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  • Articles  (1,789)
  • Springer  (1,704)
  • Annual Reviews  (85)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (1,789)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939
  • 1984  (1,789)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (1,789)
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  • Articles  (1,789)
Publisher
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (1,789)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1940-1944
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 471-491 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 3
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 493-520 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 4
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 5
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 21-41 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 6
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 69-99 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 7
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 157-181 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 8
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 257-280 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 9
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 377-407 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 10
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 183-205 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 11
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 207-231 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 12
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 137-155 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 13
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 115-136 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 14
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 233-255 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 15
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 409-454 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 16
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 455-470 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 17
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 339-376 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 18
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 521-562 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 19
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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  • 20
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 21
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 21-26 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 22
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 23
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 35-52 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 24
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 53-75 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 25
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 77-94 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 26
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 95-113 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 27
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 115-132 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 28
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 133-150 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 29
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 151-168 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 30
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 169-188 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 31
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 189-214 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 32
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 215-245 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 33
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 247-272 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 34
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 273-307 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 35
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 309-330 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 36
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 361-396 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 37
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 331-359 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
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  • 38
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 397-420 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
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  • 39
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 421-442 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 40
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    Annual Review of Phytopathology 22 (1984), S. 443-466 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 41
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    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 281-337 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 42
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    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 43-67 
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 43
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 44
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a pilot experiment on an open rubbish tip, the effect was examined of species-typical panic calls to scare off carrion crows. With regard to the application of the method for the protection of sprouting maize fields, the acclimatization periods of the crows and the optimal broadcast intervals of the calls were of interest. The experiments were in each case conducted in the mornings of 8 consecutive workdays and 13 broadcasts of the calls were sufficient to keep the crows away from the tip. The crows fled all the quicker the more cries they had already heard and the time they took to return increased from 20 minutes to 3 hours. The possibility of the emergence of a “warming-up” phenomenon is discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Lors d'une étude-pilote près d'un dépôt d'immondices à ciel ouvert on analysa l'effet de cris d'effroi spécifiques pour repousser des corneilles. En vue d'appliquer la méthode à la protection de champs de Maîs au stade de plantules on s'intéressa aux durées d'accoutumance des corneilles et á l'intervalle optimal des cris. Les essais se déroulèrent chaque matin pendant 8 journées de travail consécutives et on parvint, en n'émettant que 13 reproductions de cris, à éloigner les corneilles du dépotoir. Au plus nombreux étaient les cris que les corneilles avaient entendus, au plus rapide était leur envol: le temps nécessaire avant leur retour après leur envol passa de 20 minutes à 3 heures. La possibilité d'un phénomène de conditionnement («warming up factor») fait l'objet d'une discussion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Pilotversuch bei einer offenen Kehrichtdeponie wurde die Wirkung von arteigenen Angstschreien zum Verjagen von Rabenkrähen untersucht. Im Hinblick auf die Verwendung der Methode zum Schutz von sprießenden Maisfeldern interessierten die Gewöhnungszeiten der Krähen und die optimalen Sendeintervalle der Schreie. Die Versuche wurden jeweils morgens an 8 aufeinanderfolgenden Werktagen durchgeführt, und es gelang, mit nur 13 Abspielungen der Schreie die Krähen von der Grube fernzuhalten. Die Krähen flohen schneller, je mehr Schreie sie schon gehört hatten, und die Zeit bis zu ihrer Rückkehr nach der Flucht nahm von 20 Minuten auf 3 Stunden zu. Die Möglichkeit des Auftretens eines „warming up”-Phänomens wird diskutiert.
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  • 45
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 124-126 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This is a report on provoked late birth in a fallow deer herd given a buck only on 25th January 1983. The dates of birth lay in the period from 13th to 29th September 1983, the times of conception calculated therefrom between 27th January and 13th February 1983. Four adult hinds gave birth to 5 calves, one to twins. One weak two-year-old hind and two born late had not come into season.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte d'une mise-bas tardive provoquée par l'introduction, au sein d'une harde de daines, d'un daim mâle le 25 janvier 1983. Les dates de parturition se situèrent entre le 13 et le 29 septembre 1983; les dates correspondantes de conception ont été calculées comme devant s'être situées entre le 27 janvier et le 13 février 1983. Quatre daines adultes mirent bas cinq faons, une d'entre elles, des jumeaux. Une daine d'un an malvenante et deux autres nées tardivement n'étaient pas entrées en chaleur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berichtet wird über provoziertes spätes Setzen in einer Damwildherde, der erst am 25. Januar 1983 ein Hirsch zugegeben wurde. Die Geburtstermine lagen zwischen dem 13. und 29. September 1983, die daraus errechneten Konzeptionszeiten zwischen dem 27. Januar und 13. Februar 1983. Vier Alttiere setzten 5 Kälber, eines davon Zwillinge. Ein schwaches und zwei spätgeborene Schmaltiere waren nicht brunftig geworden.
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  • 46
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 130-130 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 47
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 127-129 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778) with an additional hind extremity on the right side of the body is described with the aid of radiological diagnosis. Discussed is the incomplete development of the upper thigh and lower thigh of the extremity, which had no function, as the result of insufficient arterial supply, as well as the deformation of the pelvis as incomplete doubling of the right half of the pelvis and the additional hind limb as teratogenous disturbance.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit, à l'aide d'un diagnostic aux Rayons X, le cas d'un lièvre (Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778) présentant une extrémité postérieure complémentaire sur le flanc droit. Une discussion porte sur la formation incomplète d'un fémur et d'une jambe sur le membre non fonctionnel (comme résultant d'une irrigation artérielle insuffisante) ainsi que sur la déformation du bassin (par suite de la duplication incomplète de la partie droite du bassin) et sur la prédisposition à la formation d'un membre surnuméraire (comme résultant d'un désordre tératogène).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Hase (Lepus europaeus Pallas 1778) mit einer zusätzlichen hinteren Extremität auf der rechten Körperseite ist mit Hilfe der Röntgendiagnostik beschrieben. Diskutiert wird die unvollständige Ausbildung von Oberschenkel und Unterschenkel der funktionslosen Extremität als Folge ungenügender arterieller Versorgung sowie die Deformation des Beckens als unvollständige Verdoppelung der rechten Beckenhälfte und die Anlage der überzähligen Hintergliedmaße als teratogene Störung.
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  • 48
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 133-136 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Ossa metacarpalia and the distal carpal bones of 48 red deer and 12 fallow deer were measured exactly. This showed that the Ossa metacarpalia were always to be seen only on the forelegs. The medial Ossa metacarpalia were always longer than the lateral, with the exception of 4 male red deer. The Os carpale primum was found on all the animals examined: in young calves it was only the size of a pinhead. The Os carpale primum articulates with a hook-shaped bone process on the mediovolar side of the Os carpale secundum. This bone process is not always to be found in red deer but is always present in fallow deer.
    Abstract: Résumé Les métacarpes II et V ainsi que les carpes distaux de 48 cerfs et de 12 daims ont été mesurés avec précision. Il apparut que les métacarpes n'étaient visibles que sur les antérieurs. Les métacarpes médians étaient toujours plus longs que les métacarpes latéraux à l'exception de 4 cerfs mâles. L'Os carpale primum peut être observé chez tous les animaux examinés; chez les sujets juvéniles, le même os n'était pas plus gros qu'une tête d'épingle. L'Os carpale primum s'articule par l'intermédiaire d'une protubérance osseuse en forme de crochet à la face médio-volaire de l'Os carpale secundum. Chez le Cerf cette protubérance n'est pas toujours décelable, chez la Daim, par contre, elle est toujours présente.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Von 48 Stück Rotwild und 12 Stück Damwild wurden die Griffelbeine sowie die distalen Carpalknochen exakt vermessen. Dabei zeigte sich, daß die Griffelbeine immer nur an den Vorderläufen zu beobachten waren. Die medialen Griffelbeine waren stets länger als die lateralen mit Ausnahme von 4 Stück männlichen Rotwildes. Das Os carpale primum fand sich bei allen untersuchten Tieren; bei jungen Kälbern hatte dasselbe nur die Größe eines Stecknadelkopfes. Das Os carpale primum artikuliert mit einem hakenförmigen Knochenfortsatz an der medio-volaren Seite des Os carpale secundum. Beim Rotwild ist dieser Knochenfortsatz nicht immer nachweisbar, beim Damwild hingegen stets vorhanden.
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 201-202 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A surplus canine tooth on the right mandible of an ibex is explained as being a double-formed canine tooth.
    Abstract: Résumé Une dent surnuméraire de la mandibule droite d'un bouquetin est considérée comme résultant du doublement de la canine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein überzähliger Zahn in der rechten Mandibel bei einem Steinbock wird als doppelt angelegter Eckzahn gedeutet.
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 203-203 
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 204-208 
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 218-228 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The distribution of the raccoon in central Europe, working from the incidence on the Edersee in Hessen, is recorded from 1934 to 1984. 50 years after the successful naturalization, the area of distribution extends beyond the borders of the Federal Republic into the Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Switzerland, Austria and the German Democratic Republic. The neighbouring countries of Belgium, Czechoslovakia and Denmark and, to the east of the German Democratic Republic, the People's Republic of Poland have been reached. The tendency towards expansion continues, even though no increase in population is to be seen in the principal areas of Hessen, North-Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. Outside the principal areas the extensive region of distribution is extremely thinly populated with raccoon. Natural barriers such as the Rhine, the Main, the Swabian and the Franconian Alps as well as regionally unfavourable living conditions have a restrictive effect on a population increase.
    Abstract: Résumé La distribution du Raton laveur en Europe centrale, au départ du centre de dispersion près de l'Edersee en Hesse, est établie de 1934 à 1984. Cinquante ans après une acclimatation réussie, l'aire de dispersion dépasse aujourd'hui les frontières de l'Allemagne fédérale pour couvrir les Pays-Bas, le Luxembourg, la France, la Suisse, l'Autriche et l'Allemagne orientale. Les autres pays voisins — Belgique, Tchécoslovaquie et Danemark — de même que des régions situées à l'Est de l'Allemagne orientale en Pologne sont atteints. La tendance à l'expansion se maintient malgré le fait que dans les centres de dispersion en Hesse, Rhénanie-Westphalie et Basse-Saxe aucune augmentation de population n'est à dénoter. En-dehors des centres de dispersion, l'aire générale de dispersion du Raton laveur révèle une densité de population extrêmement faible. Des barrières naturelles comme le Rhin, le Main, le Jura souabe et le Jura franconien de même que des conditions d'existence locales défavorables ralentissent une augmentation de population.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verbreitung des Waschbären in Mitteleuropa, ausgehend vom Zentrum des Vorkommens am Edersee in Hessen, wird von 1934 bis 1984 festgehalten. 50 Jahre nach der erfolgreichen Einbürgerung reicht das Verbreitungsgebiet über die Grenzen der Bundesrepublik hinaus in die Niederlande, Luxemburg, Frankreich, die Schweiz, Österreich und die Deutsche Demokratische Republik. Die benachbarten Länder Belgien, Tschechoslowakei und Dänemark sowie im Osten der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik die Volksrepublik Polen sind erreicht. Die Ausbreitungstendenz hält an, wenngleich in den Kerngebieten Hessens, Nordrhein-Westfalens und Niedersachsens kein Anstieg der Population zu verzeichnen ist. Das weiträumige Verbreitungsgebiet ist außerhalb der Kerngebiete äußerst dünn von Waschbären besiedelt. Natürliche Barrieren wie Rhein, Main, Schwäbische und Fränkische Alb sowie regional ungünstige Lebensbedingungen wirken hemmend auf einen Populationsanstieg.
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    European journal of wildlife research 30 (1984), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This report discusses two primary liver tumours which developed spontaneously and which have not been described in roe deer before. These were a Haemangioma cavernosum in a liver celladenom and a solitary, primary malignes Lymphom which is best classified as a B-cell Lymphom.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte de deux cas, inconnus jusqu'alors, de tumeurs hépatiques primaires, apparues spontanément chez le Chevreuil. Is s'agit, en l'occurence, d'un Hémangiome caverneux dans un Adénome de cellules hépatiques de même que d'un Lymphome primaire de nature maligne qui doit plutôt être classé comme un Lymphome B-cellulaire.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über zwei bisher beim Reh nicht beschriebene spontan entstandene primäre Lebertumoren berichtet. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Haemangioma cavernosum in einem Leberzelladenom sowie um ein solitäres, primär malignes Lymphom, das am ehesten als ein B-Zell-Lymphom zu klassifizieren ist.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 12-19 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energie ; Wärmeproduktion ; Realimentation ; Nüchternumsatz ; Erhaltungsumsatz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A metabolism trial with six adult sows was conducted to study the effect of fasting and realimentation on heat production, energy retention, and utilization of energy. Complete balance measurements by indirect calorimetry (CN-method, RQ-method) were carried out from the 8th to the 10th day of fasting, and thereafter from the 1st to the 7th day and from the 33rd to the 36th day of the realimentation phase. Previous to fasting and during the time of refeeding the energy supply was adapted to maintenance requirement. Heat production rose by 20% after refeeding the animals. This heat increment corresponded to 2.2 MJ/kg feed dry matter, or 12% of the energy intake, respectively. The stimulation of heat production induced by refeeding occurred spontaneously within one day. After the first day of refeeding a plateau was reached, which in the course of the steady energy supply was still present even after the 5th week of realimentation. Residual effects of fasting in the mode of a compensatory heat production were not observed. Therefore, a constant utilization of efficiency of metabolizable energy for maintenance was estimanted at 82%. The change of body energy during the entire experimental period resulted in a loss of 198 MJ corresponding to about 5% of the body weight.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Gesamtstoffwechselversuch mit 6 ausgewachsenen Sauen wurden Wärmeproduktion und Energieretention bei Nüchterung und nachfolgender kontrollierter Realimentation untersucht. Die quantitative Stoffwechselmessung mit Hilfe der indirekten Kalorimetrie (CN-Methode und RQ-Methode) fand am 8.–10. Hungertag und am 1.–7. sowie 33.–36. Tag der Wiederfütterung statt. Die Nahrungszufuhr war vor und nach der Hungerphase auf den energetischen Erhaltungsbedarf ausgerichtet. Die Wärmeproduktion lag in der Realimentation gegenüber der Hungerphase um 20% höher. Dieser Wärmezuwachs entsprach 2,2 MJ/kg Futtertrockenmasse bzw. 12% der Energieaufnahme. Der Energiewechsel adaptierte sich innerhalb eines Tages an die Situation der Wiederfütterung. Danach blieb die Wärmebildung bzw. die Energieretention bis Ende des Versuchs auf einem konstanten Niveau. Nachwirkungen der Nüchterung im Sinne einer kompensatorisch veränderten Wärmeproduktion traten nicht auf. Die energetische Verwertung der umsetzbaren Energie für Erhaltung berechnete sich auf 82%. Die über die gesamte Versuchszeit erstellte Energiebilanz ergab ein Defizit der Körperenergie von 198 MJ, entsprechend etwa 5% des Körpergewichtes.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: endogener Kotstickstoff ; bakterieller Stickstoff ; Guarmehl ; 15N-Tracer-Technik ; Ratten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The metabolic fecal nitrogen was determined in 8 young rats (90–100 g body weight) using a single oral dose of 75 mg15N-glycine. Four rats were fed a diet containing 8 % guar and 4 rats received a control diet without guar. Compared to the control group, apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen balance were significantly lower in the guar group. After an initial steep rise the15N-elimination in feces and urine (days 2–8 after15N-glycine application) followed an exponential curve in at least 2 phases, with increasing half-time values. The proportion of metabolic fecal nitrogen to total fecal nitrogen was calculated from the15N-atom-% excess, determined daily in urine and in feces. This calculation is based on the assumption that the specific15N-activity (15N-atom-% excess) in urine represents the specific15N-activity of the endogenous nitrogen pool. The addition of guar raised the proportion of metabolic fecal nitrogen from 51 % (control) to 73 %, corresponding to an increase in total fecal nitrogen loss (24 mg) observed in the guar-fed animals. This indicates that the rise in fecal nitrogen loss caused by guar is due almost entirely to enhanced secretion of endogenous nitrogen and not to undigested food protein. Based on the analysis of 2,6-diamino-pimelic acid in the feces of 4 rats the proportion of bacterial nitrogen in the feces was calculated. It amounted to 19.8 % of total fecal N in the control group, and to 30.1 % in the guar group, or to 39.4 % and 44.4 % of metabolic fecal nitrogen respectively. Obviously the increased dietary fiber intake also caused a rise in the amount of metabolic fecal nitrogen, which is derived from gastro-intestinal secretions and epithelial tissue.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der endogenen Stickstoffausscheidung im Kot wurde acht jungen Ratten (90 bis 100 g Körpergewicht) eine orale Dosis von 75 mg15N-Glycin verabreicht. Vier Ratten erhielten eine 8%ige Guarmehldiät und vier Ratten eine Kontrolldiät ohne Guarmehlzusatz. Gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe wurde eine signifikante Verringerung der scheinbaren Proteinverdaulichkeit und der N-Bilanz in der Guarmehlgruppe festgestellt. Nach einem anfänglichen steilen Anstieg verlief die15N-Elimination in Kot und Urin vom 2. bis 8. Tag nach der15N-Glycin-Applikation exponentiell in mindestens zwei Phasen mit steigender Halbwertszeit. Aus den experimentell ermittelten Tageswerten des15N-Atom-%-Überschusses in Urin und Kot wurde der Anteil des endogenen Stickstoffs im gesamten Kotstickstoff berechnet. Hierbei wurde vorausgesetzt, daß die spezifische15N-Aktivität des Urins (15N-Atom-%-Überschuß) dem15N-Markierungsgrad des endogenen Stickstoff-Pools entspricht. Durch Guarmehlzusatz erhöhte sich der Anteil des endogenen Kotstickstoffs von 51% (Kontrollgruppe) auf 73%, was einem Anstieg von 10 mg N/Tag auf 32 mg N/Tag entspricht. Diese Differenz von 22 mg N/Tag ist vergleichbar mit dem um 24 mg/Tag erhöhten N-Verlust im Kot der Tiere in der Guarmehlgruppe. Demnach sind die durch Guarmehl verursachten erhöhten N-Verluste fast ausschließlich durch eine vermehrte endogene N-Sekretion und nicht durch unverdautes Nahrungsprotein bedingt. Mit Hilfe der 2,6-Diamino-pimelinsäure-Analyse des Kots von vier Ratten wurde der Anteil des aus Darmbakterien stammenden Kot-N bestimmt. Er betrug 19,8 % (Kontrollgruppe) bzw. 30,1% (Guarmehlgruppe) des Gesamt-Kot-N bzw. 39,4% (Kontrollgruppe) und 44,4 % (Guarmehlgruppe) des endogenen Kot-N. Hieraus ist zu folgern, daß die erhöhte Ballaststoffzufuhr auch eine vermehrte Ausscheidung an endogenem Stickstoff in Form von N-haltigen Sekreten und Epithelzellen des Magen-Darm-Traktes bewirkt hat.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 58-65 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Feststoffsubstrate ; Kolonienbildung von Mikroorganismen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Bacteria have been found to grow differently at contact sites to both organic and anorganic solids as on pure agar media. Of 16 ad hoc selected bacterial strains, the following species (arranged in decreasing order) responded with stronger colony formation: Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Streptococcus sanguis, S. saprophyticus, S. faecalis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus flavus, Actinomyces viscosus, Veillonella sp., Enterobacter liquefaciens, Yersinia enterocolitica. Lactobacillus casei behaved neutral. Proteus vulgaris, Y. enterocolitica and Chromobacterium violaceum grow on certain media only in the presence of solid particles. The yeasts Endomyces lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Cryptococcus nigricans did not respond to solid particles during colony formation. The kind of protein — animal (meat) or vegetable (soy beans) — did not influence the behaviour of the microorganisms in these experiments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Bakterien an Kontaktstellen mit sowohl organischen als auch anorganischen Feststoffmaterialien anders wachsen als auf reinen Agarnährböden. Von 16 ad hoc gewählten Bakterienstämmen reagierten folgende Spezies mit intensiverer Kolonienbildung in sinkender Reihenfolge: Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Streptococcus sanguis, S. saprophyticus, S. faecalis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus flavus, Actinomyces viscosus, Veillonella sp., Enterobacter liquefaciens, Yersinia enterocolitica. Lactobacillus casei verhielt sich neutral. Proteus vulgaris, Y. enterocolitica und Chromobacterium violaceum wachsen auf bestimmten Nährböden nur in Anwesenheit der Festpartikel. Die Hefen Endomyces lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa und Cryptococcus nigricans zeigten bei der Kolonienbildung keine Reaktion auf die Feststoffpartikel. Die Art des Proteins in Nährböden — tierisch (Fleisch) oder pflanzlich (Sojabohnen) — beeinflußte das Verhalten der Mikroorganismen in diesen Untersuchungen nicht.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 104-112 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: vitamin A ; inner ear ; review ; vitamin A deficiency ; hearing loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Since the first characterization and description of vitamin A this is used in otolaryngologic therapy for different forms of hearing disorders, and its relation to the inner ear is subject of investigation. Animal experiments and clinical studies were done to clarify the significance of vitamin A for the function of hearing. Besides this there were a lot of observations describing correlations between vitamin A metabolism and hearing loss. Recent investigations showed that vitamin A is present in high concentrations in the inner ear and stored there. Morphological experiments revealed different and in some way contradictory results, but they showed that vitamin A seems to be essential for inner-ear morphogenesis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit der Entdeckung des Vitamin A und ersten Beschreibung seiner Wirkung wird dieses auch in der Otorhinolaryngologie als Therapeutikum bei den unterschiedlichsten Formen von Hörstörungen eingesetzt und seine Wirkungsweise am Innenohr erforscht. So wurden sowohl tierexperimentelle als auch klinische Studien durchgeführt, um die Bedeutung des Vitamins für die Funktion des Hörorgans zu klären. Daneben wurden eine Reihe von Beobachtungen mitgeteilt, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen Störungen des Vitamin-A-Stoffwechsels und gleichzeitig auftretenden Hörstörungen beschrieben. Neuere Untersuchungen haben ergeben, daß Vitamin A in hohen Konzentrationen im Innenohr vorkommt und dort auch gespeichert werden kann. Morphologische Untersuchungen führten zu den unterschiedlichsten Ergebnissen und haben gezeigt, daß Vitamin A für die Morphogenese des Innenohres von Bedeutung zu sein scheint.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 276-282 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: starvation ; brain ; lipid metabolism ; dietary lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß verschiedener Nahrungsfette auf den Lipidstoffwechsel des Gehirns während Hunger wurde untersucht. Albinoratten wurden 8 Tage lang mit Dalda, Senföl oder Erdnußöl gefüttert. Einige Tiere blieben anschließend 3 und 5 Tage lang ohne Nahrung. Die Gesamtlipide und die Galaktolipide wurden durch Nahrungsfette und durch Hunger nicht beeinflußt, während die Phospholipide unabhängig von der Art des Nahrungsfetts signifikant zunahmen. Cholesterin nahm in den mit Dalda und mit Erdnußöl gefütterten Gruppen zu und nahm ab während des Hungerns. In der Hungerperiode im Anschluß an die Fettzufuhr war der Einbau von 1-14C-Acetat in Lipide von Gehirnschnitten nach Erdnußöl höher als nach Dalda. Nach Senföl war der Einbau nur gering.
    Notes: Summary In this study the effects of the dietary fat sources, viz., Dalda, mustard oil and groundnut oil in the brain lipid metabolism during starvation has been investigated. To find out this, these oils were fed to albino rats for 8 weeks followed by 3 and 5 days of starvation. Total as well as galactolipids of brain were not affected by dietary oils and starvation, whereas phospholipids of brain were significantly increased by fasting irrespective of the dietary fats. On the other hand, cholesterol was found to be increased in the groups fed with Dalda and groundnut oil and to be significantly decreased during fasting experiments. Incorporation of (1-14C)acetate into lipid of the brain slices of rats fed different experimental diets than followed by starvation revealed that the uptake of radioactivity was higher in the group fed with groundnut oil, followed by Dalda. Low uptake was observed in the group fed with mustard oil.
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: germ-free rat ; intestinal tract colonization ; interaction ; protection ; Bifidobacterium ; E. coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Vorherrschen von Bifidobakterien in normalen, mit Muttermilch ernährten Säuglingen ist gut dokumentiert. Sogar unter ungünstigen hygienischen Bedingungen bei der Geburt und während der Stillperiode entwickeln sich die Bifidobakterien und kolonisieren den Darmtrakt in großer Anzahl. In dieser Studie untersuchten wir die Wechselwirkung zwischen Bifidusbacterium longum und einem pathogenen E.-coli-Stamm in der keimfreien Ratte. Die Proliferation der beiden Bakterienstämme wurde durch sequenzielle Probeentnahme verfolgt. Die licht-mikroskopische und elektronen-mikroskopische Untersuchung von ausgewählten Darmabschnitten zeigte geringgradige morphologische Veränderungen. Die Bifidobakterien schützen die Ratten vollständig gegen Mortalität durch nachfolgende Infektion durch E. coli. Wiederholte Verabreichung von Bifidobakterien verminderte darüber hinaus die E.-coli-Population und hielt diese auf einem niedrigen Niveau. Daher erscheint die keimfreie Ratte als ein angemessenes Modell zum Studium der Entwicklung und Wechselwirkung von beiden Bakterienstämmen. Die Sequenz der Inokulation ist dabei von großer Bedeutung.
    Notes: Summary The predominance of Bifidobacteria in normal breast-fed babies is well established. Even under unfavourable hygienic conditions of delivery and during the breast-feeding period Bifidobacteria develop and colonize the intestinal tract at high concentrations. In the present study we investigated the interaction between Bifidobacterium longum and a pathogenic E. coli strain in the germ-free rat. Sequential counts of the two bacterial strains allowed their proliferation to be followed. Electron microscopic as well as light microscopic examinations of selected intestinal mucosa segments revealed minor morphological changes. Bifidobacterium completely protected the rats against mortality from a consecutive infection with E. coli. Repeated inoculation of Bifidobacteria even decreased and kept down the initial E. coli population. Thus it appears that the germ-free rat is an appropriate model to study the development and interaction of both bacterial species and that the sequence of inoculation is most important.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 74-74 
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 75-75 
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: rice starch ; cooking quality ; physicochemical properties ; storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 12 verschiedene Sorten von Reis aus Indien wurden im Hinblick auf die Auswirkung einer Lagerung bei verschiedenen Umgebungsbedingungen für die Dauer von 180 Tagen auf physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften des Stärkeanteils und auf die notwendigen Garzeiten sowie die beim Garen eintretenden Verluste an Trokkensubstanz bzw. die Wasseraufnahme untersucht. Die Viskosität der Stärke nahm bei allen Reissorten während der Lagerung zu. Bezüglich der Garungszeiten waren keine größeren Unterschiede zwischen den Sorten zu beobachten, während die Wasseraufnahmen sehr unterschiedlich sein konnten.
    Notes: Summary Twelve different varieties of rice including two flavorful varieties grown in the State of Maharashtra (India) have been studied with respect to the effect of storage, at ambient conditions, for 180 days on the physicochemical properties of the starch component as well as cooking quality.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 157-170 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dünndarmresorption ; Tumorstadium ; histologischer Typ ; Organlokalisation ; Ernährungstherapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A deteriorating nutritional condition combined with the loss of body mass is one of the most noticeable symptoms of cancer. In order to answer the question to what extent absorption disorders in the small intestine are responsible for the malnutrition which develops, we studied 54 oncologic patients using modified D-xylose absorption tests. After the oral and intravenous administration of 10 g D-xylose at different times, the degree of absorption dependent on time was determined on the basis of a biophysical model. When accompanied by general nonspecific tumor symptoms, the frequency of absorption restrictions was increased. An established relation was found between the extent of small intestinal absorption, on the one hand, and the degree of spreading (staging) and the degree of histological differentiation of the carcinoma, on the other hand. Enteral absorption disorders represent a partial cause for the development of malnutrition in cancer patients and must be viewed as a result of a metabolic situation which is distinctly catabolic.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verschlechterung des Ernährungszustandes und die Abnahme an Körpermasse ist eines der auffälligsten Symptome des Krebsleidens. Zur Beantwortung der Frage, inwieweit Störungen der Dünndarmresorption für die sich entwickelnde Malnutrition verantwortlich zu machen sind, untersuchten wir 54 onkologische Patienten mit Hilfe des modifizierten D-Xylose-Resorptionstests. Nach zeitlich getrennter oraler und intravenöser Applikation von 10 g D-Xylose wurde auf der Grundlage einer biophysikalischen Modellierung das Ausmaß der Resorption in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit ermittelt. Mit dem Auftreten allgemeiner unspezifischer Tumorsymptome erhöht sich die Häufigkeit von Resorptionseinschränkungen. Es konnte eine gesicherte Beziehung zwischen Ausbreitungsgrad (Staging), histologischem Differenzierungsgrad des Karzinoms einerseits und dem Ausmaß der Dünndarmresorption andererseits nachgewiesen werden. Enterale Resorptionsstörungen stellen eine Teilursache bei der Entwicklung einer Mangelernährung bei Krebskranken dar und sind selbst als Folge der katabol akzentuierten Stoffwechsellage anzusehen.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Maillard-Produkte ; Protein-Qualität ; Wachstum und Nephrozytomegalie bei Ratten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two experiments lasting 10 vs. 8 weeks respectively were conducted in order to determine the effects of feeding heated proteins (casein + glucose, 65 °C for 4 days) on histopathological alterations in the kidneys of rats. Histological examinations showed enlarged epithelial cells and cell nuclei in the pars recta of the proximal tubules (inner stripe of the inner kidney cortex zone) beginning after two weeks of the test. The differences in the average size of the nuclei were significant after a feeding period of 6, 8 or 10 weeks (44 rats in the testgroup vs. 36 rats in the controlgroup respectively). In this way the alterations are very similar to that which are induced by lysinoalanine. The substance causing the lesions seems not to be fructoselysine although it was present in the heat damaged diets in concentrations of 16,000–23,000 ppm but is suggested among the substances formed in the early and advanced stage of Maillard reaction.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In zwei Versuchen von 10 bzw. 8 Wochen Dauer wurde der Einfluß der Fütterung eines hitzegeschädigten, lysinoalaninfreien Proteins (Casein+Glucose, 65 °C, 4 Tage) auf histopathologische Veränderungen in Rattennieren untersucht. In den histopathologischen Präparaten der Nieren waren schon nach zwei Wochen vergrößerte Tubulusepithelzellen in der pars recta des proximalen Tubulus zu erkennen. Zellkernmessungen in der 6., 8. und 10. Versuchswoche ergaben eine signifikante Erhöhung der mittleren Zellkerngröße bei den Versuchstieren (n=44) im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren (n=36). Damit waren die Veränderungen vergleichbar mit den aus der Literatur bekannten, durch Lysinoalanin induzierten histopathologischen Befunden. Das auslösende Agens für die Nephrocytomegalie konnte nicht identifiziert werden. Es dürfte im Bereich der vielen Zwischenprodukte aus dem Initial- und Zwischenstadium der Maillard-Reaktion zu suchen sein.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 113-125 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Muttermilch ; Triglyceride ; Cholesterin ; Phospholipide ; Fettsäuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The dependency of the human milk lipids triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol), phospholipids (PL), and the fatty acid composition of both TG and PL on the stage of lactation, the day time, the course of one nursing, and on the mother's diet was shown by analyzing more than 350 milk samples. In progressing lactation (day 1–36) TG increased from 1.9 to 3.9 g/100 ml. Chol decreased from 35 to 20 mg/100 ml, while PL remained with 40 mg/100 ml rather constant. The resulting decrease in the PL/TG- and Chol/TG-ratios indicates an increasing size of fat globules. During one nursing, TG and Chol increased four-fold and PL doubled. During the day lipids (TG, Chol, PL) of the milks of German mothers reached their peak values in the afternoon, whereas the ones of milks obtained from English mothers were found in the late evening. With 3 mothers (n=3) carbohydrate-rich diets (65 cal%) led to an increase of the milk fat content. In contrast high fat diets (50 cal%) resulted in milks with low fat contents (2.6/4.1 g/100 ml). Chol (20.8/37.5 mg/100 ml) and PL (26.4/ 45.3 mg/100 ml) showed the same dependency. The fatty acid composition changed mainly dependent on the duration of the lactation and the mother's diet, but not during one single nursing and during the day. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in early than in mature milks. The P/S-ratio of TG was found to remain constant in progressing lactation (0.32), whereas the one of PL increased from 0.6 to 0.71. Dependent on the regimen of the mother the P/S-ratios (n=3) were found to be 0.27 (high carbohydrate diet) and 0.46 (high fat/high linoleic acid diet).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Analyse von über 350 Frauenmilchproben konnte die Abhängigkeit der Frauenmilchlipide — Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterin (Chol), Phospholipide (PL), Fettsäurezusammensetzung der TG und PL — vom Stadium der Laktation, der Tageszeit, dem Verlauf des Stillvorgangs und der mütterlichen Ernährung gezeigt werden. Im Verlauf der Laktation (1.–36. Tag) nahm der TG-Gehalt der untersuchten Proben von 1,9 auf 3,9 g/100 ml zu. Chol sank von 35 auf 20 mg/100 ml. Der PL-Gehalt blieb mit 40 mg/100 ml weitgehend konstant. Die sich aus den Ergebnissen ableitenden Chol/TG- und PL/TG-Quotienten deuten auf eine Zunahme der Fettkügelchengröße im Laufe der Laktation hin. Während eines Stillvorganges stiegen die TG und Chol um das nahezu Vierfache an, wogegen sich der PL-Gehalt nur verdoppelte. Über den Tag gesehen hatten Milchen deutscher Mütter ihre höchsten Lipidwerte (TG, Chol, PL) am Nachmittag, wogegen die Maxima der englischen Milchproben am späten Abend gefunden wurden. Kohlenhydratreiche Ernährungsweise (65 cal%) führte bei Müttern (n=3) zu einem Anstieg des Milchfettgehalts, wogegen umgekehrt aus fettreicher Ernährung relativ fettarme Milchen resultierten (2,6/4,1 g/100 ml). Entsprechend verhielten sich Chol (20,8/37,5 mg/ 100 ml) und die PL (26,4/45,3 mg/100 ml). Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung änderte sich vor allem in Abhängigkeit von der Laktation und der mütterlichen Ernährung, nicht aber während des Stillvorganges und im tageszeitlichen Verlauf. Frühe Milch ist besonders reich an langkettig polyungesättigten Fettsäuren. Der P/S-Quotient der TG blieb im Verlauf der Laktation mit 0,32 weitgehend konstant, wogegen derjenige der PL von 0,6 auf 0,71 anstieg. Je nach Ernährungsweise der Mutter lag der P/S-Quotient (n=3) bei 0,27 (kohlenhydratreich) und bei 0,46 (fettreich, linolsäurereich).
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: tierexperimenteller Thiaminmangel ; Pyruvatverwertungsstörung ; Laktazidose ; Aminosäurehomöostasestörung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The metabolic effects of thiamine deficiency on the metabolism of lactate, acid-base and amino acids were evaluated both with and without muscular exercise in a controlled animal experiment. Thiamine deficiency — in good correlation with its biologic halftime and also with reports in the literature — caused with a latency of 17–56 days and statistically proven in parallel the following effects: 1. hyperlactemia 2. in comparison to controls elevated plasma concentrations of threonine, alanine, glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, methionine, taurine, valine, isoleucine and leucine 3. distinctly lowered — also in comparison to controls — plasma concentrations of arginine and tryptophan. Furthermore, in the thiamine deficient rats predetermined muscular exercise caused the following effects, also occurring concomitantly: 1. life threatening lactacidosis 2. marked — statistically prover — disturbance of the homeostasis of alanine, glycine, methionine and arginine 3. distinctly — and statistically significant — elevated plasma concentration of proline 4. statistically significantly lowered plasma concentrations of taurine. The reasons for all these changes under thiamine deficiency is most likely a metabolic one primarily due to a disturbance of the utilization of pyruvate in the liver. An additional disturbance of both the transsulfuration pathway and the Krebs-Henseleit-cycle seems probable. The physiologic regulation of pyruvate, lactate, alanine, serine and tyrosine during muscular exercise in correlation to the controls is being discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer kontrollierten tierexperimentellen Studie werden die metabolischen Wirkungen eines definierten Thiaminmangels auf den Lactat-, Säuren-Basen- und Aminosäurenhaushalt unter Ruhe- und Belastungsbedingungen überprüft. In guter Korrelation zur biologischen Halbwertszeit von Thiamin und in Übereinstimmung mit Literaturangaben bedingte die Thiaminmangelkost mit einer Latenz von 17 bis 56 Tagen parallel 1. statistisch gesicherte Hyperlaktatämien, 2. gegenüber den Kontrollwerten sehr deutlich, in der Mehrzahl statistisch gesichert erhöhte Plasmakonzentrationen von Threonin, Alanin, Glutaminsäure, Glutamin, Histidin, Methionin, Taurin, Valin, Isoleucin und Leucin sowie 3. gegenüber den Kontrollwerten sehr deutlich und statistisch gesichert erniedrigte Plasmakonzentrationen von Arginin und Tryptophan. Darüber hinaus bedingte die energetische Belastung im genormten Belastungstest bei den thiaminarm ernährten Tieren parallel bedrohliche Laktazidosen, erheblich, statistisch gesichert ausgeprägtere Homöostasestörungen von Alanin, Glycin, Methionin und Arginin, sehr deutlich und statistisch signifikant erhöhte Plasmakonzentrationen von Prolin sowie statistisch signifikant abgesunkene, wieder im Bereich der Kontrollwerte liegende Plasmakonzentrationen von Taurin. Für die Mehrzahl der unter Thiaminmangel erhobenen Befunde muß als entscheidende metabolische Ursache eine hepatische Verwertungsstörung von Pyruvat angenommen werden. Störungen des Transsulfuration-Pathway und Krebs-Henseleit-Zyklus erscheinen wahrscheinlich. Die physiologische Regulation von Pyruvat, Lactat, Alanin, Serin und Tyrosin bei muskulärer Arbeit wird anhand der Kontrollwerte diskutiert.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 230-236 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: selenium ; vegetable ; fruit ; cereals ; infant food
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Selengehalt der Nahrung weist große regionale Unterschiede auf. Nahrungsproben von Säuglings- und Kleinkinderkost aus Nordrhein-Westfalen wurden mit Hilfe der instrumentellen Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse untersucht und zeigten, daß der Selengehalt der hiesigen Gemüse und Früchte durchschnittlich etwa 5 ng/g beträgt. Nur Proben von Kartoffeln und Bananen weisen einen höheren Selengehalt auf. Bananen, importiert aus verschiedenen Gebieten der Erde, zeigen eine extrem hohe Schwankungsbreite mit Werten zwischen 4 und 164 ng Se/g. Fertiggerichte für Säuglinge und Kleinkinder haben einen der Kuhmilch vergleichbar niedrigen Selengehalt von durchschnittlich 24 ng/g. Außer Eiern enthalten nur Milchbreie und einige andere getreidehaltige Produkte mehr als 100 ng Se/g.
    Notes: Summary The selenium content of food exhibits great regional differences. Food samples of infants and young children from the North Rhine-Westphalia State in the Fed. Rep. of Germany were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis and showed that the average selenium content of local vegetable and fruit is below 5 ng/g wet weight. Only samples of potatoes and bananas exhibit higher selenium contents. The bananas, probably imported from different areas of the world, show an extremely high variance with values between 4 and 164 ng Se/g. Commercially available ready-for-use meals for infants or young children have a low Se content (median 24 ng/g) which is comparable to cow's milk. Besides eggs, cereals enriched with milk and some other cereal products contain more than 100 ng Se/g.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 241-254 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Verzehrsregulation ; Sättigung ; Verzehrsverhalten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Food intake in man and animals occurs as meals. Because changes in daily food intake in laboratory animals are often associated with corresponding changes in meal size, while meal frequency is less affected, food intake appears to be regulated mainly by the satiety mechanism. Meal size is controlled by feedback or satiety signals originating from the stomach, the small intestine, the liver and the fat depots. Both neural and hormonal (Bombesin?, Cholecystokinin?) feedback signals are elicited in the stomach and intestine. The feedback signals of the liver apparently originate from hepatic chemoreceptors, whose activity is modulated by certain metabolites, in particular glucose. The satiety effect of pancreatic glucagon, whose plasma concentration in the portal vein increases during a meal, also appears to be mediated by the hepatic chemoreceptors. Unmyelated nerve endings are probably the morphological substrate of the hepatic chemoreceptors. There is some evidence that circulating fat metabolites (fatty acids, ketone bodies, glycerol), whose plasma levels are related to the size of the fat depots, function as lipostatic feedback signals. The signal transfer from the gastrointestinal chemo- and mechanoreceptors and from the hepatic chemoreceptors to the central nervous system occurs mainly through vagal afferents. The first relay for this afferents is the nucleus tractus solitarii in the medulla oblongata. The next relay is at the pons, from where neurons project to the hypothalamus and other forebrain areas. The hypothalamus has important integrative functions in the control of food intake.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Nahrungsaufnahme erfolgt bei Mensch und Tier in Form von Mahlzeiten. Da sich Änderungen in der täglichen Nahrungsaufnahme beim Versuchstier meist in entsprechenden Veränderungen der Mahlzeitengröße, nicht aber der Mahlzeitenfrequenz manifestieren, scheint die Nahrungsaufnahme hauptsächlich durch den Sättigungsmechanismus reguliert zu werden. Die Mahlzeitengröße wird durch vom Magen, vom Dünndarm, von der Leber und von den Fettdepots ausgehende Feedback- oder Sättigungs-Signale determiniert. Die gastralen und intestinalen Feedback-Signale scheinen dabei nervaler und hormonaler (Bombesin?, Cholezystokinin?) Natur zu sein. Die Feedback-Signale der Leber gehen offensichtlich von hepatischen Chemorezeptoren aus, deren Aktivität durch bestimmte Metabolite, insbesondere Glucose, moduliert wird. Auch die Sättigungswirkung von pankreatischem Glukagon, dessen Plasmakonzentration während der Aufnahme einer Mahlzeit in der Pfortader ansteigt, kommt wahrscheinlich unter Einschaltung der hepatischen Chemorezeptoren zustande, deren morphologisches Substrat marklose Nervenendigungen sein dürften. Als lipostatische Feedback-Signale fungieren wahrscheinlich im Blut zirkulierende Metabolite des Fettstoffwechsels (Fettsäuren, Ketonkörper, Glyzerin), deren Plasmakonzentrationen mit der Größe der Fettdepots korreliert sind. Die nervale Übertragung der von den gastrointestinalen Chemo- und Mechanorezeptoren sowie den hepatischen Chemorezeptoren ausgehenden Feedback-Signale zum Zentralnervensystem erfolgt hauptsächlich über afferente Vagusfasern. Als erste Relais-Station fungiert diesbezüglich der Nucleus tractus solitarii der Medulla oblongata, von dem aus Nervenfasern über eine Relais-Station in der Pons zum Hypothalamus und anderen Vorderhirnregionen projizieren. Dem Hypothalamus scheinen bei der Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme wichtige integrative Funktionen zuzukommen.
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    European journal of nutrition 23 (1984), S. 291-291 
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seventy-two Schiffs bases, 44 corresponding secondary amines, and 12 N-acetylated compounds were tested on their growth activity. Eighty-one compounds were active as growth inhibitors in at least one of three bioassays.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 121-126 
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    Notes: Abstract Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,l,3,-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] on photosynthesis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using enzymatically isolated leaf cells of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Photosynthesis and RNA synthesis were inhibited about 75% at 1 μM bentazon at the 30 min treatment period. This was the lowest concentration and shortest time that significantly inhibited any of these four processes. The degree of inhibition of photosynthesis was greater than the degree of inhibition of RNA synthesis at higher concentrations and/or longer time periods. At 10 μM bentazon, protein synthesis and lipid synthesis were also inhibited. Lipid synthesis was stimulated at 0.1 and 1 μM at 120 min.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 127-140 
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    Notes: Abstract Starting from the well-known conversion of exogenously applied free gibberellic acid (GA3) to its 3(O)-glucoside by intact immature fruits of runner beans (Phaseolus coccineus L.), a protein fraction has been prepared from this plant material possessing glucosylating activity towards GAs. This glucosyltransferase is located in the pericarp only and utilizes preferably UDP-glucose as a sugar donor. The product formed enzymically from GA3 and UDP-glucose could be identified by derivatization and comparison with the authentic compound to be GA3-3(O)-glucoside. Among 15 native or chemically modified GAs, the enzyme glucosylates only GA3 and to a lower extent GA7 and GA30, indicating a high enzyme specificity with regard to the A ring of gibberellins. The physiological significance of the enzymic GA3-3(O)-glucoside formation inPhaseolus coccineus is not clear, since this glucoside is not known to be endogenous in this plant. The enzyme preparation did not glucosylate substances of phenolic structure, such as hydroquinone, aesculetin, and quercetin. Glucosylation of GA3 was achieved also by enzyme preparations fromVigna sinensis and from cell suspension cultures ofDigitalis purpurea. A number of other plant materials showed no activity.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 207-215 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract GA20-13-0-glucoside (7a) and GA20 glucosyl ester (6a), potential endogenous conjugates in maize, were synthesized chemically. The biological activities of these compounds and of nine more GA glucosyl derivatives were determined using theZea mays dwarf- 5 seedling andOryza sativa cv. “Tan-ginbozu” assays. The relative bioactivities of the conjugates were also calculated.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 3 (1984), S. 217-225 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Petioles of expiants ofColeus blumei Benth. exposed to 20 μl/l ethylene abscised within 36 h. Pretreatment of expiants with 4 mM silver thiosulfate (STS) inhibited ethylene-induced abscission. Delaying treatment with STS reduced its effectiveness in retarding ethylene-promoted abscission, suggesting that some events leading to abscission are initiated during the first hours of ethylene treatment. Microscopic study of abscission zones of ethylene-treated expiants showed greatly increased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, disruptions of the plasma membrane, and some cell separation in the region of the middle lamella. Pretreatment with STS prevented ethylene-induced reorganization of the endomembrane system and the subsequent middle lamellar dissolution.
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of some nodular cytokinis, zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), N6 (Δ2-isopentenyl) adenine (IPA), and N6 (Δ2-isopentenyI) adenosine (IPAS) on nitrate reductase (E.C 1.9.6.1) activity of root nodules ofPhaseolus mungo were investigated. The cytokinis were also tested for their effect on nitrate uptake by nodules. The results show that IPAS is the most effective of all the four cytokinins tested. Z and IPA, which caused higherin vivo activity than ZR and IPAS, stimulated uptake of nitrate by nodules. The other two (ZR and IPAS) while inhibiting uptake showed greaterin vitro activity than Z and IPA. It may be concluded that some cytokinins, in addition to their direct effects on the enzyme, may increase the substrate availability to it, whereas others may have only an direct effect on the enzyme activation or degradation.
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 24-27 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 27-27 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 29-30 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 36-36 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 51-56 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 1-2 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 3-5 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 17-19 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 25-28 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 29-35 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 36-39 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 47-48 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 3-9 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 15-28 
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  • 91
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 51-51 
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  • 92
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 17-25 
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  • 93
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 45-48 
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  • 94
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 56-57 
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  • 95
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 20-23 
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  • 96
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 10-15 
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  • 97
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 28-42 
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  • 98
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 52-52 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 49-50 
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    Agriculture and human values 1 (1984), S. 3-16 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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