at the MAT locus which determines cell type. Therefore, over at least a four-fold range in ploidy the cell cycle machinery which is responsive to growth is modulated by nuclear DNA content.
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    Comparative enzyme and ethanol production in an isogenic yeast ploidy series (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ploidy ; Isogenic ; Ethanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Effects on ethanol production by increases in gene dosage independent of heterosis in yeast are compared for an isogenic ploidy series ranging from haploid to tetraploid. The per-cell rate of ethanol accumulation in parallel batch cultures increases with cell ploidy, and is attributable to intrinsic, ploidy-associated increases in cell mass-adjusted ethanol production rates. This increase in per-cell ethanol accumulation in the tetraploid strain is as high as 6.9 times the level of accumulation in the haploid. That is, the efficiency of ethanol production per unit cell mass is greater in cells of higher ploidy.
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    The influence of cell ploidy on the thermotolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
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    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 595-598 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Heat shock ; Thermotolerance ; Ploidy ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to inactivation by DNA damaging agents has long been known to be affected by cell ploidy. Resistance is greater for diploid than for haploid cells, but exhibits decreases for further increases in ploidy beyond diploid. In this study S. cerevisiae cells whose genomes differ only in their ploidy were employed to investigate how ploidy directly influences resistance to thermal killing. In virtually all species resistance to thermal killing is a cellular property that is elevated by heat shock and other agents that induce the heat shock response. We therefore investigated how ploidy affected the thermal killing of S. cerevisiae cells both before and after elevation of thermotolerance by means of a 40 min 25 °C to 38 °C heat shock. Without such induction of thermotolerance there was negligible effect of ploidy on thermal killing. In contrast in the heat shocked cultures there was an appreciable decrease in thermotolerance as ploidy increased. This difference indicates that the lethal thermal damage in the thermotolerance induced cultures is not totally equivalent to that in cells not given a prior heat shock, and that gene expression changes after heat shock result in a ploidy effect on heat tolerance which is absent from cells in which the heat shock response has not been induced.
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    Coincident chromosomal disomy in meiotic dyads from triploid yeast (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 569-576 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Disomy ; Meiotic dyads
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Among meiotic asci produced by triploid (3N) Saccharomyces cerevisiae are cases in which exactly two of the four ascospores proliferate into colonies. Given the unique asymmetry problems inherent in distributing three chromosome homologues in meiosis, these ascospore dyads are of special interest. We have tested 40 of these dyads (80 ascospores) for their chromosome content by ascertaining whether they have inherited one or two copies of each of the sixteen yeast chromosomes from the parental triploid. Overall, then, ascospores in these dyads can be either haploid (N) or disomic (N + 1) for each chromosome. The principal results of this analysis include: (1) Coincident disomy (inheritence of two copies of a given chromosome in both members of an ascospore dyad) was detected for 15 of the 16 yeast chromosomes, and at least once in every dyad. (2) Coincident disomy increased as a function of the mean number of disomic chromosomes per spore in each dyad, but this increase differed functionally from that expected if coincident disomy in the two ascospores were a simple, meiotically independent, concomitant of multiple disomy. We conclude from these results that: (1) The ascospore dyads, as the two proliferating spores of single meioses from the triploid, represent meiotic sisters. That is, they stem from the same half of the first meiotic division. (2) Multiply-disomic meiotic segregants of yeast triploids proliferate at the expense of their multiple disomy, as cells in spore colonies experience repeated and independent disomic chromosome losses (N + 1 → N). (3) Aneuploid generation in triploid meiosis is chromosomally unbiased and is the consequence of the independent two-by-one segregation at MI of every homologous triad.
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    The cloning and characterization of a RAS gene fromSchizosaccharomyces pombe (1986)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 23 (1986), S. 41-51 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: RAS oncogene ; Cloning ; DNA sequence ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a RAS gene from the yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe (SP-RAS). The putative RAS protein of 214 amino acids is encoded by two noncontiguous reading frames separated by an intron of 86 bp. The SP-RAS gene product shares extensive homology with the proteins of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae (SC),Dictyostelium, Drosophila, and human RAS genes in its N-terminal region but not in its C-terminal region. The extended C-terminal regions found in the SC-RAS genes have no counterpart in the SP-RAS gene. Thus the RAS genes of these two yeasts are structurally quite distinct. The SP-RAS sequence was expressed in vivo.
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    Molecular evolution of theSaccharomyces cerevisiae histone gene loci (1987)
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    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1987), S. 252-259 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Histone genes ; Gene conversion ; Diploidization ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The core histone genes ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae are arranged as duplicate nonallelic sets of specifically paired genes. The identity of structural organization between the duplicated gene pairs would have its simplest evolutionary origin in the duplication of a complete locus in a single event. In such a case, the time since the duplication of one of the genes should be identical to that since duplication of the gene adjacent to it on the chromosome. A calculation of the evolutionary distances between the coding DNA sequences of the histone genes leads to a duplication paradox: The extents of sequence divergence in the silent component of third-base positions for adjacent pairs of genes are not identical. Estimates of the evolutionary distance between the two H3-H4 noncoding intergene DNA sequences are large; the divergence between the two separate sequences is indistinguishable from the divergence between either of the regions and a randomly generated permutation of itself. These results suggest that the duplication event may have occurred much earlier than previously estimated. The potential age of the duplication, and the attractive simplicity of the duplication of both the H3-H4 and the H2A-H2B gene pairs having taken place in a single event, leads to the hypothesis that modern haploidS. cerevisiae may have evolved by diploidization or fusion of two ancient fungi.
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    Urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide transformations in Costa Rican soils (1987)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 255-261 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; fertilizer N ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide (DCD) were studied in an Inceptisol and three Andisols from Costa Rica, considering the influence of temperature and DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification was very slow with or without DCD in the strongly acid Inceptisol. A higher urea dose resulting in higher pH was well nitrified without DCD and appreciably retarded by DCD. In Andisols nitrification was retarded as long as a higher DCD level existed. Higher temperatures accelerated the DCD-breakdown and were followed by a quicker nitrification. The decomposition of DCD was slower compared with the Inceptisol. According to these experiments DCD is suitable as a nitrification inhibitor in tropical soils.
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    Evaluation and model of temperature and rainfall effects on response to N sources applied to grassland in spring (1987)
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 255-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium nitrate ; model ; temperature ; rainfall ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct and residual effects of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on dry matter (DM) response were measured at a total of 12 application times in early spring over three years. The variation in the direct effect was described by models that included temperature and long-term rainfall for CAN and, additionally, short-term rainfall for urea. The operative temperature was the accumulated mean daily air temperature for combined intervals pre-application and postapplication of N. The effect of rainfall was apparent only when the data were adjusted for temperature. Simulation studies with the models indicated that, although the influence of temperature was dominant, rainfall modified it strongly in terms of the relative efficiencies of the two N sources and the magnitude of response. For instance, the temperature-induced increase in DM response to urea between cold and normal years was 402 kg ha−1 for a specified period, whereas differences between dry and wet years were decreases of 166 and 259 kg ha−1 in the case of urea and CAN, respectively. Short-term rainfall had a positive effect on response to urea. The experimental values varied widely both between and within years. The direct effect of the application of urea at 50 kg N ha−1 varied from 0 to 750 kg DM ha−1, and the residual effect varied from 0 to 1620 kg DM ha−1. The corresponding values for apparent N recovery varied from 0.1 to 45% and from 7 to 68%, respectively. The efficiency of urea was comparable to, and in instances better than, CAN.
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    Contribution of ammonia volatilization to total nitrogen loss after applications of urea to wetland rice fields (1986)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1986), S. 193-202 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N balance ; nitrification ; denitrification ; NH3 loss ; flooded soils ; windspeed ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The contribution of NH3 volatilization to the total N loss after the application of urea to flooded rice fields was evaluated in a series of experiments at two locations in the Philippines. Urea was applied in three ways: A. Broadcast and surface incorporated before transplanting (BI treatments), or B. Broadcast into the floodwater 14–21 days after transplanting (AT treatments), or C. Broadcast into the floodwater 5–7 days before panicle initiation (PI treatments). Total N loss was determined by using15N balance methods on microplots within fields where NH3 loss was measured concurrently by a direct, nondisturbing technique. The total15N losses in the AT studies at the completion of the NH3 loss measurements at Muñoz and Los Baños accounted for 45 and 60% of the15N applied, respectively. Ammonia volatilization accounted for all of the15N lost in the Muñoz study but only 45% of that lost at Los Baños. In comparison with the AT studies, lower N losses (18–26% of N applied) were obtained in the BI treatments. At Los Baños, NH3 loss again accounted for about half of this N loss. In the PI study at Muñoz, NH3 loss and total N loss accounted for 11 and 13% of the N applied, respectively. Thus, NH3 volatilization appeared to be the only important loss mechanism at Muñoz. In contrast, loss by an alternative mechanism, most probably involving nitrification-denitrification, was of equal importance to NH3 volatilization at Los Baños. Differences in windspeeds, temperatures, and soil properties at the two sites may account for the variation in the relative importance of the two N loss mechanisms.
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    Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Deuteromycotina: Moniliales), a fungal pathogen of the mosquito Aedes australis (1986)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 96 (1986), S. 87-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mosquito pathogen ; growth ; sporulation ; temperature ; pH ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The New Zealand strain of Tolypocladium cylindrosporum was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium under varying regimes of growth conditions. The isolate exhibited good tolerances to temperature (4–35 °C), pH (3–10) and salinity (0–7% NaCl). Optimal vegetative growth and sporulation were recorded between a temperature range of 20–30° C, pH of 5–6 and a salinity level of 0–2% NaCl. The North American isolate of the fungus showed similar tolerances, while the European isolate was less tolerant.
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    Effects of temperature and sliding rate on frictional strength of granite (1986)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 445-469 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Shear strength ; temperature ; deformation rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Layers of artificial granite gouge have been deformed on saw-cut granite surfaces inclined 30° to the sample axes. Samples were deformed at a constant confining pressure of 250 MPa and temperatures of 22 to 845°C. The velocity dependence of the steady-state coefficient of friction (μss) was determined by comparing sliding strengths at different sliding rates. The results of these measurements are consistent with those reported bySolberg andByerlee (1984) at room temperature andStesky (1975) between 300 and 400°C. Stesky found that the slip-rate dependence of (μss) increased above 400°C. In the present study, however, the velocity dependence of (μss) was nearly independent of temperature.
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    Introduction (1986)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1179-1182 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Extreme environments ; environmental stress ; temperature ; pH ; radiation ; toxic elements
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Immunochemical studies on xanthine dehydrogenase of soybean root nodules (1986)
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    Planta 167 (1986), S. 190-195 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glycine (xanthine dehydrogenase) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Polyclonal antibody ; Root nodule ; Xanthine dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.2.1.37) was purified from root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) and used to prepare a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Monospecificity of this antiserum was ascertained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipate. During root nodule development of soybean, only one form of XDH was detected on an immunological basis. Titration of XDH by immunoelectrophoresis showed that a remarkable increase in the amount of XDH occurred between two and four weeks after inoculation, in parallel with the increase in enzyme activity. Localization of XDH by immunofluorescence indicated that the enzyme was present exclusively in uninfected cells where it appeared to be associated with discrete organellels
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    Yeast communities from host plants and associated Drosophila in southern arizona: new isolations and analysis of the relative importance of hosts and vectors on comunity composition (1986)
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    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 386-392 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Yeast ; Drosophila ; Host plants ; Communities ; Vectors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast communities from slime fluxes of three deciduous trees (Prosopis juliflora, Populus fremontii and Quercus emoryi) and the necroses of two cacti (Opuntia phaeacantha and Carnegiea gigantea) were surveyed in the region of Tucson, Arizona. In addition, the yeasts carried by dipterans associated with the fluxes or necroses (Drosophila carbonaria, D. brooksae, D. nigrospiracula, D. mettleri, and Aulacigaster leucopeza) were sampled. The results indicate that each host sampled had a distinct community of yeasts associated with it. The dipterans, which can act as vectors of the yeasts, deposited yeasts from other sources in addition to those found on their associated hosts. It is argued that host plant physiology is relatively more important than the activity of the vector in determining yeast community composition. Furthermore, the average number of yeast species per flux or necrosis is not different from the average number of yeast species per fly. It is hypothesized that the vector may affect the number of species per individual flux or not, and that the number is lower than the rot or necrosis could potentially support.
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    Alkylation mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: lack of evidence for an adaptive response (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 647-655 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Alkylation mutagenesis ; Adaptive response ; rad6 ; rad52 ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have found no evidence for an adaptive response for either lethality or mutagenesis following treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The rad6 and rad52 mutants of S. cerevisiae are highly defective in MNNG and ethyl methanesulfonate induced mutagenesis of both stationary and exponential phase cells. These and other observations indicate that the mechanisms of repair of alkylation damage and mutagenesis differ markedly between S. cerevisiae and Escherichia coli.
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    A new mutation for multiple drug resistance and modified plasma membrane ATPase activity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 10 (1986), S. 359-364 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Multiple drug resistance ; ATPase ; Yeast ; Plasma membrane ; Cycloheximide ; pma ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutant JV66 was selected from the wild type strain of S. pombe 972h− ade7-413 by its ability to grow on solid rich medium containing 200 μg Dio-9/ml. The single nuclear mutation, designated pma1 gives resistance towards diguanidines and several other positively charged compounds. The pma1 mutation also decreases plasma membrane ATPase activity and confers resistance of ATPase to vanadate. The pma1 locus is localized on chromose I at 5.3 map units from cyh1-C7 and at about 20.7 map units from the centromere. This new mutation is genetically and phenotypically different from the mutation cyh3 and cyh4 previously described (Johnston and Coddington 1983).
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    Comparison of expression of the endo-β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene from Bacillus subtilis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the CYC1 and ADH1 promoters (1986)
    Springer
    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; β-glucanase ; Bacillus ; Gene expression
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The endo-β-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene from B. subtilis was placed under yeast promoter control in a number of different yeast expression vectors. The hybrid plasmids were transformed into S. cerevisiae where they directed the synthesis of varying amounts of active enzyme. The presence of B. subtilis DNA sequences 5′ to the initiation codon for the B. subtilis β-glucanase gene reduced expression of the gene in yeast. A 1,000-fold increase in the yield of β-glucanase was obtained using the ADH1 promoter compared with the CYC1 promoter.
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    Transformation of ψ − Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ψ + with DNA co-purified with 3 μm circles (1986)
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    Current genetics 11 (1986), S. 79-82 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Psi-factor ; 3-micron plasmids ; Yeast
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary DNA enriched for supercoiled plasmids prepared from the 3 μm plasmid-enriched, [ψ +], [2 μm°] strain 6-1G-P188 and from the [2 μm+] [ψ+] strain LL20 can be used to transform a ψ − recipient strain to ψ +. Fractionation of the former preparation by electrophoresis showed that the 3 Mm plasmid band contained the transforming activity.
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    Cryptic DNA plasmids of the heterothallic yeast Saccharomycopsis crataegensis (1987)
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    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 297-304 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Fungi ; S. crataegensis ; Yeast ; Plasmid ; Linear DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three DNA plasmids, designated pScrl-1, pScrl-2, and pScrl-3 have been found in a strain of the heterothallic yeast Saccharomycopsis crataegensis (NRRL Y-5902). pScrl-l, -2 and -3 are, respectively, 15, 7, and 5 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size. Based on the results of exonuclease digestions, all three plasmids appear to be linear molecules with blocked 5′ ends. All three plasmids also have a lower buoyant density than does nuclear DNA of S. crataegensis. The two lower molecular weight plasmids hybridize strongly with one another, but only weakly to the higher molecular weight plasmid. Two of four related S. crataegensis strains surveyed were found to contain two plasmids that are of the same size as the two larger plasmids of Y-5902. Evidence is presented indicating that the plasmids in strain Y-5902 reside in the cytosol since they were found not to be located within the major organelles (mitochondria and nuclei).
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    At least two nuclear-encoded factors are involved together with a mitochondrial factor (MR1) in spontaneous mitochondrial frameshift-suppression of the yeast S. cerevisiae (1987)
    Springer
    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 387-390 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Frameshift-Suppression ; Mitochondrial/Nuclear ; Interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Earlier genetic analyses have identified a mitochondrial +1 frameshift suppressor (MF1) in the 15S rRNA region of a leaky mitochondrial frameshift mutant and the respective wild-type strain 777-3A (Weiss-Brummer et al. 1987). Further genetic analyses revealed that for the observed spontaneous frameshift suppression in M5631 the mitochondrial factor (MF1) must act together with at least two dominant nuclear-encoded factors.
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    Biosynthesis regulation of the β-glucosidase produced by a yeast strain transformed by genetic engineering (1986)
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    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 115-117 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: β-Glucosidase ; Yeast ; Genetic engineering ; Biosynthesis regulation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biosynthesis of the β-glucosidase enzyme was studied in a transformed yeast obtained by cloning in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the structural gene coding for β-glucosidase in Kluyveromyces fragilis. The enzyme biosynthesis was found to be non-adaptative, and repressed by glucose. These features are similar to those observed in K. fragilis. β-Glucosidase activity in the transformed yeast was much higher than in K. fragilis. We attempted to ferment cellobiose with the transformed yeast: practically no cellobiose was consumed, growth and ethanol production were negligible. Warburg experiments showed that cellobiose fermentation did not occur when the respiratory chain was not functioning.
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    Extracellular protein fibrils in Chrysochromulina breviturrita (Prymnesiophyceae) and their serological relationship to fungal fimbriae (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 207-213 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Extracellular proteins ; Surface fibrils ; Algae-fungi-Chrysochromulina ; Immunocytochemistry ; Agglutination ; Fimoriae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An extensive network of extracellular fibrils was revealed by negative staining in the greenish gold algal flagellate, Chrysochromulina breviturrita. These fibrils were of uniform diameter (4–5 nm), sometimes exceeding 5 μm in length. In addition there were short, narrower fibrils (2–3 nm) on the surface of the flagella. Six protein bands were isolated from spent culture medium by SDS-PAGE and one of 80,000 Da was found to polymerize after dialysis into 4–5 nm fibrils identical to those found on the cell surface. Two other proteins of 58,000 Da and 65,000 Da also formed 4–5 nm fibrils but these were either rare or of a shorter length and different appearance. An antiserum directed against the surface 7 nm fibrils (fimbriae) of fungi agglutinated cells of C. breviturrita and some other Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae, but did not agglutinate cells of algal species in other groups. Immunofluorescence and protein A gold labelling confirmed that antigens related to fungal fimbriae were present on the surface of cells of C. breviturrita. Only the 80,000 and 58,000 Da proteins labelled heavily following protein A gold labelling. Some individual 4–5 nm fibrils labelled with gold were observed in the material prepared from the 80,000 Da band. These results therefore establish that C. breviturrita produces a surface network of fibrils that are serologically related to the fimbriae of fungi, and suggest a previously unrecognized relationship between members of the Prymnesiophyceae, Chrysophyceae and fungal groups.
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    A proton-translocating adenosine triphosphatase is associated with the peroxisomal membrane of yeasts (1987)
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    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 42-47 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; Yeast ; Peroxisomes ; Proton-translocating ATPase ; Cell fractionation ; Fluorescence quenching studies ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The association of an ATPase with the yeast peroxisomal membrane was established by both biochemical and cytochemical procedures. Peroxisomes were purified from protoplast homogenates of the methanol-grown yeast Hansenula polymorpha by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Biochemical analysis revealed that ATPase activity was associated with the peroxisomal peak fractions which were identified on the basis of alcohol oxidase and catalase activity. The properties of this ATPase closely resembled those of the mitochondrial ATPase of this yeast. The enzyme was Mg2+-dependent, had a pH optimum of approximately 8.5 and was sensitive to N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), oligomycin and azide, but not to vanadate. A major difference was the apparent K m for ATP which was 4–6 mM for the peroxisomal ATPase compared to 0.6–0.9 mM for the mitochondrial enzyme. Cytochemical experiments indicated that the peroxisomal ATPase was associated with the membranes surrounding these organelles. After incubations with CeCl3 and ATP specific reaction products were localized on the peroxisomal membrane, both when unfixed isolated peroxisomes or formaldehyde-fixed protoplasts were used. This staining was strictly ATP-dependent; in controls performed i) in the absence of substrate, ii) in the presence of glycerol 2-phosphate instead of ATP, or iii) in the presence of DCCD, staining was invariably absent. Similar staining patterns were observed in subcellular fractions and protoplasts of Candida utilis and Trichosporon cutaneum X4, grown in the presence of ethanol/ethylamine or ethylamine, respectively.
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    Effect of ozone on ATP, cytosolic enzymes and permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1987)
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    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ozone ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ATP ; Nucleotides ; Permeability ; Cytosolic enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of a yeast suspension with ozone inactivates a number of cytosolic enzymes. Among 15 studied, the most drastic inactivation was found for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and to lesser extents: NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase-1 and NAD-alcohol dehydrogenase. Ozone treatment also effects the quantity of ATP and of other nucleoside triphosphates, reducing to about 50% of the initial value. The ATP missing in the cells appears in the medium. NAD and protein also accumulate in the medium suggesting that the yeast cells have been permeabilized. Permeabilization of the yeast cells by treatment with ozone preceeds the inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and other cytosolic enzymes.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of methyl-coenzyme M reductase in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1987)
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    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 190-194 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Methyl-CoM reductase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Colloidal gold ; Energy conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were fixed with glutaraldehyde, sectioned and labeled with antibodies against the β subunit of component C (=methyl-CoM reductase) of methyl-CoM reductase system and with colloidal gold-labeled protein A. It was found that the gold particles were located predominantly in the vicinity of the cytoplasmic membrane, when the cells were grown under conditions where methyl-CoM reductase was not overproduced. This finding confirms the recent data obtained with Methanococcus voltae showing via the same immunocytochemical localization technique that in this organism methyl-CoM reductase is membrane associated.
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    Inhibition of protein phosphorylation by chloroquine (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 235-239 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Yeast ; Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rapid phase of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) inactivation following glucose addition to starved yeast cells [reported previously] is inhibited on addition of 10 mM chloroquine (CQ) at about pH 8. This inhibition of inactivation was shown to be due to the prevention of phosphorylation of the enzyme. CQ was also found to inhibit general protein phosphorylation in the yeast cells. Glycolysis, as observed by changes in intracellular glucose-6-phosphate and extracellular glucose and ethanol concentrations, was shown to be significantly inhibited in cells treated with CQ. Similarly, a decrease in ATP concentrations was observed. However, during the early stages of phosphorylation of FBPase, levels of ATP were similar in cells containing CQ as in those without CQ. Thus, decrease in ATP levels is not thought to be significantly responsible for the inhibition of protein phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylating activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases is inhibited in vitro by relatively low concentrations of CQ. Thus, prevention of protein phosphorylation by CQ is believed to be due to inhibition of protein kinases in yeast cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00463481
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    Immunological evidence for the involvement of cell wall proteins in phosphate uptake in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 144 (1986), S. 207-212 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Phosphate uptake ; Antigenic relationships ; Cell wall proteins ; Candida tropicalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunological cross-reactivity between cell wall proteins obtained from two yeast genera (Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is reported. Specific retention of two cell wall proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by an immunoabsorbent column coupled with antibodies against phosphate binding protein 2 (PiBP2) from Candida tropicalis allowed to generate antibodies against the proteins from S. cerevisiae. These antibodies were effective in inhibiting phosphate uptake by S. cerevisiae cells. The proteins from S. cerevisiae displayed a phosphate binding activity which was inhibited in the presence of the forementioned antibodies. These results and the observation that the amount of these proteins in the shock fluid was dependent of the growth conditions (i.e., in the presence or in the absence of phosphate) support the idea that these proteins are involved in the high affinity phosphate transport system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410948
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    Localization of nitrogenase in vesicles of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 by immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1987), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultracryotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 showed specific labelling of nitrogenase in the spherical cells called vesicles. No label was found in the hyphae in any cells grown on a medium with combined nitrogen, nor in those to which no specific antiserum was added. Similar results were obtained with cultures grown under high (20%) and low (2%) oxygen tension in the gas phase.
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    A quantitative method for predicting shelf life of soft drinks using a model system (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1987), S. 59-62 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Zygosaccharomyces ; Spoilage ; Synergism ; pH ; °Brix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A quantitative method for the prediction of growth of the food spoilage yeastZygosaccharomyces bailii in a model fruit-drink system is described. A factorially designed experiment was employed to produce polynomial equations relating pH and sugar concentration (°brix) to the lag period and doubling time of this yeast. Low pH values (〈3.0) and high °brix values (〉40) show a strong synergistic action on the extension of lag period, which could be used, along with the model presented, in the formulation of product preservation systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569407
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    Selection in yeast I: Assessing genetic stability and relative fitness of commercial yeasts (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1987), S. 159-165 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Genetic stability ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Selection ; Reproductive fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The potential for changes in allele frequencies in yeast populations by selection was examined. Cells from the wine yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae (strain Montrachet) were grown over a large number of generations using two different culturing techniques, each with two variations: serial transfers on WLN agar plates with and without UV irradiation, and continuous culture in autoclaved and in filter-sterilized grape must. A low frequency of variant isozyme patterns was found in samples taken at the end of the experiment. Growth rates in must and on agar plates were also examined, and it was found that all samples were faster-growing than the original strain, to varying degrees. Applications for the selection system developed are discussed.
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    The effect of temperature on biochemical and molecular properties ofDrosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (1986)
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    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 873-889 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; temperature ; adaptation ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gene products of the two major alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-F and ADH-S) have been subjected to kinetic and biochemical analyses over a range of temperatures. Although temperature was found to have a significant effect on both kinetic and biochemical properties ofDrosophila ADH, no significant differential effect was observed between the major ADH allozymes. The results are discussed within the context of the selective maintenance ofAdh polymorphism in natural populations.
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    Macromolecular interaction and the electrophoretic mobility of esterase-5 from Drosophila pseudoobscura (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 287-307 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: macromolecular interactions ; temperature ; electrophoresis ; esterase-5 ; Drosophila pseudoobscura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase-5 is one of the most polymorphic loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Some variants reportedly produce a dimeric enzyme, while a few produce a monomeric form. This paper reports the finding that during electrophoresis ESTERASE-5 exists in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and dimers, an equilibrium that is dependent on the running temperature of the gels. This is shown by a series of analytical electrophoresis experiments in which the apparent molecular weights of several variants are determined at four different temperatures. Increasing temperatures result in a linear decrease in the logarithm of apparent molecular weights. Macromolecular interactions thus are a significant determinant of EST-5 electrophoretic mobility.
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    Characterization and temperature regulation of soluble proteins of a male sterile tomato mutant (1987)
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 717-728 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: male sterility ; mutant ; proteins ; temperature ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The soluble proteins of the normal and male-sterile stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in different temperatures were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The normal and mutant stamens had some common proteins, but certain proteins were either present or more enriched in one genotype than in the other. The other floral organs of the normal and mutant showed no major differences in proteins, suggesting that the sl-2/sl-2 allele is active primarily in anther development. Normal and mutant stamens grown in high temperatures were enriched in some proteins in comparison to the intermediate temperatures. At low temperatures, the protein pattern of normal and mutant stamens was essentially similar.
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    Temperature effects on cholinesterases from rat brain capillaries (1986)
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    Bioscience reports 6 (1986), S. 573-577 
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    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: temperature ; cholinesterases ; brain capillaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The activities of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in rat brain capillaries were measured as a function of temperature. Arrhenius plots of the data revealed that AChE exhibits a biphasic Arrhenius plot with a distinct break (transition temperature) at about 15.2 kcal/mol. In contrast, BuChE did not show evidence of discontinuity. BuChE showed an activation energy higher than that of AChE in the physiological range of temperature. These data suggest a lack of lipid-protein interaction in the case of BuChE. Although the possibility exists that BuChE is weakly anchored to the membranes, our results indicate that BuChE is not bound, at least significantly, to cellular membranes in brain capillaries as is ACHE.
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    Effects of anisosmotic medium on cell volume, transmembrane potential and intracellular K+ activity in mouse hepatocytes (1987)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 100 (1987), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hepatocyte ; cell volume ; K+ conductance ; temperature ; quinine HCl ; intracellular K+ activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mouse hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture (4 hr) were exposed for 10 min at 37°C to anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration. Hepatocytes maintained constant relative cell volume (experimental volume/control volume) as a function of external medium relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm), ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. In contrast, the relative cell volume fit a predicted Boyle-Van't Hoff plot when the experiment was done at 4°C. Mouse liver slices were used for electrophysiologic studies, in which hepatocyte transmembrane potential (V m ) and intracellular K+ activity (a K i ) were recorded continuously by open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes, respectively. Liver slices were superfused with control and then with anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration.V m increased (hyperpolarized) with hypoosmotic medium and decreased (depolarized) with hyperosmotic medium, and ln [10(experimentalV m /controlV m )] was a linear function of relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm) in the range 0.8–1.5. Thea K i did not change when medium osmolality was decreased 40–70 mOsm from control of 280 mOsm. Similar hypoosmotic stress in the presence of either 60mm K+ or 1mm quinine HCl or at 27°C resulted in no change inV m compared with a 20-mV increase inV m without the added agents or at 37°C. We conclude that mouse hepatocytes maintain their volume anda K i in response to anisosmotic medium; however,V m behaves as an osmometer under these conditions. Also, increases inV m by hypoosmotic stress were abolished by conditions or agents that inhibit K+ conductance.
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    Efficiency, Na+/K+ selectivity and temperature dependence of ion transport through lipid membranes by (221)C10-Cryptand, an ionizable mobile carrier (1987)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 97 (1987), S. 79-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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    I/V-Curve studies of the control of a K+ transporter inNitella by temperature (1987)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: control ; curve fitting ; I/V curves ; K+ transporter ; Nitella ; lazy state ; reaction-kinetic model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary InNitella, current-voltage relationships were measured at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Sets of theseI/V curves were subject to curve fitting on the basis of a cyclic reaction scheme (Class I model). Different hypotheses of the mode of action of temperature on theI/V curve were tested, including changes in reaction constants in the transport cycle and deactivation of transport molecules. It was found that models assuming an influence of temperature on pairs of rate constants of the transport cycle gave very bad fits. Good fits were obtained with models implying that temperature influences the number of active transporters. The lazy-state model (the exchange of an inactive state with a stateN 3 in the transport cycle is influenced by temperature) gave a slightly better fit than the assumption of an unspecific inactivation (independent of the state of the transport molecule). According to the lazy-state analysis, the inactive state is kinetically closer toN o , the state in which the transport molecule is open to the outside substrate than toN i , the state in which it is open to the inside substrate. The two inactivation models imply that temperature does not act directly on the properties of the plasmamembrane, but that temperature-sensitive metabolic processes in the cell send signals which control the activation and deactivation of the transporter.
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    Neuroendocrine cells within colorectal tumours induced by dimethylhydrazine (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine ; Peptide YY ; Glucagon ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Colorectal adenocarcinomas were induced in male Wistar rats, by weekly subcutaneous administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, classified according to the degree of differentiation and submitted to immunocytochemistry for the peptides cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and the biogenic monoamine 5-hydroxytryptamine. Well- or moderately well-differentiated adenocarcinomas comprised 46% of the tumour population, only 4% were poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and the remaining 50% possessed a mixture of these two morphologies. Glucagon, PYY and 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive cells were frequently observed within well- or moderately well-differentiated tumours and within such regions of tumours possessing a mixed morphological pattern. The tumours contained no cells immunoreactive for any of the peptides not normally located within the colorectum, nor did they contain cells immunoreactive for somatostatin and VIP, although known positive controls did stain. Poorly-differentiated tumours and portions of tumours of mixed type, were consistently negative. 5-hydroxytryptamine was the most frequently located of the three antigens, being detected in 87% of the moderately well-differentiated tumours and 32% of the tumours with mixed morphologies. 11% of moderately well-differentiated tumours possessed 5-hydroxytryptamine positive cells in such profusion that they contributed significantly to the tumour mass. The distribution of glucagon-and PYY-immunoreactive cells was similar, although they occurred with a lower frequency, presumably corresponding to their lower numbers within the normal colorectal mucosa. Additionally, these two peptide immunoreactivities were colocalized in the majority of cells, although some cells contained only one antigen. The immense numbers of cells immunoreactive for peptides and monoamine in a significant proportion of colorectal adenocarcinomas suggests that they have arisen from multipotential endodermal stem cells within the tumours and are not part of the normal epithelial population being engulfed as the tumour grows.
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    Immunocytochemistry of magnocellular neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of normal and Brattleboro rats with vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 509-513 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anti-idiotype antibody ; Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Receptors ; Brattleboro rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody was generated by immunization with purified IgG of a primary vasopressin antiserum. The anti-idiotype antibody immunostained neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus of normal and Brattleboro rats. The distribution of immunostained perikarya in these hypothalamic nuclei together with the staining of fibers in median eminence and neural lobe was similar to that observed in normal rats with anti-vasopressin and suggests strongly that vasopressinergic neurons are being stained. Absorption studies with vasopressin and a vasopressin-binding receptor protein further indicate that a receptor associated with vasopressinergic neurons is recognized by the anti-idiotype antibody.
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    Localization of ornithine decarboxylase in the chick embryo during organogenesis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 75-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Chick embryo ; Organogenesis A ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis and thus in cell growth, was determined in the 4.5-day-old chick embryo, using two independent methods of analysis. ODC protein was identified by indirect immunofluorescence with a monospecific ODC antibody, and catalytically active ODC was identified by autoradiography with α-(5-3H) difluoromethylornithine. Both methods revealed a basically similar distribution of ODC within the embryo. Among the organs, the brain exhibited the highest ODC levels. ODC levels were also high in spinal cord, mesonephric tubules and heart. Similar levels, but confined to limited areas, were found in liver tissue, head mesenchyme, and the oral and pharyngeal regions. Organs that exhibited high ODC levels are all engaged in rapid growth, as well as in extensive tissue remodeling and differentiation.
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    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural evidence for a neurophysinergic innervation of the subcommissural organ of the snake Natrix maura (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 473-478 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Innervation ; Neu rophysins ; Mesotocin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Snake, Natrix maura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the snake Natrix maura was studied by use of the immunoperoxidase procedure. Primary antisera against bovine neurophysins (Nps I + II, OXY-Np), oxytocin (OXY), mesotocin (MST), arginine-vasotocin (AVT), somatostatin (SOM), β-endorphin (END) and bovine Reissner's fiber were used. A conventional ultrastructural study, with special emphasis on the nerve fibers present in the SCO, was also performed. Nerve fibers containing immunoreactive OXY-Np and MST were seen to reach the SCO. The staining of adjacent sections with the anti-Reissner's fiber serum showed that the OXY-Np- and MST-immunoreactive fibers were distributed among the cell bodies and processes of the ependymal secretory cells. No fibers containing immunoreactive OXY, AVT, SOM or END were found in the SCO. The ultrastructural analysis revealed in the SCO the presence of nerve fibers filled with electron-dense granules, 170–210 nm in diameter. Although a direct apposition between these fibers and the SCO cells was frequently seen, no synaptic differentiations were identified. Structures identical to the Herring bodies (found in the neurohypophysis) were seen in the SCO.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a rhodopsin-like protein in the lipochondria in photosensitive neurons of Aplysia californica (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurons ; Lipochondria ; Rhodopsin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Aplysia californica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies directed against squid opsin were used in immunocytochemical and immunoblot experiments to identify a rhodopsin-like protein in photosensitive neurons of Aplysia. Aldehyde-fixed abdominal and cerebral ganglia were embedded in paraffin for peroxidase anti-peroxidase analysis or used whole for immunofluorescence studies. Ganglia were embedded in Lowicryl K4M for electron-microscope immunocytochemistry. In both the cerebral and abdominal ganglia, light-microscope immunocytochemical results showed reaction product deposited around the neuronal cell periphery corresponding in position to the lipochondria. In the abdominal ganglion, the giant cell R2, located in the right rostral quarter, and neurons in the right caudal quarter were consistently labeled with anti-opsin. Electron-microscopic studies demonstrated ferritin-labeling of the lipochondria in R2 and other immunoreactive neurons. Immunoblot analysis of R2 and cerebral neuron extracts was used to identify two prominent immunoreactive protein bands at 85000 and 67500 molecular weight.
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    GABA neurones in retinas of different species and their postnatal development in situ and in culture in the rabbit retina (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurones ; Retina ; Different species ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localisation of GABA immunoreactive neurones in retinas of a variety of animals was examined. Immunoreactivity was associated with specific populations of amacrine neurones in all species examined, viz. rat, rabbit, goldfish, frog, pigeon and guinea-pig. All species, with the exception of the frog, possessed immunoreactive perikarya in their retinal ganglion cell layers. These perikarya are probably displaced amacrine cells because GABA immunoreactivity was absent from the optic nerves and destruction of the rat optic nerve did not result in degeneration of these cells. GABA immunoreactivity was also associated with the outer plexiform layers of all the retinas studied; these processes are derived from GABA-positive horizontal cells in rat, rabbit, frog, pigeon and goldfish retinas, from bipolar-like cells in the frog, and probably from interplexiform cells in the guinea-pig retina. The development of GABA-positive neurones in the rabbit retina was also analysed. Immunoreactivity was clearly associated with subpopulations of amacrine and horizontal cells on the second postnatal day. The immunoreactivity at this stage is strong, and fairly well developed processes are apparent. The intensity of the immunoreactivity increases with development in the case of the amacrine cells. The immunoreactive neurones appear fully developed at about the 8th postnatal day, although the immunoreactivity in the inner plexiform layer becomes more dispersed as development proceeds. The immunoreactive horizontal cells become less apparent as development proceeds, but they can still be seen in the adult retina. The GABA immunoreactive cells in rabbit retinas can be maintained in culture. Cultures of retinal cells derived from 2-day-old animals can be maintained for up to 20 days and show the presence of GABA-positive cells at all stages. In one-day-old cultures the GABA immunoreactive cells lacked processes but within three days had clearly defined processes. After maintenance for 10 days a meshwork of GABA-positive fibres could also be seen in the cultures.
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    Morphological variation of immunoreactive cells positive to cholecystokinin 33 (10–20) and gastrin 34 (1–15) in human duodenum (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 519-525 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Duodenum ; Cholecystokinin ; Gastrin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human duodenal endocrine cells reactive with antibodies to cholecystokinin (CCK) 33 (10–20) and/or gastrin 34 (1–15) were studied by a combination of immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic methods. By immunohistochemistry, three types of endocrine cells were distinguished in human duodenal mucosa, i.e., those only positive for only CCK, those positive for both CCK and gastrin and those only positive for only gastrin. Ultrastructurally, the first cell type is characterized by many secretory granules with an eccentric dense core (mean diameter; 271+-74 nm). The second cell type, which was less frequent than the other two, has ultrastructural features that resemble type-I cells. The last cell type was composed of two types of cells containing small secretory granules identical to those of IG cells (mean diameter; 171+-31 nm) or large secretory granules indistinguishable from those of I cells (mean diameter; 286+-50 nm).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212529
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    The dopaminergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 577-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Pituitary gland ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carassius auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dopaminergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary gland was studied by immunocytochemistry at the electron-microscope level using highly specific antibodies against dopamine coupled to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. A satisfactory preservation of the tissue was achieved after immersion in 5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer containing sodium metabisulfite to prevent oxidation of the endogenous dopamine. The immunocyto-chemical procedure was performed on Vibratome sections using the preembedding method. Immunoreactivity was restricted to part of the neurosecretory type-B fibers (diameter of the secretory vesicles lower than 100 nm) in which it was found to occupy the whole cytoplasm. Labeled fibers were observed within the neurohypophysis in the different parts of the gland and in the adenohypophyseal tissue where immunoreactive profiles were detected in close apposition to the different cell types. These data are in agreement with previous results obtained by means of radioautography and further support a role for dopamine in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary functions in teleosts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212536
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    Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus galloprovincialis (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 591-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; GAD ; Pedal ganglion ; Invertebrate nervous system ; Mytilus galloprovincialis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A substance immunologically related to vertebrate glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been visualized in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus with the pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, by use of an antiserum raised in sheep against rat brain GAD. The results show that GAD-like immunoreactivity is present both in neuronal perikarya and in nerve fibers. Positive neurons are located mainly among the fibers of the ganglion neuropil at the commissural level, and more rarely close to unreactive cortical cell bodies. Immunoreactive nerve fibers are observed throughout the neuropil and also in cerebropedal and pedal nerves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212538
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    Redistribution of cell surface transferrin receptors prior to their concentration in coated pits as revealed by immunoferritin labels (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 613-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell-surface transferrin receptor ; Redistribution of cell-surface receptors ; Receptor-mediated endocytosis ; K562 cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemistry has been used to study distribution of cell surface transferrin receptors in erythroid, leukemic (K562) cells. The cells were fixed and labelled with monoclonal (OKT-9) anti-transferrin receptor antibodies; the antibody-labelled receptors were then detected by either immunofluoresceinor immunoferritin-antimouse-antibody conjugates. Typically, the immunoferritin labels were distributed diffusely at the non-coated regions of the cell surface as well as concentrated in the clathrincoated pits. To examine further this pattern of distribution, cells were labelled at 0° C and then warmed to 37° C for zero to 30 min prior to fixation. The majority of the immunoferritin labels were initially dispersed in small groups at the non-coated regions of the cell surface (mean = 6 immunoferritin labels/cluster), but larger groups were common subsequent to incubation at 37° C (mean = 13 immunoferritin labels/cluster). However, the size of immunoferritin labels in the coated pits was unchanged (mean = 12 immunoferritin labels/pit). Immunoferritin labels were typical in coated and uncoated vesicles l min after warming to 37° C, but common in endosomes, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes by 30 min. It appears that single cell-surface receptors form large aggregates prior to their concentration in coated pits. Coated vesicles, uncoated vesicles, and endosomal vacuoles may together form the non-lysosomal compartment where the internalized receptors might be dissociated from the ligands (antibodies).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212541
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    Immunocytochemical markers revealing retinal and pineal but not hypothalamic photoreceptor systems in the Japanese quail (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 161-167 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Pineal organ ; Hypothalamus ; Opsin ; α-Transducin ; Interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Japanese quail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retinal proteins opsin,α-transducin, S-antigen and interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) are essential for the processes of vision. By use of immunocyto-chemistry we have employed antibodies directed against these “photoreceptor proteins” in an attempt to identify the photoreceptor systems (retina, pineal and deep brain) of the Japanese quail. Opsin immunostaining was identified within many outer (basal portion) and inner segments of retinal photoreceptor cells and limited numbers of photoreceptor perikarya. Opsin immunostaining was also demonstrated in limited numbers of pinealocytes with all parts of these cells being immunoreactive. These results differ from previous observations. In contrast to the results obtained with the antibody against opsin, S-antigen andα-transducin immunostaining was seen throughout the entire outer segments and many photoreceptor perikarya of the retina. In the pineal organ immunostaining was seen in numerous pinealocytes in all follicles. These results conform to previous findings in birds. In addition, IRBP has been demonstrated for the first time in the avian retina and pineal organ. These findings underline the structural and functional similarities between the retina and pineal organ and provide additional support for a photoreceptive role of the avian pineal. No specific staining was detected in any other region of the brain in the Japanese quail; the hypothalamic photoreceptors of birds remain unidentified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239977
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    Insulin-, glucagonand somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the endocrine pancreas of the lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 181-185 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neoceratodus forsteri (Australian lungfish)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreas of the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri, was investigated immunocytochemically for the presence of polypeptide hormone-producing cells. Three cell types were identified, namely insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive elements. The insulin cells are confined solely to the center of the islets. Glucagon and somatostatin cells are distributed peripherally around the central mass of the insulin cells. Isolated cells or clusters of glucagon and somatostatin cells are also dispersed within the exocrine parenchyma. The immunoreactive cell types are compared with those staining with standard histological procedures. The spatial relationships of the different cell populations are examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239979
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    Nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivities in rodent salivary glands and testis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 275-286 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; Salivary glands ; Antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Affinity purification ; Specificity tests ; Testis ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies against mouse submandibular-gland nerve growth factor (NGF) are described. Using the submandibular gland of the male mouse and indirect immunofluorescence, the specificity and sensitivity of affinity-purified immunoglobulins and various other fractions from the immunized animals have been tested. It will be shown that affinity-purification schemes, including pre-purification of protein A-fractionated immunoglobulins to remove antibodies that bind to unrelated hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins, significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and specificity of the antibodies. The antibodies effectively detect NGF-like immunoreactivity in both fresh and fixed glandular tissue. Optimal fixation procedures are described. Fluorescence intensities are linearly correlated to log antibody concentration. By use of the best antibody fractions and optimal fixation protocols, the distribution of NGF-like immunoreactivity is described in eight different salivary glands (rat and mouse, male and female, submandibular and sublingual glands). In addition to the well-known large numbers of immunoreactive cells in the submandibular gland of the male mouse, immunoreactive cells were found in the sublingual gland of male mice and in the submandibular and sublingual glands of female mice. One antibody revealed a weak specific fluorescence also in the submandibular gland of the male mouse. In a survey of genital organs of male mice, one antibody revealed fluorescence in the germ cell line. We conclude that several polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies have been characterized that show a strong NGF-dependent binding to the secretory granules of tubular cells in the submandibular gland of male mice. These antibodies should make it possible to locate endogenous and perturbed NGF levels immunocytochemically, e.g., in the peripheral and central nervous system, where NGF concentrations may be several orders of magnitude lower than in the salivary glands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218194
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    An FMRFamide antiserum differentiates between populations of antigens in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 93-99 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide ; Insects ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of FMRFamide-irmunoreactive cell bodies in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is described. Most of the immunoreactive cell bodies are found in the pars intercerebralis and in the optic lobes. Many, but not all, of the cell bodies also react with an antiserum raised against bovine pancreatic polypeptide, but this antiserum also reveals another population of cells that stain selectively with this antiserum. In addition to the cell bodies, numerous immunoreactive processes are revealed by both antisera in neuropilar regions of the brain. The results of blocking experiments suggest that a differential distribution of three locust antigens can be determined from the examination of alternate serial sections stained with the two antisera used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214659
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    Immunocytochemical study of the GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary by use of antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) ; Pituitary ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary, including the median eminence, was studied at light microscopic and ultrastructural levels by use of a pre-embedding immunocytochemical technique with antibodies directed against GABA. In the median eminence, a high density of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was found in the external layer where the GABAergic varicosities were frequently observed surrounding the blood vessels of the primary capillary plexus. In the internal and subependymal layers, only few fibers were immunoreactive. The intense labeling of the external layer was observed in the entire rostro-caudal extent of the median eminence. In the pituitary proper, a dense network of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was revealed throughout the neural and intermediate lobes, entering via the hypophyseal stalk. The anterior and tuberal lobes were devoid of any immunoreactivity. The GABA-immunoreactive terminals were characterized in the median eminence, and in the intermediate and posterior lobes at the electron-microscopic level. They contained small clear vesicles, occasionally associated with dense-core vesicles or neurosecretory granules. In the intermediate lobe they were seen to be in contact with the glandular cells. In the posterior lobe and in the median eminence, GABA-immunoreactive terminals were frequently located in the vicinity of blood vessels. These results further support the concept of a role of GABA in the regulation of hypophyseal functions, via the portal blood for the anterior lobe, directly on the cells in the intermediate lobe, and via axo-axonic mechanisms in the median eminence and posterior lobe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216544
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    Fetal expression of muscle-specific isoactins in multiple organs of the Wistar-Kyoto rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Isoactin ; Muscle ; Fetus ; Ontogeny ; Rat (Wistar-Kyoto)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Actin, a cytoskeletal and contractile protein, is expressed in six different isoforms that exhibit striking specificity. No studies have considered the muscle-specific actin expression in multiple organ systems in the intact fetus. Using a monoclonal antibody (B4) which reacts specifically with the isoactins of the smooth and skeletal muscle our immunohistochemical study examined whole fetal body sections to follow the development of actin expression throughout the last third of gestation in the Wistar-Kyoto rat. B4 staining was exclusively localized to muscle, confirming its high specificity and its usefulness for studying the ontogeny of muscle-specific isoactins. At 15 days of gestation, B4 staining was detected in the heart, the thoracic aorta and the skeletal muscle of the chest wall. The distribution and intensity of staining in the heart were initially higher than in the aorta or skeletal muscle and remained unchanged throughout the remainder of gestation, suggesting that the maturation of cardiac actin expression is well developed, although not fully completed before birth. Expression of muscle-specific actins in skeletal muscle was age-dependent and correlated with the maturational changes of muscle cell precursors. B4 staining in the fetal kidney was not apparent until day 20 of gestation and was localized to the inner cortical vessels. in association with the most mature nephrons, suggesting a centrifugal maturation of the intrarenal vasculature. The intensity of B4 staining in most tissues including bronchi, bowel, diaphragm, chest wall muscle and peripheral and pulmonary arteries increased by the end of gestation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214647
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    Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in stellate cells (folliculo-stellate cells) of the adenohypophysis in the monkeys Macaca irus and Cercopithecus aethiops (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein (human, bovine) ; Folliculo stellate cells ; Adenohypophysis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Monkeys (Macaca irus, Cercopithecus aethiops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of an antibody against bovine S-100 protein, it was possible to reveal a characteristic cell type in the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis of the monkey Macaca irus. In the adenohypophysis of Cercopithecus aethiops, labeled cells were present in the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. These cells, so-called folliculo-stellate cells, were found in all pituitaries studied. Surprisingly, an antibody against human S-100 protein did not label the stellate cells of the adenohypophysis. However, in Macaca irus, this antibody gave a strong positive reaction with various other cell types (interstitial cells of the pineal gland, Müller cells of the retina, autonomic ganglionic cells, glial cells of the central nervous system, Schwann cells, Bergmann glia of the cerebellum, fat cells, reticular cells of lymphoid organs). By use of double immunoenzymatic labeling, it was evident that stellate cells are spatially related either to somatotropes, prolactin cells, “corticotropes”, or to glycoprotein-containing cells. Thus, a specific relationship to a particular endocrine-cell type could not be observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215885
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    5-Hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivity in the epidermal sacciform gland cells of the clingfish Lepadogaster candollei Risso (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 679-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish skin ; Sacciform glandular cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Lepadogaster candollei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin has been demonstrated in the epidermal sacciform glandular cells of the clingfish Lepadogaster candollei by use of immunocytochemistry. Serotonin immunoreactivity is found both in the peripheral cytoplasm of the glandular cells and their luminal secretion. The presence of serotonin in the sacciform glandular cells parallels that located by both biochemical and immunocytochemical procedures in the cutaneous glands of many amphibian species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215211
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    Reissner's fiber, massa caudalis and ampulla caudalis in the spinal cord of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Massa caudalis ; Subcommissural organ ; Spinal cord ; Central canal ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin histochemistry ; Lamprey ; Geotria australis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO), Reissner's fiber (RF) and its massa caudalis of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) were investigated immunocytochemically by use of an antiserum raised against bovine RF as primary antibody. The affinities of RF and massa caudalis for Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA) with and without previous acid hydrolysis, concanavalin A (Con A), wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), aldehyde fuchsin, and PAS reaction were also studied. SCO and massa caudalis were strongly immunoreactive, whereas RF proper was distinctly negative. RF did not react with Con A and RCA. Only the periphery of RF was WGA-positive. RCA showed affinity for RF only after acid hydrolysis. RF was homogeneously stained by the aldehyde-fuchsin and PAS-methods. At variance with RF proper, the periphery of the massa caudalis reacted with RCA without previous acid hydrolysis, but its core was WGA-positive and reacted with RCA only after hydrolysis. It is suggested that (i) RF has a coat of glycoproteins containing sialic acid as terminal residue, whereas the massa caudalis possesses a coat with galactose as terminal residue; (ii) in RF proper and the massa caudalis the spatial arrangement of glycoproteins might be different. Routine transmission electron-microscopic observations indicate that in larvae of Geotria australis an open communication exists between the ampulla caudalis and blood capillaries via large cavities or lacunae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218317
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    Immunocytochemical localization of pyrazine-binding protein in bovine nasal mucosa (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 461-464 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nasal mucosa ; Odorant-binding protein ; 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies have been raised against purified bovine pyrazine-binding protein, a protein that binds the odorant 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine. These antibodies have been utilized in immunocytochemical experiments to localize the pyrazine-binding protein in bovine nasal mucosa. Tissue fragments, macroscopically identified as olfactory and respiratory mucosa, were fixed in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraffin. Consecutive serial sections were processed for immunofluorescence studies and restained either with haematoxylin-eosin or with periodic acid Schiff-Alcian Blue. In both olfactory and respiratory mucosa, only seromucous tubulo-acinar glands were specifically labelled. These glands are located in the lamina propria underlying typical respiratory epithelium, even in those tissues that are macroscopically defined as olfactory mucosa.
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    Bipolarity of duodenal enterochromaffin cells in the rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 49-54 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Serotonin ; Duodenum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Enterochromaffin cells of the rat duodenum have been studied immunocytochemically by use of a specific antiserum to serotonin. At the light-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity was observed in enterochromaffin cells located in the epithelium of the duodenal mucosa. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive material was localized to the basal portion of the enterochromaffin cells, but small amounts of immunoreactive material were regularly observed in the apical portion. At the electron-microscopic level serotonin immunoreactivity in enterochromaffin cells was found to be concentrated over the dense cores of the cytoplasmic granules. The majority of these granules was located in the basal cytoplasm of the enterochromaffin cells, but serotonin-immunoreactive granules were also observed in the apical cytoplasm immediately beneath the microvilli. These observations indicate that duodenal enterochromaffin cells are bipolar and that they secrete serotonin both basally, to the circulation, and apically, to the gut lumen. Rat duodenal enterochromaffin cells thus appear to have an exocrine as well as an endocrine function.
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    Uptake and retention of3H-estradiol by gonadotrophs and lactotrophs in the pituitary glands of the guinea pig, hamster and gerbil (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-cells ; Prolactin cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Estrogen ; Autoradiography ; Guinea pig ; Hamster ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nuclear uptake and retention of3H-estradiol by luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) cells was examined in three species of rodents (guinea pigs, hamsters and gerbils) using the combined techniques of immunocyto-chemistry and autoradiography. Castrated animals were injected with3H-estradiol and decapitated 1.5 h later. The pituitary glands were processed for thaw-mount autoradiography followed by conventional immunocytochemical staining for LH and PRL.3H-estradiol accumulated in more than 80% of the anterior pituitary cells in the gerbils, while only 33 and 22% of the cells accumulated3H-estradiol in the hamsters and guinea pigs, respectively. A varying percentage of immunoreactive LH and PRL cells in all three species were found also to contain binding sites for estradiol. Some LH and PRL cells in hamsters and guinea pigs and only some in PRL cells of gerbils were found to be devoid of grains. Quantitative analysis revealed that the number of grains per nucleus differed considerably from cell to cell. LH cells of guinea pigs accumulated much larger amounts of3H-estradiol than did the PRL cells, while the LH cells in the hamsters and gerbils accumulated only slightly more3H-estradiol than the PRL cells. These results confirm the previous observations in rats and baboons that demonstrated tremendous species differences in percentage of cells in the anterior pituitary gland that accumulated3H-estradiol. Also, these data suggest that there are functionally heterogeneous cell types among the LH and PRL cells in hamsters, guinea pigs and gerbils as has been previously demonstrated in rats and baboons.
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    Immunocytochemical study of the development of vasotocin/mesotocin in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 15-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Embryonic hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Vasotocin neurons ; Mesotocin neurons ; Chick embryo hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo has been studied with a monoclonal antibody which cross-reacts with arginine vasotocin and mesotocin, using thick (100 μm) sections in conjunction with a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibody. Although weakly stained perikarya occur occasionally in the tuberal region on embryonic days 6 and 7, the most consistent immunostaining of perikarya is found in the periventricular region of the caudal midhypothalamus at the level of the optic chiasm after embryonic day 8 1/2. Synthesis of peptides, therefore, takes place while the cells are close to their site of origin. Between embryonic days 9 and 10, beaded axons run along the anterior median eminence closely apposed to the adenohypophysis, thereby forming the anlage of the zona externa. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract surround the neural lobe between embryonic days 11 and 12. The caudal to rostral wave of neuronal maturation that occurs during development appears to be due to a progressive differentiation of the periventricular zone, as well as the migration of perikarya. The early periventricular perikarya at embryonic day 8 1/2 send processes rostrally in a wing-shaped formation that extends both dorso- and ventrolaterally. From embryonic days 10 to 12, perikarya can be observed in the wing-like extensions, apparently migrating to rostral levels. The dorsolateral pathway gives rise at its midportion to the lateral cell group, whereas those perikarya migrating more laterally form the anlage of the external supraoptic nucleus. The ventrolateral wing-shaped extension of perikarya appears to be directed toward the ventral group and those lateral perikarya continuous with it. The location of mature neuronal cell groups is well established by embryonic day 17.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of ornithine decarboxylase in cultured murine cells (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Macrophage ; Immunocytochemistry ; Murine cell culture ; Antibody specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum elicited to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) purified from murine RAW 264 macrophage-like cells has been employed to localize ODC in cultured murine cells. The antiserum immunoprecipitated 100% of the ODC activity from the cultured cells. The specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by the immunoprecipitation from 35S-methionine metabolically-labeled cell extracts of a single protein which migrated upon SDS-gel electrophoresis coincident with authentic ODC. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed RAW 264 cells and JB6 epidermal cells using the rabbit anti-ODC antiserum and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Little immunofluorescence was apparent in non-stimulated cells. Intense immunofluorescence was detectable in stimulated cells at times of peak cellular ODC activity. Antigenically-reactive ODC was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and was absent in the nuclei of RAW 264 cells, whereas in the JB6 cells the immunodetectable enzyme protein was localized in a punctate pattern in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm and was absent in the nucleolus. The appearance and disappearance of immunoreactive ODC in both cell types after stimulation was consistent with the alterations in ODC activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221849
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  • 90
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    Amacrine cells with neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in three species of teleosts with different color vision (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 663-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurotensin ; Somatostatin ; Color vision ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurotensin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities were localized by pre-embedding techniques in retinal whole-mounts and radial sections of a monochromatic glass catfish (Kryptopterus bicirrhis), a dichromatic cichlid species (Aequidens pulcher), and the tetrachromatic roach (Rutilus rutilus). Both neuropeptides were observed in perikarya and processes of amacrine cells. For a precise identification of cell types, tangential and radial views were correlated with Golgiimpregnated material. The dendritic pattern defining the morphological subtype of amacrine cells was determined by the given neuropeptide or by the species-specific degree of complexity of retinal structure and function. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was localized in amacrine cells of intermediate size, radial symmetry and dendrites with numerous varicosities; they were monostratified in sublayer 3 of the inner plexiform layer. This cell type was common to all three species. In the mono and dichromatic retinas, a single type of amacrine cell with somatostatinlike immunoreactivity was found with radially oriented, varicose dendrites in sublayer 5. In the tetrachromatic roach retina, two somatostatin-positive amacrine cell types were found with very different patterns of ramification; furthermore, both of these types occurred in more than one sublayer. Possible functional implications for color vision of neuropeptide-specific amacrine cells with uniform morphology in all three species and those with a more varied morphology in the tetrachromatic roach are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216497
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  • 91
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    Immunocytochemical localization of albumin in ovarian follicles of fertile rats (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 699-702 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albumin ; Ovarian follicles ; Granulosa cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate whether albumin (Alb) can be detected in ovarian rat granulosa cells. Using immunocytochemistry and morphometrics, the percentages of Alb-positive follicles (follicle-index), of Alb-positive granulosa cells (granulosa-index), and of strongly reacting follicles (intensity-index) were evaluated in intact and regressing follicles of different diameter groups during different stages of the estrous cycle. In intact follicles, the follicle- and the granulosa-index increased from small-sized to large-sized follicles. Although the follicle-index did not change in any group during the stages of the estrous cycle, the granulosa-index was higher during proestrus than during the other stages. Intact follicles showed a stronger immunoreactivity than regressing follicles throughout the stages of the estrous cycle. Thus, Alb may be a requirement for the control of follicle growth in fertile rats. This Alb function may be attributable to Alb binding to specific cell-membrane components followed by the intracellular uptake of Alb-bound substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216501
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  • 92
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    Distribution of 5HT-immunoreactivity in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus galloprovincialis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Serotonin ; Mytilus galloprovincialis ; pedal ganglion ; Invertebrate nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonergic cell bodies and fibers were identified in the pedal ganglia of Mytilus gattoprovincialis with a serum raised against serotonin and the unlabelled peroxidase-antiperoxidase pre- and post-embedding methods. Examination of Vibratome and serial semithin sections showed that most reactive perikarya are located in the ganglionic cortex, being mainly concentrated at the medial aspect of the postero-dorsal portion of the ganglia. Immunoreactive fibers form a dense network in the neuropil, extend throughout the commissure and run parallel in the nerves and connective tracts. The morphology of serotonin-positive cells compared with that of Golgi-impregnated neurons allows the identification of a main population of unipolar, probably projecting neurons and of smaller multipolar cells likely representing local circuit elements. The ultrastructure of labelled neurons is comparable to that of serotonergic cells described in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215424
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  • 93
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    Immunoreactivity of the hermaphroditic gonad of the snail Helix aspersa Müller towards antibodies raised to fragments of pre-pro-opio-melanocortin (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 337-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Hermaphrodite gonad ; Pre-pro-opio-melanocortin ; FMRF-amide-like materials ; Snail, Helix aspersa Müller
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male and female germinal cells of the active hermaphroditic gonad of a snail (Helix aspersa Müller) reveal a positive immunoreactivity to some antibodies raised against biologically active peptides related to pre-pro-opiomelanocortin of vertebrates. All but the oldest cells of the different spermatogenetic and oogenetic stages are methionine-enkephalin-immunopositive, whereas only the young oocytes are α-MSH- and 17–39 ACTH-positive. Sometimes some male cells show an 1–24 ACTH positivity. Structures other than germinal cells also react with some antibodies: for example, the nurse cells are β-MSH-immunoreactive, the nerve fibers surrounding each acinus and the hermaphrodite duct are both 17–39 ACTH and FMRF amide positive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213940
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  • 94
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    Differential immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, S-100 protein and glutamine synthetase in the rat subcommissural organ, nonspecialized ventricular ependyma and adjacent neuropil (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Ependyma ; Astrocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein ; S-100 protein ; Glutamine synthetase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies raised against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA), S-100 protein (S100) and glutamine synthetase (GS) are currently used as glial markers. The distribution of GFA, S100 and GS in the ependyma of the rat subcommissural organ (SCO), as well as in the adjacent nonspecialized ventricular ependyma and neuropil of the periaqueductal grey matter, was studied by use of the immunocytochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In the neuropil, GFA, S100 and GS were found in glial elements, i.e., in fibrous (GFA, S100) and protoplasmic astrocytes (S100, GS). The presence of S100 in the majority of the ventricular ependymal cells and tanycytes, and the presence of GFA in a limited number of ventricular ependymal cells and tanycytes confirm the glial nature of these cells. The absence of S100, GFA and GS from the ependymocytes of the SCO, which are considered to be modified ependymal cells, suggests either a non-astrocytic lineage of these cells or an extreme specialization of the SCO-cells as glycoprotein-synthesizing and secreting elements, a process that may have led to the disappearance of the glial markers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213941
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  • 95
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    Immunocytochemical identification of structures containing putative red pigment-concentrating hormone in two species of decapod crustaceans (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 377-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red pigment-concentrating hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Crustaceans ; Carcinus maenas ; Orconectes limosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of an antiserum raised against the Nterminal sequence pGlu-Leu-Asn-Phe..., common to red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH) of Pandalus borealis and three structurally similar insect neuropeptides, putative RPCH-immunopositive structures were revealed in the eyestalks of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus and in the brain and thoracic ganglion (TG) of C. maenas. In the eyestalks, complete neurosecretory pathways were demonstrated, consisting of perikarya, axons and terminals in the neurohemal organ, the sinus gland (SG). In C. maenas approximately 20 small RPCH cells are present as a distinct group adjacent to the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGXO, XO). They are morphologically different from the larger XO perikarya, which contain the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH). The occurrence of both neuropeptides in distinct neurosecretory pathways was ascertained by immunologic double staining (PAP/gold) or by analysis of consecutive sections. In addition, a group of two to four larger RPCH cells is located in the proximal part of the MT. In O. limosus, RPCH cells are found in the XO. Cells corresponding to the proximal MT cells of C. maenas were not found. In both species, a few more weakly staining immunopositive perikarya were observed in clusters of cell somata of the optic ganglia. It is uncertain whether these are connected to the SG. In the brain of C. maenas, several smaller and three larger perikarya were consistently observed in the dorsal lateral cell somata adjacent to the olfactory lobes. In the optic nerve, two axons that project into the eyestalk were stained. Some axons were also observed in the ventral median neuropil of the brain. In the TG, RPCH cells were found in small numbers in median positions, i.e., in clusters of somata between the ganglia of the appendages. HPLC analysis of the red pigment-concentrating activity from the SG of C. maenas revealed that the retention time of the neuropeptide is similar but not identical to that of Pandalus borealis RPCH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213945
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  • 96
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    Choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect brain ; Neurotransmitters ; Immunocytochemistry ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a monoclonal antibody selective for the acetylcholine (ACh)-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) of Drosophila melanogaster we find ChAT-like immunoreactivity in specific synaptic regions throughout the brain of Drosophila melanogaster apart from the lobes and the peduncle of the mushroom body and most of the first visual neuropile (lamina). Several anatomically well-defined central brain structures exhibit particularly strong binding. Characteristic differential staining patterns are observed for each of the four neuromeres of the optic lobes. Cell bodies appear not to bind this antibody. The prominent features of the distribution of ChAT-like immunoreactivity are paralleled by the distribution of acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzymatic activity as revealed by histochemical staining for acetylcholine esterase (AChE). These results are discussed in comparison with published data on enzyme distribution, choline uptake and ACh receptor binding in the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218999
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  • 97
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    Electron-microscopic and immunocytochemical analyses of Weibel-Palade bodies in the human umbilical vein during pregnancy (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 249 (1987), S. 557-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Weibel-Palade body ; Human umbilical vein ; Factor VIII-related antigen ; Histamine ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study was done to elucidate the biological significance of the Weibel-Palade body of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Quantitative determinations of these endothelial-specific granules throughout pregnancy revealed that their numbers and size per cell profile were maintained at low levels from 12 to 19 weeks of gestation; then both rapidly increased from 33 weeks to full term. This increase coincided with the development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the number of endothelial cell pinocytotic vesicles. Light-microscopic peroxidase anti-peroxidase and electron-microscopic protein A-gold techniques provided evidence that factor VIII-related antigen was localized in the Weibel-Palade bodies. Furthermore, in vitro treatment of incubated umbilical vein tissue with compound 48/80, a histamine releaser, induced degranulation of Weibel-Palade bodies from the endothelium. The present study indicates that Weibel-Palade bodies are storage sites of both histamine and factor VIII-related antigen and have an important role in the obliteration of this vessel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217327
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  • 98
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    Mosquito trypsin: immunocytochemical localization in the midgut of blood-fed Aedes aegypti (L.) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trypsin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Midgut ; Exocytosis ; Aedes aegypti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A polyclonal antibody was raised against trypsin purified from the midgut of blood-fed Aedes aegypti. Using this antibody and our modification of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical reaction, strong activity was found in the lumen of the midgut at the light-microscopical level. The activity was localized mainly in the posterior part of the distensible, abdominal midgut, along the periphery of the blood bolus and within the peritrophic membrane. Immunoreactivity appeared 8 h after the blood meal and was most prominent around 24 h, coinciding with our previous spectrophotometric determinations of trypsin. At the electron-microscopical level, secretory granules, immunocytochemically labelled with anti-trypsin antibody and protein A-colloidal gold, were first detected about 12 h after the blood meal. At 18 h, the secretory pathway could be followed immunocytochemically from the formation of granules in the Golgi complex until their release by exocytosis in the midgut lumen. By 24 h, there was a reduction in secretory granules, and large lysosomes appeared. The process of secretion described for this mosquito is comparable to similar events in vertebrate secretory systems and the presence of an intracellular trypsinogen is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218082
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  • 99
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    Somatotrophs and lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary of fetal and neonatal rats (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 457-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Somatotroph ; Lactotroph ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Fetal and neonatal rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of immunoreactive somatotrophs and lactotrophs in pituitaries of fetal rats at 19, 20 and 21 days of gestation and on the day of birth was studied. Somatotrophs, first detectable at 19 days of gestation, undergo only minor modifications before reaching the structure described for adults. In particular there is an increase in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Lactotrophs, first identifiable in newborn rats, are very different in ultrastructure from adult cells, because the secretory granules are generally small, but variable in shape and size, and the Golgi complex is prominent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213955
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  • 100
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    The ultrastructure of nerve endings containing pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) in crustacean sinus glands: Identification by an antiserum against a synthetic PDH (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 377-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone ; Ultrastructural histochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Crustaceans (Carcinus maenas, Cancer pagurus, Uca pugilator, Orconectes limosus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A high-liter antiserum has been obtained from two rabbits immunized with a glutaraldehyde conjugate of synthetic pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) from Uca pugilator and bovine thyroglobulin. The antiserum blocked melanophore-dispersing activity of the peptide in vivo. In sinus glands (SG) of Carcinus maenas, Cancer pagurus, Uca pugilator and Orconectes limosus, electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed sparsely distributed axon endings containing a distinct PDH-immunoreactive type of neurosecretory granules (diameter 90–130 nm). Exocytotic figures indicating release of the content of these granules into hemolymph lacunae were occasionally observed. Preservation of fine structure and antigenicity of the PDH granules were markedly dependent on the fixation procedure used. A preliminary experiment with C. maenas showed that preterminal axon dilatations near the basal lamina seemed to accumulate PDH-granules when animals were kept in complete darkness for three days. Immunodot blotting of fractions after high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of extracts from SGs of C. maenas and O. limosus revealed a strongly immunoreactive substance at a retention time very similar to those of synthetic PDHs of Uca pugilator and Pandalus borealis. It is also coincident with a zone of biological activity. Thus, the antigen demonstrated by immunocytochemistry is identical or very similar to one of the known PDHs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219082
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