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  • Immunocytochemistry  (29)
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  • 1980-1984  (56)
  • 1982  (56)
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  • Springer  (56)
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  • 1980-1984  (56)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Belize ; Corn ; N-allocation ; N-cycling ; P-allocation ; Traditional agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se determinaron los niveles de nitrógeno en maiz local, híbrido y malezas durante tres años. Las pérdidas de nitrógeno por cosecha del grano fueron 45% del nitrógeno total asimilado por la milpa. Los porcentajes de N y P en el híbrido y en el maiz negro local fueron también determinados observándose tasas de absorción sigmoidales en las raices y hojas de ambas variedades hasta alcanzar el periodo reproductivo. Luego el porcentaje de estos nutrimentos bajó rápidamente en las hojas. Los niveles en las semillas maduras en el híbrido bajaron a 78% y 52% de los valores iniciales de N y P respectivamente. mientras que en la variedad local éstos bajaron a 58% y 50% respectivamente. El maiz híbrido no se consideró apropiado para los campesinos locales debido al alto porcentaje de nitrógeno total extraido por la cosecha además de la suceptibilidad del grano cosechado a las plagas durante el almacenamiento.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen levels at harvest in hybrid corn and weeds were determined over a three year period. Nitrogen losses due to grain removal accounted for 45% of all assimilated-N in the milpa. Percent N and percent P levels in the hybrid and a local black corn were also determined. Uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus in roots and leaves of both varieties were sigmoid until reproductive growth was initiated, at which time the percentage of both nutrients in the leaves declined rapidly. Levels in the seed at maturity in the hybrid variety accounted for 78% N and 52% P; levels were 58% N and 50% P in the local corn. Hybrid corn was not considered suitable for local farmers because a high percentage of total-N was removed at harvest and the hybrid had a high susceptibility to weevil attack.
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  • 2
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 147-156 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning ; Deserts ; Irrigation ; N-fertilization ; N-cycling ; Peru ; Sugar cane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La caña de azucar bajo riego en la zona desértica de la Costa Peruana requiere fertilización con 300 kg N ha−1 para que se obtengan rendimientos económicos máximos. Cerca de 24 kg N ha−1 se añaden al sistema provenientes del agua de riego tomada de rios y pozos. El 1,2% del nitrógeno total del suelo se encuentra en forma disponible durante la época de crecimiento. La parta Aérea de la planta extrae entre 210 y 246 kg N ha−1 por cosecha; el 70% de esta cantidad es exportado con la caña que va al molino y el resto se pierde por quema antes del corte.
    Notes: Abstract Irrigated sugarcane crops on the Peruvian coastal desert require 300 kg N-fertilizer ha−1 for economically-optimum yields. About 24 kg N ha−1 is added to the systemvia irrigation water from rivers and deep wells. 1.2% of the total N in the soil is in available form during the growing season. N extracted by the aerial part of the plants ranges from 210–246 kg N ha−1 crop−1;ca. 70% of this is removed in the harvest, and most of the remainder is lostvia pre-harvest burning.
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  • 3
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium sulphate ; Argentina ; Forxtail millet ; Garlic ; N-assimilation ; N-cycling ; N-sources ; 15-N ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se examinó la distribución y absorción de nitrógeneo en moha de Hungría (Setaria itaclica) cultivada en lisímetros de campo a continuación de un cultivo de ajo colorado (Allium sativum) el cual había sido fertilizado con ureaj o con sulfato de amonio marcados con15N. Aparentemente el ajo extrajo mas nitrógeno de los lisímetros que habían sido fertilizados con urea que de los tratados con sulfato de amonio. La cantidad nitrógeno remanente enj los lisímetros luego de la cosecha de la moha fue similar para las dos fuentes de nitrógeno (ca. 32% del orginal). La moha recupereé alrededor de 16% del nitrógeneo aplicadoj al cultivo de ajo.
    Notes: Abstract We examined the distribution of residual15N and its uptake by a foxtail millet crop grown in field lysimeters following at previous garlic crops fertilized with either15N-urea or15N-ammonium sulphate. Garlic apprently removed more N from the lysimeters treated with urea-N than from those treated with (NH4)2SO4. Fertilizer-N in the lysmeters was similar (ca. 32% of original) following millet harvest. About 16 per cent of both fertilizers in the lysimeters was removed by the millet.
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  • 4
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 193-208 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beans ; Brasil ; Crop N-recovery ; K-fertilizer ; N-cycling ; N-fertilizer ; 15-N ; Pfertilizer ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Con el fin de aumentar la compresión del destino del nitrógeno aplicado aPhaseolus vulgaris bajo condiciones tropicales, se aplicó úrea marcada con15N y se siguió la marcha del experimento por tres períodos de cultivo sucesivos. Cada cultivo recibió 100 kg N ha−1 en forma de úrea y 41 kg K ha−1 en forma de KCl. Al final de cada período se estimó la recuperción del nitrógeno añadido, los efectos residuales del nitrógeno aplicado en el período anterior, la distribución del nitrógeno en el perfil del suelo y las pérdidas por lixiviación. Adicionalmente, para evaluar los effectos del fósforo añadido sobre el ciclo del nitrógeno se fertilizó el cultivo con 35 kg P en forma de roca fosfatada ha−1 o con 35 kg P como superfosfato ha−1 y un tercer experimento sin P como control. Los resultados mostraron que el 31,2% del nitrógeno en el primer cultivo provenía de la úrea aplicada, lo cual representa una eficiencia de utilización de 38,5%. En los dos períodos subsiguientes el 6,2% y el 1,4% del nitrógeno provenía del fertilizante anteriormente aplicado, respectivamente. Las eficiencias de utilización fueron en estos casos de 4,6 y 1,2 porciento respectivamente. En total los tres cultivos recuperaron 44,3% del nitrógeno aplicado al primero. El nitrógeno restante estaba en el suelo a había sido perdido por lixiviación, volatilización o desnitrificación. El aumento en15N en el nitrógeno mineral (NH4+NO3) indicó que al fin del segundo período de cultivo, el frente de nitrógeno aplicado había ya pasado los 120 cm de profundidad. El aumento en15N en materia orgánica indicó que la actividad de las raices del cultivo y las malezas transportó e incorporó el nitrógeno a 90–120 cm y mas. Podemos calcular que del total aplicado como fertilizante, 109 kg N ha−1 se hallaban en la biomasa cosechada, en los residuos de cosecha y en el suelo al final del primer período de cultivo. Si se considera que no hubo pérdidas por lixiviación, volatilización o desnitrificación, nuestro error experimental sería de un 10%. El mismo cálculo para el segundo y el tercer períodos de cultivo dió 76 kg N ha−1 y 80 kg N ha−1 respectivamente, indicando asi pérdidas de 20 a, 25% en los dos primeros años de cultivo. No se observaron diferencias entre las dos fuentes diferentes de fósforo.
    Notes: Abstract To increase our understanding of the fate of applied nitrogen inPhaseolus vulgaris crops grown under tropical conditions,15N-labelled urea was applied to bean crops and followed for three consecutive cropping periods. Each crop received 100 kg urea-N ha−1 and 41 kg KCl−K ha−1. At the end of each period we estimated each crop's recovery of the added nitrogen, the residual effects of nitrogen from the previous cropping period, the distribution of nitrogen in the soil profile, and leaching losses of nitrogen. In addition, to evaluate potential effects of added phosphorus on nitrogen cycling in this crop, beans were treated at planting with either 35 kg rock-phosphate-P, 35 kg superphosphate-P, or 0 kg P ha−1. Results showed that 31.2% of the nitrogen in the first crop was derived from the applied urea, which represents a nitrogen utilization efficiency of 38.5%. 6.2% of the nitrogen in the second crop was derived from fertilizer applied to the first crop, and 1.4% of the nitrogen in the third crop. Nitrogen utilization efficiencies for these two crops, with respect to the nitrogen applied to the first crop, were 4.6 and 1.2%, respectively. In total, the three crops recovered 44.3% of the nitrogen applied to the first crop. The remainder of the nitrogen was either still in the soil profile or had been lost by leaching, volatilization or denitrification.15N enrichment of mineral-N(NO3+NH4) suggests that at the end of the second crop, the pulse of fertilizer applied to the first crop had probably passed the 120 cm depth.15N enrichment of organic-N suggests that root activity of beans and weeds transported nitrogen to 90–120 cm (or deeper). We could account for 109 kg fertilizer-N ha−1 in harvested biomass, crop residue, and soil at the end of the first cropping period. This indicates an experimental error of about 10% if no nitrogen was lost by volatilization, denitrification, or leaching below 120 cm. At the end of the second and third crops, 76 and 80 kg N ha−1, respectively, could be accounted for, suggesting that 20 to 25% of the applied-N was lost from the system over a 2-crop period. The two types of added phosphorus did not significantly differ in their effects on bean yields.
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  • 5
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 271-281 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cacao ; Erythrina ; Leaching ; Mineralization ; N-cycling ; Nitrification ; Shade trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se realizaron investigaciones sobre la mineralización y la lixiviación de nitrógeno en parcelas fertilizadas con N, P y K y en parcelas sin fertilizar en plantaciones de cacao de 30 años en la región sur de Bahia, Brasil. Los suelos del cacaotal eran CEPEC (Tropudalf), comunes en la zona. Las mediciones se realizaron durante un año. Se instalaron minilisimetros a 10, 20 y 40 cm de profundidad y se colectó el agua lixiviada semanalmente o después de intensas lluvias. La mineralización neta se midió en muestras de suelo tomadas a 0–5 y 5–15 cm de profundidad colocadas nuevamente en bolsas plásticas en el sitio de colecta. El grado de lixiviación se correlacionó con la cantidad de precipitación y aun cuando no es posible cuantificar las pérdidas por unidad de área, se estimó que estas pérdidas eran de menor cuantia. Tanto la tasa de amonificación como la de nitrificación fueron altas durante la mayor parte del año; la nitrificación fué particularmente intensa en el área fertilizada. Los análisis de la hojarasca fresca de Erythrina y de los cacaoteros mostraron que estos componentes contribuyen notablemente al ciclo del nitrógeno en la plantación de cacao. Se detectaron altas concentraciones de nitrógeno en muestras de suelo tomadas cerca de los árboles de sombra; en promedio los suelos de la zona sombreada contenian 480 mg N kg−1 suelo por encima del promedio de los suelos en plantaciones sin sombra. La cantidad de nitrógeno exportado por cosecha es notable. Se recomienda tomar en consideración la información procedente de los ciclos de nitrógeno para formular recomendaciones de fertilización.
    Notes: Abstract Studies of nitrogen mineralization and leaching were conducted in the cacao-growing region in the south of Bahia, Brazil, on plots fertilized with N, P and K and on plots without fertilizer in plantations 30–40 yrs old on CEPEC soil (Tropudalf) over a period of one year. Mini-lysimeters were installed at depths of 10, 20 and 40 cm and the leachate was collected weekly or after heavy rain. Net mineralization was measured in soil samples taken at depths of 0–5 and 5–15 cm and incubated for 30 days in plastic bags placed at the site of collection. The degree of leaching was correlated with the amount of rainfall and, although it is difficult to quantify the losses per unit area, we estimate that these losses are minor. Ammonification and nitrification were both high during most of the year; nitrification was very rapid and was especially intensive on the fertilized area. Analyses of Erythrina and cacao litter show that these components make a considerable contribution to the nitrogen recycled in a cacao plantation. High concentrations of total nitrogen were detected in soil samples taken close to shade trees and, on average, the soil of shaded areas had more than 480 mg N kg soil−1 than soil of non-shaded areas. Removal of nitrogen in harvest can also be considerable. It is advisable to take nitrogen-cycle data into account when compiling tables of fertilizer recommendations.
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  • 6
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 293-303 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning ; Denitrification ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Nitrification ; Oxisol ; Rhizobium ; Savanna ; South America ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Las sabanas ocupan alrededor de 300 millones de hectáreas de Sudamérica. Los suelos son básicamente oxisoles y ultisoles de muy baja fertilidad y alta acidez. La vegetación natural varía en densidad y en la cantidad de biomasa producida anualmente, la cual puede llegar a ser igual a la producida por bosques de la región. Entre los microorganismos fijadores de nitrógeno, los únicos bien estudiados son las bacterias del género Rhizobium. En el manejo de la biomasa de estas áreas, es importance considerar la fijación del nitrógeno, como una fuente posible que reemplace al que fué exportado en las cosechas. La nitrificación y la denitrificación en estos, es intensa pero no bien estudiada. La distribución de lluvias durante la estación de crecimiento parece tener una influencia considerable en la provisión de nitrógeno de los suelos. Se registran considerables pérdidas de nitrógeno en este ambiente, cuando amplias áreas son quemadas anualmente.
    Notes: Abstract Savannas cover about 300 million hectares of South America. The soils are mainly oxisols and ultisols and their natural fertility is very low with high acidity. The natural vegetation varies in density and in the amount of biomass produced annually, which can be equal to that produced by forests in the region. Among the nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms, the only ones well-studied are Rhizobium bacteria. In managing the biomass in these areas, it is important to consider biological nitrogen-fixation as a possible source of nitrogen to replace that removed in crops. Nitrification and denitrification in these soils are intense but not well studied. The rainfall distribution during the growing season seems to have a considerable influence of the nitrogen supply to the soils. A considerable loss of nitrogen occurs in this environment when vast areas are burned annually.
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  • 7
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 315-323 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Argentina ; Carbon ; Energy ; Legumes ; Litter ; Mineral soil ; N-cycling ; Prosopis flexuosa ; Xerophytic forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se midieron la productividad primaria neta y los contenidos de carbono, nitrógeno y energía en los componentes foliares, leñosos y radicales de cinco de las plantas dominantes en dos bosques xerofiticos de la Argentina centro occidental. También se midió el contenido de carbono y de nitrógeno en el mantillo y el suelo mineral bajo el dosel de plantas individuales. Las dominantes leñosas en la vegetación de bosque chaqueño de ocho años en Chamical, La Rioja cubrían una proporción mayor del área total pero tenían una menor biomasa que las cinco dominantes leñosas de la vegetación abierta de cinco años deProsopis flexuosa en Ñacuñán, Mendoza. Se notaron también marcadas diferencias en las productividades primarias netas de ambas comunidades con valores entre 29–115 kg ha−1 año−1 en biomasa aérea para Chamical y de 51–524 kg ha−1 año−1 en biomasa aérea para Ñacuñán. El nitrógeno de la vegetación varía según las especies y dentro de las mismas asi como estacionalmente y entre los componentes. En general el nitrógeno foliar era mayor en las leguminosas que en las no leguminosas durante el verano y para la mayoría de las especies era mayor en verano que en el invierno. Las diferencias en el %N en otros componentes y en el %C entre las especies y estaciones no mostraron tendencias claras. En ambas comunidades el N y el C del suelo era mas variable con la profundidad bajo el dosel de plantas individuales que en areas no vegetadas; se hallaron también differencias entre las especies.
    Notes: Abstract Net primary productivity and the nitrogen, carbon, and energy contents of the leaf, aerial wood and root components of the five most important woody dominants in two xerophytic forests in central-west Argentina were measured. Nitrogen and carbon contents of litter and mineral soil beneath individual plant canopies were also studied. The woody dominants in the 8-yr old ‘chaco’ woodland in Chamical, La Rioja, covered a greater proportion of total community area but had less aerial biomass than the 5 woody dominants of the 50-yr-old openProsopis flexuosa woodland in Ñacuñán, Mendoza. Marked differences in net primary production among species of the two communities were also noted (29–115 kg aerial biomass ha−1 yr−1 in the Chamicalvs 51–524 kg ha−1 yr−1 in the Ñacuñán woodland). Nitrogen in vegetation varied by species, and within species, varied by season and plant component. In general, leaf-N was higher in legumes in summer than in non-legumes in summer, and for most species higher in summer than in winter. Differences in %N in other plant components and in per cent C among species and seasons were less consistent. In both communities, soil N and C were higher and more variable with depth under individual plant canopies than in non-vegetated areas, and differences among species were apparent.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Desert woodland ; N-cycling ; N2fixation ; Prosopis glandulosa ; Sonoran Desert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Los bosques de Prosopis en el desierto Sonorense tienen niveles de producción de biomasa (parte aérea) y productividad mucho mayores que las predecibles para comunidades de plantas de desierto con muy bajos niveles de precipitación. Los bosques freatofiticos deP. glandulosa cerca del Mar de Salton, California, producen 13 000 kg ha−1 de biomasa aérea con una productividad 3700 kg ha−1 año−1. Tan alto nivel de productividad es posible porque Prosopis no es afectado por los factores que limitan la aprovechabilidad de agua y nitrógeno. Los primeros 60 cm del perfil del suelo bajo el dosel de Prosopis contienen 1020 g m−2 de nitrógeno total, el 25% existe en la forma de nitrato. Tales acumulaciones de nitrógeno pueden ser el resultado de la fijación simbiótica activa. Los primeros valores estimados sugieren que son fijados entre 25–30 kg N ha−1 año−1 en estos bosques. Puesto que Prosopis cubre solamente 34% de esta área y sus recursos de agua no son limitantes, puede ser posible la obtención de mayores niveles de fijación de nitrógeno y productividad de los cultivos si se manejan con mayores densidades.
    Notes: Abstract Prosopis woodlands in the Sonoran Desert have levels of above-ground biomass and productivity much higher than those predicted for desert plant communities with such low levels of precipitation. A stand ofP. glandulosa near the Salton Sea, California, has 13,000 kg ha−1 aboveground biomass and a productivity of 3700 kg ha−1 yr−1. Such a high level of productivity is possible because Prosopis is decoupled from the normal limiting factors of water and nitrogen availability. Soil nitrogen contents for the upper 60 cm of soil beneath Prosopis canopies have 1020 g m−2 total nitrogen, 25 per cent of which is in the form of nitrate. Such accumulations of nitrogen may be the result of active symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Early estimates suggest that about 25–30 kg N ha−1 yr−1 is fixed in these stands. Since Prosopis covers only 34% of the ground surface and its water resources are not limiting, much higher levels of nitrogen fixation and productivity may be possible in managed stands at greater densities.
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  • 9
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chile ; Energy flow ; Eutrophication ; Lake Aculeo ; N-cycling ; Primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En un lago muy eutrofizado en Chile se estudiaron el flujo de energía y la tasa de recambio de nitrógeno. La fijación de carbono mostró variaciones estacionales entre 25 y 450 mg C m−2 h−1 en la zona fótica; cerca de 6,25×106 kg C fueron fijados durante 1980. El recambio de nitrógeno, calculado asumiendo una relación arbitraria C∶N=6,0, fue de 1,04×106 kg N año.
    Notes: Abstract We examined energy flow and nitrogen turnover in a highly eutrophic lake in Chile. Carbon fixation varied seasonally between 25–450 mg C m−2 h−1 in the photic zone, andca. 6.25×106 kg C were fixed in the lake during 1980. Nitrogen turnover in the phytomas wasca. 1.04×106 kg N yr−1 based on an arbitrary C∶N ratio of 6.0.
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  • 10
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agro-ecosystems ; Mathematical models ; N-cycling ; Simulation modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Los modelos de simulación del comportamiento en agro-ecosistemas difieren en dos características: (i)entereza o minuciosidad conceptual, en términos del número de procesos que considera, y (ii)el nivel de detalle en el cual cada proceso es modelado. Estas características del modelo son determinadas por los objetivos para los cuales el modelo es diseñado y por el grado acutal del conocimiento de los procesos incluídos en el modelo. Los niveles de entereza conceptual y de detalle en un modelo determinan las aplicaciones potenciales para las cuales dicho modelo puede ser utilizado. Las aplicationes pueden ser orientadas a la investigación, manejo o planificación. Un modelo adecuado para una aplicación determinada debería tener un nivel apropiado de entereza y detalle para lograr el objetivo establecido. Los criterios de ayuda en la selección y evaluación de los modelos de simulación del nitrógeno para una aplicación particular incluyen: (i) la disponibilidad de facilidades computacionales, (ii) las escalas espacial y temporal de aplicación, (iii) el uso deseado de las simulaciones, (iv) la disponibilidad de datos de entrada al modelo, y (v) los ámbitos de confianza asociadas con las salidas del modelo.
    Notes: Abstract Available simulation models for describing nitrogen behavior in agro-ecosystems vary in two characteristics:(i) conceptual completeness in terms of the number of processes considered, and(ii) thelevel of detail at which each process is modeled. These model characteristics are determined by both the objectives that the model is designed to meet and the current state-of-the-art understanding of the various processes included in the model. The levels of conceptual completeness and detail in a model govern the potential applications for which the model may be used. Applications of models may be research-oriented, management-oriented, or planning-oriented. A model suitable for a given application should have an appropriate level of completeness and detail to accomplish the stated objective. Criteria to aid in the selection and evaluation of nitrogen simulation models for a particular application include: i) the availability of computational facilities, ii) the spatial and temporal scales of application, iii) the intended use of the simulations, iv) the availability of model input data, and v) the confidence regions associated with the model output.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Deforestation ; Leaching ; 15-N ; N-cycling ; Mineralization ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La agricultura brasileña se expande a la región amazónica donde áreas virgenes grandes se ponen actualmente bajo cultivo. Es por lo tanto urgente mejorar el conocimiento de las características y condiciones de los suelos de esa región. En este estudio un podzol amarillo rojizo y un latosol amarillo fueren usados para estudiar el transporte de urea y sus transformaciones bajo saturación en el laboratorio. Los suelos fueron colectados en un área deforestada en 1976 y plantada bajo frutales. Los suelos se sometieron a técnicas de desplazamiento miscible bajo alimentación contínua y aplicaciones pulsadas con el fin de describir matemáticamente el transporte de úrea en función del tiempo y de la profundidad. Se consideró que los mecanismos de transformación obedecían cinéticas de primer orden. La úrea es rápidamente lixiviada de ambos suelos. La recuperación de úrea en el efluente de las columnas de 30 cm de diámetro fué de 91% para el podzol y 86% para el latosol. El nitrógeno amoniacal, producto de la hidrólisis de úrea se lixivió rápidamente y su recuperación en el efluente fué 4,2% para el podzol y 11,2% para el latosol. Una proporción muy pequeña del nitrógeno, incluyendo el NH4 + intercambiable y el nitrógeno en la biomasa, permaneció en las columas al final del experimento. Estos resultados indican el extremo cuidado en el manejo de estos suelos necesario para evitar pérdidas de nitrógeno, particularmente del aplicado en fertilizantes.
    Notes: Abstract Brazilian agriculture is now expanding toward the Amazon region, where large new areas of virgin lands are being brought under cultivation. There is therefore an urgent need to better understand the conditions and characteristics of the soils of that region. In this study a Red Yellow Podzol and a Yellow Latosol were used to examine urea transport and transformation in the laboratory under water-saturated conditions. The soils were collected in an area that was deforested in 1976 and planted to tropical fruits since then. Soils were subjected to miscible displacement techniques under both continuous feed and pulse applications of urea to mathematically describe urea transport and transformation as functions of depth and time. Transformation mechanisms were considered to be first order kinetics. Urea was readily leached from both soils. Recovery of urea in the effluent of the 30 cm colums was 91% for the Podzol and 86% for the Latosol. NH4 +−N from urea hydrolysis was also readily leached and its recovery in the effluent was 4.2% for the Podzol and 11.2% for the Latosol. Very little nitrogen-including exchangeable NH4 +−N and biomass nitrogen-was left in the columns of either soil at the end of the experiment. These results emphasize that extremely careful management of these soils is necessary to prevent nitrogen losses, particularly losses of fertilizer-N.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Deserts ; K-fertilization ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Peru ; P-fertilization ; Rhizobium Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La alfalfa irrigada y altamente fertilizada cultivade en los desiertos del Sur del Perú, ha alcanzado tasas máximas de crecimiento de cerca de 200 kg ha−1 día−1 de forraje seco, durante el período de verano, y de 150 ka ha−1 día−1 durante el invierno. Estas altas tasas fueron mantenidas por 10–20 días, después de los cuales las tasas de crecimiento bajaron. Rendimientos tope de cerca de 5000 kg ha−1 de forraje seco en verano y 3500 kg ha−1 en invierno, fueron obtenidos en un período de crecimiento de 53 días. Simulaciones con un modelo adaptado, indican que una tasa decreciente de fotosíntesis de hojas viejas, es una probable causa para esta baja. Simulaciones de curvas de crecimiento fueron también sensibles al nivel de reservas de carbohidratos en el sistema de raíces en la cosecha. La alta fertilización NPK (420, 280 y 420 kg ha−1 año−1 Urea-N P y K respectivamente) aumentó el nivel de NO3−N en el suelo 2,5 veces, K disponible 1,6 veces y P disponible 4,3 veces. El contenido de NH4−N no aumentó. Las altas cantidades de nutrientes disponibles resultaron en solo cerca de 10% de aumento en tasas máximas de crecimiento y en máximos rendimientos. Con respecto a la composición de plantas (%N, %P y %K) se observó una respuesta significativa solo al alto nivel de P, y una muy ligera, no significativa, respuesta al más alto nivel de K fué también notada. Alta fertilización con N no aumentó el contenido de N de la planta; indicando que las cepas de Rhizobium presentes son capaces de fijar hasta 900–1000 kg N ha−1 anño−1 en el forraje. Inoculantes comerciales no mejoraron esta capacidad de fijación de N; aún en suelos vírgenes desérticos después de solo algunas cosechas, rendimientos tanto como contenidos de N de alfalfa no inoculada fueron del mismo orden de magtitud que alfalfa inoculada.
    Notes: Abstract Irrigated and highly fertilized alfalfa growing in the deserts of Southern Peru reached maximum growth rates of about 200 kg dry forage ha−1 d−1 during the summer period and of 150 kg ha−1 d−1 during winter. These high rates were maintained for 10 to 20 days, after which growth rates declined. ‘Ceiling’ yields of about 5000 kg dry forage ha−1 in summer and 3500 kg ha−1 in winter were obtained in a growth period of 53 days. Simulations with an adapted model indicate that a decreased photosynthetic rate for aging leaves is a probable cause for the decrease. Growth curve simulations were also very sensitive to the level of carbohydrate reserves in the root system at harvest. High NPK fertilization (420, 280 and 420 kg ha−1 yr−1 of urea-N, P and K respectively) increased NO3−N in soil 2.5 fold, available-K 1.6 fold, and available-P 4.3 fold. NH4−N content did not increase. The higher amounts of available nutrients resulted in only about 10 percent increases in maximum growth rate and maximum yields. With respect to plant composition (%N, %P and %K), a significant response only to the higher P level was observed and a very slight, non-significant response to the higher K level was also noted. High N-fertilization did not increase the N-content of the plant, indicating that the rhizobia present are able to fix up to 900–1000 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the aboveground herbage. Commercial inoculants did not improve this N-fixation capacity; even in virgin desert soils after only a few harvests, yields as well as N-contents of non-inoculated alfalfa were of the same order of magnitude as inoculated alfalfa.
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  • 13
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Banana trees ; Coffe ; Inga jinicuil ; Inga vera ; Mexico ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Orange trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En estudios de fertilización en México se ha encontrado que la production de café puede ser estimulada por la adición de nitrógeno. Uno de los métodos tradicionales de cultivo de café es el de proveer al cultivo de sombra por medio de árboles de la familia Leguminosae los cuales pueden jugar un papel importante en la producción del café a través de la fijación biológica de nitrógeno. La presencia e importancia de fijación de nitrógeno se evaluó en cuatro sistemas: café solo, café conInga junicuil Schletcher, café conInga vera H.B. & K. y café con bananos y naranjos. En todos los sistemas las hojas de café con epifilos, restos leñoso en el mantillo, suelo, raices y nódulos fueron estudiados por el método de reducción de acetileno para fijación de nitrógeno. Todos estos componentes presentaron actividad fijadora excepto las raices. El total de fijación aparente fué mayor en el sitio conI. jinicuil, equivalente a 〉40 kg N ha−1 ão−1 asumiendo una relación de 3∶1 para C2H2∶N2. La actividad estaba relacionada con los nódulos deI. jinicuil. La fijación aparente en los otros tres sitios fue menos de 1 kg N ha−1 año−1. La fijación de nitrógeno para el sitio conI. jinicuil equivale al 53% de la cantidad promedio de fertilizante nitrogenado aplicado anualmente, lo cual puede tomarse como indicativo de que la fijación de nitrógeno por leguminosas adicionales al cultivo puede ser una fuente importante de nitrógeno para el café.
    Notes: Abstract Fertilizer studies in Mexico indicate that coffee production can be stimulated by added nitrogen. One traditional method of coffee cultivation employs leguminous trees for shade, but these species may also play an important role in coffee production by biologically fixing nitrogen. The presence and importance of nitrogen fixation was evaluated in four systems: coffee only, coffee plus the leguminous shade treeInga jinicuil Schletchter, coffee plus the leguminous treeInga vera H.B. and K., and coffee plus banana and orange trees. In all systems coffee leaves with epiphylls, wood litter, soil, roots, and root nodules were assayed for nitrogen fixing activity with the acetylene reduction technique. All components of these systems exhibited activity except roots. Total apparent fixation was highest in theInga jinicuil site, and equivalent to 〉40 kg N ha−1 yr−1 assuming a 3∶1 C2H2∶N2 ratio. The activity was primarily associated withInga jinicuil nodules. Apparent fixation in the other three sites was less than 1 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen fixed in theI. jinicuil site was 53% of the average amount of fertilizer nitrogen applied annually, suggesting that fixation by non-crop legumes can be an important nitrogen source for coffee agro-ecosystems.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Denitrification ; N-conservation mechanisms ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Oxisol ; Rainforest ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Los contenidos y flujos de nitrógeno, incluyendo fijación de nitrógeno y denitrificación, se midieron en un bosque lluvioso tropical que crece sobre oxisoles en el Territorio Amazonas de Venezuela. El contenido de nitrógeno era comparable con el de bosques templados, pero era más elevado que en un bosque adyacente sobre spodosoles. Los flujos eran más elevados que en bosques de zonas templadas, pero más bajos que en otro bosque tropical de suelos más fértiles. A pesar de que el nitrógeno era abundante, esto no significa que este elemento no podría ser un factor limitante para la agricultura si el bosque se corta, y se cultiva la tierra. Los mecanismos de fijación y conservación de nitrógeno dependen de la estructura del bosque no perturbado, y la destrucción del bosque eventualmente disminuiría el suministro de nitrógeno al suelo.
    Notes: Abstract Standing stocks and fluxes of nitrogen, including nitrogen fixation and denitrification, were measured in a tropical rainforest on Oxisol in the Amazon Territory of Venezuela. The standing stock of nitrogen was comparable to that of temperate forests, but was higher than that in an adjacent forest on Spodosol. Fluxes were higher than in forests in the temperate zone, but lower than in another tropical forest on more fertile soil. Even though nitrogen was abundant, this does not mean that nitrogen could not be limiting to agriculture if the forest is cleared and the land cultivated. The nitrogen fixing and nitrogen conserving mechanisms are dependent upon the structure of the undisturbed forest, and destruction of the forest would eventually decrease the input of nitrogen to the soil.
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  • 15
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 333-342 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Belize ; Cohune palm ; Dry forest ; Fallow ; Hardwood ; Litter ; N-cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Dos asociaciones boscosas (Palma Cohune y Matorral Alto) se estudiaron en relación a sus reservas y flujos de nutrimentos y sus posibilidades de aprovechamiento agricola. Se siguió la evolución del nitrógeno en el suelo y en la caida de hojarasca durante un año obteniéndose asi información sobre los procesos pedogenéticos en el barbecho del bosque. A través de muestreos destructivos se encontró que en la biomasa del bosque de Palma Cohune habían 690 kg N ha−1 y en el Matorral Alto solo 203 kg N ha−1. La biomasa de hojarasca era excepcionalmente alta en Palma Cohune alcanzando un valor de 497 kg materia seca ha−1; en el bosque de Matorral Alto la hojarasca era de 65 kg materia seca ha−1. Esto probablemente se deba a la baja velocidad de descomposición en el caso de la palma. Las reservas sustanciales encontradas en ambos barbechos para el nitrógeno podrían ser parcialmente utilizadas para la producción agrícola campesina.
    Notes: Abstract Two forest associations, cohune palm (Cohune Ridge) and mixed tropical hardwood (High Bush), were assessed on the basis of nutrient movement and storage for their suitability for agriculture. Continuous monitoring of soil nitrogen and leaf litterfall over a one-year period provided information on soil building processes in the forest fallow. Destructive cuts revealed the storage of 690 kg N ha−1 in the standing biomass of the Cohune forest versus 203 kg N ha−1 in the High Bush. Litter biomass was exceptionally high in the Cohune Ridge (497 kg ha−1 dry matter) as compared to the High Bush (65 kg ha−1 dry matter) and other tropical forests. This is probably because of a low rate of decomposition in the Cohune Ridge palm forest. A substantial reserve of nitrogen is present in both forests' fallows, and this can in part be harvested by the small farmer for crop production.
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  • 16
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 367-376 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Entisol ; Hydrologic losses ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Oxisol ; Streamflow ; Regional budget ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Con el fin de comprender la importancia relativa de los ecosistemas y los procesos del ciclo de nitrógeno dentro de la cuenca Amazónica, hemos establecido un balance generalizado para este elemento basado en los datos de pérdidas de nitrógeno por las aguas y la fijación biológica en los bosques Amazónicos. Se incluye en el modelo la información disponible para las aguas que entran y salen de la cuenca entera asi como para una cuenca experimental sobre oxisoles y ultisoles cerca de Manaus, Brasil. También se incluyen datos de fijación biológica de nitrógeno en suelos diferentes de la Amazonia Central. Entre 4–6 kg N ha−1 año−1 salen por el rio Amazonas y cantidades semejantes entran al sistema por precipitación. La fijación biológica de nitrógeno en las raices contribuye con ca. 2 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre oxisoles, 20 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre ultisoles y unos 200 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre entisoles mas fértiles en la ‘varzea’. La relación NH4−N vs NO3−N está alrededor de 5–10 tanto para las aguas de lluvia como para las de los rios cerca de Manaus. Para la cuenca del Amazonas se obtuvo, basándose en los datos arriba mencionados y en algunas premises, el siguiente balance regional. Entradas por precipitación, 36×108 kg N año−1; fijación biológica de nitrógeno, 120×108 kg N año−1. Las salidas por el rio Amazonas, 36×108 kg N año−1 y por desnitrificación y volatilización (por diferencia), 120–108 kg N año−1.
    Notes: Abstract In order to better understand the relative importance of different ecosystems and nitrogen cycling processes within the Amazon basin to the nitrogen economy of this region, we constructed a generalized nitrogen budget for the region based on data for hydrologic losses of nitrogen and nitrogen fixation in Amazon forests. Data included information available for nitrogen in water entering and leaving both the entire basin and watersheds on oxisol and ultisol soils near Manaus, Brazil, in addition to biological nitrogen fixation in forests on ultisol, oxisol and entisol (‘varzea’) soils in Central Amazonia. Available data indicate that 4–6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 are lost via the River Amazonas, and that a similar amount enters in rainfall. Root-associated biological nitrogen fixation contributesca. 2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on oxisols, 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on utisols, and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on fertile varzea soils. There is 5–10 fold more NH4 +−N than NO3−N in rain and stream water entering and leaving the waterbasin near Manaus. Calculations based on these data plus certain assumption yield the following regional nitrogen balance estimate: inputs through bulk deposition of 36×108 kg N yr−1 and through biological nitrogen fixation of 120×108 kg N yr−1, and outputsvia the River Amazonas of 36×108 kg N yr−1 andvia denitrification and volatization (by difference) of 120×108 kg N yr−1.
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  • 17
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Coffee ; Decomposition ; Litterfall ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Shade trees ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La distribución y flujos de nitrógeno en algunos componentes de una plantación de café bajo sombra fueron estudiados en un cafetal de montaña (1380 m altitud) en Venezuela. Las reservas mayores de nitrógeno estaban en el suelo que hasta los 60 cm tenía 49×103kg N ha−1. El flujo de nitrógeno asociado con la caida de hojarasca estaba dominado por la fracción de hojas de los árboles de sombra que contribuyeron con 86 kg N ha−1 año−1 del total de 189 kg N ha−1 año−1. La rápida descomposición de esa hojarasca, aun cuando mostró una fase de acumulación de nitrógeno, es fuente importante de nitrógeno para las raices del cafeto que ocupan preferentemente los primeros 30 cm del suelo y aun en la hojarasca misma. Se encontró evidencia de sincronización entre los picos de transferencia de nitrógeno por la hojarasca y los períodos de mayor demanda por el cultivo. Se encontró que el sistema puede compensar ampliamente le salida de nitrógeno por cosecha con el subsidio proveniente de los árboles de sombra.Erythrina sp eInga sp son fijadores potenciales de nitrógeno aun cuando en determinaciones hechas durante el período de sequía no se detectó actividad de fijación biológica. La constante de descomposición (k) promedio para la hojarasca fue de 4.5, equivalente a una vida media de unos dos meses.
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and fluxes of nitrogen in some parts of a coffee plantation under shade were studied at a typical mountain (1380 m a sl) location in Venezuela. The amounts of nitrogen in the soil to 60 cm depth are by far the largest nitrogen store, reaching a total of 49 000 kg ha−1. The nitrogen flow associated with litterfall was dominated by the shade-tree fraction accounting for a transfer of 86 kg ha−1 yr−1 of the total 189 kg ha−1 yr−1. The rapid decomposition of this litter, although showing a phase of nitrogen accumulation, is an important source of nitrogen to the roots of coffee which occupy preferentially the upper 30 cm of soil and even the litter layer itself. Some evidence of synchrony was found between the peaks of nitrogen transfer to the soil by litter and the periods of high nitrogen demand by the crop plants. It is proposed that the system can amply compensate the nitrogen outputs by harvest (17 kg ha−1 yr−1) with a subsidy from the shade trees.Erythrina sp. andInga sp. are potential nitrogen fixers although we found no active sites during the dry period sampled. The average litter decomposition constant, k, expressed in terms of nitrogen, was estimated as 4.5, equivalent to a half-life of approximately two months.
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  • 18
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonia ; Atmosphere ; N-cycling ; Nitric acid ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Nitrous oxide ; Tropospheric-N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En el presente trabajo se hace un análisis de las fuentes, concentraciones, reacciones químicas y depósitos de los principales compuestos nitrogenados atmosféricos. Las emisiones a la atmósfera de N2O y NH3 provienen casi exclusivamente de procesos biológicos en continentes y océanos. Los NOx son producidos principalmente en la quema de combustibles fósiles y de biomasa. La oxidación de los NOx a NO3 − y la formación de sales de amonio son las únicas transformaciones químicas relevantes en la tropósfera. Sólo el 10% del NH3 emitido es oxidado. La remoción de la atmósfera de los compuestos nitrogenados se produce fundamentalmente por lavado por lluvia de NH4 + y NO3 −. Parte del N2O pasa a la estratósfera y parte debe ser removido en la biósfera a través de un proceso no establecido. En la atmósfera ocurren importantes procesos de fijación de nitrógeno y el NOx producido en la quema de combustibles fósiles y de biomasa y en las descargas eléctricas representa entre 30 y 40% del total del nitrógeno fijado. Se plantea un balance del nitrógeno troposférico. Teniendo en consideración que la oxidación fotoquímica del NOx es rápida y que el transporte atmosférico es relativamente lento con respecto al ciclo troposférico del agua, se encuentra que los compuestos nitrogenados vuelven a la superficie de la tierra en lugares cercanos a donde fueron emitidos. Se establece que la entrada de nitrógeno fijo a los continentes y océanos por fijación biológica e industrial es escasamente superior a la producida en el agua de lluvia. Sin embargo, debido a que la lluvia cae en todas partes, el aporte de este nitrógeno fijo en el agua de lluvia es sólo significativo en los suelos en donde no se practica una agricultura intensiva.
    Notes: Abstract In this work an analysis of the sources, atmospheric concentration, chemical reactions and sinks of the principal atmospheric nitrogen compounds is made. Atmospheric emissions of N2O and NH3 are almost entirely due to biological activity on the continents and in the oceans. The combustion of fossil fuels and biomass is the principal source of NOx. The only relevant chemical transformations in the troposphere are the oxidation of NOx to NO3 − and the formation of ammonium salts. Only 10% of the NH3 emitted is oxidized. Washout of NH4 + and NO3 − by rainfall is the principal mechanism for removing nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere. Part of the N2O enters the stratosphere and part must be removed in the biosphere by processes not yet established. NOx produced in the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels and biomass and by lightning represents between 30 and 40% of the total nitrogen fixed. A complete nitrogen balance for the troposphere is presented. Since the photochemical oxidation of NOx is rapid and atmospheric transport is relatively slow with respect to the cycling of water in the troposphere, nitrogen compounds return to the earth's surface close to where they were emitted. Fixed-nitrogen inputs to the continents and oceans due to biological and industrial fixation are slightly greater than those due to rain water. However, since rain falls everywhere, input from this source is only important on soils not subject to intensive agriculture.
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  • 19
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 91-103 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Forests ; Land clearing ; N-cycling ; N-fertilization ; Shifting-cultivation ; Tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se conoce bastante poco acera de la dinámica del N en sistemas de agricultura migratoria y otras prácticas de cultivo en el trópico húmedo latinoamericano. Los suelos Oxisoles y Ultisoles que predominan en el 82% de la región están bastante bien dotados de N. Contrariamente a lo que comunmente se cree la mayoría del nitrógeno en ecosistemas naturales se encentra en el suelo y no en la biomasa. Por lo tanto las pérdidas de nitrógeno por la quema son del 20–25% del N existente en el ecosistema. El desmonte mecanizado causa mayores pérdidas de N que el desmonte por tumba y quema tradicional. La ceniza contribuye con cantidades considerables de nitrógeno (67–127 kg N ha−1) al suelo lo cual evita las deficiencias de nitrógeno para el primer cultivo que se siembra. En un Ultisol de la Amazonía la deficiencia de nitrógeno es aguda a partir del segundo cultivo. La tasa de descomposición total para el nitrógeno en la capa arable es alta durante los dos primeros años después de la quema pero se alcanza un nuevo valor de equlibrio posteriormente. La producción contínua de cultivos de ciclo corto es factible en estos suelos mediante prácticas agronómicas correctas. Los cultivos como el maiz y el arroz responden positivamente a dósis de 80–120 kg ha−1 de fertilización con N. La eficiencia de utilización del nitrógeno aplicado es comparable a la de zonas templadas y varía con la época de siembra y sistemas de cultivos. El establecimiento de pastizales después de la quema no causa pérdidas apreciable de nitrógeno en el suelo, especialmente si se siembran mezclas de gramineas con leguminosas y se manejan bien. Debido a que estas observaciones están basadas en datos recolectados en pocos sitios es por lo tanto dificil generalizar. La fertilización con nitrógeno debe considerarse conjuntamente con el manejo adecuado de otras limitaciones de los suelos tales como la acidez y el estado del suelo con respecto a otros elementos nutritivos.
    Notes: Abstract Relatively little is known about the dynamics of N in shifting cultivation and related cropping systems in the humid tropics of Latin America. The soils that predominate in 82% of the region, namely Oxisols and Ultisols, have a fairly high total N content. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the bulk of the N in tropical rainforests is present in the soil, and not in the biomass. Losses of N through clearing and burning are about 20–25% of the N existing in the ecosystem. Mechanized land clearing causes larger N losses than the traditional slash and burn method. Ashes can contribute substantial amounts (67–127 kg N ha−1) to the soil, which prevents N deficiency for the first crop sown, but N deficiency is observed from the second crop onwards. The rate of total-N decomposition in the arable layer is high during the first two years after burning, but subsequently reaches a new equilibrium with continuous cultivation. Continuous production of food crops is feasible in Ultisols and Oxisols of the Amazon with correct agronomic practices. Crops such as maize and rice require N fertilization rates of 80–120 kg N ha−1. The efficiency of applied-N utilization is comparable to that in the temperate zone and varies with planting season and cropping system. Pastures following burning do not cause significant losses of N in the soil, particularly if they consist of properly managed mixtures of grasses and legumes. These observations are based on data collected from only a small number of sites, making generalization difficult. Nitrogen dynamics should be viewed in conjunction with other soil factors such as acidity and the availability of other nutrients.
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  • 20
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beans ; Crop rotation ; Intercropping ; Leaching ; Legume ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; N-fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La caña de azucar se cultiva extensamente en Brasil desde hace mas de cincuenta años y en el noreste del pais desde la época del descubrimiento. El uso del fertilizante nitrogenado empezó en 1940 con aplicaciones de nitrato de sodio que resultaban en poco aumento de los rendimientos en general. El rendimiento promedio actual es de 70×103 kg ha−1 año−1 (promedio de cuatro cosechas); se realiza la primera cosecha al año y medio de la siembra y en los años sucesivos se cosecha la soca. Se obtienen respuestas positivas a la fertilización nitrogenada solamente en estas últimas cosechas de socas. Las entradas de nitrógeno a la planta provienen del nitrógeno nativo del suelo, el añadido por fertilizante y por fijación biológica. Las pérdidas incluyen la lixiviación de nitrógeno de las hojas y por decomposición de raices y la exportación de hojas y tallos por cosecha. El retorno de los residuos de la fábrica al campo presenta aun ciertos problemas técnicos y económicos. La fijación biológica de nitrógeno puede ser razonablemente estimada asumiendo que el 17% del nitrógeno total de la planta proviene de esta fuente; o sea unos 16,6 kg N ha−1 para una cosecha de 70×103 kg ha−1. Los cultivos de leguminosas intercalados o en rotación con la caña de azucar podrían elevar la fijación biológica de nitrógeno hasta valores de 35 kg N ha−1 año−1 (rotación con soya) o 25 kg N ha−1 año−1 (cultivo intrecalado de frijol, Phaseolus).
    Notes: Summary Sugarcane has been grown extensively in Brasil for more than 50 years, and in the northeast from the time Brasil was discovered. Use of N-fertilizer started in the 1940's with applications of sodium nitrate, and little yield improvement was obtained in most cases. Average yield is around 70 t ha−1 yr−1 (4-harvest mean), with the first harvest 1.5 year from planting and a ratoon harvest each year thereafter. Nitrogen responses are obtained only with ratoon crops. Nitrogen inputs to the plant come from native soil-N, fertilizer-N, and biological fixation. Sources of loss include N-leaching from leaves and decomposing roots and loss of stems and leaves at harvest. There are technical and economic problems with returning factory waste (vinhoto) to the fields as fertilizer. A reasonably conservative estimate of biological nitrogen fixation holds that 17% of total plant nitrogen is fixed by the plant, or 16.6 kg N ha−1 for a harvest of 70×103 kg ha−1. Rotation and intercropping of legumes with sugarcane could increase N2-fixation by 35 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (soybean rotation) and 25 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (Phaseolus beans intercropping).
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chile ; Drinking water ; Irrigation ; N-cycling ; Nitrate ; Sewage ; Vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En areas dedicadas al cultivo de hortalizas cercanas a Santiago de Chile se añaden a los cultivosca. 780 kg N ha−1 año−1 con el agua de riego proveniente de efluentes municipales no tratados. De esta cantidad entre 161 y 287 kg N ha−1 año−1 es extraido por cosecha y gran parte del remanente aparentemente alcanza el agua freática que está a profundidades entre 1 y 15 m. El nivel de nitratos en los pozos utilizados para el consumo humano excede los valores máximos permisibles.
    Notes: Abstract In the agricultural areas near Santiago, Chile,ca. 780 kg N ha−1 yr−1 are added to vegetable cropsvia irrigation with untreated sewage effluent draining from the metropolitan area. Nitrate levels in surface wells in the area, from which drinking water is derived, often exceed established limits for human consumption. Of the 779 kg N ha−1 added to crops in one year, 161–287 kg N ha−1 yr−1 were removed by crop harvest and much of the remainder apparently eventually leached to the 1–15 m deep water table.
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  • 22
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 241-246 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Coffee ; Legumes ; Mineralization ; N-cycling ; N-fertilization ; N-losses ; Shade trees ; Weeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen La forma principal en que el nitrógeno es añadido al ecosistema del cafetal es por medio de abonos (100–300 kg N ha−1 año−1). Pequeñas cantidades del elemento ingresan de la precipitación atmosférica y por fijación de los árboles de sombra que son leguminosos (1–40 kg N ha−1 año−1). La mineralización de la materia orgánica puede ser una fuente importante de nitrógeno. Las pérdidas de este elemento del sistema incluyen lo que se extrae de la cosecha (15–90 kg N ha−1 año−1), lo que se pierde por la leña sacada que resulte de la poda del cafeto y de la sombra, pérdidas por erosión, lixiviación y en forma de compuestos gaseosos. El ciclo global de un cafetal con sombra incluye tres subsistemas correlacionados, los del cafeto, de la sombra y de las malas hierbas.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen inputs to the coffee ecosystem are dominated by additions of fertilizer-N (100–300 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Small nitrogen inputs from rains and variable from inputs fixation by the leguminous shade trees can amount to 1–40 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Organic matter mineralization can be an important nitrogen source also. Nitrogen losses from the system include removal of N in the harvest (15–90 kg N ha−1 yr−1), the removal of coffee and shade tree prunings for firewood, losses from erosion, leaching losses and gaseous losses. Unfortunately, very little information exists for leaching and gaseous losses and for the factors that regulate these processes. The overall nitrogen cycle in shaded coffee plantings includes three interrelated subsystems. These are the coffee, shade and weeds subcycles.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 259-269 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cacao ; Decomposition ; Litterfall ; N-cycling ; N2fixation ; Shade trees ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Se estudío una plantación de cacao bajo sombra mixta en Venezuela con el fin de estimar las reservas de nitrógeno en el suelo y los cacaoteros asi como los flujos de materia orgánica y nitrógeno asociados a la caida de hojarasca, descomposición y extracción por cosecha durante un ãno. La fitomasa de los cacaoteros contenía 302 kg N ha−1 de los cuales el 50% estaba en las partes leñosas aéreas. Las raices finas y las hojas conteníanca. 60kg N ha−1. La hojarasca del suelo fué muestreada trimestralmente y se halló que contenía entre 24 kg N ha−1 en Mayo y 50 kg N ha−1 en Noviembre con un promedio anual de 37 kg N ha−1. Las hojas de los árboles de sombra en este compartimiento contenían 23 kg N ha−1. El suelo hasta 60 cm contenía 35×103 kg N ha−1;ca. 40% de esta cantidad se encontró en los primeros 20 cm. La caida de hojarasca se estudió mensualmente; el total anual fué de 21×103 kg ha−1 a−1 materia seca con unas contribución de las hojas de sombra mayor de 50%. La tasa de transferencia de nitrógeno en la caida de hojarasca fué de 321 kg N ha−1 a−1. Las tasas de descomposición calculadas para los compartimientos hojas de árboles de sombra, hojas de cacaoteros, ramitas y flores mas frutos fueron de 7,7, 9,5, 7,5 y 19,7 respectivamente. En experimentos de descomposición en bolsas de malla se encontraron pequenos aumentos en el% N en todas las fracciones de hojarasca mientras qué éstas se descomponían. La lluvia colectada en Octubre y Noviembre contenía nitrógeno predominantemente en forma amoniacal pero al pasar por el dosel la relación NH4∶NO3 se hizo mas estrecha. La salida de nitrógeno por cosecha se estimó en 45 kg N ha−1 a−1, con un posterior retorno deca. 20 kg N ha−1 a−1 en forma de residuos de cosecha una vez separados los granos de cacao. La salida neta de nitrógeno por cosecha puede ser ampliamente compensada por los ingresos de nitrógeno provenientes de la hojarasca de los árboles de sombra. La explotación de horizontes mas profundos del suelo y posiblemente la fijación biológica de nitrógeno en las especies de árboles leguminosos usados como sombra, pueden, explicar los rendimientos sostenidos sin fertilizantes.
    Notes: Abstract A cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantation under shade trees was studied in northern Venezuela in order to estimate nitrogen stores in the soil and plantation trees and nitrogen fluxes associated with litterfall, decomposition and harvest. The cacao plants contained 302 kg N ha−1, of which woody above-ground parts made up 50%. Fine roots and leaves containedca. 60 kg N ha−1. Litter on the soil surface was sampled quarterly and found to contain from 24 kg N ha−1 in November to 50 kg N ha−1 in May, with an annual average of 37 kg N ha−1. Shade tree leaves made up 61% of the total nitrogen in the litter on the soil. Mineral soil stores of total nitrogen were 35×103 kg N ha−1, 40% of which was found in the first 20 cm depth. Litterfall rates were studied monthly for a year; 20.9×103 kg dry litter ha−1 fell during the year, the major contribution (50%) from shade-tree leaves. The rate of nitrogen transfer with litterfall was 321 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Decomposition rates (k) for shade-tree leaves, cacao leaves, twigs, and flowers and fruits were 7.7, 9.5, 7.5 and 19.7 respectively. In litterbag decomposition experiments, a small increase in per cent N was observed as decomposition progressed for all fractions. Rainfall collected during October and November contained nitrogen predominantly as NH4, a fraction of which was retained by the canopy. Nitrogen output by harvest wasca. 45 kg N ha−1 yr−1, with some 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1 returned to the field with pod shells after processing. The net harvest output can be amply compensated for by inputs of nitrogen in shade-tree leaf litter alone. Much of this shade-tree nitrogen may be from deeper soil horizons than those exploited by cacao and possibly from biological N2-fixation by the shade trees.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Burning ; Internal N-recycling ; N-cycling ; N-inputs ; N-losses ; Savanna ; Trachypogon sp. ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El balance de nitrógeno de una sabana de Trachypogon en Calabozo, Venezuela fué calculado para las condiciones medias utilizando la acumulación de biomasa, su contenido de nitrógeno y las tasas de producción de materia orgánica. Como resultado de las quemas de las sabanas de Trachypogon se pierden 8,5 kg N ha−1 año−1, mientras que las entradas por precipitación son de 2,6 kg N ha−1 año−1. La absorción por la vegetación es de 14,8 kg N ha−1 año−1 mientras que el N total requerido para formar nuevos tejidos durante el período de crecimiento es de ca. 30 kg N ha−1 año−1. Asi se puede estimar que cerca del 50% del nitrógeno requerido por las plantas es reciclado internamente. Las pérdidas de nitrógeno por la quema son probablemente compensadas por la fijación biológica de nitrógeno pero no existen datos para estas sabanas. Los cálculos presentados en este trabajo se basan en pocos datos y se requerirían mas mediciones para establecer un balance de nitrógeno mas definitivo.
    Notes: Abstract The nitrogen balance of a Trachypogon grassland in Calabozo, Venezuela, is calculated for average conditions using biomass accumulation, nitrogen content, and turnover rates of organic matter. Burning Trachypogon grasslands results in losses of 8.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1, while rainfall inputs average 2.6 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Uptake of N by vegetation is 14.8 kg N ha−1 yr−1, but the total N required to build new tissue during a growing season is about 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1, so that about 50% of the nitrogen in the vegetation is recycled internally. Nitrogen lossesvia fire are probably balanced by biological N2-fixation, but no data are available for N-fixation in these savannas. The calculations presented in this paper are based on few data and more measurements are needed to develop a conclusive picture of the N-balance of Trachypogon grasslands.
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 355-358 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Arthropods ; Decomposition ; Inundation forests ; Litterfall ; N-cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Durante los años 1976 y 1977 se estudiaron los flujos de energía y nutrimentos en un bosque de innundación en la región de aguas negras del Amazonas. La mayor parte de la caida de hojarasca ocurre durante la fase de aguas altas mientras que la mayor descomposición ocurrió durante la fase de aguas bajas. La tasa de descomposición para el nitrógeno en bolsas de 15 mm de malla, fue de 4.7 años para el 95%. Cerca del 30% de la caida anual de hojas fue descompuesta por artrópodos del suelo.
    Notes: Abstract In 1976/77 energy flow and nutrient cycling in an Amazonian blackwater inundation forest were studied. The major part of the litter biomass turnover occurred during the emersion phase. 95% decomposition rate for nitrogen was measured with 15 mm mesh litter bags and was 4.7 years. Over 30 per cent of the annual leaf-fall was decomposed by soil-dwelling arthropods.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chile ; Lithraea caustica ; Litterfall ; N-cycling ; Piedmont-matorral ; Quillaja saponaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen En el matorral premontano de Chile se estudiaron algunas partes del ciclo de nitrógeno de dos de sus dominantes (Lithraea caustica y Quillaria saponaria) durante 15 meses. Los análisis mostraron que los ingresos de nitrógeno por lluvia y deposición seca fueron de 8,5 kg N ha−1 año−1; este valor podría ser mayor si se considera el ingreso adicional por impactación de compuestos nitrogenados sobre la vegetación (no medido). Debido a su mayor cobertura porcentual,L. caustica contribuyó con mas hojarasca queQ. saponaria obteniendose valores de 1089 y 737 kg ha−1 materia seca año−1 respectivamente. Sin embargo, al considerar el area bajo los individuos,Q. saponaria produjo mas hojarasca queL. caustica (640vs 350 g materia seca m−2 año−1. Durante la descomposición de la hojarasca,L. caustica liberó 2,61 g N kg−1 hojarasca seca año mientras queQ. saponaria liberó 0,60 g N kg−1 hojarasca seca año−1.
    Notes: Abstract Parts of the nitrogen cycle involving two dominants (Lithraea caustica andQuillaja saponaria) in the Chilean piedmont matorral have been studied over a 15-month period. Analyses showed that 8.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 entered the system in rainfall and dry deposition, though impaction of N-containing compounds on vegetation (not measured) may elevate this value.L. caustica, by virtue of its greater percent cover, contributed more leaf litter than didQ. saponaria to the system (1089,vs 737 kg dry matter ha−1 yr−1, respectively), although on an individual basisQ. saponaria produced more litter (640,vs 350 g dry leaf litter m−2 yr−1 rL. caustica). This plus the greater nitrogen release ofL. caustica leaf litter during decomposition (2.61,vs 0.60 g N kg dry litter−1 yr−1 forQ. saponaria) andQ. saponaria's higher N-content of dropped leaves (0.54,vs 0.37% N forL. caustica) may indicate a more external cycling of nitrogen inQ. saponaria relative to that inL. caustica. These two species may therefore represent two different strategies of individual nitrogen cycling, external and internal.
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  • 27
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    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: N-assimilation ; N-cycling ; N-fertilization ; N2-fixation ; Nitrogenase ; N-mineralization ; N-reductase ; pH changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen El nitrógeno, abundante pero sin embargo limitante para los cultivos, entra en las plantas en forma de nitrato o amonio o es incorporado al sistema a través de fijación biológica. La incorporación del nitrógeno al sistema suelo-planta-animal está limitado por las tasas de fijación biológica e industrial. La primera ahorra energía fosil pero la segunda fuente es la predominante en la agricultura moderna. La investigación del metabolismo de nitrógeno tiene objetivos prácticos tales como el permitir un uso mas eficiente de los fertilizantes nitrogenados por los cultivos, incluyendo aquellos que puedan fijar N2 pero se benefician de suplementos de fertilizantes nitrogenados. La acumulación de nitrogeno en los cultivos trae como consecuencia cambios de acidez en el suelo cuya dirección depende de la forma de nitrógeno utilizada. Aun existe poca información sobre los efectos a largo plazo de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre la acidez del suelo, factor que es determinante de la productividad de muchos suelos en los trópicos. Asi pues, el control de pH por las plantas y el balance de acidez en el suelo son areas de interés para futuras investigaciones.
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen, an abundant and yet limiting nutrient for crop and food production, enters the plant as nitrate or ammonium, or as dinitrogen through biological fixation by procaryotes associated with the plant. Nitrogen incorporation into the soil-plant-animal system is ultimately restricted by rates of biological and industrial fixation. Biological fixation conserves fossil fuel, but fertilization is preferred in most present agriculture. Nitrogen-metabolism research has the practical objectives of allowing more efficient N-fertilizer utilization by plants, including those that fix N2 but benefit from fertilizer_N supplements. Nitrogen accumulation by harvested crops results in changes in soil acidity, with the direction of change depending on the N-source. There is little information on long-term effects of crop N-nutrition on acidity, and acidity is a critical factor that affects agricultural productivity in many tropical soils. Thus, plant control of pH and the acid/base balance in the soil as a consequence of nitrogen uptake and assimilation are important areas of future research.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vertebrate-type neuropeptides ; Neuroendocrine system of insects ; Neurosecretion ; Peptidergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and differential distribution of substances antigenically related to known vertebrate neuropeptides demonstrated within the corpus cardiacum of the insect Leucophaea are as follows: Of ten mammalian antisera tested, six yielded substantial immunoreactive deposits resembling oxytocin, somatostatin, Substance P, met-enkephalin, bombesin, and neurotensin, respectively. In the remaining four, the reaction was moderate (vasopressin, β-endorphin) or marginal (LH-RF, calcitonin). With regard to their regional distribution, these biochemically distinct reaction products seem to fall into two groups: (1) Materials resembling oxytocin, vasopressin, met-enkephalin, β-endorphin (and presumably also neurotensin and LH-RF) predominate in the central release area of the organ and are considered to be of extrinsic (cerebral) origin. (2) Substances localized primarily in areas rich in intrinsic glandular cells of the corpus cardiacum, and revealed by antisera raised against somatostatin, Substance P, and bombesin, are judged to be synthesized and stored within this organ. In peptidergic fibers entering the adjacent corpora allata, thus far Substance P-, β-endorphin-, and LH-RF-like immunoreactivities have been demonstrated. Some of these “new” neuropeptides may be contained in classical neurosecretory neurons, formerly identified by less specific methods, others must be assigned to additional peptidergic neurons heretofore unknown.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Cardioactive peptide ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Neurohormone ; Neurotransmitter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With an antiserum to the molluscan cardioactive tetrapeptide FMRF-amide immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibers were identified in the central and peripheral nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Their localization is described. The same antiserum yielded reactive product in particular cells of the epithelium of the alimentary tract. The use of two different fixatives, glutaraldehyde, and a mixture of glutaraldehyde, picric acid, and acetic acid (GPA) showed that certain nerve cells can be identified only in material fixed with either the one or the other of these two fixatives, a result which indicates that in Lymnaea more than one FMRF-amide-like substance may occur. “Positive” axon endings were found in the periphery of various nerves, i.e., in places where neurohormones are released into the blood. Other fibers were found to end, probably synaptically, on other neurons, on epithelial cells in the stomach, and between muscle cells in various parts of the body, e.g., in the heart. In these cases the FMRF-amide-like substance may function as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat brain ; Hypothalamus ; Prolactin ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of prolactin (PRL)-like material is demonstrated in the brain of rats with the aid of anti-ovine PRL (oPRL) IgG as primary antibody in the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method. Immunoreactive deposits are visualized as an intraneuronal constituent with a widespread distribution in the hypothalamus and neural lobe of the pituitary. Dense networks of reactive nerve terminals derived from two prominent fibre tracts, a ventral (VHT) and a dorsal hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract (DHT) are seen. The VHT is confined to the median eminence and pars oralis tuberis, the DHT to the pars caudalis tuberis. Both fibre tracts pass through the infundibular stalk into the neural lobe. The origin of the immunoreactive nerve terminals can be elucidated only to some extent. The VHT gives off beaded fibres entering the ependymal and glandular layer of the median eminence. Immunoreactive perikarya are observed in the supraoptic nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, the anterior commissural nucleus, the preoptic nucleus and the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis. A few of the immunoreactive perikarya are observed in close connection with brain vessels and the ependymal cells of the third ventricle. The results indicate that the anti-oPRL has a unique region specificity implying that only a segment of the mammalian PRL molecule is present in these nuclei of the brain. Fragments of PRL may function as neuromodulators or neurotransmitters in the rat brain.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryo-ultramicrotomy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary gland ; Gonadotropic cells ; Salmo gairdneri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The most frequently occurring cell types in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland of the rainbow trout, (i) the lactotropic, (ii) the gonadotropic, and (iii) the somatotropic cells, were identified in cryosections. Their morphological characteristics were compared with those of Epon-embedded material. Cell location, cell form, position of the nucleus, arrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum and sizes of secretory granules proved to be useful parameters for identification. The size distribution of secretory granules of corresponding cells in cryosections and Epon sections proved to be similar. Additionally, both the immunoferritin and the unlabeled antibody enzyme method were applied for the immunocytochemical labeling of gonadotropic hormone-producing cells in cryosections. Anti-salmon-GTH as well as anti-carp-GTH serum showed the presence of GTH in both the smaller and the larger granules of the classical GTH cells, but also produced a reaction in TSH cells. Labelling of TSH cells was absent when using anti-β-carp-GTH. Specificity of the reaction depended upon the degree of dilution of the anti-GTH serum. Results with dilutions of 1∶4,000 and 1∶8,000 in the unlabeled antibody enzyme method, and of 1∶8,000 up to 1∶32,000 in the immunoferritin technique were optimal. Acid phosphatase activity in the smaller granules was demonstrated by enzyme cytochemistry in Epon sections. The relationship of the presence of hormone in these granules is discussed. The high sensitivity of the immunocytochemical labeling procedure is discussed with respect to cryo-ultramicrotomy.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurohypophysis ; Hypothalamus ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substance-P immunoreactivity has been located in semithin sections of mouse hypothalami and pituitaries and compared with the distribution of other hypothalamic peptides. In the mouse, nerve fibres and terminals reacting with antibodies against substance P (SP) were detected both in the external zone of the median eminence (ME) and in the neural lobe of the pituitary. Immunoreactive SP (ISP) axons of the ME did not react with antibodies against other peptides, i.e. arginine-vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OT), somatostatin and enkephalin, and were also negative with an antibody to serotonin. In the neural lobe, SP immunostaining occurred in AVP but not in OT axons. In the hypothalamus, ISP axons were widespread but conspicuously lacking in areas containing AVP neurones, i. e. in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the clusters of AVP cells in the SO and PV nuclei. In contrast, multiple ISP endings were seen in contact with OT neurones. Immunoreactive cell bodies, only detected after colchicine treatment, belonged to two distinct classes of neurones: 1) single AVP neurones of the SO and PV nuclei; 2) specific (staining only for SP) neurones, scattered or grouped in different areas of the hypothalamus, not showing relationship with any circumscribed nucleus. These results reinforce the opinion that SP can be released as a neurohormone into the vascular portal system and can directly affect the pars distalis. The presence of immunoreactive SP in the neural lobe, which has not been reported in species other than the mouse, may have a different physiological significance.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substantia nigra (rat) ; Substance P ; Striatonigral pathway ; Immunocytochemistry ; Synaptic vesicles ; Synapses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A monoclonal antibody that recognises the C-terminal part of substance P was used to study immunoreactive structures in the substantia nigra by the unlabeled antibody, peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure. Immunoreactivity was present in nerve fibres in all parts of the substantia nigra, particularly in the pars reticulata and pars lateralis. Electron microscopically two types of bouton immunoreactive for substance P were found: Type 1 contained large electron-lucent vesicles, occasional large granulated vesicles and formed symmetrical synapses with dendrites. Type 2 boutons contained smaller, round electron-lucent vesicles, many large granular vesicles and formed asymmetrical synapses (having prominent postjunctional dense bodies) with dendrites and perikarya. Immunoreactive fibres with varicosities that had been identified light microscopically were studied in serial sections in the electron microscope. Each identified varicosity contained synaptic vesicles and formed a single synapse. An individual fibre formed boutons of only one kind (type 1 or type 2) and could form multiple synapses with the same neuron. Thus, an identified fibre in the pars compacta had eight varicosities, each of which was in synaptic contacts (type 2) with the dendrites or soma of the same neuron. The results are consistent with the concept that substance P is a synaptic transmitter in the substantia nigra and indicate that neurons in this region may receive a significant input from substance P-containing afferents, and that there are at least two types of such afferent fibres.
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 627-639 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Progesterone-binding protein (PBP) ; Placenta ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of progesterone-binding protein (PBP) in the guinea-pig placenta was studied by use of immunocytochemical procedures. Within the chorioallantoic placenta, a strong positive reaction was observed in the interlobar and marginal trophoblast from the third week of gestation to term. PBP was localized in the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast, and the nuclei were never stained. At the ultrastructural level, the immunoreaction was associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and the perinuclear space. No deposits were seen in any other cell organelles. This localization strongly suggests that the interlobar syncytium is related to PBP synthesis. In the labyrinth, a weak immunoreaction was observed by light microscopy around some blood lacunae. At the ultrastructural level the dense deposits were localized in vesicles located near the maternal lacunae. The distribution of PBP was also studied by light microscopy in other tissues from pregnant guinea-pig. No PBP, or PBP-like material, was detected inside cells from liver, muscle, heart, lung, kidney, ovary, and uterus. A weak immunoreaction for PBP was detected in vascularized zones of these organs. These observations strongly suggest that PBP, a protein related to gestation in the guinea-pig, is elaborated by the placental tissue of this hystricomorph rodent. PBP is the first steroid-binding plasma protein shown to be of extrahepatic origin.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 695-698 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-like material has been demonstrated in the pineal gland of the adult rat. The objective of the present study was to examine the ontogenetic development of this LHRH-like substance in the rat pineal with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method of Sternberger. LHRH-like immunoreactive material was not observed in pineal glands of newborn rats. The amount of material increased progressively from the 6th–12th day of postnatal development. On day 12, the amount of LHRH-like immunoreactivity was consistent and comparable in all pineal glands of male and female animals examined.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotrophs ; Male rats ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cytophotometry ; Image analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative studies on the population of the gonadotropic cells in the pituitary of adult male rats were performed after trypsic dissociation of the pituitary glands and immunoenzymatic staining with anti-β-LH or anti-β-FSH antisera. Number, area and extinction of labelled cells were measured by use of an image analyser and a cytophotometer. The gonadotrophs represent approximately 14% of the pituitary cells. The mean area of gonadotrophs is significantly larger after staining with anti-β-LH serum than after staining with anti-β-FSH serum. Planimetric measurement of the gonadotrophs reveals their variability in size ranging between 30 and 160 μm2. Moreover, the size distribution depends on the staining serum used: more numerous small-sized cells (〈75 μm2) are stained with anti-β-FSH serum than with anti-β-LH serum, which conversely stains more numerous large-sized cells. Cytophotometric measurements indicate that immunostaining varies greatly among cells of the same size class and that the staining intensity appears to increase according to the cell size. These results emphasize the morphofunctional heterogeneity of the gonadotropic cell population.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; CSF-contacting neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Xenopus laevis, tadpoles ; Amphibia, Anura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In untreated tadpoles of Xenopus laevis, stage 60 (Nieuwkoop and Faber 1956), somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya and fiber networks are already discernible in the pallium and the septum, as well as in the anterior and posterior hypothalamus. In addition, somatostatin-immunoreactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons were found in the periventricular gray of the most caudal division of the ventral tuber cinereum. The results are discussed with respect to the inhibitory influence of the system of CSF-contacting and other somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons on the anterior pituitary and other target sites, especially during the climax of metamorphosis.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 79-93 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunoreactive prolactin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Circumventricular organs ; Choroid plexus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive prolactin (IMP) has been localized in the male rat brain using the soluble peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) technique. In normal untreated animals, reaction product was seen in choroid plexus (CP) and in ependymal cells of the ventricular lining with heaviest concentrations of positively staining cells in the 3rd ventricle near the subcommisural organ (SCO), in the lateral ventricles near the subfornical organ (SFO), and in the 4th ventricle near the area postrema (AP). IMP was also present in numerous ependymal cells resembling tanycytes in the cerebral aqueduct, central canal of the spinal cord at the level of the AP, the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the floor of the infundibular recess. Immunoreactive cells resembling neurons were localized within the substance of the AP, SCO, and OVLT. IMP was also present in fibers of the zona externa of the median eminence and infundibular stalk; a few cells of the pars tuberalis contained reaction product. Hypophysectomized rats and bromocriptine-treated rats exhibited a similar staining pattern except that bromocriptine treatment eliminated IMP from most CP cells. Hypophysectomy, bromocriptine or estrogen treatment enhanced staining for IMP in cells of the pars tuberalis; estrogen treatment or hypophysectomy produced an increase in the number and distribution of immunoreactive cells as well as increased density of reaction product in cells of the medial habenular nucleus. The functional relevance of prolactin in these locations in the brain, the possible routes of transport of prolactin from the pituitary gland to the central nervous system, and the strong suggestion of extra-pituitary sites of synthesis of a prolactin-like hormone are discussed.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Domestic fowl ; Hypothalamus ; LHRH-neurosecretion ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of LHRH-containing neuronal elements was investigated in the domestic fowl by means of immunohistochemical techniques. LHRH antisera were raised against synthetic LHRH in the rabbit. The antiserum used in the present study cross-reacted with LHRH of mammalian and avian tissues. LHRH-immunoreactive perikarya are located in the preoptic and in the septal areas, and in the bulbus olfactorius; however, no LHRH-immuno-reactive perikarya were found in the tuberal part of the hypothalamus. LHRH-immunoreactive fibers course from these areas toward the median eminence mainly along the wall of the third ventricle in the form of a periventricular network. Originating from the same cell groups other fibers run caudally immediately above the optic chiasma, forming the median bundle of the tractus preoptico-infundibularis. The third bundle running toward the OVLT is named the tractus preoptico-terminalis. In addition to these structures, LHRH-containing fibers and terminals were also present in different regions of the limbic system, in the dorsal part of the hippocampus, in the tuberculum and bulbus olfactorius, as well as in the optic lobe, nuclei commissurales tectales, organon subcommissurale, periaqueductal area, and pars ventralis mesencephali. The general distribution of the LHRH system in the chicken corresponds principally to that described previously in rodents (Sétáló et al. 1976, 1978). However, some subtle differences were demonstrated between the location of the LHRH system in birds and mammals.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 93-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurophysins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Age-dependent changes ; Hypophysectomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamo-extrahypophyseal neurophysin pathways (HEH) and the three hypothalamic nuclei secreting neurophysins, the supraoptic (SON), paraventricular (PVN) and suprachiasmatic (SCN) nuclei, of normal and hypophysectomized rats were studied by application of the immunoperoxidase procedure. Eight well-defined HEH pathways were recognized. Their main sites of projection were: lateral septum and subfornical organ (1 and 2); tractus diagonalis (3); medial nucleus of the amygdala and lateral ventricle (4); nucleus periventricularis thalami, nucleus habenulae lateralis and periaqueductal gray (5); periaqueductal gray, pineal organ, collicular recess and subependymal region of the fourth ventricle (6); dorsomedial nucleus and premammillary area (7); perimammillary region, corpus trapezoideum, ventral surface of medulla oblongata, nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus commissuralis, substantia gelatinosa and formatio reticularis lateralis of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord (8). Neurophysin fibers of unknown origin were found in the frontal cerebral cortex. It was noted that in pathway 5 the amount of immunostainable material undergoes changes with age. The three neurophysin-secreting nuclei reacted differently following hypophysectomy. Among the HEH pathways the only one that seemed to be affected by hypophysectomy was that innervating the lateral septum. It is suggested that the neurons that survive hypophysectomy either do not project to the neural lobe or, alternatively, display axon collaterals projecting outside the neural lobe. Such a neuronal population could be the origin of the HEH pathways.
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  • 41
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    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 423-427 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver (Rat) ; Albumin ; Metabolism ; Hepatocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The indirect immunoperoxidase method was used to identify albumin in hepatocytes of rats before and after periods of starvation. All hepatocytes in fed rats contained a relatively large amount of nascent albumin. Overnight fasting reduced the number of hepatocytes with a large amount of albumin to primarily those surrounding terminal hepatic venules. These were estimated to be about 30% of the population. The other cells had only a slight amount of albumin. After 48 h of fasting all hepatocytes contained a low level of albumin.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone ; releasing hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Distribution ; Forebrain ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-immunoreactive perikarya and processes was examined, in the untreated rat, with the unlabeled antibody enzyme method of immunocytochemistry on thick 50 μm vibratome sections. LHRH neurons were primarily observed in the preoptico-anterior hypothalamic and septal areas. Projections from these cell bodies to the median eminence form three distinct pathways, one laterally along the course of the optic tracts, one medially through the periventricular stratum of the third ventricle, and one through the tractus infundibularis. In addition, some of these cell bodies project to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the subfornical organ (SFO). LHRH immunoreactive neurons were also noted in the anterior olfactory regions; they project along the medial olfactory tract to the olfactory bulb.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 81-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Turtle ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pars tuberalis ; Pituitary ; Hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of pituitaries from young and adult turtles representing four families, reveals that in addition to the abundant juxtaneural pars tuberalis (JuxPT) found in this class of reptiles, there is generally a substantial amount of pars tuberalis (PT) tissue closely associated with the pars distalis (PD). The PT forms a cortical layer especially conspicuous around the anterior tip of the PD in some species (Trionyx, Kinosternon, Sternotherus), or it forms a thick dorsal layer of tissue irregularly extending onto the sides of the PD in others (Pseudemys, Chrysemys, Lepidochelys, Chelonia). Immunocytochemical studies using unlabelled second antibody and peroxidase-antiperoxidase reveal that in turtles of all ages, the PT tissue allied with the PD (the PTinterna) is composed primarily of cells containing glycoprotein hormones (FSH, LH and TSH), especially the gonadotropins. The juxPT, however, consists mainly of secretory cells unstained by the antisera tested and includes only a small number of gonadotropes and thyrotropes. Although usually widely distributed in the testudinate adenohypophysis, the great majority of gonadotropes and thyrotropes present in the hatchling are in the PTinterna. It is probable that a concentration of these cells in the PTinterna is widespread among vertebrates. In all turtles examined, lactotropes occur principally in the anterior and ventral part of the PD proper; somatotropes are posterior and dorsal. Corticotropes are concentrated as the lactotropes in the anterior PD, but some are also scattered throughout the posterior half of the gland. Lactotropes, corticotropes, and with a few exceptions, somatotropes, do not occur in PT tissue in the turtle.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Substance P ; Uvea ; Immunocytochemistry ; Iris ; Smooth muscle contraction ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substance P-immunoreactive nerve terminals were found in several locations in the anterior segment of the rabbit eye. In the iris they occurred in the sphincter muscle and were randomly distributed in the iris stroma with some fibres running close to the dilator muscle. In the ciliary body these immunoreactive elements were few and occurred within bundles of nerve fibres, while in the ciliary processes they were more numerous with a predominantly subepithelial location. Blood vessels in the anterior uvea were often surrounded by substance P-immunoreactive fibres. No substance P-fibres were found in the cornea, while the sclera contained very few such elements. Using conventional in vitro techniques it was found that the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris responded to electrical stimulation with a contraction that was resistant to cholinergic and adrenergic blockade, but was inhibited by the neuronal blocker tetrodotoxin. This indicates the existence of a non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic neuronal mediator of the contractile response. Exogenously applied substance P produced a long-lasting contraction of the spincter muscle, an observation compatible with the view that substance P is the noncholinergic, non-adrenergic neurotransmitter involved.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Avian brain ; Endocrine glands ; Avian embryos ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In embryos of the domestic mallard, domestic fowl, and Japanese quail vasotocin-, mesotocin-, luliberin (LHRH)-, met-enkephalin-, cortico- tropin-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive perikarya and fiber formations were visualized at different incubation stages by means of the PAP technique (Sternberger 1979). The most striking results were: (1) Vasotocin-, mesotocin-, and luliberin-immunoreactive systems display, up to the late embryonic period, morphological features most probably related to a neurohormonal function. (2) Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity appears very late during embryonic life; it is restricted to fiber networks and not found in perikarya. (3) Corticotropin immunoreactivity is observed in the tuberal region temporarily at the end of the second and the beginning of the last third of the incubation period. (4) Somatostatin-immunoreactive material is present (i) at the end of the first third of incubation, in association with the olfactory system; (ii) during the same period, adjacent to thin-layered portions of the roof of the brain; (iii) shortly thereafter, in cells of both pancreatic primordia and thyroid gland; and (iv) onward from the middle of the incubation period, in a mesencephalic cell group. The striking difference, in the early embryo, between the mature somatostatin system and the immature character of the surrounding tissues may indicate that somatostatin plays a role in the development of the brain, as well as the pancreas, and the thyroid gland.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Newborn rat epidermis ; Soluble epidermal protein ; Thiolproteinase inhibitor ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Subcellular distribution of a thiol-proteinase inhibitor protein was determined in the epidermis of the newborn rat by light and electron microscopy. This protein was highly soluble in basal cells and concentrated on ribosomes in the perinuclear region. Solubility in Tris buffer decreased in granular and cornified cells in which the protein appeared on polysomes which were attached on other cellular structures such as dense homogenous deposits and tonofilaments. The protein also appeared to be deposited on the plasma membrane and became insoluble in Tris buffer at 37° C, but solubilized in 1 M phosphate buffer. Location of the protein around keratohyalin granules or by the plasma membrane suggested that the inhibitor protein bound to cysteinerich protein of the epidermis with or without forming a thiol-proteinase inhibitor complex. The thiol-proteinase inhibitor protein seems to contribute to epidermal cell differentiation at multiple points through changes in its solubility and subcellular localization from basal cells to cornified cells.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cholecystokinin ; Spinal cord ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat ; Neuropeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity has been demonstrated by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry in the spinal cord of various mammals, in particular in nerve fibers of the superficial layers of the posterior column, but had not been detected in neuronal cell bodies. We report immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of a group of cholecystokinincontaining neuronal cell bodies in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. This group of cells is only visualized after direct injection of colchicine into the spinal cord and is located near the central canal in the intermedio-medial nucleus of area X of Rexed.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 25-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Ig-containing cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Germinal center ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and localisation of IgM- and IgG-containing cells in the spleen of rats immunized with sheep red-blood cells (SRBC) were studied by combining immunohistochemical reactions with routine histological and histochemical methods. It was shown that IgM cells occur only in the outer periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS), whereas IgG cells are present throughout the whole PALS. It has been concluded that these cell types have different routes of migration. Both IgM- and IgG-containing cells were found in the germinal center in close relation with the extracellular immune complexes. The significance of this localisation is discussed.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 361-368 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Steroids ; Pituitary ; Gonadotrops ; Immunocytochemistry ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical reactions with anti-h(uman) TSHβ and anti-c(arp) GTHβ indicate that in juvenile rainbow trout, the dorsal basophils of the proximal pars distalis (ppd) are TSH cells, and that the ventral ones are GTH cells. Small GTH cells first appear in some fish at D(ay) 50 following fertilization (= D17 from hatching), when gonads are still undifferentiated. GTH cells increase greatly in number and size after D100. Contrary to treatment with 11β(OH)androstenedione, addition of methyl testosterone, progesterone and 17α(OH)progesterone stimulate the development of granular GTH cells in rainbow trout, shortly after hatching. It is suggested that steroid receptors in the brain or pituitary discriminate between 11-steroids and other steroids rather than between aromatizable androgens and other steroids.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 581-594 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Oligodendrocytes ; Cell culture ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum produced in rabbits against purified myelin contains antibodies that bind to the surface of cells having multiple branched processes in live cultures of cerebral hemispheres of newborn rats. The identity of these cells was determined by double immunolabelling experiments with other specific antigenic markers (W1 Wolfgram protein, myelin basic proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein). It was demonstrated that the cells are a subclass of oligodendrocytes which have reached a certain degree of maturation; nearly all of them contain basic proteins. Indeed, a number of oligodendrocytes, that contain the W 1 protein, and may or may not have processes, are not surface-labelled in similar conditions. The usefulness of such an anti-myelin serum in the isolation of pure oligodendrocytes is discussed.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Brain-gut peptide ; Pyloric antrum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity to VIP by endocrine-like cells in the feline pyloric mucosa was examined by using three kinds of region-specific anti-porcine VIP sera. VIP-immunoreactive endocrine-like cells were detected clearly with all of the VIP antisera used. They were located mainly around the neck of the pyloric glands. Some of these endocrine-like cells showed dilution-dependent immunoreactivity against VIP antisera. The immunostaining intensity of VIP-immunoreactive endocrine-like cells showing dilution-independence could not be distinguished from those of nerve elements. The present results suggest that the immunoreactivity with properties very similar to those of authentic VIP may be present in the endocrine-like cells of the feline pyloric glands.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enteroendocrine cells ; Pancreatic endocrine cells ; Gastroenteropancreatic hormones ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four immunoreactive endocrine cell types can be distinguished in the pancreatic islets of B. conchonius: insulin-producing B cells, somatostatin-producing A1 (= D) cells, glucagon-producing A2 cells and pancreatic poly-peptide-producing PP cells. The principal islet of this species contains only a few PP cells, while many PP cells are present in the smaller islets. Except for the B cell all pancreatic endocrine cell types are also present in the pancreatic duct. At least six enteroendocrine cell types are present in the gut of B. conchonius: 1. a cell type (I) with small secretory granules, present throughout the intestine, and possibly involved in the regulation of gut motility; 2. a C-terminal gastrin immunoreactive cell, probably producing a caerulein-like peptide; these cells are located at the upper parts of the folds, especially in the proximal part of the intestinal bulb; 3. a met-enkephalin-immunoreactive cell, present throughout the first segment; 4. a glucagon-immunoreactive cell, which is rare in the first segment; 5. a PP-immunoreactive cell, mainly present in the first half of the first segment; 6. an immunoreactive cell, which cannot at present be specified, located in the intestinal bulb. The latter four cell types are mostly located in the basal parts of the folds, although some PP-immunoreactive cells can also be found in the upper parts. Most if not all enteroendocrine cells are of the open type. The possible functions of all enteroendocrine cell types are discussed.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 231-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Secretin-like cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Digestive tract ; Styela plicata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Secretin-like cells have been detected in the digestive tract of the ascidian Styela plicata by means of immunofluorescent and immunocytochemical methods. Especially, in the esophageal epithelium there are immunoreactive cells (S2) in which a biogenic amine (5-HT) and a regulatory peptide (secretin) occur together. In the gastric epithelium only secretin-like cells (S1) are present. Tests of cross-reactivity performed with glucagon, GIF and VIP, have confirmed the presence of a secretin-like molecule only in the S1 and S2 cells.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 67-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide ; Neurosecretory cells ; Neuropeptides ; Calliphora vomitoria ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of a neuropeptide, previously shown to have the same or a very similar amino acid composition as vertebrate pancreatic polypeptide (PP), has been studied in the nervous system and gut of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria. Neurones immunoreactive to a bovine PP antiserum occur in the thoracic and abdominal ganglionic components of the central nervous system, in addition to the brain and suboesophageal ganglion. Pancreatic polypeptide appears to be relayed from its cells of origin to a neurohaemal organ in the dorsal sheath of the thoracic ganglion. PP immunoreactivity is also found in cells of the hypocerebral ganglion of the stomatogastric nervous system and in associated nerve fibres. The mid-gut contains PP-positive material in flask-shaped cells of its epithelial lining.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like material ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system ; Periplaneta americana
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central and visceral nervous systems of the cockroach Periplaneta americana were studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method, with the use of antibody to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP). PP-like immunoreactive neuron somata are most numerous in the brain; at least 6 pairs of cell groups occur in clearly defined regions. Three pairs of cells each are also present in the suboesophageal ganglion and the thoracic ganglia, one pair of a single cell each in the first abdominal and the frontal ganglia, and 4 to 6 pairs of single cells in the terminal ganglion. No reactive cells were found in the retrocerebral complex and the second to the fifth abdominal ganglia. The axons containing PP-like immunoreactivity issue many branches that are distributed in the entire brain-retrocerebral complex, ventral cord, and visceral nervous system. PP-like immunoreactive material produced in the brain seems to be transported by three routes: protocerebrum to corpora cardiaca (-allata) through the nervi corporis cardiaci, tritocerebrum to visceral nervous system through frontal commissures, and to ventral cord through circumoesophageal connectives. A possible homology between the mammalian brain-GEP (gastro-enteropancreatic) system and the brain-midgut system of this insect is discussed.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enolase (neuron-specific) ; S-100 protein ; Carotid body ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light- and electron-immunocytochemical investigation with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) procedure revealed neuron-specific enolase and S-100 protein-like immunoreactivities specifically localized in the chief cells and the sustentacular cells of the rat carotid body, respectively. This finding suggests a neuron-like nature of the chief cells and a glia-like nature of the sustentacular cells on both embryological and functional bases.
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