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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (706)
  • Aerodynamics
  • Seismology
  • 1980-1984  (782)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
  • 1982  (782)
  • 1
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    In:  Geology, Warszawa, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 179-185, pp. 2121
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Teleseismic events ; Body waves ; P-waves ; Shear waves ; earth mantle ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Subduction zone ; China
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  • 2
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Leipzig, Birkhäuser Verlag, vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 1735-1741, pp. 2366, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Synthetic seismograms ; Seismology ; Lg-waves ; JGR
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  • 3
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    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Warszawa, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 70, no. March, pp. 109-128, pp. 1095, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Inhomogeneity ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Ray seismics ; Ray tracing ; Cerveny ; Psencik ; Synthetic seismograms ; GJRaS
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  • 4
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    In:  Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Warszawa, Eötvös Lorand Geophysical Institute of Hungaria, vol. A 306, no. B11, pp. 61-70, pp. 2342, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Inhomogeneity ; Scattering ; PKP ; Seismic arrays ; Review article
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  • 5
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    In:  J. Geophys., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 51, no. 7055, pp. 165-179, pp. B05S07, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Broad-band ; Discrimination ; Rayleigh waves ; Spectrum ; Seismology ; Discrim. anal.
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  • 6
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 72, no. 7055, pp. 1867-1879, pp. B05S07, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Description: fmax
    Keywords: Seismology ; Spectrum ; Frequency ; BSSA
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  • 7
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Münster, 3, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 571-596, pp. L23301, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Strong motions ; BSSA
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  • 8
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., San Francisco, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 6889-6905, pp. TC1011, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Seismology ; JGR
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  • 9
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Warszawa, Zaklad Geofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 491-506, pp. 2103, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Body waves ; Inversion ; BSSA
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  • 10
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    In:  Tectonophys., Warszawa, Applied Science Publishers LTD, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 52-68, pp. L07307, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Seismology ; Seismic arrays ; Seismic networks ; CRUST
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  • 11
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Basel, Elsevier Science Publishers, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 457-471, pp. L15S20, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; CRUST ; earth mantle ; P-waves ; BSSA
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  • 12
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tulsa, 450 pp.; 2nd modified and expanded ed., Society of Exploration Geophysics, vol. 72, no. 1-4, pp. 439-456, pp. B12408, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Source parameters ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; BSSA
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  • 13
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Bonn, 3-4, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 1499-1508, pp. B01401, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Stress drop ; seismic Moment ; Fault zone ; Inhomogeneity ; BSSA
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  • 14
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    In:  Berichte zur Polarforschung, Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 43-49, pp. L24308, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Project report/description ; Seismology ; Geomagnetics ; Antarctica
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  • 15
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    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Interiors, Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 260-268, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Surface waves ; Source parameters ; Earthquake catalog ; PEPI
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  • 16
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Würzburg, Physica-Verlag, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 2131-2145, pp. L24313, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Subduction zone ; Broad-band ; Seismology ; Spectrum ; BSSA
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  • 17
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Basel, Elsevier Science Publishers, vol. 72, no. 8, pp. 729-744, pp. L15S20, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; BSSA
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  • 18
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., New York, August, vol. 72, no. 3-4, pp. 1825-1841, pp. 1610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Strong motions ; Inhomogeneity ; Fracture ; BSSA
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  • 19
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    In:  Geoph. Journal, New York, August, vol. 71, no. 3-4, pp. 613-628, pp. B05S05, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Description: "seismic imaging"
    Keywords: Seismology ; Inversion ; Source
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  • 20
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    In:  Geophys. Research Letters, Bonn, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 1211-1214, pp. L04601, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Amplitude ; P-waves ; GRL
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  • 21
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Hannover, FU Berlin, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 197-206, pp. B09405, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Earthquake ; Scaling ; BSSA
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  • 22
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    In:  Tectonophys., New York, Scientific American, vol. 84, no. 20, pp. 57-128, pp. B11404, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Review article ; Seismology ; scaling
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  • 23
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    In:  Science, Hokkaido University, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 217, no. B2, pp. 531-533, pp. B02403, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Volcanology ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Stress
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  • 24
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Dordrecht, Netherlands, Dr. W. Junk, vol. 72, no. B10, pp. 1-14, pp. L13307, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Review article ; Source parameters ; Magnitude ; BSSA
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  • 25
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    In:  Geol. Jb., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. E23, no. 1, pp. 207-220, pp. B09316, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Project report/description ; Instruments ; Seismic arrays ; Seismology ; Seismometer
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  • 26
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    In:  Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 209-213, pp. B09316, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Moment tensor ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Broad-band ; Source ; PEPI
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  • 27
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 1757-1772, pp. 2054, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Seismology ; Inhomogeneity ; Travel time ; JGR
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  • 28
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tokyo, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 72, no. 1-2, pp. S29-S41
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; BSSA
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  • 29
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    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Luxembourg, EGS-Gauthier-Villars, vol. 69, no. 6717, pp. 383-404, pp. 2324
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Anisotropy ; (The Earth's free) oscillations ; Seismology ; GJRaS ; Dziewonski
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  • 30
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    In:  Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 72, no. 6, pp. 1927-1956, pp. 1390
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Nearfield ; Earthquake ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Seismology ; BSSA
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  • 31
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 87, no. 12, pp. 4595-4607, pp. 1390
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source parameters ; Earthquake ; USA ; JGR
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  • 32
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Hannover, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 72, no. 40, pp. 131-168, pp. L08305
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Magnitude ; BSSA
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  • 33
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    In:  ETH, Zürich, Washington D.C., Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. Publikation No. 419, no. B11, pp. 11-13, pp. L08305
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismology
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  • 34
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., London, Amer. Sc., vol. 72, no. 17, pp. 1367-1378, pp. 1001, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Magnitude ; BSSA
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  • 35
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., London, Amer. Sc., vol. 72, no. 17, pp. 413-437, pp. 1001, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; P-waves ; Earthquake asperities ; Earthquake ; BSSA
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  • 36
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, EGS-Gauthier-Villars, vol. 87, no. 6717, pp. 3893-3904, pp. 2324
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Quality factor ; Attenuation ; Rheology ; Frequency ; Chandler wobble ; Seismology ; Earth tides ; JGR
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  • 37
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Warszawa, Army Corps of Engineers, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, vol. 72, no. 36, pp. 1911-1926, pp. B05310, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; SModelling ; Elasticity ; BSSA
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  • 38
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    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., London, 416 pp., Geological Society, vol. 69, no. 5621, pp. 67-100, pp. L18607, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Attenuation ; Spectrum ; GJRaS
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  • 39
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    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Int., London, 416 pp., Geological Society, vol. 30, no. 5621, pp. 12-25, pp. L18607, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Attenuation ; Spectrum ; Body waves ; High frequency ... ; PEPI
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  • 40
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., New York, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 2081-2088, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Lg-waves ; BSSA
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  • 41
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Oxford and Edinburgh, Blackwell Scientific Publications, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 2037-2062, pp. 1549, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Source parameters ; BSSA
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  • 42
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    D. Reidel
    In:  Earthquake Prediction Research, Dordrecht, D. Reidel, vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 265-273, pp. 1489, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Magnitude ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research
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  • 43
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    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Dordrecht, National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol. 70, no. 5-6, pp. 755-787, pp. TC5003, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; seismic Moment ; GJRaS
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  • 44
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    In:  Earthquake Information Bull., Roma, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 144-146, pp. B09303, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology
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  • 45
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    Teledyne Geotech
    In:  Seismic Data Analysis Center, Alexandria, Virginia, Teledyne Geotech, vol. 10, no. TR-81-19, pp. 327-338, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Description: Test des Smart (1977)-Processors zur Bestimmung von Azimut und Phasentyp regionaler Ereignisse. Zeigten, daß Pn und Lg als auch Rayleigh-Wellen gute Azimut-Schätzwerte liefern. Polarisations-Charakteristika erschienen erfolgversprechend hinsichtlich einer Phasen-Typ-Identifizierung.
    Keywords: Seismology ; Polarization ; Three component data
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  • 46
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    MIT Lincoln Lab.
    In:  Semiannual Technical Summary Report, Lexington, Mass., MIT Lincoln Lab., vol. 11, no. 7-75, pp. 27-30
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI) ; Pattern recognition ; AUD ; Seismology
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  • 47
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tokyo, Railway Tech. Res. Inst., vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 2063-2080, pp. L09308, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Moment tensor ; Inhomogeneity ; Source parameters ; Fracture time (duration) ; Rayleigh waves ; BSSA
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  • 48
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Kyoto, AGU, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 1969-2001, pp. L07305, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Inversion ; Geol. aspects ; BSSA
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  • 49
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    In:  J. Geophys., Jena, Scientific American, vol. 50, no. 1-2, pp. 143-150, pp. B09309, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Earthquake ; Seismology ; Moment tensor ; Source ; Mueller ; Muller ; Rakers
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  • 50
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Kunming, China, D. Reidel Publishing Company, vol. 72, no. 2-4, pp. 2349-2367, pp. L09303, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Instruments ; Seismometer ; BSSA
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  • 51
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    Edward Arnold
    In:  London, Edward Arnold, vol. 70, pp. 158, (ISBN 3-9808780-0-7)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Modelling ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; GeodesyY ; Seismology ; Finite Element Method
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  • 52
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    Seismolog. Dep.
    In:  Uppsala, 41 pp., Seismolog. Dep., vol. 1, no. 22, pp. 65-70, (ISBN 3-7643-0253-4)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Project report/description ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; Wahlstrom
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  • 53
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    Freeman, 3rd ed.
    In:  San Francisco, Freeman, 3rd ed., vol. 7, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (ISBN 1-58488-323-5)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Geol. aspects ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Geothermics ; Volcanology ; Seismology ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Geothermics ; Geomagnetics
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  • 54
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Philadelphia, 4, vol. 87, no. 4-5, pp. 2977-2983, pp. 2061, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Anisotropy ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Seismology ; JGR ; FROTH ; (preprint)
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  • 55
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Basle, Wiley, vol. 87, no. 1-2, pp. 10579-10597, pp. 1264, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismology ; Fore-shocks ; Aftershocks ; Waves ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; JGR
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  • 56
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Stockholm, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, vol. 72, no. 3-4, pp. 89-129, pp. L15318, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Review article ; BSSA
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  • 57
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    prel. rep. of the Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Alaska
    In:  Fairbanks, AK 99701, prel. rep. of the Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Alaska, vol. 17, pp. 225, (ISBN 0-19-851393-3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Seismology ; Lithosphere ; Anisotropy ; Inhomogeneity ; Scattering
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  • 58
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    In:  Symposium on Antarctic Geology and Geoscience, Madison, Wisconsin, Geophysics Laboratory, vol. 10, no. GL-TR-90-0012, pp. 1-147
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Proceedings of a conference ; Geol. aspects ; Seismology ; Applied geophysics
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  • 59
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    Inst. f. Geophys., TU Clausthal
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Inst. f. Geophys., TU Clausthal, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 8, pp. 129-132, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Source parameters ; Tectonics ; Seismology ; Lotsch
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  • 60
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    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, La Jolla, CA, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. 77-767, pp. 293-297, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic arrays
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  • 61
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    U.S. Geol. Surv.
    In:  Open-File Rept., Bonn, U.S. Geol. Surv., vol. 10, no. 82-703, pp. 1-38, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic networks ; arc ; Project report/description ; Tele-communication
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  • 62
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 61-67, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Nuclear explosion ; Instruments ; BSSA
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  • 63
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 261-276, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic networks ; Seismic arrays ; BSSA
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    In:  Geophysical Prospecting, Tokyo, Dt. Geophys. Ges., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 377-400, pp. L06615, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; P-waves ; Shear waves ; Attenuation ; Inhomogeneity ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; noksp
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  • 65
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    In:  Tectonophysics, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, vol. 84, no. 5705, pp. 17-32, pp. 2389, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Body waves ; Spectrum ; body wave Magnitude ; Waves ; Seismology
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  • 66
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 389-397, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Magnitude ; BSSA
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  • 67
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 1219-1239, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; BSSA
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  • 68
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    ETH, Zürich
    In:  Publikation, Zürich, ETH, Zürich, vol. 10, no. 421, pp. 61-63, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismic networks ; Seismology
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  • 69
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    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Wissenschaftl. Veröffentl. (Reihe A), Los Angeles, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. 41, pp. 143, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Discrimination ; PIC ; gab ; Seismology ; Surface waves ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Broad-band ; Detectors ; Nuclear explosion
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    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Hannover, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 10, no. Publ. num. 191, pp. 1-32, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Dispersion ; Rayleigh waves
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    Inst. f. Geophys., Univ.
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Hamburg, Inst. f. Geophys., Univ., vol. 10, no. GL-TR-89-0261, pp. 143, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: earth mantle ; Absorption ; Attenuation ; Quality factor ; Seismology
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  • 72
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    Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
    In:  report, Bakersfield, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, vol. 10, no. UCID-19589, pp. 1-24, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic arrays ; Polarization ; Three component data
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  • 73
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    Plenum Press
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Marine Slides and other Mass Movements, New York, Plenum Press, vol. 2, no. 16, pp. Paper A 169 - A 174, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Fluids ; Waves ; Seismology
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  • 74
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    U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey
    In:  Open file report, Houston, U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, vol. 10, no. 82-216, pp. 1381-1385
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Seismology ; Seismic arrays
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The three-dimensional leeward separation about a 5-deg semi-angle cone of 11 deg angle of incidence was Investigated in night, in the wind tunnel, and by numerical computations. The test conditions were Mach numbers of 0.6, 1.5, and 1.8 at Reynolds numbers between 7 and 10 million based on freestream conditions and a 76.2-cm (30-in.) length of surface. The surface pressure conditions measured included those of fluctuating and mean static, as well as recovery pressures generated by obstacle blocks to provide skin friction and separation-line locations. The mean static pressures from flight and wind tunnel were in reasonably good agreement. The computed results gave the same distributions, but were slightly more positive in magnitude. The experimentally measured primary and secondary separation line locations compared closely with computed results. There were substantial differences In level between the surface root-mean-square pressure fluctuations obtained in night and in the wind tunnel, due, It Is thought, to a relatively high acoustic disturbance level in the tunnel compared with the quiescent atmospheric conditions in night.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-81-208070 , NAS 1.15:208070 , AIAA Paper 81-0337 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 12, 1981 - Jan 15, 1981; Saint Louis, MO; United States|AIAA Journal; 20; 10; 1338-1345
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  • 76
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 583-606 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; P-wave residuals ; Three-dimensional velocity inversion ; Velocity structure of Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Jeffreys-Bullen P and PKP travel-time residuals observed at more than 50 seismic stations distributed along Italy and surrounding areas in the time interval 1962–1979, indicate the complex velocity pattern of this region. Strong lateral velocity inhomogeneities and low velocity zones are required to explain the observed pattern of residuals. In particular, late arrivals of about 1 sec are observed in the Apenninic mountain range, requiring both greater crustal thickness and low velocity layers, coherent with seismic refraction data and surface wave dispersion measurements. The seismic stations located in the Western and Eastern Alps indicate the presence of high velocities. In the Western Alps the strong azimuthal variation of residuals and the high values of early arrivals have a close relationship to the Ivrea body, an intrusive crustal complex characterized by a velocity as high as 7–7.2 km/sec. A travel-time inversion performed with theAki et al. (1977) block model, confirms the peculiar characteristics and the sharp variations in the lithosphere of the whole Italian region, with values of velocity perturbations between many adjacent blocks, ranging in size from 50 to 100 km, and independent from the earth parametrization chosen, reaching values up to 10% in the lithospheric part and 5% in the asthenosphere. 3-D inversion requires also high velocity along the Tyrrhenian coastal margin, equivalent to an uprise of major crustal and lithospheric discontinuities along this part of the Italian peninsula. Moreover low velocity material must be present in the northern part of the Adriatic foreland, in the lithosphere-asthenosphere system, closely related to the stress and seismicity pattern, and the lateral bending of the lithosphere in the same region.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of 3-Oxo-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-2-carbonitriles from γ-Bromo-β-oxonitriles and Furan via [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of 1-Cyanoallylium-2-olatesSome γ-bromo-β-oxonitriles 3 react with furan in the presence of silver oxide to form stereoselectively the title compounds 7. Satisfying yields are obtained only with those bromides 3, whose γ-carbon ist tertiary or which are monoalkylated both at the α- and γ-carbon atoms. The results are explained by a [4 + 3] cycloaddition of 1-cyanoallylium-2-olate intermediates (14) to the 1,3-diene system of the furan. With cyclic γ-bromo-β-oxonitriles (6) two types of cycloadducts were observed: 3-bromo-3-methyl-2-oxocyclohexanecarbonitrile (6b) and 3-bromo-2-oxocyclododecanecarbonitrile (6d) form the tricyclic [4 + 3] cycloadducts 10b and d, analogs of the bicyclic adducts 7. With 3-bromo-2-oxocyclohexanecarbonitrile (6a) and 3-bromo-5-tert-butyl-2-oxocyclohexanecarbonitrile (6e), however, the carbonyl oxygen is connected with an α-carbon of the furan to give the tricyclic [3 + 2] cycloadducts 12Aa and Ae. The structure of endo-2,endo-4-dimethyl-3-oxo-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene-exo-2-carbonitrile (7eα) was determined by X-ray analysis.
    Notes: Verschiedene γ-Brom-β-oxonitrile 3 reagieren in Gegenwart von Silberoxid mit Furan stereoselektiv zu den Titelverbindungen 7. Befriedigende Ausbeuten werden nur mit solchen Bromiden 3 erhalten, deren γ-Kohlenstoff tertiär ist oder die sowohl am α- als auch γ-Kohlenstoff monoalkyliert sind (3c, e-h). Die Befunde werden durch eine [4 + 3]-Cycloaddition von intermediären 1-Cyanallylium-2-olaten (14) an das 1,3-Dien-System des Furans erklärt. Mit cyclischen γ-Brom-β-oxonitrilen (6) wurden zwei Typen von Cycloaddukten beobachtet: 3-Brom-3-methyl-2-oxocyclohexancarbonitril (6b) und 3-Brom-2-oxocyclododecancarbonitril (6d) reagieren zu den tricyclischen [4 + 3]-Cycloaddukten 10b und d, Analoga der Bicyclen 7. Bei 3-Brom-2-oxocyclohexancarbonitril (6a) und 3-Brom-5-tert-butyl-2-oxocyclohexancarbonitril (6e) wurde jedoch der Carbonyl-Sauerstoff mit einem α-Kohlenstoffatom des Furans verknüpft, wobei die tricyclischen [3 + 2]-Cycloaddukte 12Aa und Ae entstanden. Die Struktur von endo-2,endo-4-Dimetyl-3-oxo-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-exo-2-carbonitril (7eα) wurde durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Metal-π-Complexes of Benzene Derivatives, XV. Bis(η6-naphthalene)chromium(0): X-Ray Structure Determination and Investigation by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyBis(η6-naphthalene)chromium(0) (2) crystallizes in the space group P21/n with two molecules in the unit cell. The ligands in individual molecules of 2 are syn-oriented. The implied presence of a center of symmetry in 2 is caused by disorder that consists in the statistical occupation by chromium atoms of two equivalent sites between the six membered ring of pairs of parallel naphthalene ligands. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 2 are analysed and the spectroscopic parameters are discussed with reference to the respective data of free naphthalene as well as other (η-naphthalene)metal complexes.
    Notes: Bis(η6-naphthalin)chrom(0) (2) kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P21/n mit zwei Molekülen in der Elementarzelle. Die Liganden in individuellen Molekülen von 2 nehmen dabei eine syn-Anordnung ein. Das Vorliegen eines Symmetriezentrums in 2 wird durch eine Fehlordnung vorgetäuscht, die darin besteht, daß in Paaren parallel angeordneter Naphthalin-Liganden linke und rechte Lücken zwischen den Sechsringen statistisch mit Chromatomen besetzt sind. Die 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren von 2 werden analysiert, und die spektroskopischen Parameter werden im Vergleich mit entsprechenden Daten des freien Naphthalins sowie anderer (η-Naphthalin)metall-Komplexe diskutiert.
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  • 79
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 393-395 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Refinement of the Crystal Structure of (Ethylenediamine)zinc(II) Benzohydroxamate Hydrate, ZnC23H29N5O7The already known structure1) of the title compound has been refined and slightly corrected from new data.
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 81
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 3904-3907 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of Allylidenephosphoranes with Heterocumulenes, II. New Syntheses of 1,2,4-Pentatrienes and 2-Pentene-1,5-dionesCinnamylidenetriphenylphosphorane (2a) undergoes Wittig reaction with ketenes to afford monomeric and dimeric 1,2,4-pentatrienes 4 and 5, resp. 4b reacts further with an excess of ketene via a [2 + 2]-cycloaddition, whereby the 3-styryl-1-naphthyl diphenylacetate 12 is formed. In contrast, with the α-phenylsubstituted phosphorane 2b, instead of the Wittig reaction addition of ketene takes place at both the α- and the γ-positions. The 1,3-diacyl-3-triphenylphosphonio-1-propen-3-enolate 6 readily hydrolyzes to the 2-pentene-1,5-dione 9.
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  • 82
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2668-2673 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Contributions to the Chemistry of Boron, 127. Hexamethylborazine-Gallium Trichloride: Structure in Solution and in the Solid StateHexamethylborazine forms a 1:1 adduct 1 with gallium trichloride. It is isostructural with hexamethylborazine-aluminium tribromide. The BN heterocycle is no longer planer, and the molecule adapts almost Cs symmetry and contains a tetracoordinated nitrogen atom. 1 shows fluctional behavior in toluene solution at room temperature. The coordinated GaCl3 will no longer change its coordination site at T 〈 220 K (two signals each for the CH3N-and CH3B-protons). However, at T 〈 195 K an additional splitting of the signals is observed - three signals for each type of CH3 groups: this would be consistent with a pentacoordinated gallium atom and a bidentate borazine ligand.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 84
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2679-2681 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparation of Cyclic Nitrones from Heterocyclic N-(Benzyloxy)aminesTreatment of heterocyclic N-(benzyloxy)amines 1 with concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution in acetic acid enables the preparation of 7-membered cyclic nitrones in respectable yields. This one-pot procedure offers some advantages compared with conventional routes.
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  • 85
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2674-2678 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vinyl Carbanions, 13. Convenient Synthesis of Oxaloacetic Acid DerivativesThe vinyllithium derivatives 2a, b and 9a, b, obtained by direct lithiation of the functionally substituted acrylic acid derivatives 1a, b and 8a, b, respectively, react with heterocumulenes A-E such as phenyl isocyanate, phenyl isothiocyanate, and carbon dioxide to give derivatives of oxaloacetic acid. In a single step reaction the oxaloacetic acid monoester 6a and monoamide 6b were synthesized.
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2683-2696 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of a [3]-PrecatenaneStarting from the previously synthesised compound 9a, the cyclophane 13 is prepared. Acetalisation with 1,25-dichloro-13-pentacosanone followed by nitration and reduction afforded the diamine 16. By cyclization of this compound in isoamyl alcohol with sodium carbonate and sodium iodide under high dilution conditions the monomeric products 17, 18, and 19 are obtained in yields of 5.0, 2.4, and 0.1%, respectively. On the basis of mass, 13C and 1H NMR spectra the structures of these compounds are discussed. The attempted transformation of the [3]-precatenane 17 into the [3]-catenane 24 gives a mixture of products among which 24 could not be identified with certainty.
    Notes: Ausgehend von der bereits früher hergestellten Verbindung 9a wird das Cyclophan 13 synthetisiert. Durch dessen Acetalisierung mit 1,25-Dichlor-13-pentacosanon, nachfolgende Nitrierung und Reduktion wird das Diamin 16 erhalten. Dessen Cyclisierung in Isoamylalkohol in Gegenwart von Natriumcarbonat und Natriumiodid unter Verdünnungsbedingungen ergibt die monomeren Cyclisierungsprodukte 17, 18 und 19 in Ausbeuten von 5.0, 2.4 und 0.1%. Die Struktur dieser Verbindungen wird anhand der Massen-, 13C-und 1H-NMR-Spektren diskutiert. Die versuchte Umwandlung des [3]-Praecatenans 17 in das [3]-Catenan 24 führt zu einem Produktgemisch, in dem 24 nicht mit Sicherheit identifiziert werden konnte.
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2697-2706 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ozonolysis of Symmetrically 1,2-Disubstituted Ethylenes in HCl/Methanol Solutions: Acid Catalyzed Reactions of Primary Cleavage ProductsThe ozonolysis of olefins in 1 M anhydrous solutions of hydrogen chloride in methanol at ≤ 0°C was investigated. Upon warm-up of the ozonolysis products, the peroxidic primary fragmentation products were converted into non-peroxidic end-products by HCl-catalyzed reactions. Cyclopentene (1a) and cyclohexene (1b), e.g., afforded mixtures of the corresponding α,ω-dialdehyde-bis(dimethyl acetals) (8), dimethyl α,ω-dicarboxylates (9), and methyl ω-aldehyde dimethyl acetal carboxylates (10). Norbornene (1c) gave a mixture of the correspondingly substituted 1,3-cyclopentane compounds (8c-10c), phenanthrene (22) gave a mixture of methyl 2′-formyl-2-biphenyl-carboxylate (24a), 2,2′-biphenyldicarbaldehyde (24b), and dimethyl 2,2′-biphenyldicarboxylate (24c). A reaction scheme was advanced for the rationalization of the types and the distribution of the products. It was partly substantiated by model reactions.
    Notes: Die Ozonolyse von Olefinen in wasserfreien 1 M Lösungen von Chlorwasserstoff in Methanol bei ≤ 0°C wurde untersucht. Beim Erwärmen der Ozonolyseprodukte traten HCI-katalysierte Folgereaktionen ein, in deren Verlauf die peroxidischen Primärspaltprodukte in peroxidfreie Endprodukte umgewandelt wurden. Z. B. lieferten Cyclopenten (1a) und Cyclohexen (1b) Gemische der entsprechenden α,ω-Dialdehyd-bis(dimethylacetale) (8), α,ω-Dicarbonsäure-dimethylester (9) und ω-Aldehyd-dimethylacetal-carbonsäure-methylester (10). Norbornen (1c) ergab ein Gemisch der entsprechend substituierten 1,3-Cyclopentanverbindungen (8c-10c), Phenanthren (22) ein Gemisch von 2′-Formyl-2-biphenylcarbonsäure-methylester (24a), 2,2′-Biphenyldicarbaldehyd (24b) und 2,2′-Biphenyldicarbonsäure-dimethylester (24c). Für die Entstehungsweise und die Verteilung der Produkte wurde ein Reaktionsweg formuliert, welcher z. T. durch Modellreaktionen bestätigt wurde.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1755-1764 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Triarylmethyl Systems, III. Synthesis of α-Aryl[1.n]paracyclophanesAs triarylmethyl systems with unusual sterical orientation of the aryl rings α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanes with n = 5-8 (1a-d, 8a,b) were synthesized via the corresponding dithia[1.(n + 2)]-paracyclophanes (2a-d, 6a,b) and the disulfones (3a-d, 7a,b) derived therefrom. The sterical situation in these α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanes is discussed, especially on the basis of 1H NMR data.
    Notes: Als Triarylmethyl-Systeme mit ungewöhnlicher räumlicher Orientierung der Aryl-Ringe wurden α-Aryl[1.n]paracyclophane mit n = 5-8 (1a-d, 8a,b) über die entsprechenden Dithia-[1.(n + 2)]paracyclophane (2a-d, 6a,b) und die davon abgeleiteten Disulfone (3a-d, 7a,b) dargestellt. Die sterischen Verhältnisse dieser α-Aryl[1.n]paracyclophane werden, besonders anhand von 1H-NMR-Spektren, diskutiert.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Desulfurization Reactions with Iron Carbonyl Compounds: Carbonyl(dioxolanylidene)iron Complexes from ThionocarbonatesDesulfurizations of thionocarbonates 3 with Fe(CO)5 and Fe2(CO)9 yield tetracarbonyl(dioxolanylidene)iron(0) complexes 4 and olefins 2 under thermal conditions. Photochemical conditions lead to 4 and cluster compounds with the formula Fe3(CO)9S(dioxolanylidene) (5). In all reactions Fe3(CO)9S2 (6) was also isolated. The carbene complexes are characterized spectroscopically. An X-ray structure analysis of the tetracarbonyliron carbene complex 4j shows the dioxolanylidene ligand in the axial position of a distorted trigonal bipyramid. (Dioxolanylidene)iron(0) complexes are „ylides with inverse bond polarizations“ (15).
    Notes: Die Desulfurierung von Thionocarbonaten 3 mit Fe(CO)5 und Fe2(CO)9 gibt je nach Energiequelle unterschiedliche Reaktionsprodukte. Bei der thermischen Reaktion (105°C, Toluol) entstehen Tetracarbonyl(dioxolanyliden)eisen(0)-Komplexe 4 und Olefine 2. Durch Bestrahlung entsteht ebenfalls 4, außerdem werden Clusterverbindungen der Zusammensetzung Fe3(CO)9S(dioxolanyliden) (5) isoliert. Bei allen Reaktionen wird außerdem Fe3(CO)9S2 (6) gebildet. Eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 4j zeigte den Dioxolanyliden-Liganden in der axialen Position einer trigonalen Bipyramide. (Dioxolanyliden)eisen(0)-Verbindungen sind „Ylide mit inverser Bindungspolarisation“ (15).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1810-1817 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Reagents, XX. (Triphenylstannyl)methyllithium and Analogous Trialkylstannyl Compounds, Synthesis and Reactions(Triphenylstannyl)methyllithium (1a) and analogous trialkylstannyl compounds (1b, c) were synthesized by halogen-lithium exchange reactions from 3a-c. As shown by high yields, stannyl groups are capable of stabilizing a carbanionic centre. 1a reacts with aldehydes and ketones to give β-hydroxystannanes 5 which tend to form olefins.
    Notes: (Triphenylstannyl)methyllithium (1a) sowie analoge Trialkylstannyl-Verbindungen (1b, c) wurden durch Halogen-Lithium-Austausch aus 3a-c synthetisiert. Die erzielten hohen Ausbeuten zeigen, daß Stannylgruppen ein carbanionisches Zentrum stabilisieren. 1a reagiert mit Aldehyden und Ketonen zu β-Hydroxystannanen 5, die zur Olefinbildung neigen.
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1765-1774 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Triarylmethyl Systems, IV. Synthesis and Reactions of α-Hydroxy- and α-Halo-α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanesBy bromination of hydrocarbons 1a-d and 6 α-bromo-α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanes with n = 5-8 (2a-d, 7) were prepared. Via 2a-d α-hydroxy-α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophanes 3a-d were obtained, starting from which the α-chloro and α-fluoro derivatives 4a-d and 5a,b, resp., were synthesized. - Compounds of the types 2-5 were of interest as representatives of a special triarylmethyl system for which, due to the [1.n]paracyclophane structure, unusual steric and electronic effects were to be expected. The formation of p,p′-bridged triarylmethyl radicals 8 from 2a-d and their dimerisation were investigated. Rate constants for the hydrolysis of α-bromo and α-chloro compounds 2a-d and 4a-d proceeding via the carbenium ions 9 were determined in water/acetone by conductivity measurements. Stabilities of 9 (n = 5-8), formed from the hydroxy compounds 3a-d in conc. sulfuric acid, were determined; their dependence on n is discussed in terms of specific steric and electronic effects of the α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophane system. Some spectroscopic data are reported for the carbanions 10.
    Notes: Durch Bromierung der Kohlenwasserstoffe 1a-d und 6 wurden α-Brom-α-aryl[1.n]paracyclophane mit n = 5-8 (2a-d,7) dargestellt. Aus 2a-d erhielt man die α-Hydroxy-Verbindungen 3a-d, von denen aus die α-Chlor- und α-Fluor-Derivate 4a-d bzw. 5a,b zugänglich waren. - Verbindungen des Typs 2-5 interessierten als Vertreter eines besonderen Triarylmethyl-Systems, für das als Folge der [1.n]Paracyclophan-Struktur ungewöhnliche sterische und elektronische Effekte zu erwarten waren. Die Bildung der p,p′-überbrückten Triarylmethyl-Radikale 8 aus 2a-d und ihre Dimerisierung wurden untersucht. Die Geschwindigkeiten der über Carbenium-Ionen 9 verlaufenden Hydrolysen der α-Brom- und α-Chlor-Verbindungen 2a-d bzw. 4a-d in Wasser/Aceton wurden durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen bestimmt und mit denen der entsprechenden Di- und Triphenylmethyl-Derivate verglichen. Die Stabilitäten der aus den α-Hydroxy-Verbindungen 3a-d in konz. Schwefelsäure erzeugten Carbenium-Ionen 9 mit n = 5-8 wurden ermittelt; ihre Abhängigkeit von n wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt der sterischen und elektronischen Effekte des α-Aryl[1.n]paracyclophan-Systems diskutiert. Einige spektroskopische Daten der Carbanionen 10 werden mitgeteilt.
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1825-1834 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Protophanes and Polyaromatics, XXVI. Synthesis and Properties of Dehydrooligomers of 2-(3-Thienyl)- and 2-(Benzo[b]thien-3-yl)quinoxalineMonolithiated 2-(3-thienyl)- (1a′) and 2-(benzo[b]thien-3-yl)quinoxaline (2a′) react in each case by selfaddition to polyadducts from which polyaromatics can be prepared by hydrolysis and subsequent oxidation. From the reaction mixtures open-chain polyaromatics with 4 to 12 aromatic units (1b-f, 2b-d) were isolated. Starting from 2a′, in addition to open-chain polyaromatics the cyclotetraaromatic 7 has been obtained in low yield.
    Notes: Monolithiiertes 2-(3-Thienyl)- (1a′) und 2-(Benzo[b]thien-3-yl)chinoxalin (2a′) reagieren jeweils durch Selbstaddition zu Polyaddukten, aus denen durch Hydrolyse und anschließende Oxidation Polyaromaten entstehen. Aus den Reaktionsgemischen konnten offenkettige Polyaromaten mit 4-12 Aromateneinheiten (1b-f, 2b-d) isoliert werden. Aus 2a′ entstand zusätzlich zu den offenkettigen Polyaromaten in geringer Ausbeute der Cyclotetraaromat 7.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 1835-1856 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Chemistry of Biquadricyclanylidene Inter- and Intramolecular [π2+σ2+σ2]-Cycloaddition ReactionsThe value of biquadricyclanylidene 6 for the synthesis of polychromophoric frameworks of the type 1-5 through [π2+σ2+σ2]-cycloaddition of bishomodienophilic partners is elucidated. Thus, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, dicyanoacetylene, maleic anhydride, and dimethyl azodicarboxylate are added with very good to good yields (90-50%) exo-specifically and in the case of the bis-adducts with high anti-selectivity. N-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolinedione, however, attacks the central C=C-double bond of 6 forming a 1:1-adduct considered to be the 1,2,4-triazolium-3-olate 40. With the conversion of 41 into 42 an intramolecular [π2+σ2+σ2]-cycloaddition has been realized for the first time. X-ray structural analyses of tetramethyl anti-9,9′-bi[(1α,2β,5β,6α)-tricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nona-3,7-dienylidene]-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylate (14a) and its exo-epoxide 23 have been performed.
    Notes: Die Brauchbarkeit des Biquadricyclanylidens 6 zum Aufbau polychromophorer Gerüste vom Typ 1-5 durch [π2+σ2+σ2]-Cycloaddition von bishomodienophilen Partnern wird untersucht. Acetylendicarbonsäure-dimethylester, Dicyanacetylen, Maleinsäureanhydrid und Azodicarbonsäure-dimethylester werden in diesem Sinn mit sehr guten bis guten Gesamtausbeuten (90-50%) exo-spezifisch, bei zweifacher Addition mit hoher Bevorzugung der anti-Isomeren, addiert. N-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazolindion greift 6 an der zentralen C=C-Doppelbindung unter Ausbildung eines vorläufig als 1,2,4-Triazolium-3-olat 40 angesprochenen 1:1-Adduktes an. Mit der Umwandlung 41 → 42 wird erstmals eine intramolekulare [π2+σ2+σ2]-Thermocycloaddition verwirklicht. Von anti-9,9′-Bi[(1α,2β,5β,6α)-tricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nona-3,7-dienyliden]-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarbonsäuretetramethylester (14a) und seinem exo-Epoxid 23 wurden Röntgenstrukturanalysen durchgeführt.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermolysis of Tetramethyl anti-9,9′-Bi[(1α,2β,5β,6α)-tricyclo[4.2.1.02,5]nona-3,7-dienylidene]-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylate An Efficient Intramolecular 1,4-Cyclohexanediyl Interception - A Multistep Isomerisation SequenceThe thermolysis of the anti-pentaene-tetraester 1, which is of interest in connection with its photochemistry, is examined. At 120°C 1 undergoes a uniform isomerisation with participation of four bonds to the octacycle 4. From the behaviour of several model compounds (2, 10-14) it is concluded that the transformation 1 → 4 begins with the 1,6-bridging between one of the orthogonal 1,5-diene segments and proceeds via a cascade of stabilised diradicals (5-7). This implies a quantitative, intramolecular interception of the 1,4-diyl intermediate (5) of the Cope reaction. Starting from 4 four additional, consecutively formed hepta- and hexacyclic isomerisation products (21 and 24-26) are isolated between 160 and 210°C. An x-ray structural analysis confirms the structure of 24.
    Notes: Die im Zusammenhang mit der Photochemie interessierende Thermolyse des anti-Pentaen-tetraesters 1 wird untersucht. 1 geht bei 120°C unter Beteiligung von vier Bindungen einheitlich in den isomeren Octacyclus 4 über. Aus dem Verhalten mehrerer Modellverbindungen (2, 10-14) wird geschlossen, daß die Umwandlung 1 → 4 mit der 1,6-Überbrückung in einem der orthogonalen 1,5-Diensegmente eingesetzt und über eine Kaskade stabilisierter Diradikale (5-7) abläuft. Damit ist impliziert, daß die 1,4-Diyl-Vorstufe der Cope-Reaktion (5) quantitativ intramolekular abgefangen wird. Ausgehend von 4 werden zwischen 160 und 210°C mit 21 und 24-26 vier weitere konsekutiv gebildete hepta- bzw. hexacyclische Isomerisierungsprodukte isoliert. Davon ist die Struktur 24 durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bewiesen.
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2125-2134 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Polycyclic Compounds, XXI. Synthesis of Isomeric Benz[c]azepine Derivatives by 1,3-Transposition of the Nitrogen Function in the Seven-membered Ring SystemThe easily available oxanorbornadienes 1a and 1b are converted to various isomeric benz[c]azepine derivatives. The change of the position of the acetylated nitrogen in the seven-membered ring relative to the methoxycarbonyl groups in the six-membered ring by the reaction sequence 1 → 4 → 5 can be considered as a 1,3-transposition of the nitrogen function.
    Notes: Die leicht zugänglichen Oxanorbornadiene 1a und 1b können zu verschiedenen isomeren Benz[c]azepin-Derivaten abgewandelt werden. Die Änderung der Stellung des acetylierten Stickstoffs im Siebenring relative zu den Methoxycarbonylgruppen im Sechsring durch die Reaktionsfolge 1 → 4 → 5 kann als 1,3-Transposition der Stickstoff-Funktion aufgefaßt werden.
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2076-2124 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Element-Organic Amine/Imine Compounds, XXIII. Rotamers of Aminophosphanes and AminophosphoranesThe diazaphosphasiletidines 3a-h can be synthesized from R2Si(NCR3Li)2 and Cl2PNR1R2 (1) as well as from (2) and MNR1R2 (R = CH3). At ambient temperature they show hindered rotation about the P—NR1R2 bond. 3g is separated as a pair of E/Z-rotamers, whose structure has been elucidated by NMR and X-ray analyses. The kinetically measured P—N rotation barriers (ΔG± ≍ 30 kcal · mol-1) are until now the highest that have been measured. The isomerization of 3g(E) → 3g(Z) (P—N) rotation, P inversion, or both) is a P—N rotation which has been established by the synthesis and the NMR spectroscopically measured rearrangement of (3i) (R = CH3, four isomers). The interaction of 3a-h with sulfur, selenium, and methyl iodide gives 4-6a-h. Below 0°C they all show hindered rotation about the P - NR1R2 bond. 4 and 5 are suitable for the study of the structure dependence of 1H NMR ASIS effects. The oxidation of 3g(E/Z) to the isomers 4g-6g(E/Z) occurs with retention of configuration. These compounds show significant differences with respect to their thermal stability and their reaction with methanol. The comparison of the ΔG± values of the P—N rotation barriers of 3-6 shows that the steric influence of the exo-amino substituents R1 and R2 is most important. The E/Z equilibrium of the unsymmetrically substituted compounds gives evidence that the two ground states of P—;N rotation are mostly influenced sterically, possible also electronically.
    Notes: Die Diazaphosphasiletidine 3a-h lassen sich aus R2Si(NCR3Li)2 und Cl2PNR1R2 (1) sowie aus (2) und MNR1R2 (R = CH3) darstellen. Sie weisen bei Raumtemperatur eine Rotationsbehinderung um die P—NR1R2-Bindung auf; 3g wird als E/Z-Rotamerenpaar getrennt und durch NMR- und Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert. Seine kinetisch ermittelten P—N-Rotationsbarrieren (ΔG± = ca. 30 kcal · mol-1) sind die bislang höchsten bestimmten Werte. Die Umlagerung von 3g(E) → 3g(Z) (P—N-Rotation, P-Inversion oder beides) ist eine P—N-Rotation, was durch Synthese und NMR-spektroskopische Verfolgung der Umlagerung des Isomerengemisches (3i) (R = CH3, vier Isomere) bewiesen wurde. Die Umsetzung von 3a-h mit Schwefel, Selen und Methyliodid ergibt 4-6a-h, die alle unterhalb 0°C eine Rotationsbehinderung um die P—NR1R2-Bindung aufweisen. 4 und 5 sind für das Studium der Strukturabhängigkeit von 1H-NMR-ASIS-Effekten geeignet. Die unter Konfigurationserhalt ablaufende Oxidation von 3g(E/Z) ergibt die Isomerenpaare 4g-6g(E/Z), die bemerkenswerte Unterschiede in bezug auf ihre Methanolyse- bzw. thermische Stabilität aufweisen. Der Vergleich der ΔG±-Werte für die P—N-Rotationsbarriere bei 3-6 zeigt, daß hier vorrangig der sterische Einfluß der exoständigen Aminosubstituenten R1, R2 verantwortlich ist. Aus den E/Z-Gleichgewichtslagen der unsymmetrisch substituierten Verbindungen erkennt man, daß auch die beiden Grundzustände der P—N-Rotation stark sterisch, möglicherweise aber auch elektronisch beeinflußt sind.
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2135-2140 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fluorination Reactions at 3,4-Dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazoleFrom the title compound 1 and KF in sulfolane 3-chloro-4-fluoro- (2) and 3,4-difluoro-1,2,5-thiadiazole (3) are obtained. In the reaction with oxidizing fluorinating agents, e. g. XeF2, BrF3, or AgF2, 2 is the primary product. Cleavage of the ring system at one of the S=N bonds gives the bifunctional ethane derivatives ClNCClCF2NSF2 (5), ClNCFCF2NSF2 (6), Cl2NCF2CF2NSF2 (7), and (=NCF2CF2NSF2)2 (8).
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung der Titelverbindung 1 mit KF in Sulfolan werden 3-Chlor-4-fluor-(2) und 3,4-Difluor-1,2,5-thiadiazol (3) erhalten. Die Reaktionen mit oxidierenden Fluorierungsmitteln wie XeF2, BrF3 oder AgF2 führen über 2 als Zwischenprodukt zur Spaltung des Ringsystems an einer der S=N-Bindungen. Dabei entstehen die bifunktionellen Ethanderivate CINCCICF2NSF2 (5), ClNCFCF2NSF2 (6), Cl2NCF2CF2NSF2 (7) und (=NCF2CF2NSF2)2 (8).
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  • 98
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2141-2152 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclic Diazastannylenes, XIII. [SnN2(CH3)2]4 and [SnNCH(CH3)2]4, Molecules with Cubane-like Structures1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3,2,4λ2-diazasilastannetidine (1) reacts in benzene with N,N-dimethylhydrazine spontanously and with isopropylamine after warming shortly to yield N,N′-di-tert-butyl-Si,Si-dimethylsilazane (2) and the tetrameric molecules (SnN2Me2)4 (5) and (SnNCHMe2)4 (6). An X-ray structure determination (R = 0.026) proves 5 to be built of a very distorted Sn4N4-cube, the nitrogen atoms being attached to dimethylamino groups. In the crystal the molecules are linked together by Sn—Sn contacts (351 pm) forming a zick-zack band, which runs in the direction of the hexagonal axis. Typical Sn—N bond lengths are found to be 220.9 and 225.1 pm, while the mean N—N distance is 146.2 pm. When heated or by contact with oxygen the crystals of 5 decompose vehemently: the products are found to be β-tin, molecular nitrogen, and varying amounts of methane, ethane, and dimethylamine (by contact with oxygen small amounts of tin(II)-oxide are formed as well).
    Notes: 1,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3,2,4λ2-diazasilastannetidin (1) reagiert in Benzol mit N,N-Dimethylhydrazin spontan und mit Isopropylamin nach kurzem Erwärmen zu N,N′-Di-tert-butyl-Si,Si-dimethylsilazan (2) und den Tetrameren (SnN2Me2)4 (5) und (SnNCHMe2)4 (6). Eine Röntgenstrukturbestimmung (R = 0.026) zeigt, daß 5 einen stark verzerrten Sn4N4-Kubus besitzt, an dessen Stickstoffatome Dimethylaminogruppen gebunden sind. Im Kristall sind die Moleküle über Sn—Sn-Kontakte (351 pm) zu einem Zickzack-Band verknüpft, das in Richtung der hexagonalen Achse verläuft. Typische Sn—N-Bindungslängen liegen bei 220.9 und 225.1 pm, während für N—N 146.2 pm ermittelt werden. Beim Erhitzen sowie bei Sauerstoffzufuhr zersetzen sich die Kristalle von 5 heftig: als Produkte erhält man β-Zinn, molekularen Stickstoff und in wechselnden Mengen Methan, Ethan und Dimethylamin (bei Sauerstoffeinwirkung auch geringe Mengen an Zinn(II)-oxid).
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  • 99
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 115 (1982), S. 2153-2174 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phosphinomethyl-Komplexe des Zirconiums: Eine MO-Studie über Struktur-, Bindungs- und ReaktivitätsproblemeDie Elektronenstruktur und Geometrie gewinkelter Phosphinomethyl-Sandwichkomplexe von ZrIV und ZrIII wird mit Hilfe von Molekülorbital-Berechnungen untersucht. Fragmentorbital-Betrachtungen und störungstheoretische Argumente werden verwandt, um die ungewöhnliche experimentelle Struktur von Cp2ZrCl(CH2PPh2) (1) zu erklären. Der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf einzähnige (η1) gegenüber zweizähniger (η2) Koordination eines Phosphinomethyl-Liganden in Zirconocenderivaten wird analysiert, eine verallgemeinernde Extrapolation auf andere Cp2M(X)()-Systeme (: potentiell ein- oder zweizähniger Ligand) ist möglich. Strukturelle und chemische Konsequenzen der Ein-Elektronen-Reduktion von 1 werden auf der Basis von MO-Berechnungen interpretiert. besitzt demnach einen η1-Phosphinomethylliganden und erweist sich als instabil gegenüber heterolytischer Abspaltung von Cl- oder CH2PPh2-. Die Berechnungen ergeben für die Grundzustandsstruktur von Cp2Zr(CH2PPh2) η2-Koordination der Phosphinomethylgruppe, diese Struktur ist konsistent mit dem beobachtbaren ESR-Spektrum des Reduktionsproduktes von 1.
    Notes: The electronic structure and geometry of bent sandwich phosphinomethyl complexes of ZrIV and ZrIII have been investigated by means of molecular orbital calculations. A fragment MO approach and perturbation arguments are utilized to explain the unusual experimental structure of Cp2ZrCl(CH2PPh2) (1). Various factors influencing monodentate (η1) vs. bidentate (η2) ligand coordination of a phosphinomethyl ligand in zirconocene derivatives are analyzed, allowing to extrapolate to other Cp2M(X)() systems (: potentially mono- or bidentate ligand) in general. Structural and chemical consequences of one electron reduction of 1 are interpreted on the basis of the MO calculations. is shown to possess an η1-phosphinomethyl ligand and to be unstable towards heterolytic loss of Cl- or CH2—PPh2-. The ground state structure of d1-Cp2Zr(CH2PPh2) is calculated to contain an η2-phosphinomethyl group, consistent with the observed ESR spectrum of the reduction product of 1.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Cyclopropenes as Complex Ligands: Metal Induced Ring Opening and Carbonylation of a Bicyclopropenyl with Formation of a Tropone Derivative. The Crystal Structure of Tricarbonyl(4-7-η4-2,3,5,7-tetraphenyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one)-iron, (C6H2Ph4CO)Fe(CO)32,2′,3,3′-Tetraphenylbi-2-cyclopropen-1-yl (1) reacts with Fe2(CO)9 at room temperature to form (4-7-η4-2,3,5,7-tetraphenyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one)Fe(CO)3 (3). This unexpected transformation of a bicyclopropenyl derivative into a tropone complex involves the opening of both cyclopropene rings, insertion of CO, and ring closure. Oxidation with Cer(IV) yields the uncomplexed tropone derivative. The crystal structure of the title compound 3 has been determined.
    Notes: 2,2′,3,3′-Tetraphenylbi-2-cyclopropen-1-yl (1) und Fe2(CO)9 reagieren bei Raumtemperatur unter Bildung von (4-7-η4-2,3,5,7-Tetraphenyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-on)Fe(CO)3 (3). Diese unerwartete Umlagerung eines Bicyclopropenyl-Derivats in einen Tropon-Komplex verläuft unter Öffnung beider Cyclopropen-Ringe, CO-Einschub und Ringschluß. Oxidation mit Cer(IV) liefert daraus das freie Tropon-Derivat. Die Kristallstruktur der Titelverbindung 3 wurde bestimmt.
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