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  • SPACE TRANSPORTATION  (164)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Both separate and combined wind tunnel and vibration shaker tests were conducted on two structural panels representative of the Shuttle orbiter in the NASA LaRC 8-foot transonic pressure tunnel to determine the effects of combined loads on the thermal protection system (TPS). The primary objective of this test was to provide a combined full-scale load environment and realistic time history of the dynamic pressures, Mach numbers (through transonic), and dynamic structural responses of these panels. The panels were selected from orbiter locations where interactive load sources such as aerodynamic shock waves, turbulent boundary layers, strut-induced vorticity, and substrate deformation combined to provide high bonding loads between the TPS and the orbiter structure. The test panels were highly instrumented with static and dynamic pressure gages, accelerometers, deflectometers, strain gages, Schileren and high speed photography, and special instrumentation necessary to determine TPS/structure interface loads and tile motions. Two test specimens of each orbiter panel were utilized. Both were high-fidelity representations of the selected orbiter location.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 157-163
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Results of wind-tunnel and acoustic tests to investigate buffet loads on Shuttle Thermal-Protection-System (TPS) tiles are given. Also described is the application of these results to the prediction of tile buffet loads for the first shuttle flight into orbit. The wind-tunnel tests of tiles were conducted at transonic and supersonic Mach numbers simulating flow regions on the Orbiter where shock waves and boundary-layer separations occur. The acoustic tests were conducted in a progressive wave tube at an overall sound pressure level (OASPL) approximately equal to the maximum OASPL measured during the wind-tunnel tests in a region of flow separation. The STS-1 buffet load predictions yielded peak tile stresses due to buffeting that were as much as 20 percent of the total stress for the design-load case when a shock wave was on a tile.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 147-153
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The dynamic and static analysis methods used to model the nonlinear structural behavior of the Shuttle Orbiter's tile/pad thermal protection system are discussed. The structural evaluation of the tile/pad system is complicated by the nonlinear stiffening, hysteresis and viscosity exhibited by the pad material. Application of the analysis to square tiles subject to sinusoidal and random excitation is presented along with appropriate test data. Correlation is considered good. In order to treat the stress analysis of thousands of individual tiles, a nonlinear static analysis was developed which utilizes equivalent static loads derived from the dynamic environment. Tensile stress at the bondline is examined in thousands of unique tiles.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 127-145
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Shuttle tile ascent environments are discussed and the procedures used to convert these environments into tile loads are outlined. Testing which was performed to quantify or verify the loads are discussed, along with the load combination rationale which was used. The discussion of the ascent environment is limited to the transonic/supersonic portion of the mission since mechanical design loads occur during this time, and to specific regions of the vehicle, in particular those regions in which undensified critical (black) tiles are located.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 111-125
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The thermal protection system (TPS) of the Space Shuttle Orbiter is described as well as the results of dynamic reponse studies conducted in support of the efforts to certify the TPS for flight. The ceramic Thermal Protection System consists of ceramic tiles bonded to felt pads which are in turn bonded to the Orbiter substructure to protect the aluminum substructure from the heat of reentry.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 101-110
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The unique space shuttle vehicle size, weight, and configuration gave rise to problems in determining vibration requirements and in verifying structural integrity for anticipated mission environments. The applications of large-scale vibration testing played a prominent part in qualifying the shuttle for its intended missions. Severe vibration excitation from rocket engines, aerodynamic noise, and onboard equipment are expected on each shuttle flight. Scale-model wind tunnel and rocket firing tests, as well as full-size rocket engine tests were relied on to define the random forcing functions. The determination of structural response to these environments is described as well as evaluations of measured flight data and comparison with predicted design and test criteria.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 71-80
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Recovery of the space shuttle solid rocket boosters required development of a heavy duty large decelerator subsystem. Successful recovery of the first launch pair of boosters demonstrated the adequacy of the design. Flight data consisting of accelerometers and parachute attach point loads provide a basis for evaluation of the decelerator subsystem performance. These results are summarized and compared to preflight predictions.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 27-33
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Some of the reusable heat shielding materials used to protect the Space Shuttles, their manufacturing processes, properties, and applications are discussed. Emphases is upon ceramic materials. Space Shuttle Orbiter tiles are discussed.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 261-274
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Polymer synthesis programs involve the development of Novel thermoplastics, pseudothermoplastics, and thermosets. These systems are prepared to elucidate structure-property relationships involving thermal capabilities, toughness, processability and environmental stability. Easily processable polyimides, solvent-resistant polysulfones and polyphenylquinoxalines, and tougher high and intermediate temperature polymers were developed. Characterization efforts included high pressure liquid chromatography methodology, the development of toughness tests for fiber reinforced composites, a study of electrical properties of metal ion filled polyimides, and a study of the mutagenicity of aromatic diamines. Also the mechanism of cure/degradation of experimental polymers was studied by rheology, mechanical behavior, separation techniques and spectroscopy. The degradative crosslinking of alkyl-containing polyimides, the separation and identification of crosslinked phenylquinoxalines, the rheological behavior of hot-melt polyimides, and the elucidation of the cure of norbornene endcapped imides were also studied.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 29-48
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Increased applications of automation technology identified as necessary for NASA to carry out its missions within the constraints of future funding and available physical resources are described. A concept for a Remote Orbital Servicing System (ROSS) based on present teleoperator and robotics technology is presented. A single servicer design compatible with three specified spacecraft, capable of performing service to the same extent as manned extravehicular activity, controlled from a ground control station, and using currently available technology is conceptualized.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 104-119
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  • 11
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The simulation program associated with a key piece of support equipment to be used to service satellites directly from the Shuttle is assessed. The Open Cherry Picker (OCP) is a manned platform mounted at the end of the remote manipulator system (RMS) and is used to enhance extra vehicular activities (EVA). The results of simulations performed on the Grumman Large Amplitude Space Simulator (LASS) and at the JSC Water Immersion Facility are summarized.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 17 p
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The concept of manned and unmanned proximity modules (POM) to assist the Orbiter in retrieval, servicing, and emergency operations of orbiting payloads is discussed. An unmanned POM, capable of examining or capturing and returning to the Orbiter large satellites which are station-keeping at distances up to one kilometer from the Orbiter, is presented and its design features defined. Also presented is the concept of a manned POM which is capable of capturing and maneuvering smaller payloads in or about the Orbiter payload bay. The manned POM also serves as a free flying work station used to support satellite servicing and provide a back-up to Orbiter situations when the remote manipulator is inoperative.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 21 p
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Servicing economics for LANDSAT are examined. The following objectives of the multimission modular spacecraft are outlined: retrieval; multimission capability; standard flight support system; standard hardware; repair and refurbishment on orbit; instrument replacement; standard ground support system; and standard software.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 168-199
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A conceptual definition of an appropriate berthing technique and a prototype design of an automatic umbilical system suitable for use with payloads carried by the Space Shuttle are presented. A four-element berthing system is described. This concept consists of a set of four remote manipulator system (RMS)-type end-effector capture/tie-down devices on the power system and corresponding RMS-type grapple fittings on the payload. In operation, the RMS maneuvers the payload to a position where the four grapple fittings can be snared within the end-effectors and then secured to the power system. The concept takes advantage of mechanisms and operating techniques developed for attaching the RMS to a payload. Although the umbilical installation is attached to the docking interface structure, its operation is independent and it must comply with a set of primary requirements specified by Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), which is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 39 p
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  • 15
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Orbiter-based service equipment needs/usage are identified by considering a broad spectrum of on-orbit operational scenarios associated with three primary mission events: initial launch, revisits, and Earth return. Nominal and alternate modes of operation, contingency situations (as remote manipulator system inoperative), and Orbiter close proximity operations are included. Satellite classes considered are direct delivery and servicing of the orbiter, low Earth orbiter/propulsion, sorties and DOD, geosatellites, and planetary and other satellites.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 1-28
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  • 16
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Payloads are secured in the orbiter payload bay by the payload retention system or are equipped with their own unique retention systems. The orbiter payload retention mechanisms provide structural attachments for each payload by using four or five attachment points to secure the payload within the orbiter payload bay during all phases of the orbiter mission. The payload retention system (PRS) is an electromechanical system that provides standarized payload carrier attachment fittings to accommodate up to five payloads for each orbiter flight. The mechanisms are able to function under either l-g or zero-g conditions. Payload berthing or deberthing on orbit is accomplished by utilizing the remote manipulator system (RMS). The retention mechanisms provide the capability for either vertical or horizontal payload installation or removal. The payload support points are selected to minimize point torsional, bending, and radial loads imparted to the payloads. In addition to the remotely controlled latching system, the passive system used for nondeployable payloads performs the same function as the RMS except it provides fixed attachments to the orbiter.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 216-227
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The handling and positioning aid which (HPA) provides a wide range of adjustable work stations both inboard and outboard of the cargo bay is discussed. It can assist with berthing and docking, it is robust, stiff, has a simple control system, and is modular. An articulated arm version of HPA employed in a typical servicing mission is shown. Mounted on a base frame that spans the Orbiter cargo bay, the 6 m arm is long enough to hold the satellite being serviced and keep its solar array clear of the Orbiter radiators. By adjusting the length and angle of the support platform mast, and rotating the tip of the HPA arm, almost every item on the satellite can be reached. Spares and change-out units can be brought to and from the work site by the RMS, which is controlled from the aft flight deck. The fore and aft position of the base frame can be changed between Orbiter flights and this, together with the 5 degrees of freedom (DOF) of the long arm, allows work sites to be chosen that meet the clearance, reach and vision requirements of many missions. Flight article activities are shown are shown above the dashed horizontal line and Development Test Article (DTA) work below. Flight article requirements and concepts and the design of the DTA are developed.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 15 p
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Satellite servicing requirements for a continuously manned Space Operations Center (SOC) are discussed. Applications for Orbiter developed service equipment are described, together with representative satellite servicing operations for use on SOC. These services cover the full mission cycle from orbital deployment to on-orbit maintenance/repair and, eventually, removal from orbit. An orbiting base, such as the SOC, can provide many of the same services at less cost than the Space Shuttle transportation system.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 14 p
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Polymers that provide significant improvements in both efficiency and safety for civilian transport aircraft and military combat aircraft were developed. High strength to weight structures such as carbon fiber composites with long term durability are requirements common to both classes of aircraft. Aircraft safety improvements in fire resistance and crashworthiness of primary and secondary structures are long term objectives for transport aircraft. Void filler ballistic foams, intumescent coatings, and radiation-resistant transparent plastics contribute to vulnerability reduction in combat military aircraft. Low and high velocity impact tolerance, fire resistance, thermal stability, and long term durability of polymers and components are emphasized.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 49-64
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Servicing economics of low Earth orbit satellites were studied. The following topics are examined: the economic importance of the repair missions; comparison of mission cost as opposed to satellite modulation transfer functions over a 10 year period; the effect of satellite flight rate change due to changes in satellite failure rate; estimated satellite cost reduction with shuttle operation projects from the 1960's to the 1970's; design objectives of the multimission modular spacecraft; and the economic importance of the repair mission.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; p 150-167
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: User cost for three satellite services were assessed. The three missions are: advanced X-ray astrophysics facility (AXAF) revisit; upper atmosphere research satellite (UARS) revisit: and solar maximum mission (SMM) Earth return. Service scenarios for the missions to identify service equipment needs and on orbit usage were developed. The AXAF revisit is a service mission involving a contamination sensitive satellite. Following servicing and checkout, the spacecraft is redeployed from the orbiter. The total user charges for revisit missions is from 5 to 10% less than the cost to build and relaunch a replacement satellite. It is indicated that satellite servicing from the Orbiter is cost effective.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 2; 11 p
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The preparation of monomers for use in a study to improve properties of epoxy polymers and silicone elastomers is described. Various approaches to the solution of the synthesis of aminosilane and diamine curing agents were examined. Ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted diamines where X is CH2, C(CH3)2, O, S, NH, or SO2 and n = 0, 1, 2, and 3 were investigated.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 9 p
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Improvement in the high-pressure turbopumps, both fuel and oxidizer, in the Space Shuttle main engine were considered. The operation of these pumps is limited by temperature restrictions of the metallic components used in these pumps. Ceramic materials that retain strength at high temperatures and appear to be promising candidates for use as turbine blades and impellers are discussed. These high strength materials are sensitive to many related processing parameters such as impurities, sintering aids, reaction aids, particle size, processing temperature, and post thermal treatment. The specific objectives of the study were to: (1) identify and define the processing parameters that affect the properties of Si3N4 ceramic materials, (2) design and assembly equipment required for processing high strength ceramics, (3) design and assemble test apparatus for evaluating the high temperature properties of Si3N4, and (4) conduct a research program of manufacturing and evaluating Si3N4 materials as applicable to rocket engine applications.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 11 p
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Prediction of acid fallout and the dry deposition of Al2O2 was the objective of this investigation. Sampling was done at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The models available were not appropriate and the data available was negligible. Thus, a bimodal particle distribution was assumed normalized to the few existing data points and used as a foundation for a crude zeroth order approximation for the acid fallout. In addition, a settling spectrum for the Al2O3 particles was devised as a table look-up since the graphs in the literature at first pass could not be fitted with reasonable analytic functions. Consulting services were rendered to researchers. Special emphasis was placed on improving current techniques and adding LIDAR (Light Radar). Suggestions for future studies are made.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 8 p
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A survey of current procedures for the assessment of state of cure in epoxy polymers and for the evaluation of polymer toughness as related to nature of the crosslinking agent was made to facilitate a cause-effect study of the chemical modification of epoxy polymers. Various conformations of sample morphology were examined to identify testing variables and to establish optimum conditions for the selected physical test methods. Dynamic viscoelasticity testing was examined in conjunction with chemical analyses to allow observation of the extent of the curing reaction with size of the crosslinking agent the primary variable. Specifically the aims of the project were twofold: (1) to consider the experimental variables associated with development of "extent of cure" analysis, and (2) to assess methodology of fracture energy determination and to prescribe a meaningful and reproducible procedure. The following is separated into two categories for ease of presentation.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 17 p
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The in situ polymerization of monomer reactants (PMR) approach was demonstrated to be a powerful approach for solving many of the processing difficulties associated with the use of high temperature resistant polymers as matrix resins in high performance composites. The PMR-15 polyimide provides the best overall balance of processing characteristics and elevated temperature properties. The excellent properties and commercial availability of composite materials based on PMR-15 led to their acceptance as viable engineering materials. The PMR-15 composites are used to produce a variety of high quality structural components.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 65-90
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  • 27
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA Technol. Appl. Team; p 40
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Carbon films were deposited on silicon, quartz, and potassium bromide substrates from an ion beam. Growth rates were approximately 0.3 micron/hour. The films were featureless and amorphous and contained only carbon and hydrogen in significant amounts. The density and carbon/hydrogen ratio indicate the film is a hydrogen deficient polymer. One possible structure, consistent with the data, is a random network of methylene linkages and tetrahedrally coordinated carbon atoms.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
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  • 29
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Shuttle flight test plan is detailed, together with the results of tests of the flight control system (FCS). The initial Columbia flights carried 13,000 lb of instrumentation, and will be replaced with a 97 lb package during subsequent flights when further data are desired. The flight test program, besides gathering aerodynamic data, was heavily concerned with the perormance of the SSME (near-nominal), the thermal protection system (the performance and reusability have been demonstrated), and the data processing system (ground verification tests vindicated). Ascent has been nominal, as have orbital maneuvers, and descent roll/yaw has proven smoother than other high performance aircraft. Accelerometers and crewmembers have not been able to sense the smoothness of reentry RCS-controlled maneuvers. The manual controls are noted to serve only in off-nominal situations. The STS is concluded to be a basically sound vehicle, assuring a routine American presence in space.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
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  • 30
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Possible performance gains and cost reductions available through the evolution of succeedingly larger unmanned, and then manned, orbital transfer vehicles (OTV) as Shuttle upper stages are projected. Future missions could include delivery of 10,000 lb to GEO, planetary missions in the 2000-12,000 lb class, 30-42 ft payloads in the 5000-10,000 lb class, and manned and unmanned satellite servicing by the turn of the century. The vehicles could evolve from the Centaur F vehicle through stages of all-propulsive configurations to aerobraked, fully reusable vehicles. Reusability introduces cost savings and the ability to make plane changes. Furthermore, aerobraking will double the payload capability for round trip journeys to GEO, bringing costs down to $7000/lb.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Frequency response function data, normally acquired as a data base for use in development of empirically based mode shapes, has additional utility. Comparison and analysis of frequency response function data sets obtained prior to and after environmental tests of an Orbiter body flap have enabled identification of structural damage that was not detected by conventional visual, X-ray, and ultrasonic inspections. The analyses and conclusions reported demonstrate that specific damaged areas within a relatively complex structure identified on a timely basis.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 4; p 25-31
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  • 32
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-22387)
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Enhancement of abundances of heavy nuclei (e.g., Mg, Si, and Fe) at low energies relative to solar photospheric abundances and anomalously high abundances of iron relative to oxygen nuclei at low energies were recently discovered in solar energetic particles studied at low energy. These phenomena are not understood at present. The proposed experiment is designed to study the recently discovered anomalous component of low energy galactic cosmic ray ions of C, N, O, Ne, and Ca to Fe of energy 5- to 10-million electron volts per atomic mass unit in regard to their ionization states, composition, and intensity, and to study the ionization states of heavy elements from oxygen to iron in energetic solar particles emitted during flare events. The same detector system will serve for both studies, with the second objective being given priority if there are any solar particle events during the mission.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 35-37
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  • 34
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Spacelab investigation entitled Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) is designed to obtain fundamental information related to the chemistry and physics of the Earth's upper atmosphere using the techniques of infrared absorption spectroscopy. There are two principal objectives to be met. The first is the determination, on a global scale, of the compositional structure of the upper atmosphere and its spatial variability. The establishment of this variability represents the first step toward determining the characteristic residence times for the upper atmospheric constituents; the magnitudes of their sources and sinks; and, ultimately, an understanding of their effects on the stability of the stratosphere. The second objective is to provide the high-resolution, calibrated spectral information which is essential for the detailed design of advanced instrumentation for subsequent global monitoring of specific species found to be critical to atmospheric stability. This information will be disseminated in the form of a three dimensional atlas of solar absorption spectra obtained over a range of latitudes, longitudes, and altitudes.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 29-33
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  • 35
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In response to a recognized need for an in-flight animal housing facility to support Spacelab life sciences investigators, a rack and system compatible Research Animal Holding Facility (RAHF) has been developed. A series of ground tests is planned to insure its satisfactory performance under certain simulated conditions of flight exposure and use. However, even under the best conditions of simulation, confidence gained in ground testing will not approach that resulting from actual spaceflight operation. The Spacelab Mission 3 provides an opportunity to perform an inflight Verification Test (VT) of the RAHF. Lessons learned from the RAHF-VT and baseline performance data will be invaluable in preparation for subsequent dedicated life sciences missions.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 21-26
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  • 36
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The primary purpose of the geophysical flow experiments is to simulate large-scale baroclinic (density-stratified) flows which occur naturally in the atmospheres of rotating planets and stars and to gain insights and obtain answers to crucial questions concerning the large-scale nonlinear mechanics of the global geophysical flows. Those external conditions related to fluid viscosity, rotation, gravity are identified, which allow qualitatively different modes of instability or waves in the model.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 17-19
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  • 37
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Dynamics of Rotating and Oscillating Free Drops (DROP) experiment is to be performed using the Drop Dynamics Module (DDM). The main scientific objectives of the DROP experiment are the study of the equilibrium figures of a rotating drop and the study of the large-amplitude oscillations of a liquid drop. The objective of the DROP experiment in relation to the DDM is to establish the advantages of conducting future drops and bubbles experiments in space. The DROP experiment will be subjected to continual to ensure that the experiments are scientifically current and available. The two component experiments (rotation and oscillation) of the DROP experiment have been chosen as the simplest experiments representative of the entire class of drop dynamics experiments. The component experiment on the equilibrium shapes of a rotating liquid drop of a simple liquid is not only an important and interesting experiment in its own right, but is also the simplest gyrostatic experiment that can be performed. In later experiments, more complicated liquids can be used; bubbles can be included; and the dynamics of rotating drops can be studied. This experiment, as it now stands, is an important exercise of the module's ability to provide drop rotation and the requisite science data.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 13-16
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  • 38
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: System specifications, launch procedures, costs, payloads, and evolutionary developments in the STS are outlined. The Shuttle employs solid propellant boosters and an external cryogenic fuel tank to achieve LEO for the manned Orbiter, which can maneuver in space and return to earth like a glider. The Shuttle can place a maximum payload of 30 tons into a 275 km orbit. An Inertial Upper Stage and a Spinning Solid Upper Stage will be carried by the Orbiter in its bay and used to boost satellites into GEO. Additionally, the Orbiter is equipped with a remote manipulator system for removing cargo from the bay and for grappling satellites for retrieval or repair. The Shuttle is presently launched from Kennedy Space Center, while a second launch site is being prepared at Vandenberg AFB. The STS is intended to perform 28-40 flights per year by the end of the 1980s. An Orbital Transfer Vehicle is under study to increase the size and length of payloads which can be placed in GEO using the Shuttle. Utilization of the concept is noted to be connected with the development of a permanently manned space station.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: L'Aeronautique et l'Astronautique; 95, 1; 1982
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-22346)
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-21331)
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  • 41
    facet.materialart.
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-20314)
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  • 42
    facet.materialart.
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The purpose of the Mercury Iodide Crystal Growth (MICG) experiment is the growth of near-perfect single crystals of mercury Iodide (HgI2) in a microgravity environment which will decrease the convection effects on crystal growth. Evaporation and condensation are the only transformations involved in this experiment. To accomplish these objectives, a two-zone furnace will be used in which two sensors collect the temperature data (one in each zone).
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 9-11
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In view of the support offered by previous work for the suggestion that Fe may affect alpha-Si3N4 formation and microstructural development, a two-part study was conducted to differentiate the effects of H2 and Fe in, first, the nitridation of pure and of Fe-containing powder in N2 and N2-4% H2, and then the nitridation of (1 1 1) Si single crystal wafers with and without Fe powder on the surface. The degree of nitridation is most strongly affected by H2 at 1200 C, but by Fe at 1375 C, where Fe-containing samples in either atmosphere were almost completely nitrided. While neither H2 nor Fe alone changed the ratio of alpha-Si3N4 to beta-Si3N4, the combination of H2 and Fe increased it at both temperatures.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Journal of Materials Science Letters; 1; Aug. 198
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The critical partial pressure of SiO necessary to initiate avalanche nucleation in the SiO-H2 system is measured as a function of the ambient temperature in the range 750-1000 K. Results show that the condensate produced at low temperatures is Si2O3, while a mixture of Si2O3 and amorphous SiO2 is produced at high temperatures. A surface energy of approximately 500 ergs/sq cm for the particles is found by analyzing the critical partial pressure vs temperature using classical nucleation theory. It is concluded that classical nucleation theory is not applicable to this system, because several inconsistencies in the thermodynamic analysis are demonstrated, and it is suggested that a kinetic theory of nucleation may be the preferential way to describe the condensation process.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Journal of Chemical Physics; 77; Sept. 1
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The purpose of this investigation is to grow more-perfect mercuric iodide crystals in a low-gravity environment by taking advantage of diffusion-controlled growth conditions and by avoiding the problem of strain dislocations produced by the crystal's weight. This crystal has considerable practical importance as a sensitive gamma-ray detector and energy spectrometer that can operate at ambient temperature, as compared to presently available detectors that must be cooled to near liquid nitrogen temperatures. However, the performance of mercuric iodide crystals only rarely approaches the expected performance, presumably because some of the free electrical charges produced within the crystal are not collected at the electrodes, but instead remain trapped or immobilized at crystal defects. An efficient high atomic number semiconductor detector capable of operating at room temperature utilizing single HgI2 crystals offers a greater potential than existing detector technology.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 5-8
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The short rod chevron-notch specimen has the advantages of (1) crack development at the chevron tip during the early stage of test loading, and (2) convenient calculation of plane-strain fracture toughness from the maximum test load and from a calibration factor which depends only on the specimen geometry and manner of loading. For generalized application, calibration of the specimen over a range of specimen proportions and chevron-notch configurations is necessary. Such was the objective of this investigation, wherein calibration of the short rod specimen was made by means of experimental compliance measurements converted into dimensionless stress intensity factor coefficients.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: International Journal of Fracture; 18; Feb. 198
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-20275)
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Aircraft seat materials were evaluated in terms of their thermal performance. The materials were evaluated using (a) thermogravimetric analysis, (b) differential scanning calorimetry, (c) a modified NBS smoke chamber to determine the rate of mass loss and (d) the NASA T-3 apparatus to determine the thermal efficiency. In this paper, the modified NBS smoke chamber will be described in detail since it provided the most conclusive results. The NBS smoke chamber was modified to measure the weight loss of materials when exposed to a radiant heat source over the range of 2.5 to 7.5 W/cm sq. This chamber has been utilized to evaluate the thermal performance of various heat blocking layers utilized to protect the polyurethane cushioning foam used in aircraft seats. Various kinds of heat blocking layers were evaluated by monitoring the weight loss of miniature seat cushions when exposed to the radiant heat. The effectiveness of aluminized heat blocking systems was demonstrated when compared to conventional heat blocking layers such as neoprene. All heat blocking systems showed good fire protection capabilities when compared to the state-of-the-art, i.e., wool-nylon over polyurethane foam.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Journal of Fire and Flammability; 13; Jan. 198
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Commercially-produced, pressureless sintered Si3N4, SiC, and SiAlON were characterized with respect to density, phases present, bend strength, and oxidation resistance. The room-temperature bend strengths of sintered Si3N4, SiC, and SiAlON are comparable. However, the room-temperature strengths are much lower (approximately 40 to 50%) than the room-temperature strength of hot-pressed Si3N4 (NC-132). The strength loss in Si3N4 and SiAlON materials at high temperature was attributed to a viscous grain-boundary phase, retained during cooling from the sintering temperature. The oxidation resistance of sintered alpha-SiC was the best of any materials tested.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: American Ceramic Society; vol. 65
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  • 50
    facet.materialart.
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The physical laws governing launch vehicles are reviewed, together with the performance of launch vehicles thus far used and expected developments in space transportation systems. Launches are generally made in the direction of earth rotation to take advantage of the initial velocity in that direction, which can amount to about 0.46 km/sec at the equator. Spacecraft usually attain a parking orbit, where spacecraft conditions are assessed before moving on to final orbit or interplanetary trajectory. Rocket batteries were first used in a battle near Beijing in 1232, and manned space flight began with the Vostok flight in 1961, followed by the Apollo lunar landings in the later 1960s. Rocket thrust performance is analyzed, together with the thrust/mass ratio for ascent and descent. The Shuttle, capable of placing 29.5 t in LEO, will be or is equipped to also carry IUS and PAM engines for transferring payloads from LEO to GEO. Parallel burn boosters may be added to increase the payload capability, and Shuttle-derived launch vehicles may be developed to carry construction materials to space and return to earth for a runway landing. Alternatively, the Shuttle engines may be modularized in order to develop a heavy-lift launch vehicle for unmanned cargo ascents.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is called to the undesirable effects (poor ultraviolet light stability and blooming) sometimes introduced by brominated flame retarders. A brominated polymeric additive (BPA) with little or none of these undesirable side effects is compared with decabromobiphenyl oxide (DBBPO). The additive bears the product name F-2300. It is found to be more easily dispersed than DBBPO. The F-2300 is as effective as the DBBPO in the oxygen index test. The improved efficiency of the F-2300 may be explained by its better dispersion in polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Glass-filled PBT containing F-2300 is found to be more resistant to UV degradation than DBBPO-containing formulas. Formulations with F-2300 therefore have a longer useful outdoor life. F-2300 is a diglycidyl-type polymer containing 50 percent aromatically bound bromine. Its melting point is 112 C, and it is stable up to 372 C. It is pointed out that since its melts at a relatively low temperature, it can be introduced into the formulation as a large agglomerate and still be dispersed evenly throughout the polymer.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Journal of Fire Retardant Chemistry; 9; Aug. 198
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The surface chemistry and friction behavior of a single crystal silicon carbide surface parallel to the 0001 plane in sliding contact with iron at various temperatures to 1500 C in a vacuum of 3 x 10 nPa are investigated using X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy. Results show that graphite and carbide-type carbon are seen primarily on the silicon carbide surface in addition to silicon at temperatures to 800 C by both types of spectroscopy. The coefficients of friction for iron sliding against a silicon carbide surface parallel to the 0001 plane surface are found to be high at temperatures up to 800 C, with the silicon and carbide-type carbon at maximum intensity in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at 800 C. The concentration of the graphite increases rapidly on the surface as the temperature is increased above 800 C, while the concentrations of the carbide-type carbon and silicon decrease rapidly and this presence of graphite is accompanied by a significant decrease in friction. Preheating the surfaces to 1500 C also gives dramatically lower coefficients of friction when reheating in the sliding temperature range of from room temperature to 1200 C, with this reduction in friction due to the graphite layer on the silicon carbide surface.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Applications of Surface Science (ISSN 0378-5963); 10; 1982
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Charging and discharging characteristics of dielectric samples exposed to 1-25 keV and 25-100 keV electrons in a laboratory environment are reported. The materials examined comprised OSR, Mylar, Kapton, perforated Kapton, and Alphaquartz, serving as models for materials employed on spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit. The tests were performed in a vacuum chamber with electron guns whose beams were rastered over the entire surface of the planar samples. The specimens were examined in low-impedance-grounded, high-impedance-grounded, and isolated configurations. The worst-case and average peak discharge currents were observed to be independent of the incident electron energy, the time-dependent changes in the worst case discharge peak current were independent of the energy, and predischarge surface potentials are negligibly dependent on incident monoenergetic electrons.
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Progress in the Progress ceramic materials is reported. Experiments and models for sintering and microstructure evolution are described. Models and data for understanding the kinetics of grain boundary motion and of pore coarsening and new materials for fuel cells and batteries; are developed. New experimental techniques using lasers for forming fine, monosized powders and for forming stable and metastable structures from liquids, and solar materials research are also developed. Colloidal science and ceramics processing are explored; and research programs on the presintering science necessary for controlled green microstructures are outlined.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: The Mater. Process. Res. Base of the Mater. Process. Center; p 198-209
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  • 55
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Waveguide coating materials were tested at 8470 MHz for insertion loss. Samples of these coatings on waveguide pieces without flanges were tested in an environmental chamber to simulate the effects of high power microwave heating. Test results indicated that three types of coating materials are acceptable with regard to insertion loss. However, simulated microwave heating caused debonding of Metcot 7 and BD-991 coatings, resulting in peelings in the waveguide. The higher cost Chemglaze R104 does not exhibit this problem.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 68-71
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The application of finite element computer analyses to polymer flows of the type encountered in melt processing operations is described. A code capable of predicting values of fluid veleocity, pressure, shear stress, and temperature at any point within the flow field was developed. As such, is is of value in diagnosing such processing problems as regions of fluid stagnation at which thermal degradation may occur, or regions of excessive shear deformation which lead to thermomechanical damage. It is further able to generate predictions of the forces which must be applied to the melt to achieve the desired flow, and this information is of value in designing processing equipment of optimal efficiency and minimum energy consumption.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: The Mater. Process. Res. Base of the Mater. Process. Center; p 117-119
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  • 57
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using a specially constructed microbalance for hydrostatic weighing, density changes in PVC thin film due to rapid quenching through the glass transition temperature were observed. The more severe the quench, the greater the free volume content. Isobaric volume recovery of PVC was also studied by volume dilatometry. Both show aging of relaxing molecular rearrangements taking place as a linear function of logarithmic aging time at room temperature. Distribution of retardation times and Primak's distributed activation energy spectra were applied to the volume recovery data. The concomitant changes in mechanical properties of PVC after quenching were monitored by tensile creep stress-stran to failure rates. All reflect the presence of excess free volume content due to rapid quenching.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: The Mater. Process. Res. Base of the Mater. Process. Center; p 79-89
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  • 58
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of experiments will be performed in which triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystals will be grown by a low-temperature solution growth technique in the microgravity environment of the orbital Spacelab. Triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystals will be grown in the Fluid Experiment System (FES) facility on Spacelab 3 by slowly extracting heat at a controlled rate through a seed crystal of TGS suspended on an insulated sting in a saturated solution of TGS. The FES rack assembly designed for SL-3 is shown in Figure I-1, and a detailed view of the test cell layout is presented in Figure I-2. Variations in the liquid density, solution concentration and temperature around the growing crystal will be studied using a variety of techniques, such as schlieren, shadowgraph, and interferometric measurements. Growth in Earth gravity will also be studied by the same optical techniques, and in both cases the resulting crystalline features will be compared and correlated with the growth conditions.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 3 Expt. Descriptions; p 3-4
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of ceramic compositions based on variations in the crystal-glass ratio of a mullite body were developed. The thermal expansion of these compositions varies from 3.7 to 5.0 x 10 to the -6th/deg C to 800 C. The materials are particularly useful for applications involving silicon, in that an identical thermal expansion is available. The high-temperature creep data for the lower-expansion compositions are inferior as a result of their higher glass contents. Raw material sources and fabrication procedures for specific compositions are given.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: American Ceramic Society; vol. 65
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Addition polyimode oligomers have been synthesized from 3,3 prime, 4,4 prime-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and 3,3 prime-methylenedianiline using a variety of latent crosslinking groups as end-caps. The nominal 1300 molecular weight imide prepolymers were isolated and characterized for solubility in amide, chlorinated and ether solvents, melt-flow and cure properties, glass transition temperature, and thermal stability on heating in an air atmosphere. Adhesive strengths of the polyimides were obtained both at ambient and elevated temperatures before and after aging at 232 C. Properties of the novel addition polyimides were compared to a known nadic end-capped adhesive, LARC-13.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Polymer Engineering and Science; 22; 1, Ja; Jan. 198
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of the X-ray flux in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (STAT) on the constitution of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface has been examined. The radiation dose rate for our specimen was about 10 to the 7th rad/s. The structure, magnitude and binding energy of the C(1s) and F(1s) features of the XPS spectrum and the mass spectrum of gaseous species evolved during irradiation are observed. The strong time dependence of these signals over a period of several hours indicated that the surface constitution of PTFE is greatly affected by this level of radiation dose. The results are consistent with the development of a heavily cross-linked or branched structure in the PTFE surface region and the evolution of short chain fragments into the gas phase.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology; 20; Feb. 198
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Specimens of plasma-sprayed-zirconia thermal-barrier coatings with three different porosities and different initial particle sizes were deformed in compression at initial loads of 6900, 13,800, and 24,100 kPa (1000, 2000, and 3500 psi) and temperatures of 1100, 1250, and 1400 C. The coatings were stabilized with lime, MgO, and two different concentrations of Y2O3. Creep began as soon as the load was applied and continued at a constantly decreasing rate until the load was removed. Temperature and stabilization had a pronounced effect on creep rate while the stress, particle size, and porosity had a lesser effect. Creep deformation was due to cracking and particle sliding.
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis has been developed which relates the effects of inelastic behavior of Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) materials. The results show these materials to be sensitive to small changes in temperature and are supported by measurements of inelastic behavior in disk and bar specimens at temperatures as low as 1010 C (1850 F). At higher thermomechanical loads, the test specimens can deform to strains greater than 1 percent and for bar specimens, with sufficient strength, to remain bonded to the metallic substrate.
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-32633)
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-17453)
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two materials, a refractory castable ceramic and a SiO2-SiO2 composite, were fabricated as nozzle inserts for the Langley Research Center's 2.4-m (8.0-ft) high temperature structures tunnel. The high pressure and intense heat of the CH4-air products of the combustion-gas stream limits the materials that can be used in this tunnel. The castable-ceramic material showed good resistance to erosion and the thermal loads imposed on it by the gas stream but failed in tension when subjected to high hoop stresses. The SiO2-SiO2-composite nozzle insert withstood the thermomechanical loads but eroded unacceptably with increasing test temperature and pressure.
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The characteristics of carbon fibers (CF) made from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) materials are discussed, together with research on conducting polymers. CF materials have better mechanical properties, chemical inertness, and higher stiffness than metallic materials but are subject to environmental instability, flammability, and delamination fatigue. Polymerization procedures for the monopolymer PAN are described, noting the use of SEM and X-ray diffraction techniques for studying the fiber structure. High modulus and strength of CF are caused by covalent sp(2) bonds in hexagonal carbon rings, which are stronger than the same links in diamonds. Details of the molecular chain structures and macroformations, stress-strain as a function of temperature, and thermosetting and glass transition temperatures of polymers are provided. Computational quantum chemistry techniques are being applied to studying electrical conductance in polymers, mainly to discover ways to stabilize the materials. Doped CH(x) has exhibited photovoltaic properties and other polymers have become superconductors at cryogenic temperatures.
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  • 68
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Flight Support System (FSS) which contains twelve mechanisms (six different types) which are used for retention and positioning of a Multimission Modular Spacecraft (MMS) within the Space Shuttle's cargo bay during launch, retrieval, and servicing missions is described. Retention latches were designed to provide the capability for structural support of the MMS during launch and retrieval, and during servicing operations the mechanisms on the Positioning Platform provide the capability for positioning the MMS in virtually any orientation necessary for the work to be performed. In addition, there are mechanisms for matching and demating umbilical connectors and a mechanism for locking the Positioning Platform during maneuvers. Each Mechanism is driven by a Common Drive Unit. Manual overrides were provided for those mechanisms that would present a safety hazard for the crew, if they should fail.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Kennedy Space Center The 16th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 23-44
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The orbiter icing problem, located in two lower surface mold line cavities, was solved. These two cavities are open during Shuttle ground operations and ascent, and are then closed after orbit insertion. If not protected, these cavities may be coated with ice, which may be detrimental to the adjacent thermal protection system (TPS) tiles if the ice breaks up during ascent, and may hinder the closing of the cavity doors if the ice does not break up. The problem of ice in these cavities was solved by the use of a passive mechanism called baggie, which is purge curtain used to enclose the cavity and is used in conjunction with gaseous nitrogen as the local purge gas. The baggie, the final solution, is unique in its simplicity, but its design and development were not. The final baggie design and its development testing are discussed. Also discussed are the baggie concepts and other solutions not used.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Kennedy Space Center The 16th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 1-22
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2015-07-14
    Description: To effectively assess the Pogo stability of the space shuttle vehicle, it was necessary to characterize the structural, propellant, and propulsion dynamics subsystems. Extensive analyses and comprehensive testing programs were established early in the project as an implementation of management philosophy of Pogo prevention for space shuttle. The role of the space shuttle main engine (SSMF) in the Pogo prevention plans, the results obtained from engine ground testing with analysis, and measured data from STS-1 flight are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., No. 52. Part 2; p 1-20
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The condensation of a diol with a silane in toluene yields a silphenylene-siloxane polymer. The reaction of stiochiometric amounts of the diol and silane produced products with molecular weights in the range 2.0 - 6.0 x 10 to the 5th power. The molecular weight of the product was greatly increased by a multistep technique. The methodology for synthesis of high molecular weight polymers using a two step procedure was refined. Polymers with weight average molecular weights in excess of 1.0 x 10 to the 6th power produced by this method. Two more reactive silanes, bis(pyrrolidinyl)dimethylsilane and bis(gamma butyrolactam)dimethylsilane, are compared with the dimethyleminodimethylsilane in ability to advance the molecular weight of the prepolymer. The polymers produced are characterized by intrinsic viscosity in tetrahydrofuran. Weight and number average molecular weights and polydispersity are determined by gel permeation chromatography.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 1982 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 13 p
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The operation of rocket engine turbine pumps is limited by the temperature restrictions of metallic components used in the systems. Mechanical strength and stability of these metallic components decrease drastically at elevated temperatures. Ceramic materials that retain high strength at high temperatures appear to be a feasible alternate material for use in the hot end of the turbopumps. This project identified and defined the processing parameters that affected the properties of Si3N4, one of candidate ceramic materials. Apparatus was assembled and put into operation to hot press Si3N4 powders into bulk material for in house evaluation. A work statement was completed to seek outside contract services to design, manufacture, and evaluate Si3N4 components in the service environments that exists in SSME turbopumps.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 1982 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 11 p
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design requirements, the design, and qualification and development test problems encountered on the Remote Manipulator End Effector are described. The constraints and interfaces with the arm, the Orbiter, and the payload are identified. The design solution to meet the requirements is a unique device that provides a soft-docking feature termed capture and a hard-docking feature termed rigidization.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Kennedy Space Center The 16th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 45-62
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: One of the main experimental monitors used to determine the environment in the payload bay was the Induced Environment Contamination Monitor. This package of instruments has made environmental measurements during STS flights with a high degree of success. This has shown that the shuttle environment is relatively free of contaminants, except for special instances of increased abundance of methane, water vapor and particulates. Results of these measurements are rapidly becoming more available. In establishing the Shuttle Environment Workshop, the findings were shared with scientific experimenters, users and other individuals who need to know what the Shuttle is like and what experimenters may expect in the payload bay. The Workshop was centered around results obtained from the environmental measurements made on the Shuttle. The program agenda for the workshop is given. The procedures and flow of communications for the workshop are indicated.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: The Shuttle Environ. Workshop; p 1-7
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  • 75
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Various techniques and methods in fluid management are discussed. Propellant on-orbit transfer efficiency from the space shuttle orbiter to orbital transfer vehicle is discussed. Techniques such as refueling, residuals recovery and propellant storage are described.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 381-405
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  • 76
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The space platform subsystem design characteristics are described in detail. Compatibility with the STS/orbiter is an important factor.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 320-334
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An aid concept known as the PIDA (Payload Installation and Deployment Aid) is presented as a way to assist the Remote Manipulator System (RMS) by relaxing the accuracy required during payload handling in the payload bay. The aid concept was designed and developed to move payloads through a prescribed path between the confined quarters of the payload bay and a position outside the critical maneuvering area of the Orbiter. An androgynous docking mechanism is used at the payload/PIDA interfaces for normal docking functions that also serves as the structural connection between the payload and the Orbiter, that is capable of being loosened to prevent transfer of loads between a stowed payload and the PIDA structure. A gearmotor driven drum/cable system is used in the docking mechanism in a unique manner to center the attenuator assembly, align the ring and guide assembly (docking interface) in roll, pitch, and yaw, and rigidize the mechanism at a nominal position. A description of the design requirements and the modes of operation of the various functions of the deployment and the docking mechanisms are covered.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 335-349
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The necessity of providing highly redundant spacecraft in the shuttle era was evaluated. Environmental and acceptance tests were done. Histories of 67 spacecraft over a 12 year period were analyzed. The final result of this study is that LMSC (Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc.) is convinced of the significant value of redundancy in spacecraft and systems environmental testing and such techniques should be carried forward into the shuttle era.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 229-246
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Fluid transfer requirements are presented for the orbital transfer vehicle (OTV) issues such as OTV configuration, hardware design and size are taken into consideration. Tank chilldown, tank fill and thermodynamic properties are all evaluated in relationship to fluid transfer needs.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 431-448
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  • 80
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Three studies were completed establishing sensor performance, technology status, and conceptual design requirements for rendezvous stationkeeping, and docking. A consideration of design constraints and the availale technology has led to the conclusion that the sensor should be a CW optical radar employing a semiconductor-laser transmitter and an image-dissector receiver. The performance obtainable for a representative sensor was compared to specifications generated during the study and it was found that this type of sensor can meet the needs of future Earth-orbital operations.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 350-380
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  • 81
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Orbiter Orbital Maneuver Subsystem (OMS) and Reaction Control Subsystem (RCS) tankage has proved to be highly successful in shuttle flights on-orbit propellant transfer tests were done. Tank qualification tests along with flight demonstrations were carried out future uses of storable propellants are cited.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 406-430
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  • 82
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Application of electrophoresis in space processing is described. Spaceborne experiments in areas such as biological products and FDA approved drugs are discussed. These experiments will be carried on shuttle payloads.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 307-319
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  • 83
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The motions of co-orbiting satellites is examined with reference to a free flying satellite requiring periodic servicing and an orbiting service base. The problems of differential orbit decay and nodal regression are emphasized.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 166-181
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of freeflyer maneuvering system and shuttle orbiter flight profiles and hardware/software requirements that will provide and automated rendezvous, station keeping, and docking capability is discussed. Automated control techniques, sensors, target vehicle requirements, and a soft docking system are addressed.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 110-136
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  • 85
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design of the manned maneuvering unit and associated flight support station is described. Thrust and maneuver capabilities per propellant supply are calculated and special consideration is given to the requirements for rotational maneuvers with large cargos. Satellite attachment devices and a remote controlled small payload maneuvering system are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 32-43
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two problems had to be solved to assure successful elimination of ice on the External Tank (ET). First, an access/support structure was provided from the Launch Complex 39A Fixed Service Structure to the vicinity of the nose cone on the ET approximately 82.3 meters (270 feet) above the surface of the pad and 22.9 meters (75 feet) from the face of the FSS. Second, an umbilical was designed and tested that would seal around the ET gaseous oxygen (GOX) vent louvers and not allow ice to form on the tank or the umbilical. A modified Apollo service arm was chosen. An inflatable vent seal subsystem was chosen, providing a cloth seal around each vent louver with an internal annulus to provide a path for the gaseous oxygen from the ET to a hard duct on the swing arm.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: The 16th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 299-313
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  • 87
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Components of the advanced extravehicular mobility unit (suit) are described. Design considerations for radiation protection, extravehicular operational pressure, mobility effects, tool/glove/effector, anthropometric definition, lighting, and equipment turnaround are addressed.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 197-214
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  • 88
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A description of the Solar Maximum Observatory and the operational status of its instrument systems is presented. The major science objectives which could be made possible with repairs to the spacecraft are defined. Hardware requirements and procedures for a repair mission are detailed. In general the mission involves: (1) the capture and control of the observatory in free flight by an astronaut in the manned manipulator unit; (2) berthing the observatory to the orbiter with the remote manipulator system; and (3) repairing the scientific instruments and replacing the attitude control system through extravehicular activity.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 137-165
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A general technical description of the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) is given. The description provides a basis for understanding EMU mobility capabilities and the environments a payload is exposed to in the vicinity of an EMU.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 44-72
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  • 90
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The teleoperator maneuvering system (TMS), consisting of the vehicle, the shuttle orbiter bay cradle with airborne support equipment, and the aft flight deck control station, is described. The vehicle is a reusable remotely controlled free flying vehicle capable of a variety of missions including payload placement, retrieval, servicing, viewing, and large space systems assembly support. The TMS flies preprogrammed trajectories as well as being controlled or reprogrammed from the aft flight deck or the ground. A building block design philosophy is described which permits the evolution of capability as it is needed and delays cost as much as possible. Various mission operations are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 73-100
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  • 91
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The benefits of a satellite services system and the basic needs of the Space Transportation System to have improved satellite service capability are identified. Specific required servicing equipment are discussed in terms of their technology development status and their operative functions. Concepts include maneuverable television systems, extravehicular maneuvering unit, orbiter exterior lighting, satellite holding and positioning aid, fluid transfer equipment, end effectors for the remote manipulator system, teleoperator maneuvering system, and hand and power tools.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 1-9
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This paper discussed the MEC system and its mission from the viewpoint of orbit servicing. Information is provided on MEC system requirements, design for on orbit servicing, on orbit servicing operations and rationale and servicing costs.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 261-289
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  • 93
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview of the general design of space vehicles serviced in orbit is presented. The basic space vehicle systems, subsystems, modules components, and associated appendages comprise the elements to be considered. Primary emphasis is given to the multi-disciplinary considerations in the development of requirements, and in particular, design of the space vehicle to facilitate orbital sevice by the extra-vehicular crew person(s).
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 290-306
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  • 94
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The shuttle payload processing facilities at the Kennedy Space Center and the payload processing and integrating procedures are briefly outlined.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 182-196
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  • 95
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of a training program for the intravehicular operation of space shuttle payloads is discussed. The priorities for the program are compliance with established training standards, and accommodating changes. Simulation devices are also reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 215-228
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  • 96
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Under the auspices of NASA/JSC a methodology was developed to estimate the value of satellite servicing to the user community. Time and funding precluded the development of an exhaustive computer model; instead, the concept of Design Reference Missions was involved. In this approach, three space programs were analyzed for various levels of servicing. The programs selected fall into broad categories which include 80 to 90% of the missions planned between now and the end of the century. Of necessity, the extrapolation of the three program analyses to the user community as a whole depends on an average mission model and equivalency projections. The value of the estimated cost benefits based on this approach depends largely on how well the equivalency assumptions and the mission model match the real world. A careful definition of all assumptions permits the analysis to be extended to conditions beyond the scope of this study.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 247-260
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  • 97
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The standard configuration of the shuttle remote manipulator system (RMS) is reviewed and the role of the RMS in satellite servicing is discussed. The RMS tasks include payload deployment, retrieval/berthing, large spacecraft assembly/module exchange, assist astronaut extravehicular servicing, and remote servicing. The potential growth of the RMS to increase its utilization and improve its performance is also addressed. The projected concepts include dual arm operation, a remote mounted RMS, and special purpose end effectors. In particular, a universal service tool system with both remote and manual modes of operation is described.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: Satellite Serv. Workshop, Vol. 1; p 10-31
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The centerline latch tool was designed and developed as an EVA manual backup device for latching the Space Shuttle Orbiter's payload bay doors for reentry in case of a failure of the existing centerline latches to operate properly. The tool was designed to satisfy a wide variety of structural, mechanical, and EVA requirements. It provides a load path for forces on the payload bay doors during reentry. Since the tool would be used by an EVA crewmember, control, handgrips, operating forces, and procedures must be within the capabilities of a partially restrained, suited crewmember in a zero-gravity environment. The centerline latch tool described was designed, developed, and tested to meet these requirements.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Kennedy Space Center The 16th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 63-85
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The ion beam sputtering technique available at the NASA-Lewis was used to apply coatings of bioglass to ceramic, metallic, and polymeric substrates. Experiments in vivo and in vitro described investigate these coatings. Some degree of substrate masking was obtained in all samples although stability and reactivity equivalent to bulk bioglass was not observed in all coated samples. Some degree of stability was seen in all coated samples that were reacted in vitro. Both metallic and ceramic substrates coated in this manner failed to show significantly improved coatings over those obtained with existing techniques. Implantation of the coated ceramic substrate samples in bone gave no definite bonding as seen with bulk glass; however, partial and patchy bonding was seen. Polymeric substrates in these studies showed promise of success. The coatings applied were sufficient to mask the underlying reactive test surface and tissue adhesion of collagen to bioglass was seen. Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, charged, and uncharged polymeric surfaces were successfully coated.
    Keywords: NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
    Type: NASA-CR-188778 , NAS 1.26:188778
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Mission Science Requirements Document (MSRD) for the First Dedicated Life Sciences Mission (LS-1) represents the culmination of thousands of hours of experiment selection, and science requirement definition activities. NASA life sciences has never before attempted to integrate, both scientifically and operationally, a single mission dedicated to life sciences research, and the complexity of the planning required for such an endeavor should be apparent. This set of requirements completes the first phase of a continual process which will attempt to optimize (within available programmatic and mission resources) the science accomplished on this mission.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA-TM-87494 , JSC-18295-PT-1 , NAS 1.15:87494
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