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  • Articles  (12,957)
  • Wiley  (12,530)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2000-2004  (7,550)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (5,407)
  • 2003  (7,550)
  • 1984  (5,407)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (8,212)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (3,162)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (1,583)
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  • Articles  (12,957)
Source
Publisher
Years
  • 2000-2004  (7,550)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (5,407)
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Principles that Determine the Structure of Proteins (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 537-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.002541
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOLOGY OF THE P21-ACTIVATED KINASES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 743-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) 1-3 are serine/threonine protein kinases whose activity is stimulated by the binding of active Rac and Cdc42 GTPases. Our understanding of the regulation and biology of these important signaling proteins has increased tremendously since their discovery in the mid-1990s. PAKs 1-3 are activated by a variety of GTPase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. This complexity reflects the contributions of PAK function in many cellular signaling pathways and the need to carefully control PAK action in a highly localized manner. PAKs serve as important regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics and cell motility, transcription through MAP kinase cascades, death and survival signaling, and cell-cycle progression. Consequently, PAKs have also been implicated in a number of pathological conditions and in cell transformation. We propose here a key role for PAK action in coordinating the dynamics of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons during directional motility of cells, as well as in other functions requiring cytoskeletal polarization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161742
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suicide Substrates, Mechanism-Based Enzyme Inactivators: Recent Developments (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 493-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.002425
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WITH THE HELP OF GIANTS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract A childhood fascination with animals, plants, and insects was aided and abetted by many giants, beginning with my parents. The Bronx High School of Science and the City College of New York (CCNY) made a solid and priceless grounding in chemistry and biology available free of charge. Abe Mazur at CCNY revealed the wonders of biochemistry and illustrated that it was possible to pursue these wonders while being paid to do so. He also directed me to Duke University Medical School for PhD work under the tutelage of Phil Handler. With the exception of a sabbatical year at Harvard with Frank Westheimer, my entire career has been spent at Duke serving under three fine and supportive chairmen: Handler, Hill, and Raetz. The premier discoveries to emanate from my laboratory have been the sulfite oxidase, the several superoxide dismutases, the manganese catalase, and the catalase/peroxidase. Many other topics piqued my interest and resulted in ~ 400 publications. Herein I have recounted some of the circumstances surrounding that work and named a few of the people involved. The first 20 years I worked happily at the bench and the next 35 years just as happily facilitating the work of younger people. It has been so rewarding that I wish for nothing more than to be allowed to keep at it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.081902.140918
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ENZYMES, REGULATION, AND GENETICS OF BILE ACID SYNTHESIS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 137-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis and excretion of bile acids comprise the major pathway of cholesterol catabolism in mammals. Synthesis provides a direct means of converting cholesterol, which is both hydrophobic and insoluble, into a water-soluble and readily excreted molecule, the bile acid. The biosynthetic steps that accomplish this transformation also confer detergent properties to the bile acid, which are exploited by the body to facilitate the secretion of cholesterol from the liver. This role in the elimination of cholesterol is counterbalanced by the ability of bile acids to solubilize dietary cholesterol and essential nutrients and to promote their delivery to the liver. The synthesis of a full complement of bile acids requires 17 enzymes. The expression of selected enzymes in the pathway is tightly regulated by nuclear hormone receptors and other transcription factors, which ensure a constant supply of bile acids in an ever changing metabolic environment. Inherited mutations that impair bile acid synthesis cause a spectrum of human disease; this ranges from liver failure in early childhood to progressive neuropathy in adults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEMISYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS BY EXPRESSED PROTEIN LIGATION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 249-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expressed protein ligation (EPL) is a protein engineering approach that allows recombinant and synthetic polypeptides to be chemoselectively and regioselectively joined together. The approach makes the primary structure of most proteins accessible to the tools of synthetic organic chemistry, enabling the covalent structure of proteins to be modified in an unprecedented fashion. The ability to incorporate noncoded amino acids, biophysical probes, and stable isotopes into specific locations within proteins provides research tools to peer into the inner workings of these molecules. In this review I discuss the development of this technology, its broad application to biological systems, and its possible role in the area of proteomics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161900
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SIGNALS FOR SORTING OF TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS TO ENDOSOMES AND LYSOSOMES * (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 395-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sorting of transmembrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomes is mediated by signals present within the cytosolic domains of the proteins. Most signals consist of short, linear sequences of amino acid residues. Some signals are referred to as tyrosine-based sorting signals and conform to the NPXY or YXXO consensus motifs. Other signals known as dileucine-based signals fit [DE]XXXL[LI] or DXXLL consensus motifs. All of these signals are recognized by components of protein coats peripherally associated with the cytosolic face of membranes. YXXO and [DE]XXXL[LI] signals are recognized with characteristic fine specificity by the adaptor protein (AP) complexes AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, and AP-4, whereas DXXLL signals are recognized by another family of adaptors known as GGAs. Several proteins, including clathrin, AP-2, and Dab2, have been proposed to function as recognition proteins for NPXY signals. YXXO and DXXLL signals bind in an extended conformation to the mu2 subunit of AP-2 and the VHS domain of the GGAs, respectively. Phosphorylation events regulate signal recognition. In addition to peptide motifs, ubiquitination of cytosolic lysine residues also serves as a signal for sorting at various stages of the endosomal-lysosomal system. Conjugated ubiquitin is recognized by UIM, UBA, or UBC domains present within many components of the internalization and lysosomal targeting machinery. This complex array of signals and recognition proteins ensures the dynamic but accurate distribution of transmembrane proteins to different compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161800
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHALLENGES IN ENZYME MECHANISM AND ENERGETICS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 517-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since the discovery of enzymes as biological catalysts, study of their enormous catalytic power and exquisite specificity has been central to biochemistry. Nevertheless, there is no universally accepted comprehensive description. Rather, numerous proposals have been presented over the past half century. The difficulty in developing a comprehensive description for the catalytic power of enzymes derives from the highly cooperative nature of their energetics, which renders impossible a simple division of mechanistic features and an absolute partitioning of catalytic contributions into independent and energetically additive components. Site-directed mutagenesis has emerged as an enormously powerful approach to probe enzymatic catalysis, illuminating many basic features of enzyme function and behavior. The emphasis of site-directed mutagenesis on the role of individual residues has also, inadvertently, limited experimental and conceptual attention to the fundamentally cooperative nature of enzyme function and energetics. The first part of this review highlights the structural and functional interconnectivity central to enzymatic catalysis. In the second part we ask: What are the features of enzymes that distinguish them from simple chemical catalysts? The answers are presented in conceptual models that, while simplified, help illustrate the vast amount known about how enzymes achieve catalysis. In the last section, we highlight the molecular and energetic questions that remain for future investigation and describe experimental approaches that will be necessary to answer these questions. The promise of advancing and integrating cutting edge conceptual, experimental, and computational tools brings mechanistic enzymology to a new era, one poised for novel fundamental insights into biological catalysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161617
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DYNAMICS OF CELL SURFACE MOLECULES DURING T CELL RECOGNITION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 717-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recognition of foreign antigens by T lymphocytes is a very important component of vertebrate immunity-vital to the clearance of pathogenic organisms and particular viruses and necessary, indirectly, for the production of high affinity antibodies. T cell recognition is mediated by the systematic scanning of cell surfaces by T cells, which collectively express many antigen receptors. When the appropriate antigenic peptide bound to a molecule of the major histocompatibility complex is found-even in minute quantities-a series of elaborate cell-surface molecule and internal rearrangements take place. The sequence of events and the development of techniques required to observe these events have significantly enhanced our understanding of T cell recognition and may find application in other systems of transient cell:cell interactions as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161625
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proteomics (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 783-812 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fueled by ever-growing DNA sequence information, proteomics-the large scale analysis of proteins-has become one of the most important disciplines for characterizing gene function, for building functional linkages between protein molecules, and for providing insight into the mechanisms of biological processes in a high-throughput mode. It is now possible to examine the expression of more than 1000 proteins using mass spectrometry technology coupled with various separation methods. High-throughput yeast two-hybrid approaches and analysis of protein complexes using affinity tag purification have yielded valuable protein-protein interaction maps. Large-scale protein tagging and subcellular localization projects have provided considerable information about protein function. Finally, recent developments in protein microarray technology provide a versatile tool to study protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-lipid, enzyme-substrate, and protein-drug interactions. Other types of microarrays, though not fully developed, also show great potential in diagnostics, protein profiling, and drug identification and validation. This review discusses high-throughput technologies for proteome analysis and their applications. Also discussed are the approaches used for the integrated analysis of the voluminous sets of data generated by proteome analysis conducted on a global scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161511
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric Properties of Polyelectrolyte Solutions (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 75-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.000451
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variational Transition State Theory (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 159-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.001111
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metallic Glasses (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 241-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.001325
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Saturation on Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of Population and Polarization (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 265-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.001405
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transition Metal Molecules (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 291-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.001451
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Velocity Modulation Infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Molecular Ions (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 387-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.002131
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Effects on the Global Atmosphere (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 481-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.002405
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Processes in Organic Solids (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 613-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.003145
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stiff-Chain Macromolecules (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 23-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.000323
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions and Kinetics in Membrane Mimetic Systems (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 137-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.001033
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effective Potentials in Molecular Quantum Chemistry (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 357-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.002041
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Electromagnetic Theory of Surface Enhanced Spectroscopy (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 507-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.002451
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relaxation and Vibrational Energy Redistribution Processes in Polyatomic Molecules (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 591-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.003111
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PERSPECTIVES ON PLANT AND SOIL NEMATOLOGY (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: During my career in Plant Pathology/Nematology, many major advancements have occurred in the study of nematodes-even with their being largely soilborne and thus often overlooked. These biotrophic organisms include the most widespread and important group of plant pathogens-the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne species-which attack most major crops, as well as thousands of non-crop plant species. Landmark achievements that catalyzed research on these organisms included the discovery of effective nematicides, ectoparasitic forms, elucidation of disease complexes, nematodes as virus vectors, development of host resistance, and new technologies for research. Evolving research thrusts involve interfacing traditional and molecular systematics/diagnostics, adoption of the Caenorhabditis elegans-molecular genetics resource for general nematological research, focus on genetics of parasitism, use of molecular tools in developing host resistance, ecological and quantitative facets, and soil-biology-ecology based integrated management. Educational and international programs are encountering many changes and challenges, as is support for nematology in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095647
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CULTURAL AND GENETIC APPROACHES TO MANAGING MYCOTOXINS IN MAIZE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 99-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Infection of maize kernels by toxigenic fungi remains a challenging problem despite decades of research progress. Cultural practices, including crop rotation, tillage, planting date, and management of irrigation and fertilization, have limited effects on infection and subsequent mycotoxin accumulation. Current infrastructure and grain storage practices in developed countries can prevent postharvest development of mycotoxins, but this aspect remains a threat in developing countries, especially in tropical areas. Because most mycotoxin problems develop in the field, strategies are needed to prevent infection of growing plants by toxigenic fungi. Developing genetic resistance to Aspergillus flavus, Gibberella zeae, and Fusarium spp. (particularly F. verticillioides) in maize is a high priority. Sources of resistance to each of these pathogens have been identified and have been incorporated into public and private breeding programs. However, few, if any, commercial cultivars have adequate levels of resistance. Efforts to control infection or mycotoxin development through conventional breeding and genetic engineering are reviewed. The role of transgenic insect control in the prevention of mycotoxins in maize is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095510
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR BASIS OF PTO-MEDIATED RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL SPECK DISEASE IN TOMATO (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 215-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The Pto gene in tomato confers gene-for-gene resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, the causative agent of bacterial speck disease. Pto was first introgressed from a wild species of tomato into cultivated tomato varieties over 60 years ago and is now widely used to control speck disease. Cloning of the Pto gene revealed that it encodes a cytoplasmically localized serine-threonine protein kinase. The molecular basis of gene-for-gene recognition in this pathosystem is the direct physical interaction of the Pto kinase with either of two Pseudomonas effector proteins, AvrPto and AvrPtoB. Upon recognition of AvrPto or AvrPtoB, the Pto kinase acts in concert with Prf, a leucine-rich repeat-containing protein, to activate multiple signal transduction pathways. There has been much progress in understanding the evolutionary origin of the Pto gene, structural details about how the Pto kinase interacts with AvrPto and AvrPtoB, signaling steps downstream of Pto, and defense responses activated by the Pto pathway. Future work on this model system will focus on how the interaction of the Pto kinase with bacterial effector proteins activates signal transduction, defining the specific role of signaling components, and ultimately, determining which host defense responses are most responsible for inhibiting growth of the pathogen and suppressing symptoms of bacterial speck disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.121602.143032
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QUORUM SENSING IN PLANT-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 455-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Quorum sensing (QS) allows bacteria to assess their local population density and/or physical confinement via the secretion and detection of small, diffusible signal molecules. This review describes how phytopathogenic bacteria have incorporated QS mechanisms into complex regulatory cascades that control genes for pathogenicity and colonization of host surfaces. Traits regulated by QS include the production of extracellular polysaccharides, degradative enzymes, antibiotics, siderophores, and pigments, as well as Hrp protein secretion, Ti plasmid transfer, motility, biofilm formation, and epiphytic fitness. Since QS regulatory systems are often required for pathogenesis, interference with QS signaling may offer a means of controlling bacterial diseases of plants. Several bacterial pathogens of plants that have been intensively studied and have revealed information of both fundamental and practical importance are reviewed here: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pantoea stewartii, Erwinia carotovora, Ralstonia solanacearum, Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Xanthomonas campestris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095652
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PATHOGEN SELF-DEFENSE: Mechanisms to Counteract Microbial Antagonism (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 501-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Natural and agricultural ecosystems harbor a wide variety of microorganisms that play an integral role in plant health, crop productivity, and preservation of multiple ecosystem functions. Interactions within and among microbial communities are numerous and range from synergistic and mutualistic to antagonistic and parasitic. Antagonistic and parasitic interactions have been exploited in the area of biological control of plant pathogenic microorganisms. To date, biocontrol is typically viewed from the perspective of how antagonists affect pathogens. This review examines the other face of this interaction: how plant pathogens respond to antagonists and how this can affect the efficacy of biocontrol. Just as microbial antagonists utilize a diverse arsenal of mechanisms to dominate interactions with pathogens, pathogens have surprisingly diverse responses to counteract antagonism. These responses include detoxification, repression of biosynthetic genes involved in biocontrol, active efflux of antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance. Understanding pathogen self-defense mechanisms for coping with antagonist assault provides a novel approach to improving the durability of biologically based disease control strategies and has implications for the deployment of transgenes (microorganisms or plants).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095606
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    ENGINEERING PLANTS FOR NEMATODE RESISTANCE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 615-639 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Biotechnology offers sustainable solutions to the problem of plant parasitic nematode control. There are several possible approaches for developing transgenic plants with improved nematode resistance; these include anti-invasion and migration strategies, feeding-cell attenuation, and antinematode feeding and development strategies. The essential elements of an effective control strategy are (a) genes that encode an antinematode effector protein, peptide or interfering RNA and (b) promoters that direct a specific pattern of expression for that effector. This review summarizes information on effectors that act directly against the nematode as well as those aimed at disrupting the nematode feeding site. We discuss patterns of promoter activity that could deliver expression of these effectors in a restricted and directed manner. Societal opposition to the technology of GM-nematode control is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095737
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    MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF SELENOPROTEIN SYNTHESIS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 23 (2003), S. 17-40 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Selenium is an essential trace element that is incorporated into proteins as selenocysteine (Sec), the twenty-first amino acid. Sec is encoded by a UGA codon in the selenoprotein mRNA. The decoding of UGA as Sec requires the reprogramming of translation because UGA is normally read as a stop codon. The translation of selenoprotein mRNAs requires cis-acting sequences in the mRNA and novel trans-acting factors dedicated to Sec incorporation. Selenoprotein synthesis in vivo is highly selenium-dependent, and there is a hierarchy of selenoprotein expression in mammals when selenium is limiting. This review describes emerging themes from studies on the mechanism, kinetics, and efficiency of Sec insertion in prokaryotes. Recent developments that provide mechanistic insight into how the eukaryotic ribosome distinguishes between UGA/Sec and UGA/stop codons are discussed. The efficiency and regulation of mammalian selenoprotein synthesis are considered in the context of current models for Sec insertion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073318
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    PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF DIETARY IRON ABSORPTION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 23 (2003), S. 283-301 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073139
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    DIETARY, EVOLUTIONARY, AND MODERNIZING INFLUENCES ON THE PREVALENCE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 23 (2003), S. 345-377 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An evolutionary perspective is used to elucidate the etiology of the current epidemic of type 2 diabetes estimated at 151 million people. Our primate legacy, fossil hominid, and hunting-gathering lifestyles selected for adaptive metabolically thrifty genotypes and phenotypes are rendered deleterious through modern lifestyles that increase energy input and reduce output. The processes of modernization or globalization include the availability and abundance of calorically dense/low-fiber/high-glycemic foods and the adoption of sedentary Western lifestyles, leading to obesity among both children and adults in developed and developing countries. These trends are projected to continue for a number of decades.
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    Protein-DNA Recognition (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 293-321 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.001453
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    Pyruvoyl Enzymes (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 357-387 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.002041
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    Synthesis and Use of Synthetic Oligonucleotides (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 323-356 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.001543
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    Gene Amplification (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 447-491 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.002311
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    Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Transcription: A Molecular Analysis (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 389-446 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.002133
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    The Chemistry and Biology of Left-Handed Z-DNA (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 791-846 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.004043
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    THE ROTARY MOTOR OF BACTERIAL FLAGELLA (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 19-54 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Flagellated bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, swim by rotating thin helical filaments, each driven at its base by a reversible rotary motor, powered by an ion flux. A motor is about 45 nm in diameter and is assembled from about 20 different kinds of parts. It develops maximum torque at stall but can spin several hundred Hz. Its direction of rotation is controlled by a sensory system that enables cells to accumulate in regions deemed more favorable. We know a great deal about motor structure, genetics, assembly, and function, but we do not really understand how it works. We need more crystal structures. All of this is reviewed, but the emphasis is on function.
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    PROTEIN DISULFIDE BOND FORMATION IN PROKARYOTES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 111-135 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Disulfide bonds formed between pairs of cysteines are important features of the structure of many proteins. Elaborate electron transfer pathways have evolved Escherichia coli to promote the formation of these covalent bonds and to ensure that the correct pairs of cysteines are joined in the final folded protein. These transfers of electrons consist, in the main, of cascades of disulfide bond formation or reduction steps between a series of proteins (DsbA, DsbB, DsbC, and DsbD). A surprising variety of mechanisms and protein structures are involved in carrying out these steps.
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    THE MANY FACES OF VITAMIN B12: CATALYSIS BY COBALAMIN-DEPENDENT ENZYMES 1 (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 209-247 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vitamin B12 is a complex organometallic cofactor associated with three subfamilies of enzymes: the adenosylcobalamin-dependent isomerases, the methylcobalamin-dependent methyltransferases, and the dehalogenases. Different chemical aspects of the cofactor are exploited during catalysis by the isomerases and the methyltransferases. Thus, the cobalt-carbon bond ruptures homolytically in the isomerases, whereas it is cleaved heterolytically in the methyltransferases. The reaction mechanism of the dehalogenases, the most recently discovered class of B12 enzymes, is poorly understood. Over the past decade our understanding of the reaction mechanisms of B12 enzymes has been greatly enhanced by the availability of large amounts of enzyme that have afforded detailed structure-function studies, and these recent advances are the subject of this review.
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    A GENETIC APPROACH TO MAMMALIAN GLYCAN FUNCTION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 643-691 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The four essential building blocks of cells are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and glycans. Also referred to as carbohydrates, glycans are composed of saccharides that are typically linked to lipids and proteins in the secretory pathway. Glycans are highly abundant and diverse biopolymers, yet their functions have remained relatively obscure. This is changing with the advent of genetic reagents and techniques that in the past decade have uncovered many essential roles of specific glycan linkages in living organisms. Glycans appear to modulate biological processes in the development and function of multiple physiologic systems, in part by regulating protein-protein and cell-cell interactions. Moreover, dysregulation of glycan synthesis represents the etiology for a growing number of human genetic diseases. The study of glycans, known as glycobiology, has entered an era of renaissance that coincides with the acquisition of complete genome sequences for multiple organisms and an increased focus upon how posttranslational modifications to protein contribute to the complexity of events mediating normal and disease physiology. Glycan production and modification comprise an estimated 1% of genes in the mammalian genome. Many of these genes encode enzymes termed glycosyltransferases and glycosidases that reside in the Golgi apparatus where they play the major role in constructing the glycan repertoire that is found at the cell surface and among extracellular compartments. We present a review of the recently established functions of glycan structures in the context of mammalian genetic studies focused upon the mouse and human species. Nothing tends so much to the advancement of knowledge as the application of a new instrument. The native intellectual powers of men in different times are not so much the causes of the different success of their labours, as the peculiar nature of the means and artificial resources in their possession. T. Hager: Force of Nature (1)
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    ALIPHATIC EPOXIDE CARBOXYLATION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 55-76 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aliphatic epoxides (epoxyalkanes) are highly reactive electrophilic molecules that are formed from the monooxygenase-catalyzed epoxidation of aliphatic alkenes. The bacterial metabolism of short-chain epoxyalkanes occurs by a three-step pathway resulting in net carboxylation to beta-ketoacids. This pathway uses the atypical cofactor coenzyme M (CoM; 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) as the nucleophile for the epoxide ring opening and as the carrier of 2-hydroxyalkyl- and 2-ketoalkyl-CoM intermediates. Four enzymes are involved in epoxide carboxylation: a zinc-dependent alkyltransferase, two short-chain dehydrogenases with specificities for the chiral products of the R- and S-1,2-epoxyalkane ring opening, and an NADPH:disulfide oxidoreductase/carboxylase that reduces the thioether bond of the 2-ketoalkyl-CoM conjugate and carboxylates the resulting carbanion. In this review, we summarize the biochemical, mechanistic, and structural features of the enzymes of epoxide carboxylation and show how these enzymes, together with CoM, work in concert to achieve this highly unusual carboxylation reaction.
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    PROTEIN-LIPID INTERPLAY IN FUSION AND FISSION OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES * (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 175-207 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Disparate biological processes involve fusion of two membranes into one and fission of one membrane into two. To formulate the possible job description for the proteins that mediate remodeling of biological membranes, we analyze the energy price of disruption and bending of membrane lipid bilayers at the different stages of bilayer fusion. The phenomenology and the pathways of the well-characterized reactions of biological remodeling, such as fusion mediated by influenza hemagglutinin, are compared with those studied for protein-free bilayers. We briefly consider some proteins involved in fusion and fission, and the dependence of remodeling on the lipid composition of the membranes. The specific hypothetical mechanisms by which the proteins can lower the energy price of the bilayer rearrangement are discussed in light of the experimental data and the requirements imposed by the elastic properties of the bilayer.
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    COVALENT TRAPPING OF PROTEIN-DNA COMPLEXES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 337-366 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-resolution structural studies of protein-DNA complexes have proven to be an invaluable means of understanding the diverse functions of proteins that manage the genome. Most of the structures determined to date represent proteins bound noncovalently to various DNA sequences or structures. Although noncovalent complexation is often adequate to study the structures of proteins that have robust, specific interactions with DNA, it is poorly suited to the study of transient intermediates in enzyme-catalyzed DNA processing reactions or of complexes that exist in multiple equilibrating forms. In recent years, strategies developed for the covalent trapping of protein-DNA complexes have begun to show promise as a window into an otherwise inaccessible world of structure.
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    THE ESTABLISHMENT, INHERITANCE, AND FUNCTION OF SILENCED CHROMATIN IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 481-516 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomes are organized into active regions known as euchromatin and inactive regions known as heterochromatin, or silenced chromatin. This review describes contemporary knowledge and models for how silenced chromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae forms, functions, and is inherited. In S. cerevisiae, Sir proteins are the key structural components of silenced chromatin. Sir proteins interact first with silencers, which dictate which regions are silenced, and then with histone tails in nucleosomes as the Sir proteins spread from silencers along chromosomes. Importantly, the spreading of silenced chromatin requires the histone deacetylase activity of Sir2p. This requirement leads to a general model for the spreading and inheritance of silenced chromatin or other special chromatin states. Such chromatin domains are marked by modifications of the nucleosomes or DNA, and this mark is able to recruit an enzyme that makes further marks. Thus, among different organisms, multiple forms of repressive chromatin can be formed using similar strategies but completely different proteins. We also describe emerging evidence that mutations that cause global changes in the modification of histones can alter the balance between euchromatin and silenced chromatin within a cell.
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    THE RNA POLYMERASE II ELONGATION COMPLEX (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 693-715 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Synthesis of eukaryotic mRNA by RNA polymerase II is an elaborate biochemical process that requires the concerted action of a large set of transcription factors. RNA polymerase II transcription proceeds through multiple stages designated preinitiation, initiation, and elongation. Historically, studies of the elongation stage of eukaryotic mRNA synthesis have lagged behind studies of the preinitiation and initiation stages; however, in recent years, efforts to elucidate the mechanisms governing elongation have led to the discovery of a diverse collection of transcription factors that directly regulate the activity of elongating RNA polymerase II. Moreover, these studies have revealed unanticipated roles for the RNA polymerase II elongation complex in such processes as DNA repair and recombination and the proper processing and nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNA. Below we describe these recent advances, which highlight the important role of the RNA polymerase II elongation complex in regulation of eukaryotic gene expression.
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    THE STRUCTURAL BASIS OF LARGE RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT FUNCTION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 813-850 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ribosome crystal structures published in the past two years have revolutionized our understanding of ribonucleoprotein structure, and more specifically, the structural basis of the peptide bonding forming activity of the ribosome. This review concentrates on the crystallographic developments that made it possible to solve these structures. It also discusses the information obtained from these structures about the three-dimensional architecture of the large ribosomal subunit, the mechanism by which it facilitates peptide bond formation, and the way antibiotics inhibit large subunit function. The work reviewed, taken as a whole, proves beyond doubt that the ribosome is an RNA enzyme, as had long been surmised on the basis of less conclusive evidence.
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    A Long Life in Times of Great Upheaval (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 1-34 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.000245
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    Myosin (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 35-73 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.000343
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    Regulation of the Synthesis of Ribosomes and Ribosomal Components (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 75-117 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    Structure of Ribosomal RNA (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 119-162 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    The Molecular Structure of Centromeres and Telomeres (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 163-194 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.001115
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    Fibrinogen and Fibrin (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 195-229 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    Molybdenum in Nitrogenase (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 231-257 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    Polypeptide Growth Factors (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 259-292 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
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    Transcription of the Mammalian Mitochondrial Genome (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 573-594 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003041
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    Three-Dimensional Structure of Membrane and Surface Proteins (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 595-623 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003115
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    Structure and Function of the Primary Cell Walls of Plants (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 625-663 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003205
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    Polyprotein Gene Expression: Generation of Diversity of Neuroendocrine Peptides (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 665-715 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003313
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    Polyamines (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 749-790 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003533
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    Cross-Linking in Collagen and Elastin (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 717-748 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.003441
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    Cell-Surface Glycosaminoglycans (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 53 (1984), S. 847-869 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.004215
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    FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX II OF THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN * (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 77-109 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Complex II is the only membrane-bound component of the Krebs cycle and in addition functions as a member of the electron transport chain in mitochondria and in many bacteria. A recent X-ray structural solution of members of the complex II family of proteins has provided important insights into their function. One feature of the complex II structures is a linear electron transport chain that extends from the flavin and iron-sulfur redox cofactors in the membrane extrinsic domain to the quinone and b heme cofactors in the membrane domain. Exciting recent developments in relation to disease in humans and the formation of reactive oxygen species by complex II point to its overall importance in cellular physiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161700
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    MECHANISMS OF ALTERNATIVE PRE-MESSENGER RNA SPLICING (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 291-336 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is a central mode of genetic regulation in higher eukaryotes. Variability in splicing patterns is a major source of protein diversity from the genome. In this review, I describe what is currently known of the molecular mechanisms that control changes in splice site choice. I start with the best-characterized systems from the Drosophila sex determination pathway, and then describe the regulators of other systems about whose mechanisms there is some data. How these regulators are combined into complex systems of tissue-specific splicing is discussed. In conclusion, very recent studies are presented that point to new directions for understanding alternative splicing and its mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161720
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    THE RNA POLYMERASE II CORE PROMOTER (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 449-479 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The events leading to transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes culminate in the positioning of RNA polymerase II at the correct initiation site. The core promoter, which can extend ~35 bp upstream and/or downstream of this site, plays a central role in regulating initiation. Specific DNA elements within the core promoter bind the factors that nucleate the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex and integrate stimulatory and repressive signals from factors bound at distal sites. Although core promoter structure was originally thought to be invariant, a remarkable degree of diversity has become apparent. This article reviews the structural and functional diversity of the RNA polymerase II core promoter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161520
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    TRK RECEPTORS: ROLES IN NEURONAL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION * (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 609-642 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Trk receptors are a family of three receptor tyrosine kinases, each of which can be activated by one or more of four neurotrophins-nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophins 3 and 4 (NT3 and NT4). Neurotrophin signaling through these receptors regulates cell survival, proliferation, the fate of neural precursors, axon and dendrite growth and patterning, and the expression and activity of functionally important proteins, such as ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. In the adult nervous system, the Trk receptors regulate synaptic strength and plasticity. The cytoplasmic domains of Trk receptors contain several sites of tyrosine phosphorylation that recruit intermediates in intracellular signaling cascades. As a result, Trk receptor signaling activates several small G proteins, including Ras, Rap-1, and the Cdc-42-Rac-Rho family, as well as pathways regulated by MAP kinase, PI 3-kinase and phospholipase-C-gamma (PLC-gamma). Trk receptor activation has different consequences in different cells, and the specificity of downstream Trk receptor-mediated signaling is controlled through expression of intermediates in these signaling pathways and membrane trafficking that regulates localization of different signaling constituents. Perhaps the most fascinating aspect of Trk receptor-mediated signaling is its interplay with signaling promoted by the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. p75NTR activates a distinct set of signaling pathways within cells that are in some instances synergistic and in other instances antagonistic to those activated by Trk receptors. Several of these are proapoptotic but are suppressed by Trk receptor-initiated signaling. p75NTR also influences the conformations of Trk receptors; this modifies ligand-binding specificity and affinity with important developmental consequences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161629
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    TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL REGULATION IN PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE PROGRESSION AND DEVELOPMENT (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 367-394 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bacteria exhibit a high degree of intracellular organization, both in the timing of essential processes and in the placement of the chromosome, the division site, and individual structural and regulatory proteins. We examine the temporal and spatial regulation of the Caulobacter cell cycle, bacterial chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, and Bacillus subtilis sporulation. Mechanisms that control timing of cell cycle and developmental events include transcriptional cascades, regulated phosphorylation and proteolysis of signal transduction proteins, transient genetic asymmetry, and intercellular communication. Surprisingly, many signal transduction proteins are dynamically localized to specific subcellular addresses during the cell division cycle and sporulation, and proper localization is essential for their function. The Min proteins that govern division site selection in Escherichia coli may be the first example of a system that generates positional information de novo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161824
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    THE DYNAMICS OF CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION AND GENE REGULATION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 72 (2003), S. 573-608 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract With the sequence of the human genome now complete, studies must focus on how the genome is functionally organized within the confines of the cell nucleus and the dynamic interplay between the genome and its regulatory factors to effectively control gene expression and silencing. In this review I describe our current state of knowledge with regard to the organization of chromosomes within the nucleus and the positioning of active versus inactive genes. In addition, I discuss studies on the dynamics of chromosomes and specific genetic loci within living cells and its relationship to gene activity and the cell cycle. Furthermore, our current understanding of the distribution and dynamics of RNA polymerase II transcription factors is discussed in relation to chromosomal loci and other nuclear domains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161724
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    Quantum Ergodicity and Spectral Chaos (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 563-589 
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    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.003023
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    LONG-RANGE RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER IN MOLECULAR SYSTEMS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 54 (2003), S. 57-87 
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    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The current state of understanding of molecular resonance energy transfer (RET) and recent developments in the field are reviewed. The development of more general theoretical approaches has uncovered some new principles underlying RET processes. This review brings many of these important new concepts together into a generalization of Forster's original theory. The conclusions of studies investigating the various approximations in Forster theory are summarized. Areas of present and future activity are discussed. The review covers Forster theory for donor-acceptor pairs and electronic coupling for singlet-singlet, triplet-triplet, and superexchange-mediated energy transfer. This includes the transition density picture of Coulombic coupling as well as electronic coupling between molecular aggregates (excitons). Spectral overlaps and ensemble energy transfer rates in disordered aggregates, the role of dielectric properties of the medium, weak versus strong coupling, and new models for energy transfer in complex molecular assemblies are also described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103746
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    MASTER EQUATION MODELS FOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF IMPORTANCE IN COMBUSTION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 54 (2003), S. 245-275 
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    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The master equation provides a quantitative description of the interaction between collisional energy transfer and chemical reaction for dissociation, isomerization, and association processes. The approach is outlined for both irreversible and reversible dissociation, isomerization, and association reactions. There is increasing interest, especially in combustion, in association reactions that involve several linked potential wells, with the possibility of isomerization, collisional stabilization, and dissociation along several product channels. A major aim of the application of the master equation to such systems is the linking of the eigenvalues obtained by its solution to the rate coefficients for the phenomenological chemical reactions that describe the system and that are used in combustion models. The approach is illustrated by reference to the reactions C2H5 + O2, H + SO2, and the dissociation and isomerization of alkyl radicals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103822
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    TWO-DIMENSIONAL FEMTOSECOND SPECTROSCOPY (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 54 (2003), S. 425-463 
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    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The simplest two-dimensional (2D) spectra show how excitation with one (variable) frequency affects the spectrum at all other frequencies, thus revealing the molecular connections between transitions. Femtosecond 2D Fourier transform (2D FT) spectra are more flexible and share some of the remarkable properties of their conceptual parent, 2D FT nuclear magnetic resonance. When 2D FT spectra are experimentally separated into real absorptive and imaginary refractive parts, the time resolution and frequency resolution can both reach the uncertainty limit set for each resonance by the sample itself. Coherent four-level contributions to the signal provide new molecular phase information, such as relative signs of transition dipoles. The nonlinear response can be picked apart by selecting a single coherence pathway (e.g., specifying the relative signs of energy level difference frequencies during different time intervals as in the photon echo). Because molecules are frozen on the femtosecond timescale, femtosecond 2D FT experiments can separate a distribution of instantaneous molecular environments and intramolecular geometries as inhomogeneous broadening. This review provides an introduction to two-dimensional Fourier transform experiments exploiting second- and third-order vibrational and electronic nonlinearities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103907
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    OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND ULTRAFAST DYNAMICS OF METALLIC NANOCRYSTALS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 54 (2003), S. 331-366 
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    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Noble metal particles have long fascinated scientists because of their intense color, which led to their application in stained glass windows as early as the Middle Ages. The recent resurrection of colloidal and cluster chemistry has brought about the strive for new materials that allow a bottoms-up approach of building improved and new devices with nanoparticles or artificial atoms. In this review, we discuss some of the properties of individual and some assembled metallic nanoparticles with a focus on their interaction with cw and pulsed laser light of different energies. The potential application of the plasmon resonance as sensors is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103759
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    STATE-RESOLVED DYNAMICS OF PHOTOFRAGMENTATION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 54 (2003), S. 215-244 
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    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss experiments on the dynamics of photodissociation that employ methods to select the energy, sometimes quantum states, of the reactant and to determine the quantum states and energy, sometimes also the orientation and alignment, of products. A summary of new advances of experimental methods is followed by applications to photodissociation of various types. Representative examples of simple bond fission, molecular elimination, and three-body dissociation with determined electronic states-sometimes the orientation of their angular momentum-of product atoms or distributions of electronic and internal states of product molecules illustrate the detailed information and insight that one can derive from such experiments. Photodissociation of van der Waals complexes, ions, species adsorbed on surfaces, and species in solution is excluded from this review.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103803
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    OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS FOR THIN FILM PROCESSING (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 54 (2003), S. 277-305 
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    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical diagnostics are used to probe the plasma or neutral gas above the substrate, particles in the gas or on the surface, the film surface and reactor walls, the film itself, and the substrate during thin film processing. The development and application of optical probes are highlighted, in particular for analyzing plasma/gas phase intermediates and products and film composition, and performing metrology, thermometry, and endpoint detection and control. Probing etching (particularly plasma etching) and deposition (particularly epitaxy) are emphasized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physchem.54.011002.103824
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    BROME MOSAIC VIRUS RNA REPLICATION: Revealing the Role of the Host in RNA Virus Replication (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 77-98 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The replication of positive-strand RNA viruses is a complex multi-step process involving interactions between the viral genome, virus-encoded replication factors, and host factors. The plant virus brome mosaic virus (BMV) has served as a model for positive-strand RNA virus replication, recombination, and virion assembly. This review addresses recent findings on the identification and characterization of host factors in BMV RNA replication. To date, all characterized host factors facilitate steps that lead to assembly of a functional BMV RNA replication complex. Some of these host factors are required for regulation of viral gene expression. Others are needed to co-regulate BMV RNA translation and recruitment of BMV RNAs from translation to viral RNA replication complexes on the endoplasmic reticulum. Other host factors provide essential lipid modifications in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane or function as molecular chaperones to activate the replication complex. Characterizing the functions of these host factors is revealing basic aspects of virus RNA replication and helping to define the normal functions of these factors in the host.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095717
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    EVOLUTION OF WHEAT STREAK MOSAIC VIRUS: Dynamics of Population Growth Within Plants May Explain Limited Variation* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 199-214 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Like many other plant RNA viruses, Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) sequence diversity within and among infected plants is low given the large number of virions produced. This may be explained by considering aspects of plant virus life history. Intracellular replication of RNA viruses is predominately linear, not exponential, which means that the rate at which mutations accumulate also is linear. Bottlenecks during systemic movement further limit diversity. Analysis of mixed infections with two WSMV isolates suggests that about four viral genomes participate in systemic invasion of each tiller. Low effective population size increases the role of stochastic processes on dynamics of plant virus population genetics and evolution. Despite low pair-wise diversity among isolates, the number of polymorphic sites within the U.S. population is about the same as between divergent strains or a sister species. Characteristics of polymorphism in the WSMV coat protein gene suggest that most variation appears neutral.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095559
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    PATTERNS OF PESTICIDE USE IN CALIFORNIA AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION OF PESTICIDES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 351-375 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: We used the California Pesticide Use Reports to study use of fungicides, bactericides, fumigants, and selected insecticides, primarily for vegetable, fruit, and nut production in California from 1993 to 2000. There were no obvious trends in decreased use of most compounds used to treat plant disease. However, growers have rapidly adopted recently introduced "conventional" compounds. There is very limited use of microbial biocontrol agents to control plant disease and no indication of an increase. We used case studies to explore the potential of different strategies to reduce pesticide use or risk. There have been reductions in use of organophosphate insecticides, largely by substitution with pyrethroids. Theoretically, replacement of "calendar spray" pesticide programs with "environmentally driven" programs could reduce pesticide use in years with lower disease pressure, but this assumes that the majority of growers currently use a "calendar spray" program and that growers who use less than recommended by an environmentally driven program would not increase their use.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095612
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    OF SMUTS, BLASTS, MILDEWS, AND BLIGHTS: cAMP Signaling in Phytopathogenic Fungi (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 399-427 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: cAMP regulates morphogenesis and virulence in a wide variety of fungi including the plant pathogens. In saprophytic yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cAMP signaling plays an important role in nutrient sensing. In filamentous saprophytes, the cAMP pathway appears to play an integral role in vegetative growth and sporulation, with possible connections to mating. Infection-related morphogenesis includes sporulation (conidia and teliospores), formation of appressoria, infection hyphae, and sclerotia. Here, we review studies of cAMP signaling in a variety of plant fungal pathogens. The primary fungi to be considered include Ustilago maydis, Magnaporthe grisea, Cryphonectria parasitica, Colletotrichum and Fusarium species, and Erisyphe graminis. We also include related information on Trichoderma species that act as mycoparasites and biocontrol agents of phytopathogenic fungi. We point out similarities in infection mechanisms, conservation of signaling components, as well as instances of cross-talk with other signaling pathways.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095728
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    THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOFILM FORMATION BY PLANT-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 429-453 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Bacteria associated with plants have been observed frequently to form assemblages referred to as aggregates, microcolonies, symplasmata, or biofilms on leaves and on root surfaces and within intercellular spaces of plant tissues. In a wide range of habitats, biofilms are purported to be microniches of conditions markedly different from those of the ambient environment and drive microbial cells to effect functions not possible alone or outside of biofilms. This review constructs a portrait of how biofilms associated with leaves, roots and within intercellular spaces influence the ecology of the bacteria they harbor and the relationship of bacteria with plants. We also consider how biofilms may enhance airborne dissemination, ubiquity and diversification of plant-associated bacteria and may influence strategies for biological control of plant disease and for assuring food safety. Trapped by a nexus, coordinates uncertain Ever expanding or contracting Cannibalistic and scavenging sorties Excavations through signs of past alliances Consensus signals sound revelry Then time warped by viscosity Genomes showing codependence A virtual microbial beach party With no curfew and no time-out A few estranged cells seeking exit options, Looking for another menagerie. David Sands, Montana State University, Bozeman, February 2003
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.022103.134521
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    SPIROPLASMA CITRI, A PLANT PATHOGENIC MOLLICUTE: Relationships with Its Two Hosts, the Plant and the Leafhopper Vector (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 483-500 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Spiroplasma citri, the type species of the genus Spiroplasma (Spiroplasmataceae, Mollicutes), is restricted to the phloem sieve tubes and transmitted by phloem sap-feeding insects, as is characteristic of the phytopathogenic mollicutes. The spiroplasmas are the only mollicutes showing motility and helical morphology, apparently mediated by a contractile fibrillar cytoskeleton bound to the inner surface of the spiroplasmal membrane. MreB genes, which are involved in cell-shape determination, have been identified in S. citri. Identified genes of other functional groups are those involved in the transmission of S. citri by the leafhoppers and genes coding for lipoproteins, including spiralin, bound to the outer surface of the spiroplasma membrane. S. citri mutants that are unable to use fructose induce only mild and delayed symptoms. Fructose utilization by the sieve tube-restricted wild-type spiroplasmas is postulated to deprive the companion cells of fructose, thereby impairing sucrose loading into the sieve tubes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052102.104034
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    THE POTENTIAL OF OPTICAL CANOPY MEASUREMENT FOR TARGETED CONTROL OF FIELD CROP DISEASES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 593-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: There is increasing pressure to reduce the use of pesticides in modern crop production to decrease the environmental impact of current practice and to lower production costs. It is therefore imperative that sprays are only applied when and where needed. Since diseases in fields are frequently patchy, sprays may be applied unnecessarily to disease-free areas. Disease control could be more efficient if disease patches within fields could be identified and spray applied only to the infected areas. Recent developments in optical sensor technology have the potential to enable direct detection of foliar disease under field conditions. This review assesses recent developments in the use of optical methods for detecting foliar disease, evaluates the likely benefits of spatially selective disease control in field crops, and discusses practicalities and limitations of using optical disease detection systems for crop protection in precision pest management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.121702.103726
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    INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF GALACTOSEMIA (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 23 (2003), S. 59-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In humans, the absence of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) leads to significant neonatal morbidity and mortality which are dependent on galactose ingestion, as well as long-term complications of primary ovarian failure and cognitive dysfunction, which are diet independent. The creation of a knockout mouse model for GALT deficiency was aimed at providing an organism in which metabolic challenges and gene manipulation could address the enigmatic pathophysiologic questions raised by humans with galactosemia. Instead, the mouse represents a biochemical phenotype without evidence of clinical morbidity. The similarities and differences between mice and humans with galactosemia are explored from metabolite, enzyme, and process points of view. The mouse both produces and oxidizes galactose in a manner similar to humans. It differs in brain accumulation of galactitol. Future directions for exploration of this enigmatic condition are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073135
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    VITAMIN D AND ITS ANALOGS AS REGULATORS OF IMMUNE ACTIVATION AND ANTIGEN PRESENTATION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 23 (2003), S. 117-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It has been a little more than 20 years since the first appreciation that the biologically active hormonal form of the secosteroid vitamin D-classically categorized as a regulator of calcium/phosphorous metabolism and bone mineralization-can exert effects on cells of the immune system. Since then a substantial literature has accumulated to suggest that these effects are exerted on multiple immune cell types, are predominantly suppressive at pharmacologic levels, and are potent enough to have true therapeutic potential in the management or prevention of immune-mediated diseases. Less clear at present, however, are the physiological roles played by the vitamin D endocrine system in the regulation of normal and abnormal immune responses. In this review, an appraisal of the current understanding of vitamin D-mediated immune regulation is presented that emphasizes progress towards its clinical application as well as the manner in which emerging models of normal immune function may facilitate a more complete understanding of its physiologic significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073114
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    NUTRITION IN THE PERIOPERATIVE PATIENT (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 23 (2003), S. 263-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The association of malnutrition with surgical morbidity and mortality is well recognized. The question of whether this relationship is causal or simply an association in sick patients has been hotly debated. The field of nutrition support has grown out of the belief that correcting malnutrition will modify associated risks for poor outcome. It has been easier to substantiate this belief in some clinical situations than in others. The evidence for nutrition support during the perioperative period is reviewed and recommendations are made about where nutrition support is most useful and where it may be counterproductive. Some of the important unanswered questions about perioperative nutrition support are raised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073353
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    GUGULIPID: A Natural Cholesterol-Lowering Agent (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 23 (2003), S. 303-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The resin of the Commiphora mukul tree has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for more than 2000 years to treat a variety of ailments. Studies in both animal models and humans have shown that this resin, termed gum guggul, can decrease elevated lipid levels. The stereoisomers E- and Z-guggulsterone have been identified as the active agents in this resin. Recent studies have shown that these compounds are antagonist ligands for the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which is an important regulator of cholesterol homeostasis. It is likely that this effect accounts for the hypolipidemic activity of these phytosteroids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073102
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    COMMON ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF BODY WEIGHT, REPRODUCTION, AND BONE MASS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 23 (2003), S. 403-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bone mass is maintained constant between puberty and menopause by the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity. The existence of a hormonal control of osteoblast activity has been speculated for years by analogy to osteoclast biology. Through the search for such humoral signal(s) regulating bone formation, leptin has been identified as a strong inhibitor of bone formation. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular infusion of leptin has shown that the effect of this adipocyte-derived hormone on bone is mediated via a brain relay. Subsequent studies have led to the identification of hypothalamic groups of neurons involved in leptin's antiosteogenic function. In addition, those neurons or neuronal pathways are distinct from neurons responsible for the regulation of energy metabolism. Finally, the peripheral mediator of leptin's antiosteogenic function has been identified as the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathomimetics administered to mice decreased bone formation and bone mass. Conversely, beta-blockers increased bone formation and bone mass and blunted the bone loss induced by ovariectomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073312
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    Nutritional Energetics of Animals (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 101-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000533
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    Calcium and Osteoporosis (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 471-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002351
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    Vitamin D: Metabolism and Biological Actions (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 4 (1984), S. 493-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002425
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    Neurobehavioral Techniques to Assess the Effects of Chemicals on the Nervous System (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 24 (1984), S. 425-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.002233
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    From Physiologist to Pharmacologist-Promotion or Degradation? Fifty Years in Retrospect (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 24 (1984), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.000245
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    Immunostimulation: Synthetic and Biological Modulators of Immunity (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 24 (1984), S. 147-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.001051
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    The Metabolism of Insecticides: The Role of Monooxygenase Enzymes (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 24 (1984), S. 19-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.000315
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    Antiadrenergic Antihypertensive Drugs: Their Effect on Renal Function (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 24 (1984), S. 105-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.000541
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    Rate-Controlled Delivery Systems in Drug and Hormone Research (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 24 (1984), S. 199-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.001215
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    Neuroleptic Concentrations and Clinical Response (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 24 (1984), S. 361-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.002045
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    Mechanisms of Teratogenesis (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 24 (1984), S. 483-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.002411
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    Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in the Study of Surfaces (1984)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 35 (1984), S. 49-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-426X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.35.100184.000405
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