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  • Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography)  (46)
  • superconducting magnets  (46)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (35)
  • Springer  (82)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1980-1984  (82)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (82)
Collection
Keywords
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  • Springer  (82)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
Years
  • 1980-1984  (82)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 123-141 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si riesamina la strumentalizzazione adatta all’acquisizione di segnali biomagnetici. Si studiano separatamente i componenti di base del magnetometro, cioè gli SQUID, i trasformatori di flusso e i dewar. Si discutono i possibili miglioramenti alla strumentazione attuale e alle apparecchiature complete comprendenti scudi ferromagnetici o di correnti a vortice e si valuta la loro efficenza.
    Notes: Summary The instrumentation suitable for the acquisition of biomagnetic signals is reviewed. The basic magnetometer components,i.e. SQUIDs, flux transformers and dewars, are studied separately. Possible improvements to the present instrumentation as well as complete set-ups including ferromagnetic or eddy current shields are discussed and their efficiency evaluated.
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  • 2
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 142-152 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si sviluppa un formalismo per la descrizione vettoriale e tensoriale di una procedura di bilanciamento e si sottolinea un metodo di bilanciamento di campo e di primo gradiente. Si discutono l’apparecchiatura sperimentale e le misurazioni del vettore di modo comune del primo gradienteC G 1.
    Notes: Summary A formalism for the vector and tensor description of a balancing procedure is developed and a first-gradient and field-balancing method is outlined. The experimental apparatus and measurements of the first-gradient common-mode vector,C G 1, are discussed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Vitellin ; Yolk granule ; Yolk protein ; Silkworm ; Embryogenesis ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vitellin was purified from eggs of the silkworm,Bombyx mori, by a new method in which vitellin was extracted from isolated yolk granules. The purified vitellin had a molecular weight of 540,000. An antibody against purified vitellin was prepared in rabbits. It reacted with the hemolymph vitellogenin as well as with purified vitellin, but not with other proteins in the hemolymph or in the extract from yolk granules. The anti-vitellin IgG was used to immunocytochemically locate vitellin in theBombyx non-diapause egg during early developmental stages. In the egg, just after oviposition, vitellin was located in internal yolk granules and in small yolk granules of the periplasm. During the early developmental stages studied, vitellin was not metabolized uniformly throughout the egg. The vitellin of the internal yolk granules located at the posterior-dorsal part and of the small peripheral yolk granules was utilized in 16 h and 2 days, respectively, after oviposition. A thin, very vitellin-poor layer was located between the periplasm and the vitellin-rich interior in the newly laid egg. it was always in close contact with the periphery where blastoderm and germ-band cells developed.
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  • 4
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto In questo lavoro si tratta il problema dell’ottimizzazione di sistemi di sensori gradiometrici metrici superconduttori di secondo ordine che sono stati progettati per la misurazione di campi magnetici deboli disomogenei in un ambiente disturbato magneticamente. Si considerano le condizioni di massimo rapporto segnale-rumore dell’uscita del quantomagnetometro superconduttote (SQM). Si analizza l’influenza dei parametri misurati della sorgente del segnale, del rumore di una sorgente di disturbo esterna e di quello proprio del magnetometro sulla selezione della lunghezza di base del gradiometro.
    Notes: Summary In this paper we deal with an optimization problem of the second-order superconducting gradiometric sensor systems that have been designed for measurement of the weak inhomogeneous magnetic fields in a magnetically disturbed environment. The conditions of maximum signalto-noise ratio of the output of superconducting quantum magnetometers (SQM) are considered. The influence of measured signal source parameters, of an outside disturbing source and of the own noise of the magnetometer on the gradiometer base length selection is analysed.
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  • 5
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 356-367 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Sono state esaminate l’idealità e la sensibilità di parecchi conduttori magnetocardiografici vettoriali usando un modello inomogeneo fisico del tronco. Si è trovato che la componente antero-posterioreX vettore magnetico del cuore è la piú facile da scoprire. Si suggeriscono conduttori ideali per le altre due componenti. Comunque questi hanno una sensibilità inferiore. Le differenze rispetto ai risultati di precedenti ricercatori sono state spiegate con le differenze tra i modelli.
    Notes: Summary The ideality and sensitivity of several vector magnetocardiographic leads were tested by using an inhomogeneous, physical torso model. The postero-anterior component of the heart’s magnetic vector was found easiest to detect. New, more ideal leads for the other two components are suggested. However, these have lower sensitivity. The differences from the results of former investigators can be explained by the differences of the models.
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  • 6
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 203-213 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si è studiato lo spettro del rumore di un gradiometro superconduttore a derivata secon da in un agglomerato urbano. I dati sono stati ottenuti dal gradiometro con tre accelerometri ortogonali e un magnetometro a flussometro elettronico triassiale attaccato al dewar. Questi dati sono stati analizzati usando tecniche di elaborazione dei segnali, soprattutto un cancellatore adattativo di rumori, per ridurre i rumori nei dati del gradiometro. I risultati mostrano qui che il rumore dell’esterno e/o il rumore del movimento del dewar possono essere ridotti di 40 dB in potenza di rumore. Si è anche mostrato che, nel caso di basso rapporto segnale-rumore (S/N∼1), può essere estratta un’onda sunusoidale di 10 Hz. Questa tecnica non solo promette riduzione dei rumori, ma ha anche lo scopo d’identificare i segnali di rumore che potrebbero essere veramente considerati parte del responso evocato. L’analisi dei dati che contengono i responsi evocati è ora in corso.
    Notes: Summary The noise spectrum of a superconducting second-derivative gradiometer has been investigated in an urban environment. Data have been acquired from the gradiometer with three orthogonal accelerometers and a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer attached to the dewar. These data have been analyzed by using signal processing techniques, primarily an adaptive noise canceller, to reduce noise in the gradiometer data. Results shown here indicate that the environmental noise and/or the dewar motion noise can be reduced as much as 40 dB in noise power. It is also shown, in the case of poor signal-to-noise ratio (S/N∼1), that a 10 Hz sine wave can be extracted. This technique not only shows promise for noise reduction, but also aids in the identification of noise signals which might be misconstrued as part of the evoked response. Analysis of data containing evoked response is now underway.
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  • 7
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si stabiliscono princípi per il progetto di sistemi di spire che generano campi magnetici distanti che diminuiscono secondo una potenza inversa alta della distanza. Secondo un principio di reciprocità queste disposizioni, quando usate come sensori in magnetometri ad induzione e SQUID, hanno una sensibilità intrinsecamento bassa per sorgenti distanti del campo magnetico.
    Notes: Summary Principles are established for the design of coil arrays which generate distant magnetic fields diminishing as a high inverse power of the distance. By a principle of reciprocity these arrays, when used as sensors in induction and SQUID magnetometers, have an inherently low sensitivity to distant sources of magnetic field.
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  • 8
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 166-174 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si è costruito un magnetometro SQUID differenziale a 3 canali per la misurazione simultanea delle 3 componenti ortogonali del campo magnetico nella stessa posizione. Si descrive la struttura dell’apparecchio e si mostrano i dati MCG misurati. Si discutono gli effetti d’interferenza tra i canali.
    Notes: Summary We have constructed a three-channel differential SQUID magnetometer for the simultaneous measurement of the three orthogonal components of the magnetic field in the same location. The structure of the device is described and MCG data measured are shown. Interference effects between the channels are discussed.
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  • 9
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 184-194 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si è costruito espressamente un sistema SQUID in un ospedale di Parigi, che permette indagini neuromagnetiche attinenti con applicazioni cliniche. Un gradiometro simmetrico di second’ordine lavora entro uno schermo per corrente parassite. Ciò è designato ad ottimizzare il costo e l’efficienza del sistema. Le sue prestazioni sono state sperimentate con dati da pazienti e da soggetti normali.
    Notes: Summary A SQUID system was specially built in a Parisian hospital, allowing neuromagnetic investigations dealing with clinical applications. A second-order symmetrical gradiometer works inside an eddy current shield. This was designed for optimizing the cost and the efficiency of the system. Its performances were tested with data from patients and normal subjects.
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  • 10
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 224-230 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si descrive la strumentazione per le applicazioni biomagnetiche. Le piccole dimensioni e la leggerezza del gradiometro SQUID permettono il facile trasporto e posizionamento dello strumento, rendendo cosí possibile le misurazioni biomagnetiche in una qualsiasi locazione in cui non ci siano rumori. L’apparecchio è provvisto di un alimentatore a batteria e, se riempito con 60 cm3 di elio liquido, funzionerà initerrottamente per 6 ore. L’apparecchio è adatto per la magnetocardiografia.
    Notes: Summary The instrumentation for biomagnetic applications is described. The small size and weight of the SQUID gradiometer permit easy transport and positioning of the instrument, thus making biomagnetic measurements possible in any noise-free location. The equipment is provided with a battery power supply, and, when filled with 60 cm3 of liquid helium, will operate continuously for 6 h. The device is suitable for magnetocardiography.
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  • 11
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si confrontano i magnetocardiogrammi misurati in un caso di infarto miocardico anterolaterale con i corrispondenti magnetocardiogrammi simulati. I cambiamenti piú notevoli nell’MCG misurato si sono osservati nelle parti superiori e inferiori del torace come previsto dalla simulazione.
    Notes: Summary The MCGs measured in a case of an anterolateral myocardial infarction were compared with the corresponding simulated MCGs. The most distinctive changes in the measured MCGs were observed in the upper and lower parts of the thorax as predicted by the simulation.
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  • 12
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 558-566 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto La conduttività elettrica delle lesioni cerebrali varia con situazioni patologiche come l’edema e la calcificazione. È stato studiato mediante una simulazione con il computer l’effetto delle disomogeneità dei tessuti delle lesioni cerebrali sulle distribuzioni spaziali dei potenziali elettrici e dei campi magnetici sulla superficie del capo.
    Notes: Summary The electrical conductivity of brain lesions varies with pathological situations such as edema and calcification. The effect of the tissue inhomogeneities of brain lesions on spatial distributions of electrical potentials and magnetic fields over the surface of the head was studied by means of a computer simulation.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si è sviluppato un metodo magnetico per misurazioni dirette non invasive del ferro di immagazzinamento epatico umano con uno suscettometro SQUID. Le determinazioni magneticain vivo e chimicain vitro del ferro epatico non eme sono strettamente correlate. Le misurazioni magnetiche dei depositi di ferro sono utili, dal punto di vista clinico, nella diagnosi dei disordini nel metabolismo del ferro.
    Notes: Summary A magnetic method for direct noninvasive measurements of human hepatic storage iron with a SQUID susceptometer has been developed.In vivo magnetic andin vitro chemical determinations of liver nonheme iron are closely correlated. Magnetic measurements of iron stores are clinically useful in the diagnosis of disorders of iron metabolism.
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  • 14
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 594-607 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il problema inverso nella misurazione magnetical del polmone è stato studiato con un metodo che usa le ipotetiche distribuzioni del pulviscolo magnetico. Si sono fatte le minimizzazioni non vincolate e vincolate di una funzione obiettiva. Le simulazioni e l’analisi hanno mostrato l’efficacia del metodo.
    Notes: Summary The inverse problem in the magnetic measurement of the lung was studied with a method using hypothetical distributions of magnetic dust. Both unconstrained and constrained minimizations of an objective function were performed. Simulations and analysis showed the efficacy of the method.
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  • 15
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 582-593 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Questo lavoro descrive un nuovo suscettometro SQUID a doppio canale coadiuvato da computer destinato a raggiungere stime accuratein vivo delle concentrazioni di accumulo di ferro nei tessuti. Si discutono le considerazioni pratiche dello schema, la funzionalità sperimentale al rumore e la risoluzione clinica anticipata del nuovo sistema.
    Notes: Summary This paper describes a new computer-enhanced dual-channel SQUID susceptometer designed to achieve accuratein vivo estimates of tissue storage iron concentrations. We discuss the practical design considerations, instrumental noise performance and anticipated clinical resolution of the new system.
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  • 16
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 608-616 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si è trovato che la velocità di decadimento del campo residuo ottenuto tramite magnetizzazione delle particelle ferromagnetiche trattenute nei polmoni dei saldatori è associato a fattori come la quantità di polvere trattenuta, il curriculum lavorativo e la consuetudine di fumare. Una velocità di decadimento piú rapida appare correlata con un piú rapido smaltimento delle particelle di fumo di saldatura nei fumatori.
    Notes: Summary It was found that the rate of decay of the remanent field obtained through magnetization of ferrimagnetic particles retained in the lungs of are welders is associated with factors such as amount of dust retained, occupational history and smoking habits. A faster decay rate was found to correlate with a faster clearance of welding fume particles in smokers
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  • 17
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 617-623 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Particelle ferromagnetiche immesse per via intratracheale nei polmoni sono fagocitate da macrofagi alveolari. Dopo che queste particelle sono state magnetizzate dal campo esterno, esse producono un campo residuo che decade rapidamente a causa del disallineamento delle particelle dovuto al movimento citoplasmatico (rilassamento). I cambiamenti nel valore di rilassamento nel tempo successivo all’immissione potrebbero essere connessi alla mobilità citoplasmatica.
    Notes: Summary Ferrimagnetic particles instilled intratracheally into the lungs are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages. After these particles are magnetized by an external field, they produce a remanent field which decays rapidly due to particle misalignment from cytoplasmic motion (relaxation). Changes in relaxation rate with time following instillation might be related to cytoplasmic motility.
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  • 18
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 624-641 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto La pletismografia a suscettività magnetica (MSPG) è un nuovo metodo proposto per controllare i cambiamenti del volume cardiaco. Si riesaminano il principio di misurazione e i lavori recenti di altri ricercatori. Si studia l’effetto del movimento legato al cuore della cassa toracica anteriore sul segnale MSPG.I risultati suggeriscono che il movimento del confine cassa toracica-aria può contribuire in modo significativo (∼75%) al segnale MSPG quando è registrato vicino al cuore.
    Notes: Summary Magnetic-susceptibility plethysmography (MSPG) is a new method proposed for monitoring cardiac-volume changes. The measurement principle and recent work by other investigators are reviewed. The effect of the cardiac-related motion of the anterior chest wall on the MSPG signal is studied. The results suggest that the motion of the chest-wall-air boundary may contribute significantly (∼75%) to the MSPG signal when recorded near the heart.
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  • 19
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 642-649 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto È stata esaminata la forma d’onda d’impulso per il magnetomiogramma (MMG) dell’arto inferiore destro umano. Le durate tipiche degl’impulsi sono di circa (10÷20) ms. La variazione spaziale del MMG suggerisce un’origine nei muscoli anteriori della tibia.
    Notes: Summary The pulse wave form for the magnetomyogram (MMG) of the human right leg was examined. The typical pulse durations are about (10÷20) ms. The spatial variation of the MMG suggests a source in the anterior muscles.
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  • 20
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 650-659 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Le ricerche sul campo magnetico intorno alla gamba umana con l’uso di un magnetometro SQUID producono risultati consistenti e riproducibili che possono essere rappresentati mediamente due linee di corrente, orientate inversamente, parallele all’asse della gamba. I campi sono condizionati dall’attività muscolare, che decade col tempo di rilassamento della gamba.
    Notes: Summary Investigations of the magnetic field around the human leg using a SQUID magnetometer yield consistent, reproducible results which can be modelled by 2 oppositely oriented line currents parallel to the leg axis. The fields are affected by muscle activity, decaying with the time of relaxation of the leg.
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  • 21
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 1110-1118 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto L'attività del sistema di His-Purkinje è stata misurata magneticamente usando un magnetometro SQUID nella camera schermata magneticamente di Berlino (BMSR) e usando in aggiunta filtraggio (banda passante da 0.5 Hz a 300 Hz) e tecniche di mediazione. La camera riduce il livello di rumore di fondo a meno di 4 $$4{{fT} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{fT} {\sqrt {Hz} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt {Hz} }}$$ nella regione a spettro bianco. All'interno dell'intervalloPR è stata osservata una struttura a rampa, la cui pendenza cambia segno attraversando la linea mediana del cuore. In aggiunta, sono stati registrati segnali ben definiti approssimativemente 40 ms prima dell'inizio dell'attivazione ventricolare.
    Abstract: Резюме йзмеряется активность НР системы у человека с помощью SQUID магнетометра в Берлинской магнитно экранированной комнате, используя фильтртрацию полосы пропускания (ширина полосы от 0.5 Гц до 300 Гц) и усреднение. Берлинская магнитно экранированная комната уменьшает уровень фонового шума до величины $$4{{fT} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{fT} {\sqrt {Hz} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt {Hz} }}$$ в области белого шума. ВнутриPR интервла наблюдается диаграмма с уклоном, причем величина ыклона меняется при пересечении медианной линии сердца. Кроме того, ориблизительно за 40 мс до наступления активности желудочка регистрируются определенные сигналы.
    Notes: Summary The activity of the His-Purkinje system (HPS) in man has been measured magnetically with a SQUID magnetometer in the Berlin magnetically shielded room (BMSR) by using in addition band pass filtering (band width 0.5 Hz to 300 Hz) and averaging. The BMSR reduces the background noise level to less than $$4{{fT} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{fT} {\sqrt {Hz} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\sqrt {Hz} }}$$ in the region of white noise. Within thePR interval a ramp pattern was observed, changing its slope when crossing the median line of the heart. In addition, definite signals were recorded approximately 40 ms before the onset of ventricular activation.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si mostra che miglioramenti sostanziali possono essere ottenuti nelle proprietà di schermatura di una stanza schermata da corrente parassite coprendo l’accesso con lamine conduttrici. I risultati suggeriscono che non è necessario installare una porta conduttrice e mostrano che è il caso di coprire una piccola parte della porta in modo permanente.
    Notes: Summary We show that substantial improvements can be obtained in the shielding properties of an eddy-current-shielded room by covering the doorway with conductive plates. Results suggest that it is unnecessary to install a conductive door and show that it is worthwhile covering a small part of the doorway permanently.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 248-254 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il magnetocardiogramma ad alta risoluzione è stato registrato mediante magnetometri superconduttori in 12 volontari sani utilizzando la camera schermata di Berlino per ridurre il livello di rumore elettromagnetico. La morfologia del trattoPR magnetico è caratterizzata dalle «rampe» in precedenza osservate, sulle quali s’inseriscono segnali. A volte la forma d’onda appare complessa.
    Notes: Summary ThePR interval of magnetocardiograms has been measured with a SQUID sensor in the Berlin magnetically shielded room. In addition to previously reported ramps with isolated superimposed signals in several cases a structured morphology has been found.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 266-279 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Sono stati osservati segnali degradanti nel segmentoPR dei magnetocardiogrammi normali registrati da 5 cani. Sono state osservate rampe maggiori dopo aver indotto con farmaci il blocco del nodo atrioventricolare di primo grado, ed è stata osservata una completa ripolarizzazione atriale a seguito d’isolate contrazioni atriali in due animali con blocco di secondo grado. Queste rampe, che variano fino a 6.7 pT in ampiezza e provengono dagli atri, possono complicare l’individuazione magnetica dell’attività di His-Purkinje.
    Notes: Summary Sloping signals were observed in thePR segment of normal magnetocardiograms recorded from five dogs. Larger ramps were observed after first-degree AV nodal blockade was induced pharmacologically, and complete atrial repolarization was observed following isolated atrial contractions in two animals with second-degree block. These ramps, ranging up to 6.7 pT in size and arising from the atria, may complicate magnetic detection of His-Purkinje activity.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 231-247 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; PACS. 85.25 ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto La motivazione fondamentale per lo studio dei fenomeni elettrofisiologici cardiaci tramite il metodo biomagnetico è dovuta al fatto che questa tecnica offre un’alta risoluzione spaziale e sembra fornire informazioni complementari rispetto alle sole registrazioni elettriche. Fino ad oggi l’interesse degli studiosi si è concentrato su due differenti fenomeni cardiaci: 1) lo studio dell’attività del sistema di conduzione atrioventricolare e 2) lo studio della depolarizzazione ventricolare anormalmente ritardata (late potentials). L’interesse clinico per lo studio non invasivo del sistema di His-Purkinje (HPS) è ben noto. Registrazioni cliniche non invasive di late potentials sono particolarmente desiderabili in quanto possono essere preziosi indicatori di rischio di morte improvvisa. In questo lavoro si presenta una rassegna sullo stato delle ricerche in entrambi i campi d’indagine.
    Notes: Summary The fundamental motivation for investigating cardiac electrophysiological phenomena by means of the biomagnetic method has been that this technique should have added spatial resolution and provided complementary information as opposed to electric recordings only. So far the interest of experimentalists has been concentrated on two different kinds of cardiac phenomena: 1) the study of the activity of the cardiac conduction system and 2) of abnormally delayed ventricular depolarization (late potentials). The clinical interest for the noninvasive investigation of the His-Purkinje system (HPS) is well known. Noninvasive clinical recording of late potentials is particularly desirable as they seem to be precious markers for risk of sudden death. A review of the state of research in both fields is presented in this paper.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 280-290 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Ein dal 1980 è iniziato uno studio sistematico dell’attività del sistema di His-Purkjnje (HPS) su soggetti normali e patologici con il metodo biomagnetico. Allo scopo di risolvere il problema di quanta parte dei segnali misurati sia attribuibile al sistema di His-Purkinje e quanta piuttosto alla ripolarizzazione atriale, è stata recentemente sviluppata una strumentazione appositamente disegnata per misure sul HPS e con una sensibilità di $$20fT/\sqrt {Hz}$$ nella banda di frequenze interessanti ((0.5÷300) Hz). Al contempo si è altresí sviluppato un nuovo modello teorico in stretta corrispondenza con le caratteristiche anatomiche del HPS che fornisce una distribuzione di campo magnetico sul torace in buon accordo qualitativo con i risultati sperimentali.
    Notes: Summary Since 1980, systematic investigations of the activity of the His-Purkinje system (HPS) by the biomagnetic method have been reported on both normal subjects and patients affected by different kinds of conduction disturbances. A first attempt to interpret the experimental results by means of a theoretical model satisfactorily accounted for the measured «ramp» patterns. Moreover, a good temporal coincidence was observed between magnetic signals and invasively recorded His bundle electrograms (HBE). An alternative explanation of the «ramp» pattern, in terms of atrial repolarization, has been recently proposed on the basis of animal experimental investigation. In order to try to solve this problem, we have carried out a twofold approach: a new second-order gradiometer, specifically designed for HPS activity investigation has been successfully set up and tested; it provides a sensitivity of $$20fT/\sqrt {Hz}$$ in the band width of interest ((0.5÷300) Hz). Second, a new model based on a closer correspondence to anatomical features of the HPS has been developed. This model provides well-defined patterns which are in quite good agreement with experimental results.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 311-323 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si registra la distribuzione sia del potenziale elettrico cardiaco sulla superficie del corpo che del campo magnetico cardiaco vicino al torace e alla schiena in momenti fissi del ciclo cardiaco. Le caratteristiche generali di entrambi i tipi di mappa sono semplici e riproducibili, inoltre ciascuno di essi fornisce informazioni differenti.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of both the cardiac electric potential on the body surface and the cardiac magnetic field near the chest and back is recorded at fixed time instants of the heart cycle. The general features of both types of maps are simple and reproducible, moreover they both reveal different information.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 324-339 
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    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Sono stati eseguiti calcoli numerici sul campo magnetico generato dal cuore durante la depolarizzazione ventricolare. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è studiare il contributo d’inomogeneità nel conduttore di volume al campo totale e stabilire l’influenza dei gradiometri usati nelle registrazioni sperimentali.
    Notes: Summary Numerical computations were performed on the magnetic field generated by the heart during ventricular depolarization. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of inhomogeneities in the volume conductor to the total field and to establish the influence of gradiometers as used in experimental recordings.
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    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il magnetocardiogramma ad alta risoluzione, registrato in 22 pazienti affetti da pregresso infarto del miocardio, ha permesso di rilevare in 3 casi la presenza di segnali di ampiezza tra 0.4 e 3 pT temporalmente correlati a depolarizzazioni tardive elettriche. Si discutono de differenze tra segnali magnetici ed elettrici e il loro possibile significato fisiopatologico.
    Notes: Summary High-resolution magnetocardiograms of patients with recent myocardial infarction have been recorded. In three cases, signals have been found in theST segment that are time correlated with simultaneously recorded late electric potentials.
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    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Per studiare l’effetto della geometria del conduttore di volume, sono stati compiuti esperimenti usando cuori di coniglio isolati. È stato osservato un aumento del segnale magnetico con l’aumentare della dimensione del conduttore di volume. Si discutono i risultati usando un dipolo di corrente a origine fissa e un modello di sorgente di tensione per il cuore.
    Notes: Summary To study the effect of the volume conductor geometry on the MCG, experiments using isolated rabbit hearts were done. An increase of the magnetic signal when increasing the volume conductor’s size was observed. The results are discussed by using a fixed-origin current dipole and a voltage source model for the heart.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 368-378 
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    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si presentano le prime misurazioni del campo magnetico associato col potenziale d’azione in un fascio di fibre cardiache di Purkinje isolate. Le nostre scoperte dimonstrano la fattibilità dell’uso di tecniche magnetiche per misurare le correnti assiali in un gruppo di cellule cardiache ad attività spontanea.
    Notes: Summary We present the first measurements of the magnetic field associated with the action potential in a bundle of isolated cardiac Purkinje fibers. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using magnetic techniques to measure the axial current in a bundle of spontaneously active cardiac cells.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 379-409 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetic (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si riesaminano le ricerche sul campo magnetico indotto compiute negli ultimi due anni. Questi studi hanno mostrato che la tecnica magnetica si puó usare 1) per rivelare aspetti complementari delle fonti di corrente comuni al potenziale indotto, 2) per identificare l’organizzazione della corteccia cerebrale e delle arce subcorticali e 3) per misurare le proprietà funzionali delle aree neurali attive le cui posizioni sono identificate.
    Notes: Summary Research in the evoked magnetic field reported in the last two years is reviewed. The studies have shown that the magnetic technique may be used 1) to reveal complementary aspects of the current sources common to evoked potential, 2) to identify the organization of the cerebral cortex and subcortical areas of the brain and 3) to measure functional properties of the active neural areas whose locations are identified.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 410-419 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Il campo magnetico corticale osservato, suscitato da uno stimolo presentato a varie eccentricità nel campo visivo, è stato interpretato come derivante da dipoli di corrente lungo la scissura longitudinale. La profondità della sorgente aumenta con l’aumento dell’eccentricità, in accordo con la classica mappatura retinotopica.
    Notes: Summary The observed cortical magnetic field evoked by a stimulus presented at various eccentricities in the visual field was interpreted as arising from current dipoles along the longitudinal fissure. The depth of the source increased as the eccentricity was increased, in agreement with the classical retinotopic map.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 420-428 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si esamiano i componenti elettrici e magnetici della risposta stimolata visiva del cervello, con picchi a 120 e 180 ms dopo lo stimolo. I risultati mostrano che entrambi i componenti magnetici sono localizzati nella corteccia occipitale superficiale tangenziale al cuoio capelluto. La distribuzione diM120 suggerisce che i generatori dei componenti elettrici e magnetici sono correlati, ma il campo magnetico elettrico registrato è una modificazione elaborata di quello prodotto dalla sorgente.
    Notes: Summary Corresponding electrical and magnetic components of the brain’s visual evoked response peaking at 120 and 180 ms poststimulus are examined. Results show that both magnetic components are localized in the superficial occipital cortex tangential to the scalp. The distribution ofM120 suggests that the generators for the electrical and magnetic components are related, but the electrical field recorded is an elaborate modification of that produced by the source.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Campi magnetici indotti dalla sensibilità somatica sono stati confrontati con i corrispondenti potenziali elettrici sul cuoio capelluto allo scopo di studiare le loro sorgenti neurali. Le mappature delle risposte magnetiche hanno mostrato attività a livello delle cortecce di sensibilità somatica primarie e secondarie. Ulteriori sorgenti oltre a queste aree sembrano essere coinvolte nella generazione dei potenziali del cuoio capelluto a vertice somatosensoriali.
    Notes: Summary Somatosensory evoked magnetic fields were compared with corresponding electric scalp potentials in order to study their neural sources. Mappings of the magnetic responses showed activity at the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices. Additional sources besides these areas seem to be involved in the generation of the somatosensory vertex scalp potentials.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 438-459 
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    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto In questo lavoro si presentano alcuni tentativi di considerazioni modello, basati sul concetto di dipolo di corrente equivalente per tener conto delle risposte sonore stimolate osservate, con lo scopo di tentare un confronto delle variazioni in ampiezza e latenza con calcoli basati sul modello di nervo altamente semplificato di Rall. Si presenta un’analisi fenomenologica dei dati sperimentali sul campo magnetico sonoro tardo evocato dalla corteccia uditiva umana. Qui si pone l’accento sulle relazioni tra le proprietà del segnale (per esempio, ampiezza e latenza) e tra le proprietà del segnale e le proprietà dello stimolo (per esempio, ampiezza/latenza e frequenza in discesa relativa Δf/f per uno stimolo con frequenza in discesa) piuttosto che su problemi correlati con la posizione del dipolo di corrente equivalente, per esempio l’organizzazione tonotopica discussa da Elberlinget al. e Romaniet al. Si presentano alcuni risultati di un calcolo numerico basato su un modello a cavo lineare e li si confronta con i risultati sperimentali.
    Notes: Summary In this paper we present some tentative model considerations, based on the concept of an equivalent current dipole to account for observed auditory evoked responses, with the aim of attempting a comparison of variations in amplitude and latency with calculations based on Rall’s greatly simplified nerve model. A phenomenological analysis of experimental data on the late, auditory evoked magnetic field from the human auditory cortex is presented. The emphasis is here placed on relations between signal properties (e.g. amplitude and latency) and between signal properties and stimulus properties (e.g. amplitude/latency and relative frequency glide Δf/f for a frequency glide stimulus) rather than on questions related to the location of the equivalent current dipole,e.g. the tonotopic organization discussed by Elberlinget al. and by Romaniet al.. Some results of a numerical calculation based on a linear-cable model are presented and compared with experimental results.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 471-483 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Le sorgenti di risposte uditive magnetiche ed electtriche stimolate sono state formate con dipoli a corrente multipli. L’attività a livello delle cortecce uditive, 2.6 cm al di sotto della calotta cranica, spiega la distribuzione di campo osservata $$\overline {N100m}$$ . Un’ulteriore sorgente di corrente vicino al vertice è necessaria per spiegare le corrispondenti distribuzioni di potenziale. La posizione delle sorgenti di corrente di $$\overline {N100m}$$ non ha mostrato alcuna dipendenza sistematica dalla frequenza tonale.
    Notes: Summary The sources of auditory evoked electric and magnetic responses were modelled with multiple current dipoles. The activity at the auditory cortices, 2.6 cm beneath the skull, explains the observed $$\overline {N100m}$$ field distribution. An additional current source near the vertex is needed to explain the corresponding potential distributions. The locations of the current sources of $$\overline {N100m}$$ did not show any systematic dependence on the tonal frequency.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 460-470 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Sono stati registrati campi magnetici uditivi indotti (AEF) e potenziali uditivi indotti EEG (AEP) dalle regioni corticali uditive destra e sinistra di 12 soggetti normali adulti. Il sensore magnetico era un gradiometro SQUID a forma di otto con una linea di base di 4 cm orientato in modo da essere massimamente sensibile a un dipolo di corrente orientato perpendicolarmente alla fissure di Sylvio. Gli stimoli erano impulsi sonori di 1 kHz, lunghi 100 ms con un intervallo modale tra stimoli di 700 ms emessi a livelli di pressione sonora di 40, 60, 80 e 100 dB. Si è trovato che l’ampiezza AEF è correlata all’intensità dello stimolo in modo quadratico, l’ampiezza AEP in modo, lineare. Gli AEF erano di ampiezza maggiore in risposta alla stimolazione contralaterale che in risposta alla stimolazione ipsilaterale. Gli AEP non presentano questa relazione. In un secondo esperimento gli AEF e AEP dell’emisfero destro in risposta al tono di stimolazione nell’orecchio controlaterale in questi 12 soggetti sono stati combinati con dati simili precedenti su 24 soggetti, ottenendo cosí un totale di 36 soggetti, per esaminare la comparabilità della forma dell’onadaP50 di AEP e dell’analogaP50 di AEF. Si è trovato che la latenza dellaP50 decrese in funzione dell’intensità crescente dello stimolo sia per AEF che per AEP, e che la latenza diP50 è decisamente inferiore nelle registrazioni magnetiche rispetto alle registrazioni del potenziale.
    Notes: Summary Auditory evoked magnetic fields (AEFs) and EEG auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded from left and right auditory cortical regions of 12 normal adult subjects. The magnetic sensor was a figure-eight SQUID gradiometer with a 4 cm baseline oriented so as to be maximally sensitive to a current dipole oriented normal to the Sylvian fissure. Stimuli were 100 ms long 1 kHz tone pips with a modal interstimulus interval of 700 ms delivered at sound pressure levels of 40, 60, 80 and 100 dB. AEF amplitude was found to be related to stimulus intensity in a quadratic fashion, AEP amplitude in a linear fashion. AEFs were of larger amplitude in response to contralateral as compared to ipsilateral stimulation. AEPs did not exhibit such a relationship. In a second experiment right-hemisphere AEFs and AEPs in response to contralateral ear tone stimulation in these 12 subjects were combined with similar previous data from 24 subjects, providing a total of 36 subjects, to examine the comparability of the AEPP50 wave form and the AEFP50 analog. The latency of theP50 was found to decrease as a function of increasing stimulus intensity for both AEFs and AEPs, and theP50 latency was consistently shorter in magnetic compared to potential recordings.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 484-494 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto I movimenti volontari degli arti sono preceduti da spostamenti MEG che cominciano già 1.2s prima del movimento. Questi spostamenti invertono la polarità sull’area di rappresentazione della corteccia motoria dell’arto in questione.
    Notes: Summary Voluntary limb movements are preceded by MEG shifts beginning even as early as 1.2 s before the movement. These shifts reverse polarity above the cortical motor representation area of the limb concerned.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 495-504 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Sono stati registrati i campi magnetici del cervello che precedono i movimenti autonomi delle dita della mano, del piede e della dita del piede stesso, i movimenti delle dita della mano e del piede causati da uno stimolo e la parola. Sono stati trovati lenti spostamenti dei campi magnetici con morfologia simile ai coincidenti potenziali elettrici, ma con distribuzioni molto diverse. Si discutono le deduzioni ottenute dai dati sulla localizzazione dei generatori cerebrali.
    Notes: Summary Magnetic fields of the brain were recorded preceding selfinitiated finger, foot, toe movements, stimulus-triggered finger and toe movements, and speech. Slow magnetic-field shifts were found with morphology similar to coincident electrical potentials, but with very different distributions. Inferences from the data about localization of cerebral generators were discussed.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 505-511 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si è studiato il campo magnetico prodotto dal cervello prendendo in considerazione una varietà di eventi rari. Si riporta il carattere temporale della risposta a un raro stimolo uditivo. Il campo magnetico appare offrire un’utile nuova sonda dell’attività endogena nel cervello umano.
    Notes: Summary We have studied the magnetic field produced by the brain when attending to a variety of rare events. The temporal character of the response to a rare auditory stimulus is reported. The magnetic field appears to offer a useful new probe of endogeneous activity in the human brain.
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 538-546 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; PACS. 85.25 ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Uno studio sull’attività spontanea del cervello in soggetti normali è stato eseguito con il metodo neuromagnetico. Sono stati usate 2 diverse strumentazioni per le misure magnetiche. Ambedue usavano gradiometri di second’ordine disegnati specificatamente per gli studi sul cervello: 2.9 cm di diametro, 5 cm di baseline. Uno SQUID r.f. e uno SQUID d.c. erano accoppiati ai gradiometri. I livelli di rumore misurati sono stati rispettivamente di $$40fT/\sqrt {Hz}$$ e $$25fT/\sqrt {Hz}$$ . In alcuni soggetti sono state effettuate mappe di campi magnetici generati dall’attività spontanea del cervello. Le mappe dell’ampiezza media dei segnali del ritmo α hanno mostrato 2 massimi dell’attività su 2 regioni simmetriche dello scalpo. Comunque, malgrado una generale simmetria fra gli emisferi, la complessità delle mappe misurate suggerisce una corrispondente complessità dei generatori responsabili dell’attività α.
    Notes: Summary An investigation of the spontaneous brain activity from normal subjects has been carried out by means of the neuromagnetic method. Two different systems were used for magnetic measurements. Both used 2nd-order gradiometers specifically designed for brain studies: 2.9 cm diameter, 5 cm baseline. A r.f. SQUID and a d.c. SQUID were coupled to the gradiometers. The measured noise levels are $$40fT/\sqrt {Hz}$$ and $$25fT/\sqrt {Hz}$$ , respectively. Thorough magnetic mapping of the spontaneous activity was performed on a few subjects. By mapping the average amplitude of the α-rhythm signals two maxima of activity over two symmetric regions of the scalp were clearly observed. Despite a general symmetry between hemispheres, however, the complexity of the measured maps suggests a corresponding complexity of the generators responsible for α-activity.
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  • 43
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 214-223 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; PACS. 85.25 ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si discutono magnetometri del tipo del flussometro elettronico e di risonanza (precisione libera, pompata otticamente) che possono in qualche caso sostituire il magnetometro SQUID. Si descrivono i princípi di funzionamento, la sensibilità, l’intervallo dinamico e la risposta di frequenza. Si dà un accenno riguardo l’applicazione di questi magnetometri nelle misurazioni biomagnetiche.
    Notes: Summary Flux gate and resonance type of magnetometers (free precession, optically pumped), which can in some cases replace the SQUID magnetometer, are discussed. The principles of operation, sensitivity, dynamical range and frequency response are described. The application of these magnetometers for biomagnetic measurements is mentioned.
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  • 44
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto È stata sfruttata la risoluzione spaziale del sensore magnetico per fornire stime numeriche del contributo atriale ai campi magnetici registrati esattamente prima della depolarizzazione ventricolare. Si trova che il contributo è piccolo, e questo rafforza l’interpretazione originale secondo la quale questi campi derivano principalmente dal sistema di conduzione del cuore.
    Notes: Summary We have exploited the spatial resolution of the magnetic sensor to provide numerical estimates of the atrial contribution to magnetic fields recorded just prior to ventricular depolarization. The contribution is found to be small, strenghening our original interpretation that such fields originate mostly in the conduction system of the heart.
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  • 45
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 291-300 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si presentano i risultati preliminari ottenuti costruendo mediante computer mappe di distribuzione di campo magnetico sulla base di registrazioni ad alta risoluzione effettuate con magnetometro superconduttore. La procedura è stata applicata per esaminare i MCG di 16 pazienti affetti da pregresso infarto del miocardio. Sulla base di questa elaborazione è stato possibile dividere i pazienti in due classi, una delle quali contiene tutti i pazienti con depolarizzazioni tardive.
    Notes: Summary A possible clinical application of a high-resolution magnetic isofield contour mapping technique in cardiography is discussed. Preliminary results are presented in applying this technique to patients with recent myocardial infarction. The patients could be divided into two classes; one of them contains patients with electrical late potentials as a subclass.
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  • 46
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 512-516 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si presentano le prime misurazioni del campo magnetico prodotto da correnti di azione che si propagano lungo l’assone singolo di un nervo gigante. Questi dati sono stati ottenuti con un trasduttore a bobina toroidale e un amplificatore o semiconduttore a temperatura ambiente.
    Notes: Summary We present the first measurements of the magnetic field produced by action currents propagating along a single giant nerve axon. These data were obtained with a toroidal pick-up coil and a room temperature semiconductor amplifier.
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  • 47
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 517-537 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Finora la magnetoencefalografia spontanea (MEG) in soggetti normali e patologici non è stata investigata a fondo. Si conoscono pochissimi contributi in questo campo. A parte il lavoro del gruppo di biomagnetismo di Roma, il solo contributo clinico finora è stato quello di Hughes e collaboratori che era abbastanza limitato nel numero e nella scelta dei soggetti studiati. La nostra esperienza condotta fin dal 1980 su un gran numero di casi (principalmente epilessie focali) mostra che il MEG può evidenziare attività significative anche se non sono presenti anormalità EEG; esso ha inoltre una risoluzione spaziale maggiore rispetto all’EEG. I foci epilettici mostrano un’area limitata di attività massima. Finora non è stata osservata nessuna evidenza sperimentale di una differente distribuzione delle ampiezze del campo sullo scalpo. La risoluzione spaziale del MEG riguarda anche la possibilità di risolvere la morfologia dei segnali EEG (per esempio onde aguzze EEG risolte in gruppi di spikes dal MEG) o di separare topograficamente le anormalità EEG mescolate e non ben localizzate (per esempio, attività delta ed epilettiche mescolate nell’EEG e discriminate nel MEG). I migliori risultati si osservano quando la localizzazione è nella corteccia esterna. Dopo una descrizione del materiale studiato, si sottolinea l’importanza dei risultati ottenuti per la prima volta in casi di epilessie focali.
    Notes: Summary So far spontaneous magnetoencephalography (MEG) in normal and pathological subjects has not been deeply investigated. Very few contributions in this field are available. Aside from the work of the Rome biomagnetic group in this field, the only clinical contribution up to now has been that of Hughes and co-workers which was rather limited in the number and in the selection of subjects investigated. Our experience, carried out since 1980 on a large number of cases—mainly focal epilepsies— shows that the MEG may evidence significant activities even if EEG abnormalities are not present and has a higher spatial resolution with respect to the EEG. Epileptic foci show a limited area of maximal activity. So far no experimental evidence of a different distribution of field amplitude over the scalp has been observed. The spatial resolution of the MEG also regards the possibility of resolving the morphology of EEG signals (for instance, EEG sharp waves resolved into groups of spikes by MEG) or topographically separate EEG abnormalities mixed up and not well localized (for instance, delta and epileptic activities mixed up in the EEG, but differently in the MEG). The best results are observed when the localization is in the outer cortex. After a description of the material studied, the importance of the results obtained for the first time in cases of focal epilepsies is outlined.
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  • 48
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 547-557 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Biomagnetism (including magnetocardiography) ; Superconducting devices ; superconducting magnets
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    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Durante l’ultimo anno gli autori hanno condotto una ricerca sistematica su un gran numero di soggetti patologici registrando simultaneamente l’EEG e il MEG. La presente versione del nostro apparato sperimentale permette di effettuare misure MEG con un solo sensore magnetico, impedendo la rilevazione simultanea di attività MEG su punti differenti della testa. Ciò ha condotto gli autori a concentrarsi sulle epilessie focali. Fin dalle prime misure il sensore magnetico ha dimostrato un notevole potere localizzante, rafforzando l’interesse per la localizzazione in casi patologici. In questo lavoro si riportano risultati che sembrano confermare la straordìnaria capacità delle misure MEG nel localizzare sorgenti di attività cerebrali patologiche in casi di epilessie focali.
    Notes: Summary During the last year the authors have been carrying out a systematic investigation on a large number of pathological subjects simultaneously recording the EEG and the MEG. The present version of our experimental apparatus allows MEG measurements with only one magnetic detector, thus preventing the detection of simultaneous MEG activities over different points of the head. This has led the authors to concentrate upon focal epilepsies. Since the first measurements a remarkable localizing power was shown by the magnetic detector, thus strengthening the interest in pathological localization. In this contribution we report results which seem to confirm the extraordinary capability of MEG measurements to localize sources of pathological brain activities in cases of focal epilepsies.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 427-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropes ; Rat fetus ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corticotropes of rat fetuses aged 16, 18 and 21 days were localized by the indirect antibody-enzyme method on semithin sections of the pituitary. The development of the ultrastructure of these cells was observed on consecutive ultrathin sections. In comparison with previous data our present results show that identification of a fetal cell type cannot be based entirely on morphological criteria. The structural peculiarities of corticotropes obtained from studies in vivo are compared with those observed in cells maintained in vitro.
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 439-450 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avidin ; Avidin-biotin interaction ; Biotin affinity histochemistry ; Biotin hydrazide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Magnum gland ; Secretion ; Oviduct
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of endogenous avidin was studied cytochemically in the magnum tissue of the oviduct of laying hens. Two methods, based on an interaction of avidin-biotin with biotin hydrazide-peroxidase (B-HRP) as an affinity reagent, and on an immunoperoxidase technique, were tested by morphological analysis. The data obtained by both methods showed that in the magnum B-HRP is a strictly substitutive reagent for endogenous avidin. Avidin was clearly demonstrated in large amounts in the secretory granules of some epithelial cells and tubular gland cells, but was absent from mucous cells, the goblet cells, which had been believed to be the location of avidin production, and from ciliated cells. These granules had previously been demonstrated by both electron-microscopic cytochemical techniques. Especially in acinar cells, they were nonhomogeneous with a speckled core and a dense peripheral part. They ranged in size from 500 to 2200nm in diameter in the gland and 180 to 720 nm in the epithelium. Columnar epithelial cells containing avidin granules had a strong resemblance to those of the protodifferentiated tubular gland cells in the magnum of chicks pretreated with daily estrogen or estrogen plus progesterone, and might have migrated towards the acinus as substitutional secretory cells. Therefore, the acinar cells of the magnum, considered to be composed of several secretory protein-producing systems, are dependent on estrogen and/or progesterone in the oviduct of the laying hen.
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 547-559 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myelin proteolipids ; Oligodendrocytes ; Golgi apparatus ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Purified antibodies directed against myelin proteolipids were isolated by affinity chromatography of whole serum obtained from rabbits inoculated with myelin. These antibodies were specific for light, medium and dark oligodendrocytes. Astrocytes, neurons and their processes were not reactive. Immunocytochemical investigations showed that the membranes of the Golgi complex are highly labeled by these antibodies. Diffuse cytoplasmic labeling was only observed on the light and medium oligodendrocytes and was absent from the dark types. Vesicles possessing a punctate staining were detected in the vicinity of the Golgi complex and the oligodendroglial membrane. A discontinuous labeling of the plasmalemma appears to be characteristic of the actively myelinating light and medium oligodendrocytes. In compact myelin sheaths positive immunostaining was only detected at the dense line. The immunocytochemical localization of the myelin proteolipids in the oligodendrocytes is in accordance with previously published biochemical data.
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 69-80 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human ; Rhesus monkey
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical methods were used to compare the localization of somatostatin (SRIF) in the human and rhesus monkey hypothalamus. The distribution of SRIF-containing cell bodies and fibers is similar in the two species. Perikarya are located predominantly in the periventricular region and to a lesser extent in the ventromedial nucleus. Fibers occur in dense clusters within the periventricular region, ventromedial nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and pericommissural area of both species. Analysis of serial sections suggests that fibers originate from cells in the periventricular region, extend ventrally through the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei to terminate around the portal vessels of the infundibular stalk, and thereby participate in the regulation of anterior pituitary function. Somatostatinergic fibers are also found surrounding non-immunoreactive perikarya in the ventromedial nucleus and periventricular region of both primates. This arrangement may support somatostatin's postulated role as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. The strong similarity between the localization of hypothalamic SRIF in the human and rhesus monkey supports the use of the rhesus monkey as a model for the study of somatostatin as a neuroendocrine regulator in the human.
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  • 53
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    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Vasopressin ; Dorsomedial hypothalamus ; Amygdala ; Locus coeruleus
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    Notes: Summary Recently, the existence of a vasopressin-immunoreactive cell group was described in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (van Leeuwen and Caffé 1983). In the present investigation additional nuclei containing vasopressin-immunoreactive cells were found, after colchicine pretreatment, in the dorsomedial hypothalamus, medial amygdaloid nucleus and the locus coeruleus. Vasopressin-immunoreactive cells in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and medial amygdaloid nucleus are small (8–14 μm and 10–14 μm, respectively), while those in the locus coeruleus are medium-sized (20–25 μm). Incubation with anti-bovine neurophysin II and anti-rat neurophysin revealed staining of the same cell group in the above-mentioned areas. None of these cell groups show stained cells after incubation with anti-oxytocin and anti-bovine neurophysin I. When sections of the homozygous Brattleboro rat, which shows a deficiency in vasopressin synthesis, are incubated with anti-vasopressin, anti-bovine neurophysin II, or anti-rat neurophysin, no immunoreactivity can be observed in these brain regions. The above-mentioned cell groups may contribute to the vasopressinergic innervation of brain sites that have been reported to persist after lesioning of the suprachiasmatic, paraventricular and bed nuclei of the stria terminalis.
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  • 54
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    Keywords: α-Endorphin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Median neurosecretory cells ; Peptidergic neurones ; Calliphora vomitoria
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    Notes: Summary A group of the 24–26 paraldehyde fuchsin-positive median neurosecretory cells (MNC) in the pars intercerebralis of the brain of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria, has shown immunoreactivity towards three different antibodies to α-endorphin, a peptide that corresponds to the amino acid sequence present between residues 61 and 76 of the precursor molecule, β-lipotropin (β-LPH). The immunoreactive material could be followed in axons within the median bundle, the tract through which neurosecretory material from the MNC is passed down to the corpus cardiacum (CC). The α-endorphin-immunoreactive material was observed leaving the CC in the cardiac-recurrent nerve, dorsal to the proventriculus, in the direction of the abdomen. The cells that contain the α-endorphin-like material are different from those of the MNC that contain insulin-, pancreatic polypeptide-, and gastrin/CCK-like peptides. This finding demonstrates the considerable complexity and peptidergic nature of the MNC and constitutes further evidence that morphinomimetic-like peptides are present in the nervous system of invertebrates.
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  • 55
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    Keywords: Angiotensinogen ; Liver ; Kidney ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Notes: Summary The renin substrate, angiotensinogen, was localized by immunocytochemistry in liver and kidney of normal rats by the use of an antiserum directed against pure rat angiotensinogen. This substrate was also examined in rats after bilateral nephrectomy, which is known to increase plasma angiotensinogen, and in rats treated with colchicine, which inhibits serum protein secretion. In normal rat liver, light microscopy showed the presence of immunoreactive material in a very few cells. The number of stained hepatocytes rose in rats treated with colchicine or after bilateral nephrectomy. Immuno-staining increased further when rats were both nephrectomized and colchicine treated. In the kidney, angiotensinogen was specifically located as granular formations in nephrocytes of the proximal tubule but never in the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The localization of these granular formations under the brush border suggests that angiotensinogen is reabsorbed from the glomerular ultrafiltrate rather than synthesized in the kidney.
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactinergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cerebral ganglion ; Styela plicata
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peptidergic neurons have been detected in the cerebral ganglion of the ascidian Styela plicata by means of cytochemical methods. After incubation with a mammalian antibody to human prolactin the perikarya show a strong immunoreactivity. The possible function of prolactin-like peptides in the nervous system of protochordates is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 125-134 
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    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Hypothalamus ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin-containing neurons, identified by immunocytochemistry, are located predominantly in the posterior magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. By electron microscopy, the immunoreaction product is seen within the cell bodies and neuronal processes. In the perikarya and dendritic processes, the immunoreactive material is associated primarily with neurosecretory granules. Axonal processes, identified by their content of microtubules and accumulation of neurosecretory granules, show the immunoreaction product in association with both of these organelles. Afferent axo-dendritic, axo-somatic and putative axo-axonic synapses with immunostained vasopressinergic neurons can be identified. The presynaptic profiles do not contain immunoreactive material. This study contributes to the ultrastructural characterization of vasopressinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and of their afferent synaptic input.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: Fibronectin ; Lung ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
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    Notes: Summary In a previous study changes in the macrodistribution of fibronectin during rat-lung development were examined. Using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique, we have demonstrated the presence of fibronectin in embryonic, neonatal, and adult rat lung at the ultrastructural level. In the embryo, fibronectin is found both in an intra-and extracellular association with isolated pneumoblasts, and in a periodic distribution along the basal lamina. The neonate displays fibronectin in an intracellular association with early type-I cells and on their basal and luminal surfaces, but not in association with type-II cells. Neonatal basal lamina is diffusely labeled by anti-fibronectin antiserum. Fibronectin in adult tissue is found both intracellularly and on the basal and luminal surfaces of type-I cells but not in type-II cells. The basal lamina and interstitial connective tissue are slightly or non-reactive. These observations confirm and extend our initial suggestion that fibronectin is involved in rat-lung development.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Pars intermedia ; Oxytocin ; Dopamine ; Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rabbit, hare
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    Notes: Summary The pars intermedia of the pituitary in the rabbit and hare is abundantly innervated by axons reacting selectively with antibodies against oxytocin. These axons contain dense secretory vesicles about 140 nm in diameter, i.e., smaller than those in the neurosecretory axons of the neural lobe. No fiber elements staining for other peptides (vasopressin, somatostatin, substance P) were observed in the pars intermedia, except rare leu-enkephalin axons restricted to the rostral zone of the gland. Dopaminergic innervation appears to be completely absent from the intermediate lobe. This was shown by the lack of reaction with an antibody against tyrosine-hydroxylase, which did reveal a well-developed tubero-infundibular system of nerve fibers. Axons reacting with an antibody against serotonin were irregularly distributed in the pars intermedia. In the absence of dopaminergic axons, the extensive oxytocin-like innervation may play a major role in regulating the melanotrophic cell activity in the Leporidae.
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 265-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Met- and leu-enkephalin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Lateral septum ; Guinea-pig brain
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By the use of antisera to met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin, enkephalin-containing structures were visualized in the lateral septum of the guinea-pig brain. The present results do not reveal immunoreactive perikarya in this area. The immunostaining is exclusively located in numerous nerve fibers and endings mostly encompassing neuronal perikarya, which accounts for the fact that at the light-microscopic level cellular somata appear to be immunostained. The immunoreactive terminals and fibers contain granules approximately 110nm in diameter and synaptic vesicles. The origin and the functional role of these numerous enkephalin terminals remain to be established. This work was supported by a grant from INSERM N∘ 804012
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Somatotrops ; Oncorhynchus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunodiffusion
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    Notes: Summary Pituitary somatotrops were localized in four species from the genus Oncorhynchus using an antiserum to chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) growth hormone. The antiserum cross-reacted specifically with the acidophils in the caudal pars distalis of all species tested. Corroborative immunodiffusion studies were also conducted with pituitary homogenates from the same species. Immunological identity of the GH molecule was observed for all species tested.
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 389-402 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein (CaBP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat cerebellum ; Development ; Vitamin D
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    Notes: Summary Specific antibodies raised against a human 28 000 dalton cerebellar calcium-binding protein (CaBP) were used in an immunocytochemical study during development of the rat cerebellum. Both light and electron microscopy showed (1) that labelling was entirely restricted to the Purkinje cells, (2) that it appeared very early in Purkinje cell development, (3) that the entire cell was labelled from the tip of the smallest dendrites to the axonal terminals, and (4) that with increasing age, the immunoreaction appeared to be progressively restricted to the cell and organelle membranes.
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    Cell & tissue research 234 (1983), S. 319-333 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Goldfish ; Immunocytochemistry ; Central nervous system
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    Notes: Summary The distribution of immunoreactive serotonin (5-HT) was investigated in the brain and pituitary gland of the goldfish with the use of indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunoreactive cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons were found in the nucleus recessus lateralis and in the nucleus recessus posterions of the hypothalamus. Additional immunoreactive neurons were observed ventro-lateral to the posterior commissure in the nucleus dorsolateralis thalami. This group of cell bodies extends posteriorly as far as the rostral midbrain tegmentum. At the level of the isthmus, numerous immunoreactive cell bodies were located medially between the fiber bundles of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis. Finally, a few isolated immunoreactive cells were observed in the medulla oblongata. In the pituitary gland, immunoreactive fibers and cells were found primarily in the pars distalis. The origin of the numerous fibers of the telencephalon is not clear, however, they may arise from the perikarya located in the raphe region. The general organization of the ascending and descending 5-HT-systems of the teleost brain appears to be similar to that described in mammals.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Uteroglobin ; Rabbit ; Epididymis
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    Notes: Summary Using the immunoperoxidase technique and specific goat antiserum to uteroglobin, selective immunochemical staining products are localized in the epididymal epithelium of the caput and proximal corpus region, at the adluminal border of the cauda epididymidis and, as well known, in epithelial cells of the endometrium of pregnant and progesterone-treated rabbits. Specific staining is also seen on spermatozoa. A uteroglobin-like antigen has been similarly localized in alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells of the lung. Testis, prostate, seminal vesicle and ductus deferens do not seem to contain in their tissues immunoreactive uteroglobin-like antigens. Similarly, the uterus and ductus epididymidis of immature rabbits are devoid of immunoreactivity. The presence of uteroglobin-like antigens in tissues other than the endometrium, particularly the ductus epididymidis, stimulates new discussions on the function of this protein in reproductive physiology and fertility research.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Ontogeny ; LHRH ; Brain ; Teleost fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have traced the development from birth to puberty of the ir-LHRH producing centers, the nucleus olfactoretinalis (NOR), nucleus praeopticus periventricularis (NPP) and nucleus lateralis tuberis pars posterior (NLT), in male sibling platyfish genetically determined by differing P alleles to mature at two different ages. In sexually immature fish of both genotypes ir-LHRH is first localized in the NOR in perikarya and neuronal fibers and in the NPP where it is limited to the fibers. At the onset of puberty in early maturing fish (11 weeks), ir-LHRH accumulates in perikarya and fibers of the NPP and NLT. Late maturing siblings first have ir-perikarya in the NPP and a few ir-fibers in the NLT at the same developmental stage but at a later age (25–26 weeks). Ir-perikarya are still not seen in the NLT in late-maturing fish even when maturation is complete. This pattern of a sequential development of the three ir-LHRH containing areas of the brain, which we refer to as a “cascade effect”, is similar in early and late genotypes. It is directly correlated to stage of development and not to chronological age. It is clear that the appearance of LHRH producing brain centers precedes, and is presumably essential for, the completion of the development of pituitary gonadotrops and the subsequent maturation of the gonads. The functional significance of the NOR in puberty and reproduction and as a possible site of action for the P gene is discussed.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Villin ; Intestinal brush border ; Contractile proteins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunostaining of blotted gels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Villin, a 95,000 dalton polypeptide of intestinal brush border which is known to bundle or sever actin filaments in a Ca++-dependent manner, was localized in rat and chicken intestinal epithelium by means of immunocytochemistry at the light- and electron-microscopic levels. Specific antibodies to villin were raised in rabbits immunized with villin purified from chicken intestinal epithelium. Anti-villin bound selectively to the microvillus filament bundle from its tip down to the rootlets. These findings indicate that the well-known stability of rootlet filaments towards elevated Ca++ ion concentrations cannot be explained by the absence of villin. Therefore additional factors must exist which prevent the rootlets from Ca++-villin mediated disassembly.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Pituitary ; Thyrotrops ; Gonadotrops ; Immunocytochemistry ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff-positive “granular basophils” with electron-dense granules ±160 nm in diameter, and weakly developed irregular cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) are present in the rostral pars distalis (RPD) and the proximal pars distalis (PPD) of immature rainbow trout. They all react with antisalmon αβ-gonadotropin. However, only granular basophils in the caudal RPD and the rostro-dorsal PPD, often bordering on and sometimes surrounded by neurohypophysial tissue, react with anti-human β-TSH. These cells, considered as the source of thyrotropin, show degranulation and dilatation of the GER-cisternae in fish treated with potassium perchlorate. The thyroids of the goitrogen-treated animals had relatively numerous small follicles with a high epithelium. The remaining granular basophils are gonadotrops.
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  • 68
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    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin were subjected to pancreas transplantation. After twenty weeks, the duct-ligated pancreas transplant was studied morphometrically to determine the effect of duct occlusion on the various cell populations of the islets. Concomitantly, the streptozotocin-treated host pancreas was examined for a possible influence of the graft on the diabetic pattern of islet cell population. Twenty weeks after pancreas transplantation, the volume fractions of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells in the graft islets did not differ from those of the normal control pancreas. In the pancreas of nontransplanted diabetic rats, insulin-positive B cells were reduced from 60–65% to less than 10% of the islet volume, whereas non-B cells were significantly increased in volume density. The changes in fractional volume of the various islet cells correlated fairly well with changes in plasma concentration of the corresponding pancreas hormones. In the recipient's own pancreas, the relative volumes of glucagon and somatostatin cells were unaffected by the pancreas transplant. However, the insulin cell mass was significantly increased, and comprised about 20% of the islet volume, while cells containing pancreatic polypeptide were found only sporadically.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; S-100 protein ; Castration ; Thyroidectomy ; Postnatal development ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitary folliculo-stellate cells and associated cells were studied immunohistochemically throughout the life of male and female rats. The marginal layer cells of the pars distalis and intermedia as well as the folliculo-stellate cells were immunostained with anti-S 100 protein serum. The immunostained folliculo-stellate cells in one section were identified as themselves by their ultrastructural properties on the adjacent section. Corticotrophs, thyrotrophs and prolactin cells, characterized by the stellate shape, were not immunostained with anti-S 100 protein serum. Reactivity for S-100 protein appeared on postnatal Day 6 in the marginal layer cells of the pars intermedia, and appeared on Day 10 in those cells of the pars distalis. No immunostained folliculostellate cells appeared before Day 6, but a few of them appeared on Day 10. Thereafter they increased in number, having more intense immunostaining with advancing age. In castrated rats, the immunostained folliculo-stellate cells appeared quite numerously, with branched cytoplasmic processes surrounding the gonadotrophs. In the thyroidectomized rats, however, folliculo-stellate cells lacked ramified cytoplasmic processes, and their topographic affinity for thyrotrophs was negligible.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 229 (1983), S. 541-550 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Hagfish ; Somatostatin neurons ; Vasotocin neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, was studied immunocytochemically using antisera against somatostatin (SRIH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). SRIH-immunoreactive perikarya were distributed bilaterally in the postoptic nucleus and in the hypothalamic nucleus. Although several short, stained fibers were observed in the vicinity of the perikarya, SRIH-immunoreactivity was not found in the neurohypophysis, nor in other parts of the brain. On the other hand, presumed arginine vasotocin (AVT) perikarya were distributed in an arc-shaped region extending from the posterior part of the preoptic nucleus to the anterior-most end of the hypothalamic nucleus and projected their fibers to the neurohypophysis. Most presumptive AVT perikarya were located close to the paired prehypophysial arteries near the anterior end of the postoptic nucleus. In the neurohypophysis, abundant presumptive AVT-fibers terminated in the posterior dorsal wall, although some fibers terminated in the anterior dorsal wall and only a few fiber endings were found in the ventral wall. No ACTH-positive cells were detected in the hagfish brain or in the pituitary gland.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Baboon ; Pituitary gland ; Gonadotrophs ; Mammotrophs ; Somatotrophs ; Thyrotrophs ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The identification and regionalization of four pituitary parenchymal cell types, gonadotrophs, mammotrophs, somatotrophs and thyrotrophs, were studied in the baboon (Papio cynocephalus) hypophysis using immunocytochemistry. The gonadotrophs were homogeneously distributed throughout the entire pars distalis. Both mammotrophs and somatotrophs predominate at the superior and inferior poles of the organ. The medial and anteromedial regions are populated by mammotrophs and thyrotrophs, while the lateral and posterior portions of the pars distalis contain large numbers of somatotrophs.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 99-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Vasopression ; Osmotic stress ; RIA ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A correlative radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunocytochemical (ICC) study was carried out on vasopressin (VP) distribution and content in brains of normal and 3-day water-deprived rats. By RIA there were statistically significant differences in brain VP per pg/mg between normal and osmotically stressed specimens in hypothalamus (338.4 versus 134.4), thalamus (4.8 versus 0.9), septum (18.0 versus 3.4), striatum (1.6 versus 0.7) and amygdala (17.3 versus 1.3), but not in other brain regions measured. Pituitary VP decreased from 71.1 to 8.7 ng/mg, and plasma VP rose from 3.6 to 19.3 pg/ml during water deprivation. Application of the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase ICC method of Sternberger to vibratome sections showed that VP-immunoreactivity in dehydrated specimens decreased in perikarya of paraventricular nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus, while intrahypothalamic immunoreactive magnocellular fibers appeared more conspicuous due to proliferation of large Herring bodies. In extrahypothalamic sites VP-immunoreactivity in water-deprived rats was visibly reduced in periventricular thalamus and septum. Thus it is apparent that both intra- and extrahypothalamic VP are affected by osmotic stress, and these results are discussed within the context of current ideas relating to co-activation of neurosecretory cells that project to different sites.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung development ; Fibronectin ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the rat lung is a process of continuing morphological change. Indications from work in other mammalian systems suggest that fibronectin may be important in the control of this process. The present study has examined embryonic, neonatal, and adult lung tissue of the rat by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique to demonstrate fibronectin at the light-microscopic level. Positive reaction was observed with anti-fibronectin serum in all stages examined. Control sections treated with pre-immune serum or no primary serum gave negative results in each case. Fibronectin in adult tissue was localized to the alveolar surface and alveolar basal lamina. Neonatal tissue showed fibronectin on pulmonary tubule walls and in basal lamina while embryonic tissue revealed localization of the protein in the basal lamina and in association with small groups of cells at the base of septal buds. These findings suggest a role for fibronectin in the control of rat lung development. The results are discussed in terms of the known functions of fibronectin as a preliminary matrix for the subsequent deposition of collagenous connective tissue, as a cellular adhesion protein, and as surface-bound material for cellular migration.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 233-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Y-organ ; Steroid secretion ; Ecdysone ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ecdysone was demonstrated by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry to be present in the mitochondria of the Y-organs of the crayfish Orconectes limosus. This is in remarkable contrast to the prothoracic glands of insects and suggests substantial differences in the biosynthesis of the same hormone, ecdysone, in crustaceans and insects.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Hypothalamo-hypophysial relationship ; Immunocytochemistry ; Prolactin cells ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rainbow trout the pars lateralis is the most prominent part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT). To demonstrate a morphological relationship between this lateral part of the NLT and the pituitary, immunocytochemistry was applied as a staining method. Experiments were carried out on glutaraldehyde-picric acid-acetic acidfixed brain sections of mature male and female rainbow trout using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase immune technique with an antiserum against 27-S-methylglucagon as the first antibody. Most of the cells in the NLT/pars lateralis reacted with the antiserum. Axons from these cells enter the pituitary, extending exclusively in the numerous neurohypophysial digitations in the pars intermedia. No immunoreactive neurohypophysial protrusions were found in those parts of the adenohypophysis where the gonadotropic cells are located, indicating that the lateral part of the NLT is not directly involved in the control of gonadotropin secretion. In addition to cells of the NLT/pars lateralis only prolactin cells in the rostral pars distalis of the adenohypophysis reacted with the antiserum used.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 525-534 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Bed nucleus, stria terminalis ; Lateral septum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the dorsal and ventral portions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat numerous cell bodies immunoreactive for vasopressin and neurophysin II were found after colchicin pretreatment. These cells are predominantly multipolar but sometimes also bipolar, and have a width and length of approximately 9 and 16 μm, respectively. In the homozygous Brattleboro rat, which is deficient in vasopressin, no immunoreactive vasopressin was found in these cells. Following incubation with anti-oxytocin and anti-bovine neurophysin I, only magnocellular immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the septal region. The consequences of these results concerning the vasopressin fiber pathways in the brain are discussed.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: TRH ; Immunocytochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Arcuate nucleus ; Median eminence ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical and autoradiographic localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-and 3H-TRH-binding sites was studied in the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region of the rat. TRH-like immunoreactivity was found in dense granular vesicles (90–140 nm in diameter) in TRH-like immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals. In the median eminence, the immunoreactive terminals were observed to be in direct contact with the perivascular basal lamina of the portal vessel and to form synaptoid contacts with tanycytes. In the arcuate nucleus, the immunoreactive terminals were often found to form axosomatic and axo-axonic, and/or axo-dendritic synapses. The uptake of tritiated TRH into the nerve fibers and terminals of the median eminence was also observed by autoradiography and the distribution and localization of silver grains in them were analyzed quantitatively by circle analysis. Thirty minutes after intraventricular infusion of 3H-TRH, radioactive labeling occurred in type-2 and 3-nerve fibers and terminals containing dense granular vesicles in the median eminence. It is therefore suggested that the neurons labeled after 3H-TRH infusion possess certain functions as physiological recognition sites or receptors for TRH.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Adenohypophysis ; Luteinizing hormone (LH) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lamprey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A mammalian-like immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH) has been localized in the cytoplasm of cells in the meso-adenohypophysis of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L. Specific staining for LH was absent in other regions of the lamprey pituitary.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 527-532 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 ; Müller cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of S-100 protein in the retina was studied by immuno-electron microscopy. The immunoreaction for S-100 is specifically confined to Müller cells and astrocytes. Long slender cytoplasmic processes of Müller cells and their participation in the formation of the inner and outer limiting membrane were clearly demonstrated with this immunoreaction. The cytoplasmic processes were also revealed to form continuous sheets surrounding blood vessels. Some somata of Müller cells were found in the outer nuclear layer. The results show that immunostaining for S-100 is useful for selective visualization of Müller cells in the mature retina.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 129-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Optic lobes ; Insecta ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of 5-HT in the optic lobes of three insect species was assayed with the use of antibodies raised against 5-HT. In Schistocerca, Periplaneta, and Calliphora all neuropil regions of the optic lobe, the lamina, medulla and lobula, contain 5-HT-immunoreactive varicose fibres in different patterns, like columns and layers. Such fibres also connect the lobula to neuropil in the lateral protocerebrum. In Calliphora also 5-HT-positive fibres of the medulla and lobula plate have projections to the lateral protocerebrum, whereas the origin of the lamina fibres is not certain. In all species the processes displaying 5-HT-like immunoreactivity appear to be derived from a relatively small number of cell bodies, each neuron thus having processes over a large volume of the neuropil of the optic lobe in different layers.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adipokinetic hormone ; Locusta migratoria ; Neurohormone ; Peptidergic neuron ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum was raised against tyrosine-adipokinetic hormone ([Tyr1]-AKH). In immunohistochemical procedures, it revealed the AKH cells in the glandular lobes of the corpora cardiaca (CC) of Locusta migratoria with high specificity. In addition, an immunologically related peptide was detected in certain neurons of the central nervous system which suggests that this AKH-like peptide may have a neurotransmitter function. The glandular lobes contain immunoreactive AKH cells in all postembryonic stages, and no essential differences in morphology and distribution of the cells in nymphs and adults were seen. The amount of AKH, stored predominantly in the cell projections, differs widely among cells and individuals. The brain of adults and nymphs contains several small populations of intensely stained neurons. In last-instar and adult specimens, each half contains 10–12 “normal”-sized neurons in the protocerebrum (including the optic lobe) and deutocerebrum, and in addition 15–18 small reactive neurons. Their axons and numerous branchings traverse the neuropile of proto-, deuto-, and tritocerebrum, except for the pedunculate bodies and antennal lobes. Some of the axons run into the storage lobe of the CC; it is unknown if their content is released into the haemolymph. Other axons run into the ganglia of the stomatogastric nervous system and into the circumoesophageal connectives. The suboesophageal ganglion also contains 8 immunoreactive neurons. It is unknown to which extent the immunoreactive substances in glandular and nervous tissue are chemically and physiologically related.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Human TSH β subunit ; Teleosts ; TSH cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A rabbit antiserum raised against human thyrotropin (TSH) β subunit (anti-human β-TSH) was used to identify TSH cells in the pituitaries of five species of teleosts by means of the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. The anti-human β-TSH reacted only with polygonal basophils located in the rostral pars distalis (RPD) in the pituitaries of sexually immature eel (Anguilla japonica). In the pituitaries of medaka (Oryzias latipes) and white-edged rockfish (Sebastes taczanowskii), this serum reacted specifically with only one cell-type located in the antero-dorsal proximal pars distalis (PPD) and antero-ventral PPD, respectively. In the pituitaries of two species of salmonids, sexually immature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and sexually mature chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), the anti-human β-TSH bound to the polygonal basophils in the ventral PPD adjacent to the RPD. Thus, the present immunocytochemical study identified polygonal basophils located in the RPD or PPD as TSH cells in five species of teleosts.
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