ALBERT

Description: The great variety in wood structure of the large family Euphorbiaceae makes it impossible to describe briefly a general wood pattern. Nevertheless, a more or less clear division into four anatomical groups can be made. A short overview is given of the wood structure of the uni-ovulate subfamilies Acalyphoideae, Crotonoideae, and Euphorbioideae, following the classification by Webster. These subfamilies cannot be distinguished by their anatomy. The paper is mainly devoted to the bi-ovulate subfamily Phyllanthoideae. Within this subfamily, two groups can be recognized on the basis of their wood anatomy: the Aporusa type with a great number of primitive characters, and the Glochidion type, in which primitive features such as scalariform vessel perforation plates are absent. A short description of the 13 tribes is given as well as suggestions for rearrangement of the succession of the tribes. In several tribes some taxa are anomalous and, on anatomical evidence, exclusion of some genera, sometimes with assignment to another tribe, is suggested.

Description: Anaxagorea A. St. Hil. is distinct from other Annonaceae by the fruits. Unlike most members of the family, it occurs both in the Neotropics and in the Palaeotropics. Several chapters are devoted to a.o. morphology, anatomy, karyology, palynology, chemistry, pollination and seed dispersal, geography and ecology, economic uses and vernacular names, partly compiled from existing literature or collectors’ notes, partly as a result of own investigations. A cladistic analysis of intrageneric relationships is given. The taxonomic part provides descriptions, synonyms (nomina nuda are not included), dichotomous keys. For practical reasons, separate keys are given for neotropical and palaeotropical taxa. For neotropical species, a synoptic key is also provided. Altogether, 20 neotropical species and 3 palaeotropical species (including 2 varieties) are recognized, and 14 taxa are brought into synonymy. Another two taxa from the Neotropics are apparently new, but are not formally published because of incomplete material, and one palaeotropical species cannot be properly evaluated because of insufficient material. An index to exsiccata is appended.

Description: BOURDY, G. Une approche de la médicine traditionnelle à Bukittinggi (Sumatra Quest). D.E.A. d’ecologie U.S.T.L. Montpellier. 1984. 55 pp. The results presented in this paper are based one some field work conducted in the Minangkabau region of Bukittinggi (Western Sumatra) during February and March 1984. Traditional medicine is approached through the description of medicinal plants, the way they are utilized, and the people who gather and prescribe them. Data have been collected while interviewing the ’dukuns’ (native doctors). For each medicinal plant synonyms, vernacular names in Bahasa and Minangkabau are given. Voucher specimens of 69 specimens of such medicinal plants were collected and are deposited at MPU.

Description: AMSHOFF, Ms. Dr. Gerda Jane Hillegonda (5 January 1913 — 10 February 1985) Ms. Amshoff studied biology at the State University of Utrecht. Her Ph.D. thesis was on the Leguminosae of Surinam. In later years she was attached to the Agricultural College of Wageningen and worked as a staffmember of WAG, later free lance, largely on the flora of Africa. Shortly before World War II she had made an excellent revision of the Leguminosae of New Guinea which was to be published in Nova Guinea. The manuscript reached the proof stage (May 1943) but was unfortunately never printed, apparently because under the German Occupation any publication in English was forbidden. The lead was molten down and only a single proof was saved. Why after the War it was not set again and published is not clear. The proof was used by Verdcourt when he revised the Leguminosae for New Guinea. A copy of it is now also present in L.

Description: Looking back over the past year the news is, as might be expected partly good, partly bad. On one hand many people are arduously engaged with revisions of various Malesian taxa, on the other hand others waste precious time and energy in ideological squabbles: it seems as if the theological wars of the Middle Ages have broken out all over again. The Sabah National Parks, including the precious Kinabalu National Park, have been degazetted and demoted to ’Sabah Parks’, whatever that may be. An argument used was that ’the forests have now returned to the people’, a situation similar to opening the vaults of the National Treasury declaring that the people will now take care of monetary matters. They certainly will! It is a great shame that national heritages are thus squandered for the contemporary gain of a few and the loss of the many of present and future generations. The situation in Sabah is unfortunately not an isolated case, the same thing happens all over the world, both in the tropics as well as in temperate countries that call themselves well-educated (See the Greater Daintree National Park in Australia, Chapter X). It is a sad thing that those working in herbaria have to realize that they soon will be neopalaeobotanists. Our Chapter IV ’Progress in Malesian botany’ seems rapidly to become an ironic euphemism.

Description: The 58 new taxa of Inocybe described by Velenovsky have been revised. Several do not belong to the genus Inocybe as currently defined. Most species names are reduced to synonymy, but a few name changes are necessary. One new combination is proposed.

Description: Ulmus pollen characterised by a four-pored morphology was reported from samples of various ages taken from the radiocarbon dated pollen sites of Pea Sim-sim and Tao Sipinggan and in one sample from the undated Pea Sijajap record (Maloney, 1984). All these sites are located on the Toba Plateau, south of Lake Toba, over 50 km away from the nearest existing sources (Touw & Van Steenis, 1968) of Ulmus lancaeafolia Roxb. ex Wall. Sibisa Swamp is situated east of Lake Toba, at 98°58'E, 2°33'N, near the tourist resort of Prapat and much closer to the Karo Highlands source. It is in an area of fresh-looking volcanic topography at an altitude of c. 1300 m. The site was discovered and cored by Flenley and Morley in 1972 (cf. Morley et al., 1973). They described the vegetation of the swamp as somewhat disturbed and including a variety of species characteristic of swamps in central Sumatra, of which three: Eleocharis sp., Xyris cf. capensis and Blechnum orientale were listed. The writer made additional borings in 1973 but the longest was only 1.50 m deep. It can be added that the centre of the swamp was dominated by Eleocharis ochrostachys Steud. with some Xyris capensis Thunb. and that the Blechnum orientale L. formed an outer vegetation ring. The deepest boring was made at the centre of the site. Samples were taken at 5 cm intervals but complete cores sections were not sent back to the laboratory and larger samples selected for possible 14 C dating have, unfortunately, been mislaid over time.

Description: Ischaemo commutato Hackel affinis sed pilis calli 1-2 mm longis, glumis inferioribus spicularum sessilium distincte 11-13-nervosis ovato-lanceolatis breviter acuminatis omnino chartaceis sine nodulis, carinis non alatis, flosculis inferioribus cassis, spiculis pedicellatis plerumque redactis differt. – Typus: Sreekumar 71863 (CAL; iso K, MH), India, Kerala State, Idukki District, Eravikulam National Park, c. 2200 m alt., 7-4-1980. Tufted annuals or perennials. Culms 10—30 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2—10 by 0.4—0.6 cm, shortly acuminate, narrowed and tapering at the base, sparsely villous with tubercle-based hairs. Sheaths 2—8 cm long, equal to or shorter than the internodes, striate, villous with sparse tubercled hairs, throat sparsely villous. Ligule 2—3 mm long, ovate, acute, membranous. Racemes 2 or 3, 2—6 cm long, stout; spathe 2—10 cm long, glabrous. Joints of racemes linear, turbinate, 3.5— 4 mm long, coriaceous, long villous along the margins and dorsal angle. Sessile spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 6—7 mm long; callus densely bearded, hairs 1-2 mm long. Lower glume ovate-lanceolate, 6-6.5 by 1.75—2 mm, acuminate, without nodules, chartaceous, distinctly 11—13-nerved, with a few long hairs on dorsal side towards base, margin narrowly and evenly inturned, not winged, scabrid in the upper half; upper glume 5.5—6 by 1.25—1.5 mm, boat-shaped or ovate-lanceolate when spread, acuminate, keels rounded except towards the minutely winged and scabrid apex, chartaceous, 3—5-nerved, covered with very short adpressed hairs, especially towards the base, margins infolded and ciliate in the upper half. Lower floret empty. Upper floret bisexual. First lemma lanceolate, 4.5—5 by 1—1.5 mm, delicate, hyaline, faintly 3-nerved, margins infolded and ciliate in the upper half, glabrous elsewhere. Second lemma lanceolate, 4—4.5 by 1—1.5 mm, delicate, hyaline, faintly 3-nerved, margins ciliolate in the upper half, apex notched, lobes acute. Awn 10—12 mm long, geniculate, column 5—6 mm long, chestnut brown, arista pale, scabrid. First palea elliptic-lanceolate, 4-4.5 by 1-1.25 mm, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled, margins infolded and ciliate in the upper half. Second palea oblong, 3—4 by 0.75—1 mm, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled, glabrous, apex rounded. Lodicules of upper floret obovate, 0.6—0.75 by 0.4—0.5 mm, retuse at apex, faintly 5—7-nerved, median nerve prominent. Lodicules of lower floret obovate, oblique, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, faintly 3-5-nerved, apex wavy and 2 horned. Stamens 3, anthers 1.5—2 mm long. Caryopsis obovate with 2 horns at apex, c. 2 by 0.75 mm. Pedicelled spikelet ovate-lanceolate, 4—6 mm long, unawned, usually reduced, sterile. Pedicels linear, turbinate, 3-4 mm long, villous along the margins and dorsal angle, hairs 0.5—2 mm long. Lower glume ovate-lanceolate, 4.5-6 by 1.25-1.5 mm, winged on one margin, wing scabrid, smooth, chartaceous, faintly 9—11-nerved, glabrous, margins inturned, scabrid towards sharply at apex; upper glume ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm long, keel rounded, glabrous, apex acute. Florets empty.

Description: Starting point of the present study on Harpullia was the taxonomic revision of that genus by Leenhouts & Vente (Blumea 28, 1982, 1-51). The system to which that revision led is primarily intuitive and accordingly subjective. The intention of the present paper is to give a more natural system based upon more objective criteria and with the use of more scientific methods. The fundamentals of a systematic study are species and characters (see chapter 2). The species are those presented in the taxonomic revision; the characters used are tabulated in the form of a synoptic key (see chapter 2 B). In chapter 3 a survey is given of two intuitive systems, the one by Leenhouts & Vente and the preceding one by Radlkofer (1933-34). The first approach was towards a phenetic system (chapter 4). The method used is a kind of simplified numerical taxonomy with weighted characters. Weighting of characters is based upon the supposition that a character which is constant in most of the taxa concerned is heavier than one that varies in several taxa. The phenetic system to which this led is expressed in figure 1 and given at the end of chapter 4. In chapter 5 a phylogenetic approach is given. Phylogenetic valuation of characters, primarily with the use of out-group analysis, secondary of correlation, is discussed (5 A). All species got a phylogenetic formula, giving the primitive or derived states of the characters used, and a phylogenetic value expressing the degree of primitiveness or derivative (5 B). The method used is a simplified Hennigian cladistics, resulting in a kind of Wagner tree (fig. 2). In chapter 6A a comparison is made between the intuitive systems, mainly the one by Leenhouts & Vente, the phenetic and the phylogenetic system developed here, and the pollen morphological phylogenetic system given by J. Muller (Blumea 31, 1985, 161-218, this issue). As a whole there appears to be a good agreement in many points between the different systems. The main exceptions are Harpullia cupanioides and still more so H. hillii because of their variability, H. longipetala that is macromorphologically rather primitive but palynologically advanced, and H. rhachiptera with a very aberrant pollen type and an uncertain position in the phylogenetic system. A translation of phylogenetic systematics into formal taxonomy has been tried in chapter 6 B. It appeared difficult to express the branching of the phylogenetic scheme in the hierarchy of taxonomy, mainly because taxa should be delimited by clear boundaries defined by good, preferably conspicuous characters. The subdivision of Harpullia into two subgenera, Otonychium, incl. H. arborea and H. pendula, and Harpullia with the further 24 species is indisputable. More hesitatingly, a further division of subg. Harpullia into two sections, Harpulliastrum with only H. austro-caledonica and Harpullia with the other species is accepted. For different reasons it appeared impossible or undesirable to split off some other at first sight well circumscribed groups, however.

Description: Thirty-nine species are recognized of which twenty-four are described as new ( K. bullata, K. carrii, K. chimbuensis, K. ferox, K. flagelliformis, K. fragrans, K. fugax, K. hartleyi, K. karengana, K. katikii, K. kostermansii, K. latifolia, K. leachii, K. macrantha, K. nitens, K. novobritanica, K. oblongata, K. rosselensis, K. royenii, K. shungolensis, K. sleumeri, K. streimannii, K. sudestensis, and K. versteeghii) ). One new combination is made: K. oligocarpella (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Philipson, and several species are reduced to synonymy. Thirty-six species occur in New Guinea, all but three of these being endemic to that island group. A key to the species is provided and their geographical ranges are given.

Description: Durante el período agosto 1983 – septiembre 1984 se ha realizado una investigación de la fauna de varios tipos de aguas subterráneas en algunas regiones de Espana. Se ha hecho este trabajo para conocer, principalmente, la repartición geográfica de los crustáceos subterráneos, con acento en los malacostráceos. En todas las zonas visitadas se ha intentado recoger fauna en distintos biotopos acuáticos subterráneos. El trabajo fué limitado en las zones de Espana con rocas mesozoicas o cenozoicas. Dentro de esta Espana geológicamente más reciente se eligieron dos regiones en donde se acentuó la investigación. Una región Atlantica: la Cordillera Cantábrica, y la parte occidental de los Pirineos; y una región Mediteránea: aproximádamente Levante (Valencia, Alicante, Castellón), Cuenca, Teruel. También algunas partes de Andalucía fueron investigados, pero menos sistemáticamente que las regiones anteriormente mencionadas. Esta publicación trata de los métodos usados, las estaciones visitadas, los análisis físico-químicos y los grupos de fauna encontrada en cada estación. La repartición geográfica de las estaciones y algunos crustáceos están reproducidos en unos mapas.

Description: Description of Brindlensia jeekeli gen. et sp. nov., which is referred to the new subfamily Brindlensiinae, related most closely to the Esphalmeninae. Euborellia jeekeli nov. sp. is described; it is nearly related to E. brunneri (Dohrn).

Description: The taxonomic history of the sponge order Haplosclerida is reviewed, with emphasis on literature concerning the Haplosclerida of the North Eastern Atlantic Ocean. The characters and their value for a phylogenetic classification are discussed. Two families are treated systematically: the Oceanapiidae, which have two representatives in the area, and the Petrosiidae, represented by one species. Emended diagnoses for the order, families, and genera are given.

Description: Using the ability of selective uptake by the neurons of their own secreted amines, two 3H labeled neurotransmitters were used: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT, serotonin) and noradrenaline (NA). Autoradiographic study was conducted on semithin and on ultrathin sections. In the brain, 3H-5 HT labeling is observed in the frontal lobes of the protocerebrum (two pairs of neurons) and in the lateral areas of the deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum (three or four pairs of neurons). A pair of labeled neurons is also present in each ganglion of the posterior part of the ventral nerve cord. In the protocerebrum, 3H-NA is taken up by a pair of neurons located in the frontal lobes; two pairs of noradrenergic neurons can be found in each ganglion of the nerve cord. Labeled axons (5-HT and NA) are present in the brain and in the neuropils of the abdominal ganglions. The pathway of some cerebral axons can be followed in the perioesophageal connectives and in the cerebral glands. These results are in agreement with the effects of injected neurotransmitters on (1) the brain electrical activity and (2) the stimulated activity of some of the protocerebral neurons (ultrastructural study by Jamault-Navarro in preparation).

Description: Anastrophyllum plagiochiloides INOUE & GRADST. is newly described and illustrated. This species is characterized by 1) the flat or more or less convex leaves, 2) the strongly oblique leaf-insertion line on the dorsal side, and 3) the narrowly oblong leaf-shape with a narrowly rounded or subtruncate and sometimes bidentate apex. As these characters sharply isolate the species from any other known species of Anastrophyllum, the new subgenus Vanaea INOUE & GRADST. is established for this remarkable species.

Description: The small genus Tetrameranthus (five species) stands isolated within the Annonaceae. A cladistic analysis was carried out using macromorphological characters in order to find possible apomorphies and to attempt a phylogenetic reconstruction. In the “best” cladograms there appear two subsets, one formed by T. duckei, T. macrocarpus, and T. pachycarpus, the other by T. laomae and T. umbellatus. Both are supported by a number of apomorphic character states. Any other conclusions remain speculative.

Description: Anaxagorea A. St. Hil. is distinct from other Annonaceae by the fruits. Unlike most members of the family, it occurs both in the Neotropics and in the Palaeotropics. Several chapters are devoted to a.o. morphology, anatomy, karyology, palynology, chemistry, pollination and seed dispersal, geography and ecology, economic uses and vernacular names, partly compiled from existing literature or collectors’ notes, partly as a result of own investigations. A cladistic analysis of intrageneric relationships is given. The taxonomic part provides descriptions, synonyms (nomina nuda are not included), dichotomous keys. For practical reasons, separate keys are given for neotropical and palaeotropical taxa. For neotropical species, a synoptic key is also provided. Altogether, 20 neotropical species and 3 palaeotropical species (including 2 varieties) are recognized, and 14 taxa are brought into synonymy. Another two taxa from the Neotropics are apparently new, but are not formally published because of incomplete material, and one palaeotropical species cannot be properly evaluated because of insufficient material. An index to exsiccata is appended.

Description: Lejeuneaceae include species with or without underleaves. Those with underleaves (the majority) have traditionally been classified (e.g. Spruce 1884) into “Lejeuneaceae Holostipae” (underleaves undivided) and “Lejeuneaceae Schizostipae” (underleaves bifid). This system has now become obsolete and has been replaced by a more natural classification into subfamilies, based on several gametophytic as well as sporophytic characters (Schuster 1984, Grolle 1983). The current subfamily system of Lejeuneaceae is shown in Table I, which also lists the genera containing holostipous species. From this table it becomes apparent that holostipous Lejeuneaceae are a clearly unnatural, polyphyletic group, comprising taxa of 5 different subfamilies. Two subfamilies and 34 genera are purely holostipous, including most notably the Ptychanthoideae (23 genera). Notwithstanding their unnaturalness, “Holostipae” and “Schizostipae” are still recognised in practical Lejeuneaceae taxonomy as the most distinct groups. The present paper focuses on the holostipous members of the family and presents an up-to-date generic key emphasizing vegetative characters, to facilitate identification of sterile material. In addition, references to the main literature on individual genera and species are provided.

Description: A directory of tropical research sites where British ecologists, incl. undergraduate students, would be positively welcomed has been prepared by Dr. A.G. MARSHALL, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB9 2UD, Scotland, LUC The aim is a) to assist ecologists to find a suitable site for research, b) to help those running ecological stations in the tropics to find suitable workers to assist in the maintenance of these stations. He has information on 30 sites in 24 countries. Information on each site is available in the form of a two A4-page questionnaire.

Description: The IUCN/WWF Plants Conservation Programme 1984 — 1985. World Wildlife Fund chose plants to be the subject of their fund-raising campaign in the period 1984 — 1985. The objectives were to: 1. Use information techniques to achieve the conservation objectives of the Plants Programme – to save plants; 2. Increase public awareness of the importance of plants and plant communities to human welfare; 3. Broaden public perception of WWF as the International Conservation Organization primarily concerned with important environmental issues; 4. Tap new fund-raising and membership sources; 5. Explain the threat to specific plants and plant communities and what WWF and IUCN are doing about it, thereby setting the stage for the intensive fundraising activities that will follow. As tropical rain forests are the most endangered plant communities we hope that WWF/IUCN will have great success in this campaign.

Description: The New Scientist (Dec. 1984, p. 53) reported a distinct useful quality of a jungle plant from Northern Australia. This shows again the immense importance of the inexhaustible reservoir of phytochemical values present in native jungle plants. The article stressed the great importance for conservation of jungle reserves of tropical vegetation which represent untapped potentials for human welfare: ’An experiment is taking place in North Australia that may have far reaching repercussions in the utilization of native bush for commercial purposes. The landscape here is littered with ecological disasters coming from ill-conceived plans of large-scale clearing for exotic monocultures.

Description: The research on the Clavariaceae of the Philippines aims to establish a taxonomic account and the distribution, seasonality and economic importance of the indigenous species. A total of 85 specimens belonging to 7 genera have so far been collected by Mr. L.T. EVANGELISTA. Among his interesting collections 3 are suspected to represent new species and 10 are new records for the Philippines. Dr. W.F.B. JÜLICH (L) continued his studies in the Southeast Asian Coriolopsis and Pyrofomes.

Description: A revision of the Flacourtiaceae known from Thailand, comprising 11 genera and a total of 40 species, 2 of which in Homalium, and 1 in Casearia are new to science. Keys to genera and species, full descriptions of all taxa, and an enumeration of the collections concerned are given.

Description: In this paper I analyse Backhuys’ (1968) data on altitudinal distributions of 23 plant species on 108 mountain tops in the Swiss alps with which he shows the existence of the elevation effect in that area. However, when using the whole distribution of the frequency of occurrence at different elevations instead of the one value of the lower range limit only, I come to the conclusion that the proposed explanation for the elevation effect cannot be shown by the data assembled by him. Yet, the ideas behind this approach lead to the interesting perspective of the possibility to define these kind of distributions partly in static terms, and partly in dynamic ones. Thus far they have been looked at from a static point of view only.

Description: Recent collections of Exospermum completed the break-down of the generic differences between Bubbia and Zygogynum. The oldest name for the resulting enlarged genus is, unfortunately, Zygogynum. The characters, relating to these reductions, are reviewed. One new name and 30 new combinations are made; two new species and one new subspecies are described.

Description: Two new genera of the Monimiaceae (Mollinedieae), Faika from Irian Jaya and Parakibara from Halmahera, are described, each with a single species, and their characters are compared with those of other members of the tribe.

Description: During study of the materials of the genus Sonerila Roxb. (Melastomataceae) in the Central National Herbarium (CAL) of the Botanical Survey of India the authors came across some specimens collected from different parts of Southern India. These specimens after critical study come closer to S. wightiana Arn., a Ceylonese species, but can be easily distinguished by several characters. The distinguishing characters are keyed out below. The new taxon is described here with illustrations. The species is named after its collector, J. S. Gamble, who has made an eminent work on the flora of South India.

Description: Bibliography of the freshwater Pearlmussel Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) [Mollusca: Pelecypoda] The freshwater pearlmussel, described by Linnaeus as Mya margaritifera is one of the most important molluscs existing. It belongs with only a few congeneric fossil and recent species to the distinct family Margaritiferidae. The distribution of the species is Holarctic (figs. 1-2), being known from western, northern and central Europe, and via Siberia to Japan. In North America it is found at the northeast coast of the United States and East Canada. The habitat requires clean, cold and streaming freshwater. The life cycle of Margaritifera margaritifera and its reproduction are unique within the bivalves (fig. 3). From the fertilized eggs grows a glochidium, which is kept in the marsupium of the female mussel for about 4 weeks. Then follows a parasitic stage on, and later encysted in, the gills of a host fish (Salmo trutta fario) for up to 10 months. The glochidium was discovered by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek in 1665, and later described as Glochidium parasiticum by Rathke in 1797. It was recognized the juvenile stage of a freshwater mussel in the 19th century. After leaving its host trout the young mussel grows very slowly for two to three years, deep in the substrate, untill the shell has reached a length of 15-20 mm. Then it starts living in the surface layers of the substrate, where the animal becomes mature at the age of 20 years. Due to water pollution and destroying its natural habitat, the populations of M. margaritifera have decreased rapidly during this century (figs. 4 and 5). The species has become extinct in many places (fig. 1) and is rare in others. For these reasons the freshwater pearlmussel belongs now to the endangered molluscs, and is placed on the preliminary list of protected animals ( the IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book, 1983). The shell was collected for its mother-of-pearl. Being also a producer of pearls, the animal has played a role in the cultural history, having supplied royalty and nobility of the European courts for centuries with freshwater pearls. Because of the value of pearls, scientists were stimulated to produce cultivated ones. It is known that Linnaeus (1707-1778) experimented with the species to cultivate pearls. During the 19th century pearl formation was studied by European malacologists (Pagenstecher, Möbius, von Hessling, de Fllippi, and Küchenmeister). At the turn of the century Japanese zoologists worked with the marine pearloyster (Pinctada) in the Ago Bay, and finally Mikimoto and Nishikawa were able to produce round cultivated pearls with a nucleus of mother-ofpearl. Next to the cultivation of pearls in marine bivalves, the Japanese also grow non-nucleated pearls in the freshwater mussel Hyriopsis, at Lake Biwa. Several techniques have been developed to distinct natural pearls from cultivated ones and from glass imitations. During the first half of the 20th century European scientists (Dubois, Boutan, Alverdes, Wellmann) experimented on M. margaritifera. In the United States freshwater pearlmussels of the family Unionidae, living in the Mississippi River, were investigated, mainly for the production of buttons. During the last decades the study of Margaritifera margaritifera is concentraded in Germany (Jungbluth c.s., Baer, Bishoff, Utermark), Austria (Grohs), Great Britain (Young, Williams) and the USA (Johnson, Smith). The literature on Margaritology (= the science of pearl molluscs and pearls) is very extensive. The three authors have published here a specialized bibliography on all aspects of the family Margaritiferidae. The present work contains the titles from preliminary lists prepared by Jungbluth and coworkers in 1977 and 1980. To these were added many titles about the freshwater pearlmussel from the bibliographies on margaritology compiled through the years by Grohs and Coomans. Several colleagues kindly supplied obscure titles not known to us before. The Bibliography (p. 1-191) is followed by an Index of Subjects (p. 192- 203), divided into eleven main Key words, with subdivisions (p. xxviii-xxix). On ten graphs (p. xxi-xxv) the number of titles per subject are plotted, from which is shown that most titles are about Distribution, Pearls, and Ecology. An Index of Authors (p. 204-213) is added, whereas in an Appendix (p. 214-218) the latest available literature is mentioned. The authors gladly will be informed about any omissions in this Bibliography. The chapters preceding the Bibliography were written by Jungbluth (“Distribution and biology of the freshwater pearlmussel”, and “Evaluation of the titles”), and by Grohs (“History of Margaritology”). Coomans wrote the “Introduction” and this “Summary”. The work is published by the Zoological Museum at Amsterdam.

Description: The aim of this study was to find factors that made the spoonbill colony in the Zwanenwater decrease so drastically. Three to four hundred pairs of the spoonbill Platalea leucorodia bred in the Zwanenwater around 1930 against 60 pairs in the last years. Foodintake rate is determined in five different areas of the spoonbill in the north of the province of Noordholland. Five different types of prey can be distinguished with different weight and density. This study shows that weight of prey is much more important for high foodintake rate than density of prey. The stickleback is the most important prey for the spoonbill of the Zwanenwater. There is much variation in size between fish of different stickleback populations. The areas with populations with big sticklebacks are the ones that are visited most by the spoonbill (Wieringerwaard). The exclusion of migrating 3-spined sticklebacks from the polders might have caused the decline in number of spoonbills in the last fifty years.

Description: The tridentigera group is one of four groups within the genus Chremistica Stål, 1870. Its monophyly is based upon genitalia characters. The group comprises 11 species, of which 4 are redescribed and 3 are described as new ( (C. minor, C. siamensis, C. biloba). The remaining 4 species are endemic to the Philippines and are not redescribed. A key to the males, distribution maps, a phylogenetic reconstruction and a historical biogeographic hypothesis are presented. The tridentigera group is distributed in Southern India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Malaya, Sumatra, Kalimantan and the Philippines.

Description: Comparison between two populations of the spirostreptid millipede Archispirostreptus syriacus reveals that there are no significant differences in the pattern of development between the xeric population (in Brosh) and the mesic one (in Megiddo). However, there is a difference in the duration of larval stages resulting in higher growth rates in the xeric population than in the mesic one. In Megiddo there are 11 larval stages and maturity is reached at the age of 8 years, following 3 adult stages. In Brosh maturity is reached at the age of 6 years after 12 larval stages, followed by 4 adult stages. Eggs that are laid in Brosh during May are significantly heavier then those laid in Megiddo during July-August. Similarly, there is a significant difference in the caloric value of the eggs from both habitats and probably in their water content as well.

Description: During the months May to September, global radiation, longwave radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed and direction are continuously recorded at the Pegelstation Vernagtbach (2640 m a. s. 1.). Based on this material, monthly means of global radiation, air temperature and monthly sums of precipitation for the years 1978 to 1982 are discussed with respect to their influence on shortwave radiation balance and sensible heat flux of Vernagtferner. As the Albedo, which is derived from daily photographs of the glacier increases while global radiation decreases during summer, shortwave radiation balance usually rises from May to August; the lowest value was observed in June 1982 with 48 Wm-2, the highest one in August 1980 with 96 W/m2. The Variation of sensible heat flux follows the change of air temperatures, as wind speed does not vary much during summer. Meltwater production as calculated from the energy balance, lies between 5 % and 30 % below the total measured runoff.

Description: The tridentigera group is one of four groups within the genus Chremistica St\xc3\xa5l, 1870. Its monophyly is based upon genitalia characters. The group comprises 11 species, of which 4 are redescribed and 3 are described as new ( (C. minor, C. siamensis, C. biloba). The remaining 4 species are endemic to the Philippines and are not redescribed. A key to the males, distribution maps, a phylogenetic reconstruction and a historical biogeographic hypothesis are presented. The tridentigera group is distributed in Southern India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Malaya, Sumatra, Kalimantan and the Philippines.

Description: Using the ability of selective uptake by the neurons of their own secreted amines, two 3H labeled neurotransmitters were used: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT, serotonin) and noradrenaline (NA). Autoradiographic study was conducted on semithin and on ultrathin sections.\nIn the brain, 3H-5 HT labeling is observed in the frontal lobes of the protocerebrum (two pairs of neurons) and in the lateral areas of the deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum (three or four pairs of neurons). A pair of labeled neurons is also present in each ganglion of the posterior part of the ventral nerve cord.\nIn the protocerebrum, 3H-NA is taken up by a pair of neurons located in the frontal lobes; two pairs of noradrenergic neurons can be found in each ganglion of the nerve cord.\nLabeled axons (5-HT and NA) are present in the brain and in the neuropils of the abdominal ganglions. The pathway of some cerebral axons can be followed in the perioesophageal connectives and in the cerebral glands.\nThese results are in agreement with the effects of injected neurotransmitters on (1) the brain electrical activity and (2) the stimulated activity of some of the protocerebral neurons (ultrastructural study by Jamault-Navarro in preparation).

Description: Comparison between two populations of the spirostreptid millipede Archispirostreptus syriacus reveals that there are no significant differences in the pattern of development between the xeric population (in Brosh) and the mesic one (in Megiddo). However, there is a difference in the duration of larval stages resulting in higher growth rates in the xeric population than in the mesic one. In Megiddo there are 11 larval stages and maturity is reached at the age of 8 years, following 3 adult stages. In Brosh maturity is reached at the age of 6 years after 12 larval stages, followed by 4 adult stages.\nEggs that are laid in Brosh during May are significantly heavier then those laid in Megiddo during July-August. Similarly, there is a significant difference in the caloric value of the eggs from both habitats and probably in their water content as well.

Description: Topography and fine structural organization of coxal organs and anal organs are compared in pleurostigmophorous chilopods. Each of the coxal or anal pores leads into a cuticle-lined pore channel, the bottom of which is surrounded by a single-layered epithelium. The epithelium is composed of different cell types, except for the larval anal organs of Lithobius forficatus. The main epithelial cells show a fine structure like transport-active cells with enlargements of the cell surfaces, plasmalemma-mitochondrial complexes and a widened subcuticle. The main epithelium is surrounded by junctional cells, exocrine glands, and the cells of the pore channel. A distinct mucous layer, containing mucopolysaccharides, covers the specialized cuticle of the transporting epithelium, and is secreted by the exocrine glands. The entire epithelium is separated from the hemolymph by an inner cellular sheath.\nIn Lithobius forficatus the coxal organs transport Na+ ions into the hemolymph, resulting in an increase of the Na+ ion concentration.\nOn the other hand, the coxal organs of L. forficatus are also capable of absorbing water vapour from the atmosphere. An analogous function is assumed for the similarly structured coxal organs and anal organs of other chilopods.

Description: Specimens of the centipede Lithobius variegatus and the millipede Glomeris marginata collected from uncontaminated sites, and sites contaminated with heavy metals, have been fed on tissues from the terrestrial isopod Oniscus asellus and leaf litter, respectively, containing different concentrations of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. The extent to which these elements are accumulated by Lithobius variegatus or Glomeris marginata depends on the amounts of metals in the food and the degree of contamination of the site from which the centipedes and millipedes are collected. The tissues within the body where metals are stored are compared in the two animals and suggestions are made of the areas which are in most need of further research.

Description: Ommatoiulus moreleti is a julid millipede native of Spain and Portugal. It has been introduced into Australia, where it has become a considerable pest, and also into Madeira, where it is now reported to be the commonest species of millipede.\nIn April and August 1981 an expediton from the University of Manchester Zoology Department visited Madeira and collections of the species were made in a variety of locations and habitats. The sex, instar and dimensions of each individual were later determined.\nThe stadial distributions at different altitudes are given for April and August.\nA pattern is found with difference in altitude which varies between the times of the year studied. This variation is discussed with reference to the climate of different parts of the island.

Description: Five species of millipedes, living cither in a mixed oak wood (alt. 670 m) (Enantiulus nanus, Mastigona mutabilis) or in an Alnus viridis community (alt. 2000 m) ( Leptoiulus saltuvagus, Haasea fonticulorum and Ochogona caroli) and the nival species Trimerophorella nivicomes are compared in respect of their desiccation tolerance and their capacity to take up water from moist substrate.\nResults are expressed as the change of the initial water content of normally hydrated animals (\xce\x94m0, % h-1) and as the rate of transpiration per unit surface area per unit time per saturation deficit (\xc2\xb5g cm-2 h-1 mmHg-1).\nAt 0% r.h. and at 25\xc2\xb0 C, O. caroli (44.6% h-1), M. mutabilis (54.6) and H. fonticulorum (65.5) lost their water at rates higher than L. saltuvagus (9.1), T. nivicomes (9.8) and E. nanus (17.4). The tolerable water loss, expressed as a percentage of the initial body water, varied between 21 % (E. nanus) and 44.2% ( L. saltuvagus).\nThe uptake of water by eversion of rectal tissue onto moist surface seems to be an important source of water gain. Dehydrated animals of M. mutabilis absorbed at a maximal rate of 79% h-1. The ecological implications of these facts are discussed.

Description: First record of iridovirus infections of terrestrial isopods (Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio scaber) in Europe (The Netherlands). Infested specimens can be detected by their bright blue color.

Description: In the Foljuif Forest (Seine-et-Marne, France), the millipede community is composed of five main species. A seasonal sampling has been made in the litter and soil layers: L, F, H, A11, A12 and A13. Millipedes are always absent in the deepest sandy layers. The spatial distribution is described for the five specific populations along the annual cycle 1982/83. The average density is 169 ind./m2 for the millipede community and 133 ind./m2 for the dominant species Cylindroiulus punctatus.\nOn a scale of 1/16 m2, the coexistence of several species is permanent. The coexistence patterns of C. punctatus and C. nitidus in 1/4 m2 are compared with the previous results obtained on a scale of 1/16 m2, which shows a mutual exclusion tendency.