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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (871)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (710)
  • Organic Chemistry  (695)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (419)
  • 1980-1984  (2,695)
  • 1982  (2,695)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (2,695)
Year
  • 1
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    In-flight lift and drag measurements on a first generation jet transport equipped with winglets (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A KC-135A aircraft equipped with wing tip winglets was flight tested to demonstrate and validate the potential performance gain of the winglet concept as predicted from analytical and wind tunnel data. Flight data were obtained at cruise conditions for Mach numbers of 0.70, 0.75, and 0.80 at a nominal altitude of 36,000 ft. and winglet configurations of 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence, 0 deg cant/-4 deg incidence, and baseline. For the Mach numbers tested the data show that the addition of winglets did not affect the lifting characteristics of the wing. However, both winglet configurations showed a drag reduction over the baseline configuration, with the best winglet configuration being the 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence configuration. This drag reduction due to winglets also increased with increasing lift coefficient. It was also shown that a small difference exists between the 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence flight and wind tunnel predicted data. This difference was attributed to the pillowing of the winglet skins in flight which would decrease the winglet performance.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 103-116
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  • 2
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    KC-135 winglet program overview (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A joint NASA/USAF program was conducted to accomplish the following objectives: (1) evaluate the benefits that could be achieved from the application of winglets to KC-135 aircraft; and (2) determine the ability of wind tunnel tests and analytical analysis to predict winglet characteristics. The program included wind-tunnel development of a test winglet configuration; analytical predictions of the changes to the aircraft resulting from the application of the test winglet; and finally, flight tests of the developed configuration. Pressure distribution, loads, stability and control, buffet, fuel mileage, and flutter data were obtained to fulfill the objectives of the program.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 1-46
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  • 3
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    KC-135 wing and winglet flight pressure distributions, loads, and wing deflection results with some wind tunnel comparisons (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A full-scale winglet flight test on a KC-135 airplane with an upper winglet was conducted. Data were taken at Mach numbers from 0.70 to 0.82 at altitudes from 34,000 feet to 39,000 feet at stabilized flight conditions for wing/winglet configurations of basic wing tip, 15/-4 deg, 15/-2 deg, and 0/-4 deg winglet cant/incidence. An analysis of selected pressure distribution and data showed that with the basic wing tip, the flight and wind tunnel wing pressure distribution data showed good agreement. With winglets installed, the effects on the wing pressure distribution were mainly near the tip. Also, the flight and wind tunnel winglet pressure distributions had some significant differences primarily due to the oilcanning in flight. However, in general, the agreement was good. For the winglet cant and incidence configuration presented, the incidence had the largest effect on the winglet pressure distributions. The incremental flight wing deflection data showed that the semispan wind tunnel model did a reasonable job of simulating the aeroelastic effects at the wing tip. The flight loads data showed good agreement with predictions at the design point and also substantiated the predicted structural penalty (load increase) of the 15 deg cant/-2 deg incidence winglet configuration.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 47-102
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  • 4
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    Ray tracing studies of Jupiter's magnetosphere (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Raypaths for decametric wavelength radiation in Jupiter's magnetosphere were calculated. The model-dependent raypaths with the Voyager observations were compared. Characteristics of the source regions and the influence of propagation effects were deduced. A three dimensional ray tracing program was employed to calculate the raypaths. Families of rays were launched at particular angles with respect to the magnetic field lines to generate conical sheets of radiation for various frequencies and various source locations. As the planet's magnetic field rotates, these warped sheets of radiation sweep past the observer, producing signatures in frequency versus time plots. These signatures match some of those found in the Voyager data. The greatest propagation effects occur in and around the source regions in the Io auroral oval.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 16 p
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  • 5
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    Interaction of large meteoroids with the atmosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Disturbances of the atmosphere at heights of 120 to 40 km by penetration of meteroids of meter and decameter dimensions were examined. Unbiased data on atmospheric penetration of large meteroids was acquired, and their supply of gas and dust components to the middle atmosphere and their connection with the noctilucent clouds were determined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 4; p 153-154
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  • 6
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    Anomalies within the system - Rochechouart target rock meteorite (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Contaminated impact crater formations are pertinent to the study of meteoritic contamination at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary and other Ir-enriched layers. Target mixing considerations and volumetric estimates of Rochechouart breccias are presently combined with the geochemistry of both major and siderophile trace elements, to evaluate how the chemistry of the preserved target rock-projectile mixture evolved since deposition. Over 99 percent of the mass of extraterrestrial Ir and Os in preserved formations at Rochechouart is located in suevite-like breccias and impact melts. Hydrothermal alteration and/or weathering are the most likely processes to explain both major and trace element redistribution in Rochechouart formations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 7
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    The spectrum of comets as derived from IUE observations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Eight comets were observed with the IUE at various-heliocentric and geocentric distances. Their UV spectra are remarkably similar despite the large differences in the dust to gas ratios. Since all the dominant atomic species (except N) radicals and ions of the coma are detected in this spectral region, the total gaseous output of the nucleus can be estimated. The abundance of the carbon atom-bearing species is still not very well known and there are indications that the CO content of the coma could vary from comet to comet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: ESA 3rd European IUE Conf.; p 445-449
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  • 8
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    Analysis of photometric spectra of 17 meteors (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The initial phase of the photometry which involved 17 meteor spectra consisting of eight Geminid spectra, six Orionid spectra and three Eta Aquarid spectra is discussed. Among these 17 spectra it is found that the Geminid spectra are of the best quality and are used for the identification of the atomic lines and molecular bands that normally appear on video tape spectra. The data from the Geminid records are used for developing calibration techniques in photometry. The Orionid and Eta Aquarid spectra are chosen for early analysis because of the current interest in all physical and chemical data relating to Comet Halley.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteors and Meteor Spectra Anal.; 9 p
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  • 9
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    Morphology of volcanoes (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of chemical composition of the lava, physical processes of volcanic formation, and lava flow lengths on the morphology of Earth volcanoes were investigated. Difficulties in investigating volcanic morphology are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Advan. in Planetary Geol.; p 565-568
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  • 10
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    Chemistry and evolution of Titan's atmosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The chemistry and evolution of Titan's atmosphere are reviewed, in light of the scientific findings from the Voyager mission. It is argued that the present N2 atmosphere may be Titan's initial atmosphere, rather than one photochemically derived from an original NH3 atmosphere. The escape rate of hydrogen from Titan is controlled by photochemical production from hydrocarbons. CH4 is irreversibly converted to less hydrogen-rich hydrocarbons, which over geologic time accumulate on the surface to a layer thickness of about 0.5 km. Magnetospheric electrons interacting with Titan's exosphere may dissociate enough N2 into hot, escaping N atoms to remove about 0.2 of Titan's present atmosphere over geologic time. The energy dissipation of magnetospheric electrons exceeds solar EUV energy deposition in Titan's atmosphere by an order of magnitude, and is the principal driver of nitrogen photochemistry. The environmental conditions in Titan's upper atmosphere are favorable to building up complex molecules, particularly in the north polar cap region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 11
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    Production of nitric oxide by lightning on Venus (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The first measurements of the production of nitric oxide (NO) by a laboratory discharge in a simulated Venus atmosphere are presented. The average NO yield over a range of energies was found to be 3.7 + or - 0.7 x 10 to the 15th molecules/joule. Simultaneous measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) resulting from the lightning-induced dissociation of carbon dioxide (CO2) indicated a CO yield of about 4 x 10 to the 17th molecules/joule. These measurements suggest that at and below cloud level, a region where solar ultraviolet radiation cannot penetrate, the dissociation of CO2 by lightning may be a significant source of oxygen atoms. Depending on the assumed value for the total energy dissipated by lightning on Venus, the production of NO by lightning may be a significant sink of atmospheric nitrogen over the history of Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Aug. 198
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  • 12
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    Evidence for a distant /greater than 8,700 R sub J/ Jovian magnetotail - Voyager 2 observations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-18106)
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Aug. 198
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  • 13
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    Quasi-periodic climate changes on Mars - A review (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The current understanding of the manner in which astronomical variations modulate the Martian climate and thereby lead to the occurrence of laminated polar terrain is considered. The seasonal cycles of dust, carbon dioxide and water, and their responses to astronomical variations, are studied. After an assessment of the way in which these cycles presently operate, for which pertinent spacecraft and ground-based observations are extant, attempts to predict how these cycles may differ under conditions of high and low obliquity and eccentricity are discussed. Attention is given not only to those areas in which there is broad agreement, but also to the controversial and speculative. Key questions include the proportion of dust and water ice in the laminae and its variations within individual layers, the relative importance of older laminae and lower-latitude material as sources of new laminae, and the factors responsible for the youth of the laminated terrain.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 14
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    Photoclinometric determination of the topography of the Martian north polar cap (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Photoclinometry is useful for the determination of topography for areas which have a uniform albedo. The technique is applied to early spring Viking images of the Martian north polar cap, taken when the surface was covered by a nearly uniform frost cover. Unlike earlier approaches, the topographic profiling can be used for surfaces with any photometric function, but the strike of the planetary surface relative to the illumination angle must be specified along the profile. The resultant profiles are relatively insensitive to misestimation of the photometric function and slope orientation, but are quite sensitive to the assumed values of the reflectance of an equivalent level surface and the atmospheric opacity (if it is large).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 15
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    Stability of negatively charged dust grains in Saturn's ring plane (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The boundary between the inner and outer parts of Saturn's B ring is located at the theoretical limit of stability of dust grains with large negative charge to mass ratio. A grain inside of this stability limit will move along magnetic field lines and strike Saturn if given a slight velocity component normal to the ring plane. Outside of this marginal stability radius, a perturbed grain merely oscillates back and forth through the ring plane. The theoretical location of the marginal stability radius is at 1.625 Saturn radius. Observations by Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2 in the infared see the boundary as a prominent change in ring brightness at this radius. The occultation of delta-Scorpii by the rings in the ultraviolet seen by Voyager 2 shows about a factor of two change in optical depth beginning very close to this radius.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Aug. 1
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  • 16
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    The Lappajarvi meteorite crater, Finland - Petrography, Rb-Sr, major and trace element geochemistry of the impact melt and basement rocks (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 46; July 198
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  • 17
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    On the location of acid-hydrolysable carbon in lunar soil fines (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Soil fines exposed on the lunar surface accumulate small metallic iron particles and solar wind-derived carbon. In previous work, it has been suggested that an intimate association exists between one particular carbon phase, hydrolysable carbon, and very fine iron droplets, where the carbon is in solid solution in the iron. The earlier hypothesis of a constant carbon in iron concentration across a broad range of droplet sizes is testable by combining hydrolysable carbon determinations with a variety of magnetic measurements sensitive to different droplet diameters. New measurements of ferromagnetic resonance response on density and magnetic separates from size fractions of soil 12023 are interpreted as evidence that hydrolysable carbon is preferentially associated with the larger, magnetically stable single-domain iron particles rather than with the smaller superparamagnetic droplets. For the former, there is a quite uniform ratio of iron to carbon both within a series of separates from a single soil, and among soils of widely varying FeO content.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 59; 1, Ju; June 198
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  • 18
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    Turbulence amplification in shock-wave boundary-layer interaction (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is directed to the acoustics research of the 1950s and 1960s for guidance in understanding and quantizing the turbulence amplification that can occur in regions of shock-wave boundary-layer interaction. Three primary turbulence amplifier-generator mechanisms are identified and shown, by linear analysis, to be responsible for turbulence amplification across a shock wave in excess of 100% of the incident turbulence intensity.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 20; July 198
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  • 19
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    Theory of radio occultation by Saturn's rings (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radio occultation technique, as applied to Saturn's rings, is developed as a new method for the study of the physical properties of planetary ring systems. The rings are treated as a Doppler-spread radar target composed of an ensemble of discrete scatterers. The mathematical formulation of the received signal as a random-phasor-sum process is carried out following a conventional radar theory approach, providing a convenient starting point for deriving coherent signal parameters. A classical result is rederived for the equivalent refractive index of the medium. The analysis is generalized to include ringlets of arbitrary width and it is shown that when the width is such that two adjacent rays are differentially perturbed in phase, ray bending that causes focusing of the coherent signal may result. The diffuse component is also treated in detail.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 49; Feb. 198
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  • 20
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    Structure of the Venus mesosphere and lower thermosphere from measurements during entry of the Pioneer Venus probes (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data on the thermal structure of the nightside middle atmosphere of Venus, from 84 to 137 km altitude, have been obtained from analysis of deceleration measurements from the third Pioneer Venus small probe, the night probe, which entered the atmosphere near the midnight meridian at 27 deg S latitude. Comparison of the midnight sounding with the morning sounding at 31 deg S latitude indicates that the temperature structure is essentially diurnally invariant up to 100 km, above which the nightside structure diverges sharply from the dayside toward lower temperatures. Very large diurnal pressure differences develop above 100 km with dayside pressure ten times that on the nightside at 126 km altitude. This has major implications for upper atmospheric dynamics. The data are compared with the measurements of Keating et al. (1980) above 140 km, with theoretical thermal structure models of Dickinson, and with data obtained by Russian Venera spacecraft below 100 km. Midnight temperatures are approximately 130 K, somewhat warmer than those reported by Keating et al.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 49; Jan. 198
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  • 21
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    The Mars reference atmosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A nominal atmospheric model of Mars is presented, with detailed consideration being given to the various sources of variability in the Martian atmosphere. A basic model for the midlatitude summer is outlined for the northern and southern hemispheres. Attention is given to meteorological variability due to winds, diurnal and seasonal pressure variations, temperature changes, and the effects of dust opacity, particularly on temperature stratification. Viking lander IR thermal mapper data are examined in terms of diurnal and latitudinal temperature variations, and cloud and haze formation and locations are discussed. Mass spectrometry of the atmosphere is used to describe the molecular abundances, and water vapor measurements are reviewed. Finally, radio occultation, UV airglow, and mass spectrometry of the Martian upper atmosphere are investigated, along with the temperature structure of the upper atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 22
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    Venus - Chemical weathering of igneous rocks and buffering of atmospheric composition (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the Pioneer Venus radar mapper, combined with measurements of wind velocity and atmospheric composition, suggest that surface erosion on Venus varies with altitude. Calcium- and magnesium-rich weathering products are produced at high altitudes by gas-solid reactions with igneous minerals, then removed into the hotter lowlands by surface winds. These fine-grained weathering products may then rereact with the lower atmosphere and buffer the composition of the observed gases carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride in some regions of the surface. This process is a plausible mechanism for the establishment in the lowlands of a calcium-rich mineral assemblage, which had previously been found necessary for the buffering of these species.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 216; Apr. 9
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  • 23
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    The induced magnetosphere of Titan (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: No evidence was found for an intrinsic magnetic field, nor for the development of a bow shock wave, as the corotating Saturnian magnetoplasma convected past Titan during the Voyager 1 close encounter of November 12, 1980. The observation of a well-developed, induced bipolar magnetic tail is evidence, however, of a strong electrodynamic interaction. Three thin, current-carrying regions were crossed which correspond to the inbound and outbound tail magnetopause and an imbedded tail neutral sheet. The interaction is unique among those observed to date in the solar system, in that it is intermediate with respect to sonic and Alfvenic Mach numbers by comparison with Titan in the solar wind and Io in the Jovian magnetosphere. The draping of the Saturnian magnetic field around the ionosphere of Titan is suggested by results of the analysis of magnetic field data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Mar. 1
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  • 24
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    The Allan Hills icefield and its relationship to meteorite concentration (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Allan Hills icefield is described by as a limited icefield that has large concentrations of meteorites. The meteorites appear to be concentrated on the lower limb of an ice monocline with other finds scattered throughout the field. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of meteorite concentration, a triangulation chain was established across the icefield. This chain is composed of 20 stations, two of which are on bedrock, and extends westward from the Allan Hills a distance of 15 kilometers. The triangulation chain and its relationship to the meteorite concentrations is shown.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Catalog of Meteorites from Victoria Land, Antarctica, 1978 - 1980; p 12-18
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  • 25
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    Composition of Jupiter (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The chemistry of Jupiter's atmosphere is reviewed. The various molecules that were discovered on Jupiter are summarized. The compounds: methane, ammonia water, ethane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, phosphine, and germane.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 363-385
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  • 26
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    Infrared absorption by OH containing compounds (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectroscopy of the species H2O, H2O2, and HO2 are discussed. Their vibration rotation transitions are emphasized, but the pure rotational transitions in the vibrational ground state of H2O are also considered since they contribute to opacity in the middle infrared region.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 295-310
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  • 27
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    New theoretical and experimental methods for pressure broadened linewidths and their interpretation (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A review of recent progress in the theory of collisional line broadening, particularly the impact of recent advances in collision dynamics calculations is presented. Some new approaches to the interpretation of experimentally measured linewidths and their impact on planetary atmosphere research are discussed. Experimental techniques which may have some advantage in providing pressure broadening data at very low temperatures are also mentioned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 125-148
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  • 28
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    Molecular spectroscopy and planetary exploration from space (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Examples of the role which molecular spectroscopy played in the interpretation of the thermal emission spectra of Earth, Mars, and Jupiter are given. Some advantages of molecular spectroscopy from a spacecraft passing close to a planet, or from an orbiter, over ground based techniques are discussed. Specifically the possibility of obtaining spectra over a wide spectral range (1) without the obscuring effect of Earth's atmosphere, (2) at much higher spatial resolution, and (3) from directions and with phase angles inaccessible from Earth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 29-47
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  • 29
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    Channel and physical models of the Jovian subnebula (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A semiempirical physical model of the Jovian subnebula was developed by analogy with the primitive solar nebula itself. The chemical aspects of this model are developed according to the principles developed in the study of the thermochemistry and gas kinetic behavior of the solar nebula, but with important modifications to take into account the higher pressures and densities in the Jovian subnebula. The bulk compositions and densities of the inner satellites of Jupiter are calculated. It is proposed that Europa differs from Io chiefly in that in has suffered a less severe thermal history. The general features of this model are applicable with minor modification to the systems of Saturn and Uranus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Atmospheres Program; p 4-26
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  • 30
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    SPF/DB titanium concepts for structural efficiency foi HC (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Illustrations for a presentation on superplastic forming/diffusion bonding titanium design concepts are presented. Sandwich skin panels with hat section, semicircular corrugation, sine wave, and truss cores are shown. The fabrication of wing panels is illustrated, and applications to the design of advanced variable sweep bombers summarized.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Laminar Flow Control; p 95-110
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  • 31
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    SPF/DB titanium LFC porous panel concept (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Illustrations for a presentation demonstrating superplastic forming/diffusion bonding titanium porous panels are presented. Fabrication phases, sandwich panels, load bearing qualities, microstructure, and panel surface after finishing are illustrated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Laminar Flow Control; p 111-138
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    Line intensities from band and diode laser measurements: Neutrino 4 of CH4 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The experimental data and theoretical work on the 7.7 micron band of methane are reviewed. This band is particularly relevant in studies of the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn and the other outer planets. Methane spectra taken from the infrared spectrometer (IRIS) aboard Voyager, and a temperature profile derived by inverting those data, both for hydrogen and methane are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 529-542
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    X-29A forward-swept-wing demonstrator airplane (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The X-29A is a technology demonstrator. The FSW is just one of the technologies. Others include the following: discrete variable camber, relaxed static stability, triplex digital fly-by-wire (FBW) control system, variable-incidence/close-coupled canard, aeroelastically tailored composite wing, and thin supercritical airfoil. The growth potential for additional technologies is shown.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind-Tunnel(Flight Correlation, 1981; p 177-189
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  • 34
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    Opportunities for wind-tunnel/flight correlation with new Boeing airplanes (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of correlated data in airplane development is discussed. Areas of interest include initial airworthiness of an aircraft, low-speed configuration optimization, and high-speed configuration optimization. Data from wind tunnel tests are shown to be significant when applied to guarantee compliance, which includes fuel consumption, airspeeds, and takeoff and landing performance. The use of correlation in achieving FAA certification is also discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind-Tunnel-Flight Correlation, 1981; p 141-157
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  • 35
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    F-15 wind-tunnel/flight correlations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: F-15 correlation data for longitudinal control and inlet-ramp effectiveness, and horizontal-tail setting for trim are presented. The Reynolds number effect on airfoil laminar bubble burst is included.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind-Tunnel(Flight Correlation, 1981; p 109-115
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  • 36
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    Wind-tunnel/flight correlation program on XB-70-1 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The XB-70-1 was selected for a wind-tunnel/flight correlation program as representative of a large, flexible supersonic airplane similar to a supersonic transport. Tests were made to determine the effects of control deflections, wing tip deflection, and variations in inlet mass flow (additive drag).
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Wind-Tunnel(Flight Correlation, 1981; p 65-91
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  • 37
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    Thermal Structure of Jupiter and Saturn (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Temperatures in the sensible regions of the atmospheres of the outer planets are quite cold. The temperature structures for Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, derived from the equilibrium models are presented in preparation. The vertical temperature profiles for Jupiter and Saturn, the molecular spectroscopic data which form the basis for this type of analysis, and the problems involved with these models for molecular absorption and with the recovery technique in general, are discussed. Results for Jupiter and Saturn from the Pioneer and Voyager infrared experiments are also presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 333-362
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  • 38
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    Spectroscopic measurements of Mars and Venus with heterodyne techniques (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements were made of the exact shape of CO2 absorption lines in Mars and Venus to determine the vertical pressure temperature structure using high resolution heterodyne spectroscopy. Accurate measurements of absolute wind velocities in both the mesosphere and stratosphere of Venus were made from Doppler shifts of narrow CO2 lines, and searches were made for minor molecular species of interest in modeling the stratospheric photochemistry for Mars and Venus.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 277-294
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  • 39
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    Transient species on Mars and Venus (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The similarities between the atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars are discussed. The following species are highlighted: NOx, HOx, and COx. The concentrations of the species were examined for all three planets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 243-251
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  • 40
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    Neutral species in the atmosphere of Venus (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: About 97% of the Venusian atmosphere is CO2, with the balance comprised of various trace constituents. Species other than CO2 that are found in Venus' atmosphere or are being sought are discussed. The problems connected with the spectrum of CO2 itself are highlighted.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 229-242
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  • 41
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    Gaseous infrared absorption in the lower atmosphere of Venus (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Possibly important sources of infrared opacity in the Venusian atmosphere was identified. It is shown that which is the major atmospheric constituent comprising about 97 percent of the atmosphere, is the dominant infrared opacity source. Not shown is N2 which comprises about 3 percent of the atmosphere. The mixing ratio of water vapor varies considerably with altitude but falls in the range of about 20 to 200 parts per million (ppm). The mixing ratio of SO2 falls in the range of 100-200 ppm. This number is about 5000 times larger than estimates obtained earlier via Earth-based observations. The abundance of some of the other minor constituents is also shown.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 255-269
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  • 42
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    The JPL millimeter, submillimeter and microwave line catalog (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The catalog includes molecules of interest in the interstellar medium, in planetary atmospheres and in the Earth's atmosphere. Different units than those on the AFGL tape are used. For citing line frequencies in the microwave region. Either the experimental errors or the propagation of errors from the fit are included on the tape. This gives an estimate of how accurate the frequencies are. The intensity units are defined as follows: the logarithm of the intensity unit is the cross section times the frequency in MHz. This is essentially the same unit as on the AFGL tape, but contains fewer factors of the speed of light. The catalog is available to the scientific community either as a tape or on microfiche (filmed in frequency sorted and molecule sorted format).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 191-196
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  • 43
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    Microwave rotational spectroscopy (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The region of planetary atmospheres upward of 1 millimeter is considered. The applications of this region, how microwave, millimeter, and submillimeter spectra (the so called rotational spectra) can fruitfully interact with infrared spectral measurements are described. Both the rotational bands and vibrational bands of molecules are considered. A typical rotational absorption coefficient for a linear molecule in a low J state with a dipole moment of about one Debye is plotted and evaluated. A vibrational case was chosen similarly: the transition dipole moment used for the vibrational case is typical of CO at the peak of its rotational distribution. Information on high altitude parameters that often cannot be obtained from higher frequency spectra, which can be provided by rotational spectra is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 1; p 171-190
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  • 44
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    Venus: Halide cloud condensation and volatile element inventories (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several Venus cloud condensates, including A12C16 as well as halides, oxides and sulfides of arsenic and antimony, are assessed for their thermodynamic and geochemical plausibility. Aluminum chloride can confidently be ruled out, and condensation of arsenic sulfides on the surface will cause arsenic compounds to be too rare to produce the observed clouds. Antimony may conceivably be sufficiently volatile, but the expected molecular form is gaseous SbS, not the chloride. Arsenic and antimony compounds in the atmosphere will be regulated at very low levels by sulfide precipitation, irrespective of the planetary inventory of As and Sb. Thus the arguments for a volatile-deficient origin for Venus based on the depletion of water and mercury (relative to Earth) cannot be tested by a search for atmospheric arsenic or antimony.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Atmospheres Program; p 27-35
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  • 45
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    Comments on Pluto's atmosphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A pure CH4 atmosphere would rapidly escape from Pluto. For such an atmosphere, even CH4 frosts on Pluto's surface would completely sublimate on a time scale short compared to Pluto's life. Observations of CH4 therefore imply that its atmosphere must also contain another gas in significant quantity.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 709-715
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    Spectroscopy of Triton and Pluto: Current status and prospects (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Near-infrared spectrophotometry of Triton and Pluto at low spectral resolution and signal precision reveals methane absorption on both bodies. The absorption on Triton is probably gaseous CH4, while that on Pluto is a combination of gas and ice of CH4. Using present detectors and telescopes, spectra of Triton and Pluto can be obtained which are 5-10 times better than those published, but such data will not be sufficient to distinguish between gaseous and solid methane on these bodies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 699-706
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    Spectra of ammonia (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Developments in the spectral analysis of ammonia are highlighted. Experimental techniques of diode laser spectroscopy were reviewed. It is shown that diode lasers give much better spectral resolution than even Fourier transform spectroscopy.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 611-634
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  • 48
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    Long-pathlength absorption spectroscopy of CH4 (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Infrared spectra of methane and ammonia are taken. The methane data base accumulated is described. The spectral region from 4,000 to 6,500 cm is covered at moderate resolution (0.15 cm), working at three temperatures (118, 191, and 272K), and with the (pressure - pathlength) product ranging over a factor of a thousand. Methane spectra broadened by hydrogen and helium have also been taken. Normalized spectra are stored on magnetic tapes, at a resolution slightly better than 0.25 cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 585-595
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  • 49
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    Current Studies of CH4 from 2.5 to 7 microns (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The 3.5 micron region of methane was analyzed. The positions and strengths of approximately 9000 absorption lines in the region from 2400 to 3200 cm were measured. Spectra were obtained at a resolution of 0.1 cm using the Fourier transform spectrometer and at 0.02 cm resolution using the four passed grating spectrometer. The analysis of the 3.5 micron region required the use of spectra of CH4 in other regions, therefore the methane spectrum from 1200 to 4700 cm is indicated. The method used for the compilation of line lists is demonstrated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 503-526
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    A review of acetylene, ethylene and ethane molecular spectroscopy for planetary applications (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectroscopic work in acetylene, ethylene and ethane, are of particular interest since the Voyager IRIS observations of Jupiter. Acetylene and ethane but not ethylene were observed in the Jovian spectrum. Two fundamental bands of the observed gases are used to determine the spatial distribution of these hydrocarbons on Jupiter and to illuminate the photochemistry of these species. The 100 to 1000 cm region is discussed and selected examples of current laboratory work are given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 473-496
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  • 51
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    Collision induced sharp features in the infrared spectrum of HD (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The collision induced spectra of HD and H2 are studied. Their application to the study of planetary (and planetary satellite) atmospheres is investigated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Vibrational-Rotational Spectry. for Planetary Atmospheres, Vol. 2; p 439-447
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  • 52
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    X-29A for NTF wind-tunnel/flight correlations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Considerations and recommendations for correlation are given. Basic tunnel calibration prior to research and development tests is suggested. Areas of concentration include: wing cruise drag and drag rise, wing separation and stall, afterbody and base drag, propulsion effects, vortex flows, cavity flows, and excrescences.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind-Tunnel(Flight Correlation, 1981; p 191-197
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    Space-vehicle correlation of ground and flight experiments (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A 2-percent-scale model was designed for testing in the NTF. This model has remotely controlled elevons, body flap, and rudder to minimize tunnel entries associated with configuration changes in the NTF. The Shuttle Orbiter has a very large aerodynamic data base obtained in ground facilities. Since the vehicle flight-test program has already begun, a large amount of flight data can be analyzed and correlated with the NTF results.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Wind-Tunnel(Flight Correlation, 1981; p 173-176
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  • 54
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    Aerodynamic comparisons of Space Shuttle ascent: STS-1 flight versus wind-tunnel predictions (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is found from the comparisons that large longitudinal aerodynamic differences exist between wind tunnel predictions and flight measurements. Cold gas plume simulation underpredicted Shuttle base pressure. It is concluded that observed flight prediction increments are probably caused by several factors such as input error, independent variable errors, plume effects, and Reynolds number effects.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind-Tunnel(Flight Correlation, 1981; p 133-140
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    Problems in correlation caused by propulsion systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Correlation efforts and selected results for transonic drag are reviewed. A process to reduce the typical error sources to decrease the errors inherent in the transonic aircraft development process is summarized.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Wind-Tunnel(Flight Correlation, 1981; p 93-108
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  • 56
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    Wind-tunnel/flight-drag correlation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Predicted and flight-test drag on the C-5A and the C-141 are correlated. Equivalent rigid flight-test profile drag and a rigid estimate based on wind tunnel data are also correlated. Correlations for the National Transonic Facility are included.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind-Tunnel(Flight Correlation, 1981; p 33-46
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    Review of the 1980 Wind-Tunnel/Flight Correlation Panel (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Wind tunnel/flight correlation history from the P-51 to the F-8 supercritical wing is reviewed, showing that researchers continue to be faced with nearly identical discrepancies in predicted versus measured drag. The capabilities of the National Transonic Facility to allow assessment of the effects which have heretofore plagued researchers and aircraft designers are anticipated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind-Tunnel(Flight Correlation, 1981; p 23-32
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    Transonic-flow computation using an explicit-implicit method (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The explicit-implicit predictor corrector method of MacCormack (1981) is applied to the analysis of flows past airfoils. By comparing results obtained with different methods and meshes, it is shown that the above method provides, after certain modifications, reasonably good predictions of inviscid and viscous flows about an airfoil. Good results are also obtained for the transonic regime if the free-stream conditions are correct and if a suitable mesh is used.
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    Galileo - Mission to Jupiter (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The payloads, mission, and performance characteristics of the Galileo probe, to be launched by a Centaur boost from the Orbiter in 1985, are described. The Galileo is intended to determine the chemical compositions and physical states of the Jovian atmosphere and of the Jovian satellites, and to investigate the structure and dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere. The orbiting part of the spacecraft will carry a near-IR mapping spectrometer, a photopolarimeter radiometer, a solid state imaging camera, a UV spectrometer, and five fields and particles instruments. A probe will be dropped for parachute descent into the Jovian atmosphere, carrying an atmospheric structure instrument, a neutral mass spectrometer, a He abundance interferometer, a nephelometer, and a radiometer. A retrorocket burn during the encounter with Jupiter will place the Galileo in an orbit calculated to pass close to all the Jovian moons over 12 orbits spanning 20 mos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomy; Feb
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    Two methods for determining volumes for explosion and impact craters (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development and testing of two techniques for determination of apparent and rim crest volumes of impact and explosion craters are described. The accuracy of the techniques, their relative costs, and the time required to complete the volume calculations are compared.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Advan. in Planetary Geol.; p 568-573
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    Possible applications of time domain reflectometry in planetary exploration missions (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of a time domain reflectometer (TDR) for planetary exploration is considered. Determination of the apparent dielectric constant and hence, the volumetric water content of frozen and unfrozen soils using the TDR is described. Earth-based tests were performed on a New York state sandy soil and a Wyoming Bentonite. Use of both a cylindrical coaxial transmission line and a parallel transmission line as probes was evaluated. The water content of the soils was varied and the apparent dielectric constant measured in both frozen and unfrozen states. Advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Advan. in Planetary Geol.; p 545-555
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    Planet-crossing asteroid survey (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ephemerides computed from asteroid orbits and the 48 in. Palomar Schmidt log book were used to determine the number of objects that might have appeared in photographic plates taken in years other than 1979. Thus, new positions would be calculated aiding the refinement of the preliminary orbits of these asteroids, eventually leading to their permanent number of designation. From these 109 asteroids, 35 were potentially on 97 plates taken at Palomar between 1976 and 1981. Unfortunately, only 27 plates were readily available and the number of tentative asteroids was reduced to 10. Upon examination of the film, only six objects were found to be in the region predicted by their ephemerides. The position of these objects was measured to the one arcsecond precision.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Advan. in Planetary Geol.; p 541-544
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    The intercrater plains of Mercury and the Moon: Their nature, origin and role in terrestrial planet evolution. Chronology of surface history of the Moon (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sequence of events is described that occurred from the time that the ancient lunar crust solidified (about 4.4. billion years ago) and anorthositic high lands dominated the surface, until the global contraction (cooling) that began around 3.3 billion years ago when late stage basalts were emplaced at basin margins where fractures penetrated to subsurface tensional zones. The lunar intercrater plains may be linked with early KREEP volcanism, the LKFM basalt source region, and the first stages of mare volcanism. Ages of KREEP bracket the possible ages of the pre-Imbrian plains, and overlap the initial stages of mare basalt emplacement. Both plains are extruded under the same tensional tectonic regime.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Advan. in Planetary Geol.; p 505-507
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    Eddy mixing coefficient on Saturn (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data on the composition, thermal structure, and Lyman-alpha dayglow of Saturn, when analyzed in conjunction with photochemical models of the hydrocarbons and the atomic hydrogen production, yield the homopause value of the eddy diffusion coefficient to be approximately 100 million/sq cm per sec. The equatorial value of the eddy diffusion coefficient at the homopause of Saturn is thus found to be approximately 100 times greater than on Jupiter. The mesosphere (and presumably, troposphere) of Saturn appears to be considerably more turbulent than the upper atmosphere of Jupiter.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 30; Aug. 198
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    On the impingement of supersonic jet on a normal flat surface (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An improved method, based on one strip approximation of the method of integral relations which was reported originally by Belov, Ginzburg and Shub (1973), is presented for the calculation of flow parameters in the impingement region of a supersonic, underexpanded jet striking a normal surface located within the first cell. The results are presented for two impingement conditions and found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Aeronautical Quarterly; 33; Aug. 198
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    Control of the homopause level (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The hypothesized responsibility of internal gravity wave breaking for upper atmosphere turbulence generation and the control of homopause level number density is considered. The lowest-order, equatorially trapped, westward-propagating diurnal tidal mode is the primary cause of the necessary turbulence on earth, while the lower-order, westward-propagating semidiurnal modes are the primary cause on Mars. The frequencies and vertical wavenumbers of the responsible modes determine the eddy diffusion coefficients, while energy density is only indirectly involved, by determining which modes can break. The breaking potential of tidal modes can be assessed by a general scale relationship between tidal heating and velocity amplitude which is presently employed as the basis for the suggestion that the number density of the Martian homopause is likely to have been stable over much of geologic time.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 67
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    On Jupiter's whistler emission (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A theory explaining Jupiter's banded whistler emission, in particular low-frequency hiss and chorus, is proposed. It is shown that superthermal electrons described by a kappa distribution function cause whistler instability below one-third of the electron gyrofrequency, whereas a two temperature Maxwellian leads to a band of unstable growing modes just below one-half of the electron gyrofrequency. A superposition of both yields almost exactly the structure of whistler mode hiss and chorus detected by the Voyager 1 and 2 plasma wave instrument.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Aug. 1
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  • 68
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    Jovian winds from Voyager 2. I - Zonal mean circulation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Independent measurements of Jovian cloud motions confirm previously published results on the general structure of Jupiter's zonal mean circulation. The new results are based on Voyager 2 images and measurement techniques which are different from those used in previous studies. The latitudes of the zonal jets agree with previous results, but there are some differences in the measured speed of the jets which exceed uncertainty estimates. These differences may be due to differences in sampling strategies. The structure of the zonal mean meridional velocity profile has still not been clearly resolved: mean meridional velocities generally differ from zero by no more than their estimated uncertainty. An analysis of successive measurements of the same cloud targets shows that most of the variance of individual velocity measurements is due to true variability of the winds.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; July 198
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  • 69
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    Venus - Global surface radar reflectivity (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of the surface of Venus, carried out by the Pioneer Venus radar mapper at a wavelength of 17 centimeters, reveal a global mean reflectivity at normal incidence of 0.13 + or - 0.03. Over the surface, variations from a low of 0.03 + or - 0.01 to a high of 0.4 + or - 0.1 are found, with Theia Mons, previously identified as possibly volcanic, showing a value of 0.28 + or - 0.07. Regions of high reflectivity may consist of rocks with substantial inclusions of highly conductive sulfides.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 217; Aug. 13
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  • 70
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    Earth-based radar studies of planetary surfaces and atmospheres (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Remote sensing of solar system bodies using the JPL Goldstone facility and the radio telescope at Arecibo to characterize the surfaces of the objects is described in terms of present and planned studies. Moon observations proceed at wavelengths from 8.6 mm to 20 m, and are nominally in the centimeter range. Cross sections available from the radar data and apparatus are discussed, noting the practice of using backscattered signals to define the shape of terrain. A review is presented of polarization properties models of the moon's surface, and the design of an experiment using a spacecraft with bistatic radar to determine the dielectric constant of the moon's surface is outlined. Radar is noted to have been used to characterize the rotation period of Mercury, the absorption profile and the topography of Venus, and aided in choosing a landing site for the Viking spacecraft. The existence of higher-than-expected polarization near the Galilean satellites is mentioned as an unexplained phenomenon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 71
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    Pressure distributions and shock shapes for a bent-nose biconic at incidence (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Initial results of a NASA study of the lift-drag characteristics of a 12.84/7 deg biconic model intended for airbraking during atmospheric entry of probes to Mars, Venus, Saturn, and Titan are reported. Pressure distributions and shock shapes were measured in the Langley 20 in. Mach 6 tunnel with the spherically blunted bent-nose model set at angles from 0-25 deg. Pressure distributions and shock shapes where computed using the STEIN flowfield code, which features a MacCormack scheme to integrate the three-dimensional Euler equations, the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions to model shock waves as discontinuities, and requires a supersonic condition at every step. A comparison was made between measured and predicted values. The leeward shock angle was found to be predictable to within 3% for all angles of attack, while parabolized Navier-Stokes equations are regarded as offering more accurate results than the STEIN code for surface pressure distributions.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 20; Aug. 198
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  • 72
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    Chordwise and compressibility corrections for arbitrary planform slender wings (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Lomax and Sluder method for adapting slender-wing theory to delta or rectangular wings by making chordwise and compressibility corrections is extended to cover wings of any arbitrary planform in subsonic and supersonic flows. The numerical accuracy of the present work is better than that of the Lomax-Sluder results. Comparison of the results of this work with those of the vortex-lattice method and Kernel function method for a family of Gothic and arrowhead wings shows good agreement. A universal curve is proposed for the evaluation of the lift coefficient of a low aspect ratio wing of an arbitrary planform in subsonic flow. The location of the center of pressure can also be estimated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 20; Aug. 198
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  • 73
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    Zonal harmonic model of Saturn's magnetic field from Voyager 1 and 2 observations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis of the magnetic field of Saturn is presented which takes into account both the Voyager 1 and 2 vector magnetic field observations. The analysis is based on the traditional spherical harmonic expansion of a scale potential to derive the magnetic field within 8 Saturn radii. A third-order zonal harmonic model fitted to Voyager 1 and 2 observations is found to be capable of predicting the magnetic field characteristics at one encounter based on those observed at another, unlike models including dipole and quadrupole terms only. The third-order model is noted to lead to significantly enhanced polar surface field intensities with respect to dipole models, and probably represents the axisymmetric part of a complex dynamo field.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 298; July 1
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  • 74
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    The C/H ratio in Jupiter from the Voyager infrared investigation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: From a selection Voyager IRIS spectra corresponding to cloud-free areas of Jupiter, the CH4/H2 volume ratio in the atmosphere of this planet has been determined to be equal to 0.00195 + or - 0.00022, which corresponds to 2.07 + or - 0.24 times the solar value of Lambert (C/H = 0.00047). The estimate of errors includes both instrument noise and systematic uncertainties. Implications of this result for the formation and evolution of Jupiter are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 257
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  • 75
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    Saturnian kilometric radiation - Source locations (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-14038)
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; June 1
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  • 76
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    Evidence for solar wind control of Saturn radio emission (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-20104)
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; June 1
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  • 77
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    Numerical investigation of turbulent channel flow (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-30385)
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 118; May 1982
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  • 78
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    Wind-tunnel wall interference corrections for three-dimensional flows (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A procedure for the evaluation of wall interference corrections for three-dimensional aircraft configurations is presented. The Mach number and angle-of-attack corrections are obtained by numerically solving the Laplace equation in a parallelepiped with boundary conditions supplied mainly from experimental pressure measurements. A portion of these measurements and other wind-tunnel data required by the procedure may be replaced by theoretical estimates if not available from experiments. The accuracy of the correction results will then depend on the accuracy of these estimates. The correction procedure is applied to an isolated wing and to a wing-tail configuration in a solid-wall wind tunnel. It is found that neglecting twist and camber corrections for the wing effectively increases the tail angle-of-attack correction. Two different Mach number corrections can be calculated for the wing and tail. However, since only one Mach number correction is allowed for both the wing and the tail, and since the wing surface area is larger than the tail surface area, the final correction tends to be closer to the required wing correction. This is a source of error for the tail results.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 19; June 198
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  • 79
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    Validation of LTRAN2-HI by comparison with unsteady transonic experiment (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-29092)
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 20; May 1982
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  • 80
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    Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy is an extremely useful tool for Doppler-limited studies of atomic and molecular lines in diverse astrophysical regions. The current state of the art is reviewed, and the analysis of CO2 lines in the atmosphere of Mars is outlined. Doppler-limited observations have enabled the discovery of natural laser emission in the mesosphere of Mars and the discovery of failure of local thermodynamic equilibrium near the surface of Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Optical Engineering; 21; Mar
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  • 81
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    Mars' atmospheric behavior from Viking infra-red thermal mapper measurements (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the 15 micron band of CO2 readings with the two Viking IR thermal mappers are discussed. Contrasts were observed to be strong between clear and dusty conditions, with a latitudinal gradient and a diurnal amplitude variation in the winter southern hemisphere. Consistency was found in zonal mean temperatures in the absence of dust, with a peak temperature of 180 K at the poles and a diurnal amplitude of 15 K at the equator. Large temperature increases occur in dusty conditions, with global dust storms being present in the northern, but not southern, hemisphere. Estimations of the surface and atmospheric temperatures are calculated in order to derive optical depths from the IR measurements of atmospheric opacity. The optical depth around the whole planet is found to be relatively uniform at any given moment. Finally, the diurnal behavior of the brightness temperature is outlined for 1.4 Mars years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research; 2; 2, 19; 1982
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  • 82
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    Post-Viking models for the structure of the summer atmosphere of Mars (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model for the Mars atmosphere up to 100 km altitude and between the 60 deg latitudes is presented. Seasonal variations are considered as induced by variations in surface temperature, using data supplied by the Viking lander and Mars 6 probe. The temperature profile is provided in 2 km intervals, noting a large temperature gradient in the first 2.5 km above the surface in wintertime. An average summer pressure is calculated at 7.3 mb with a variance of about 0.5. Viking spectrometer readings indicated a 0.995 mole fraction CO2 atmosphere with a mean molecular weight of 43.49. Gravitational acceleration is determined to vary from 3.73-3.19 m/sec sq in going from surface to 100 km, and atmospheric pressure is shown to vary by 5 orders of magnitude in the same interval. Finally, the thermal tides induced by the expansion and contraction cycle in the atmosphere near the surface are described.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research; 2; 2, 19; 1982
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  • 83
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    Properties of dust in the Martian atmosphere and its effect on temperature structure (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the Viking lander imaging experiment and the IRIS experiment on board the Mariner 9 Orbiter are used to develop a one-dimensional radiative-convective model to describe the Mars temperature profile. Photography was employed to determine the optical depth, mean size, shape, visible absorption coefficient, and vertical distribution of aerosols in the Mars atmosphere. The calculation procedures are outlined, particularly for the particle size distribution function, which indicated a cross-sectional average particle radius of 2.5 microns. Dust-free conditions in the atmosphere near the equator and at lower altitudes permit full surface absorption of sunlight and subsequent adiabatic lapse rates. Difficulties were encountered in accurately modeling temperature profiles to fit Viking lander data, and resultant variations are attributed to effects of both suspended dust particles and large scale circulation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research; 2; 2, 19; 1982
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  • 84
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    Structure and dynamics of the ionosphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The structure of the Venus ionosphere and the major processes occurring within it are summarized. The daytime ionosphere is created by solar EUV radiation incident on the thermosphere; it is in photochemical equilibrium near its peak at about 142 km, where O2(+) is the major ion, and near diffusive equilibrium in its upper regions, where the major ion is O(+). The day-to-night plasma pressure gradient across the terminator drives a nightward ion flow which, together with electron precipitation, contributes to the formation of the nighttime ionosphere. Large-scale radial holes or plasma depletions extending downwards to nearly the ionization peak in the antisolar region are also observed which are associated with regions of strong radial magnetic fields. The ionopause is a highly dynamic and complex surface, extending from an average altitude of 290 km at the subsolar point to about 1000 km at the terminator and from 200 to over 3000 km on the nightside. A variety of solar wind interaction products are observed in the mantle, a transition region between the ionospheric plasma and the flowing shocked solar wind.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 296; Mar. 4
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  • 85
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    Plasma clouds above the ionopause of Venus and their implications (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The global distribution of the plasma clouds observed by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter suggest that they originate at the dayside ionopause as wavelike structures which may become detached and swept downstream in the ionosheath flow. Alternatively, the clouds may actually be attached streamers analogous to cometary structure. Estimates of the total ion escape rate from Venus by this process yields values up to 7 x 10 to the 26th ions/s. Preliminary analysis shows that such an escape flux could be supplied by the upward diffusion limited flow of O(+) from the entire dayside ionosphere. If such an escape flux were to continue over the entire lifetime of Venus, the effects upon the evolution of the primitive atmosphere may have been significant.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 30; Jan. 198
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  • 86
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    Time-dependent calculations of Jupiter's ionosphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Time-dependent calculations of the vertical distribution of protons in Jupiter's ionosphere show that the accumulation of protons in the topside ionosphere produced from solar ionizing radiation overwhelms the loss to vibrationally excited molecular hydrogen at vibrational temperatures as high at 1600 K. At 2500 K the ionization is decreased over the entire planet with little diurnal variation. For Voyager 1 then, unless the H2 vibrational temperature is as high as thousands of degrees and the topside density of H2 is asymmetric and larger by orders of magnitude, dynamical processes are more likely causes of the low electron densities seen in the nightside upper ionosphere. A calculation of the H3(+) density profile showed that the distribution above the turbopause is controlled by diffusion.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Jan. 1
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  • 87
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    Infrared observations of the Saturnian system from Voyager 2 (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the passage of Voyager 2 through the Saturn system, infrared spectral and radiometric data were obtained for Saturn, Titan, Enceladus, Tethys, Iapetus, and the rings. Combined Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 observations of temperatures in the upper troposphere of Saturn indicate a seasonal asymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres, with superposed small-scale meridional gradients. Comparison of high spatial resolution data from the two hemispheres poleward of 60 deg latitude suggests an approximate symmetry in the small-scale structure, consistent with the extension of a symmetric system of zonal jets into the polar regions. Longitudinal variations of 1 to 2 K are observed. Disk-averaged infrared spectra of Titan show little change over the 9-month interval between Voyager encounters. By combining Voyager 2 temperature measurements with ground-based geometric albedo determinations, phase integrals of 0.91 plus or minus 0.13 and 0.89 plus or minus 0.09 were derived for Tethys and Enceladus, respectively. The subsolar point temperature of dark material on Iapetus must exceed 110 K. Temperatures (and infrared optical depths) for the A and C rings and for the Cassini division are 69 plus or minus 1 K (0.40 plus or minus 0.05), 85 plus or minus 1 K (0.10 plus or minus 0.03), and 85 plus or minus 2 K (0.07 plus or minus 0.04), respectively.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 215; Jan. 29
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  • 88
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    Photopolarimetry from Voyager 2 - Preliminary results on Saturn, Titan, and the rings (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Voyager 2 photopolarimeter was reprogrammed prior to the August 1981 Saturn encounter to perform orthogonal-polarization, two-color measurements on Saturn, Titan, and the rings. Saturn's atmosphere has ultraviolet limb brightening in the mid-latitudes and pronounced polar darkening north of 65 deg N. Titan's opaque atmosphere shows strong positive polarization at all phase angles (2.7 deg to 154 deg), and no single-size spherical particle model appears to fit the data. A single radial stellar occultation of the darkened, shadowed rings indicated a ring thickness of less than 200 meters at several locations and clear evidence for density waves caused by satellite resonances. Multiple, very narrow strands of material were found in the Encke division and within the brightest single strand of the F ring.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 215; Jan. 29
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  • 89
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    Assessing the volcanic probability of Martian landforms (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A table for use in identifying Martian land forms that may be volcanic in nature is presented. Eight types of known volcanic features and associations are described and each assigned a point value based on the degree to which it is thought to be characteristic of volcanoes. The system is applied to four well known Martian volcanoes and to other Martian features which may or may not be volcanic in origin.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Advan. in Planetary Geol.; p 556-558
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  • 90
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    Current trends in meteor spectroscopy (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The history of progress over more than a century in meteor spectroscopy is summarized. The observational data were originally visual records, but in the beginning of the 20th century photography of meteor spectra was undertaken. In the forties, 60 meteor spectra were photographed. Interest in the upper atmosphere led to the development of more efficient meteor cameras which employ replica gratings, and electronic image intensification systems recordings on video tape which resulted in the availability of several thousand meteor spectra.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteors and Meteor Spectra Anal.; 6 p
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  • 91
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    Electromagnetic induction in the moon (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The moon constitutes a nonhydromagnetic, but electrically conducting, target for the solar wind whose response reaches a peak as frequency increases and diminishes with further increase in frequency, suggesting the presence of the magnetic quadrupole moment. Magnetometer measurements of induction using Explorer and Apollo instruments are studied from both the harmonic and transient standpoint, and the resulting determination of internal bulk electrical conductivity is discussed. The closeness of the estimated internal temperature to the Ringwood-Essene solidus at 150-250 km depths suggests a layer of enhanced conductivity in lieu of high temperature. A reduced core radius estimate with a one-sigma upper limit of 360 km is reported. The discussion of lunar electrodynamics presented is restricted to the problem of induction, with only passing reference to flow fields and regional electric fields.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 20; Aug. 198
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  • 92
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    Dynamical constraints on the formation and evolution of planetary bodies (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with a number of inferences as to the origin of planetary bodies, taking into account the present dynamical state of the solar system and some of the limitations which apply to the considered conclusions. Attention is given to the dynamical processes, specifically those processes which may have influenced the orbital or rotational properties of the planets and satellites. Collisional processes are explored, taking into consideration orbital spacing, planetary rotation, and stochastic effects. In connection with a discussion of the evolution of rotational motion, spin state evolution is investigated along with spin axis precession and resonance variation, and the Cassini states. The evolution of planetary orbits is also studied. The subjects considered are related to tides, secular resonances, disk dynamics, and disk-satellite interactions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 93
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    Jovimagnetic secular variation (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The history of Jupiter's planetary magnetic field is of great interest, in particular, because it represents the first opportunity to observe secular variations of a planetary dynamo other than the earth's. Indirect observations of the Jovian magnetic field began with the discovery of nonthermal radio emissions by Burke and Franklin (1955). In situ observations of the Jovian planetary magnetic field are limited to the Pioneer 10 and 11 flybys at epochs 1973.9 and 1974.9 and the Voyager 1 and 2 flyby encounters at epochs 1979.2 and 1979.5. Jovian magnetic field models are presented in a table, and a graph is provided in which the secular decrease of the earth's main dipole term is compared with estimates of Jupiter's main dipole term. The in situ magnetic field observations are consistent with no secular variation of the jovimagnetic dipole field from 1974.9 to 1979.2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 297; May 27
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  • 94
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    Evidence for high-altitude haze thickening on the dark side of Venus from 10-micron heterodyne spectroscopy of CO2 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy provides data for isolated spectral lines with a spectral resolution which is small compared to the Doppler width. Heterodyne spectroscopy of CO2 lines near 10 micrometers was first reported for the atmosphere of Venus by Betz et al. (1976). The present investigation is concerned with observations of two absorption lines of (C-12)(O-16)2 conducted with an infrared heterodyne spectrometer interfaced with a solar telescope. The 10.8598-micrometer P(44) line was observed on the day side of Venus and the 10.3337-micrometer R(8) line was observed on the night side. It is shown that continuous opacity due to haze, and possible departures from vibrational LTE in CO2, are crucial considerations in fitting the observed lines.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 49; Jan. 198
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  • 95
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    The clouds of Mars as seen by Viking (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: UV and IR observations of Martian cloud activity by Viking orbiters are reviewed. Localized spiral storms were detected at high northern latitudes during the summer, and both dust and water ice have been associated with the occurrences. Local dust storms formed in spring and summer in the southern hemisphere, and storms along the polar cap edge moved away from the ice covered area on thermally driven downslope winds originating from local variations in thermal inertia. Global dust storms happen nominally during the perihelion of the Martian orbit, although deviations from the pattern have been observed. Condensate clouds were most noticeable around the north polar hood and the Tharsis-Valles Marineris region, with most activity in the spring and summer. Wind speeds were 40 and 85 m/sec in the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere, respectively, with waves having wavelengths from 2-60 km and extending over hundreds of km.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research; 2; 2, 19; 1982
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  • 96
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    The U-Th-Pb age of equilibrated L chondrites and a solution to the excess radiogenic Pb problem in chondrites (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 58; 1, Ma; Mar. 198
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  • 97
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    H2 fluorescence spectrum from 1200 to 1700 A by electron impact - Laboratory study and application to Jovian aurora (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 254
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  • 98
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    Large scale model measurements of airframe noise using cross-correlation techniques (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Cross-correlation techniques are used to measure the sound radiated by wing/flap airfoil configurations in the NASA-Ames 40 x 80 ft wind tunnel using a 6.7-m semispan model with three deployed flaps. The dominant source of flap noise is identified as the flap side edges, which exceeds that radiated by the midspan region by more than 10 dB. The turbulent surface eddies at the flap side edge have scales on the order of one-half the flap chord. The installation of flap actuator fairings at the flap side edge reduces the noise radiated from that location by 10 to 15 dB. The cross-correlation technique extracts airframe noise radiated by specific surface locations from the tunnel background noise, even when the noise is 25 dB higher than the measured airframe noise level.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 71
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  • 99
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    Titan's ion exosphere observed from Voyager 1 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The plasma wake surrounding Titan in Saturn's rotating magnetosphere is characterized by a plasma which is denser and cooler than the surrounding subsonic magnetospheric plasma, and which is produced by the deflection of magnetospheric plasma around Titan and the addition of exospheric ions picked up by the rotating magnetosphere. A resemblance to the interaction between the solar wind and Venus is shown for the case of ion pickup in the ion exosphere outside Titan's magnetic tail and ion flow within the boundaries of the tail as Saturn's rotating magnetosphere interacts with Titan. The boundary of the tail is indicated by a sharp reduction in the flux of high-energy electrons, which are removed by inelastic scattering with the atmosphere and centrifugal drift produced when the electrons traverse the magnetic field draped around Saturn.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Mar. 1
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  • 100
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    Planetary radio astronomy observations during the Voyager 1 Titan flyby (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the Voyager 1 Titan flyby, unusual radio emissions were observed by the planetary radio astronomy experiment in the 20- to 97-kHz frequency range. It is shown that Titan itself is not the source of the observed radio emission. The emission features are attributed to modification of the normal Saturn kilometric radiation by propagation effects in enhanced density structures within the Titan wake. Furthermore, spiky emissions observed in the magnetic wake of Titan are interpreted in terms of local electrostatic instabilities at the electron plasma frequency. From these measurements a range of electron densities in the wake region is derived, and the consistency of the results is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Mar. 1
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