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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (6,246)
  • Organic Chemistry  (1,467)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,001)
  • 2015-2019  (7)
  • 1985-1989  (4,219)
  • 1980-1984  (4,488)
  • 1970-1974
  • 2017  (7)
  • 1988  (4,219)
  • 1982  (4,488)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2015-2019  (7)
  • 1985-1989  (4,219)
  • 1980-1984  (4,488)
  • 1970-1974
Year
  • 1
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    [Editors' Choice] Lighting the way to fluorine placement (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    [This Week in Science] Stitching a belt out of carbon rings (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-14
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    [Perspective] Allotropy by design—Carbon nanohoops (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-14
    Description: The allotropes formed by carbon reflect differences in its bonding: single bonds in diamond, double bonds in graphite and graphene, and triple bonds in polyynes. Fashioning graphene sheets into bowls, monkey saddles, balls, and tubes has led to a number of molecular allotropes of carbon or carbon-rich quasi-allotropes with novel topologies and shapes. A simple ring of carbon can be reduced to practice in various forms (1): a cyclic array of carbon atoms, a “pearl necklace” of benzene rings, or a cylindrical hoop of flank-fused benzenes, just to name a few. On page 172 of this issue, Povie et al. (2) report on the synthesis of an angular-fused hoop structure, which has been a long-standing target. Author: Jay S. Siegel
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    [This Week in Science] Stitching one alkyl group to another (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-14
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    [This Week in Science] Boron choreographs a double reaction (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    [This Week in Science] Turning benzene into a C–H bond cleaver (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-01
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    [This Week in Science] A cyclic catalyst to pair up sugars (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Computer processed LANDSAT data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Background information and exercises are provided to: (1) establish or expand understanding of the concepts, methods, and terminology of computer processing of image producing data; (2) develop insight into the advantages of computer based image processing compared with the photointerpretation approach for processing, classifying, interpreting, and applying remote sensing data; (3) foster a broad perspective on the principal of the main techniques for image enhancement, pattern recognition, and thematic classification; (4) appreciate the pros and cons of batch and interactive modes of image analysis; (5) examine and evaluate some specific computer generated products for subscenes in Pennsylvania and New Jersey; and (6) interrelate these particular examples of output with more theoretical explanations of computer processing strategies and procedures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 145-232
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  • 9
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    Appendix C. LANDSAT: A worldwide perspective (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Images characteristics of geographic regions other than the northeastern part of the United States are presented for interpretation. Pre- and post-eruption imagery of Mt. St. Helens volcano serves to demonstrate the advantages of thermal infrared sensing, and the potential for developing a timely, decision oriented thematic map to be used in solving drought-related problems in Upper Volta is examined to show the applicability of satellite remote sensing in all geographic areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 455-475
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  • 10
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    Impact of Mount St. Helens eruption on hydrology and water quality (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens in southeast Washington resulted in a pronounced effect on the surface and ground water resources of the state. In response to the volcanic activity, the U.S. Geological Survey intensified statewide surface and ground water sampling programs to determine the nature and magnitude of the volcanic-induced variations. Streams to the east of Mount St. Helens received the major ash fallout. Chemical effects were best noted in smaller streams sampled 60 to 70 miles northeast of Mount St. Helens. The chemical variations observed were pronounced but short lived. Sulfate and chloride increases in anionic composition were prevalent immediately following the eruption; however, the original bicarbonate predominance was again attained within several days. Suspended iron and aluminum concentrations were similarly elevated during the period of greatest ash deposition (highest turbidity); however, the dissolved concentrations remained relatively constant. Depressions of pH were minor and short lived. Streams draining to the south, tributaries to the Columbia river, showed little observable changes in water chemistry. Streams draining to the west (Toutle river and its tributaries) were compositionally affected by the various volcanic activities. Chloride and sulfate anion percentage exceeded the bicarbonate percentage up to one month following the eruption period. Streams and lakes sampled in the immediate vicinity of Mount St. Helens, in addition to trace metals, contained organic compounds derived from decomposing wood buried in the debris deposits. This organic material may constitute a significant source of organic compounds to surface and ground water for some time to come.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 43-46
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  • 11
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    Some closing thoughts: Practical payoffs from satellite systems (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The benefits-to-cost ratio of satellite remote sensing, both as a substitute for conventional methods of monitoring and assessing resources, and as a supplement to these methods is examined using a model which analyzes the cost of aerial photography versus satellite scanner for producing and interpreting an image of the Earth's surface sized to LANDSAT dimensions. Examples of cost savings are tabulated for ground surveys, aerial photos, and LANDSAT. Possible additional benefits from LANDSAT D are assessed. The way in which satellites fit into more comprehensive models for resources management is discussed. It is shown that remote sensing is but one essential component in a complex system that aggregates technical. Socioeconomics, political, cultural, and other factors in the human decision process.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 389-407
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  • 12
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    Appendix B: Principles of computer processing of LANDSAT data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Computer processing facilitates extraction of information from every pixel by executing a variety of functional operations, called processed algorithms, in general or specialized routines. The best results are obtained when data from more than one multispectral band are used together. Multivariate tatistical analysis, computer tape characteristics, processing modes, and a choice of systems (batch or interactive) are discussed. The major operations in computer processing elaborated include: preprocessing, enhancement, effects of rationing, and classification. Techniques for multisource data correlation are considered with emphasis on geobased systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 421-453
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  • 13
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    Near surface observations (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives include: (1) developing an understanding of the implications of the term "near surface observations"; (2) associating the appearance of large ground features as seen in satellite imagery with their appearance as seen from the ground; (3) grasping criteria and procedures for selecting training sites on the ground for use in supervised classification; (4) running through an example of training site selection; (5) becoming familiar with several methods of accuracy assessment; (6) becoming aware of the approach and value of making supporting measurements of the spectral and physical properties of materials on the ground and from aircraft; (7) taking note of the different types of instruments used in making specific ground measurements; and (8) appreciating the rationale underlying laboratory and field studies on or near the Earth's surface for the purpose of developing new sensor systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 233-276
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  • 14
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    Photointerpretation of LANDSAT images (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives include: (1) developing a facility for applying conventional techniques of photointerpretation to small scale (satellite) imager; (2) promoting the ability to locate, identify, and interpret small natural and man made surface features in a LANDSAT image; (3) using supporting imagery, such as aerial and space photography, to conduct specific applications analyses; (4) learning to apply change detection techniques to recognize and explain transient and temporal events in individual or seasonal imagery; (5) producing photointerpretation maps that define major surface units, themes, or classes; (6) classifying or analyzing a scene for specific discipline applications in geology, agriculture, forestry, hyrology, coastal wetlands, and environmental pollution; and (7) evaluating both advantages and shortcomings in relying on the photointerpretive approach (rather than computer based analytical approach) for extracting information from LANDSAT data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 101-143
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  • 15
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    Some spectral and spatial characteristics of LANDSAT data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Activities are provided for: (1) developing insight into the way in which the LANDSAT MSS produces multispectral data; (2) promoting understanding of what a "pixel" means in a LANDSAT image and the implications of the term "mixed pixel"; (3) explaining the concept of spectral signatures; (4) deriving a simple signature for a class or feature by analysis: of the four band images; (5) understanding the production of false color composites; (6) appreciating the use of color additive techniques; (7) preparing Diazo images; and (8) making quick visual identifications of major land cover types by their characteristic gray tones or colors in LANDSAT images.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 81-99
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  • 16
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    Familiarization with LANDSAT imagery (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Learning objectives of the activities provided include: (1) reading the annotation of a LANDSAT image; (2) becoming acquainted with the characteristics of 1:1,000,000 scale transparencies and prints of MSS images; (3) noting the general information visible in LANDSAT photo products; (4) observing changes of appearance of any ground feature or class in the black and white images made from the four MSS bands and the characteristic color of each class in color composites; (5) determining the degree to which a LANDSAT image meets map accuracy standards and can be fitted to map projections; (6) assessing the effects of LANDSAT enlargements and scale changes and of the limitations of satellite resolution relative to aerial photos; (7) observing the influence of time of acquisition (season) on a scene; (8) getting a feel for image quality as dependent on processing and photoreproduction; (9) appreciating the characteristics of the RBV and thermal band imagery obtained from LANDSAT-3; and (10) becoming familiar with certain attributes of adjacent LANDSAT images which permit them to be joined in mosaics and to be viewed in stereo.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 39-80
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  • 17
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    Appendix A: The LANDSAT system (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The primary LANDSAT mission and the system requirements are summarized and pertinent parameters of the spacecraft, its orbit, and payload are tabulated. The history acquisition to entry into the archives for storage and product generation and dissemination is recounted. The LANDSAT D data handling plan is discussed showing requirements for both the MSS CCT and the thematic mapper CCT.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 409-419
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  • 18
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    Some fundamental concepts in remote sensing (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The term remote sensing is defined as well as ideas such as class, pattern, feature, pattern recognition, feature extraction, and theme. The electromagnetic spectrum is examined especially those wavelength regions available to remote sensing. Relevant energy and wave propagation laws are discussed and the characteristics of emitted and reflected radiation and their detection are investigated. The identification of classes by their spectral signatures, the multispectral approach, and the principal types of sensors and platforms used in remote sensing are also considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 9-38
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  • 19
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    Other remote sensing systems: Retrospect and outlook (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The history of remote sensing is reviewed and the scope and versatility of the several remote sensing systems already in orbit are discussed, especially those with sensors operating in other EM spectral modes. The multisensor approach is examined by interrelating LANDSAT observations with data from other satellite systems. The basic principles and practices underlying the use of thermal infrared and radar sensors are explored and the types of observations and interpretations emanating from the Nimbus, Heat Capacity Mapping Mission, and SEASAT programs are examined. Approved or proposed Earth resources oriented missions for the 1980's previewed include LANDSAT D, Stereosat, Gravsat, the French satellite SPOT-1, and multimission modular spacecraft launched from space shuttle. The pushbroom imager, the linear array pushbroom radiometer, the multispectral linear array, and the operational LANDSAT observing system, to be designed the LANDSAT-E series are also envisioned for this decade.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 327-387
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  • 20
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    A case study in the practical use of LANDSAT data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: The use of computer aided classification of LANDSAT data in developing water quality plans for New Jersey watersheds is used to exemplify how a state natural resource management program benefits from satellite imagery. The transition of a research and development system into an operational remote sensing system to help decision makers is demonstrated. Nontechnial issues that can assist (or hinder) an agency in adopting a new technology are examined. The progress of LANDSAT use by state government from the earliest stage of curiosity through to incorporation in actual state planning methods is charted. Potential applications of LANDSAT data to real information needs and solutions to management problems are examined. The problems and mistakes that occurred in using LANDSAT data in the past are discussed as well as the ways by which these problems were overcome.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 309-326
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  • 21
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    Geographic information systems (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-16
    Description: Information and activities are provided to: (1) enhance the ability to distinguish between a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a data management system; (2) develop understanding of spatial data handling by conventional methods versus the automated approach; (3) promote awareness of GIS design and capabilities; (4) foster understanding of the concepts and problems of data base development and management; (5) facilitate recognition of how a computerized GIS can model conditions in the present "real world" to project conditions in the future; and (6) appreciate the utility of integrating LANDSAT and other remotely sensed data into the GIS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The LANDSAT Tutorial Workbook; p 277-308
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  • 22
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    Geobotanical remote sensing for determination of aggregate source material (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JHU, First Navy Independent Research(Independent Exploratory Development Symposium, Volume 1; p 181-191
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  • 23
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    Shuttle radar mapping with diverse incidence angles in the rainforest of Borneo (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 927-943
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  • 24
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    Digital identification of cartographic control points (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Techniques have been developed for the sub-pixel location of control points in satellite images returned by the Voyager spacecraft. The procedure uses digital imaging data in the neighborhood of the point to form a multipicture model of a piece of the surface. Comparison of this model with the digital image in each picture determines the control point locations to about a tenth of a pixel. At this level of precision, previously insignificant effects must be considered, including chromatic aberration, high level imaging distortions, and systematic errors due to navigation uncertainties. Use of these methods in the study of Jupiter's satellite Io has proven very fruitful.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 54; 723-727
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  • 25
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    Estimation of wheat canopy resistance using combined remotely sensed spectral reflectance and thermal observations (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 369-383
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  • 26
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    Estimating surface soil moisture from satellite microwave measurements and a satellite derived vegetation index (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Normalized 18-GHz microwave brightness temperatures, T(B), and a vegetation index determined from satellite radiometer data are combined with climatically modeled surface moisture estimates to constrain a simple physically based soil moisture model. It is found that the normalized T(B) values correlated well with soil moisture when the data were segregated by vegetation index range, but less so when all the data were combined. By using the vegetation index parameter, the model is shown to account for about 70 percent of the variability in modeled surface soil moisture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 331-345
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  • 27
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    Relative sensitivity of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Microwave Polarization Difference Index (MPDI) for vegetation and desertification monitoring (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple equation relating the Microwave Polarization Difference Index (MPDI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is proposed which represents well data obtained from Nimbus 7/SMMR at 37 GHz and NOAA/AVHRR Channels 1 and 2. It is found that there is a limit which is characteristic of a particular type of cover for which both indices are equally sensitive to the variation of vegetation, and below which MPDI is more efficient than NDVI. The results provide insight into the relationship between water content and chlorophyll absorption at pixel size scales.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 297-311
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  • 28
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    Assessing forest damage in high-elevation coniferous forests in Vermont and New Hampshire using Thematic Mapper data (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This study evaluates the potential of measuring/mapping forest damage in spruce-fir forests in the Green Mountains of Vermont and White Mountains of New Hampshire using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. The TM 1.65/0.83-micron (TM5/4) and 2.22/0.83-micron (TM7/4) band ratios were found to correlate well with ground-based measurements of forest damage (a measure of percentage foliar loss) at 11 spruce-fir stands located on Camels Hump, a mountain in northern Vermont. Images using 0.56 and 1.65-micron bands with 1.65/0.83-micron band ratios indicated locations of heavy conifer forest damage. Both 1.65/0.83 and 2.22/0.83-micron band ratios were used to quantify levels of conifer forest damage among individual mountains throughout many of the Green and White Mountains. Damage was found to be consistently higher for the Green than the White Mountains.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 227-246
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  • 29
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    Estimating forest biomass and volume using airborne laser data (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An airborne pulsed laser system was used to obtain canopy height data over a southern pine forest in Georgia in order to predict ground-measured forest biomass and timber volume. Although biomass and volume estimates obtained from the laser data were variable when compared with the corresponding ground measurements site by site, the present models are found to predict mean total tree volume within 2.6 percent of the ground value, and mean biomass within 2.0 percent. The results indicate that species stratification did not consistently improve regression relationships for four southern pine species.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 247-267
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  • 30
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    Detection and identification of Arctic landforms - An assessment of remotely sensed data (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The use of remote sensing data to monitor and analyze the arctic environment is examined. Landsat MSS, TM simulated, NS001, Seasat, and airborne radar are employed to investigate the Strand and Dune areas on the Arctic Coastal Plain in Alaska. The Strand area contains landforms associated with permafrost and the Dune area is dominated by eolian deposits consisting of large longitudinal dunes. The remote sensing data are compared to baseline geomorphic maps derived from aerial photography. It is observed that the multispectral data are better than the radar data for the detection and recognition of arctic landforms, and the NS001 data provided the highest spatial resolution and correlated well with the high-altitude aerial photography.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 54; 363-371
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  • 31
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    Shuttle imaging radar A analysis of land use in Amazonia (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Over large areas in the tropics, satellite imagery is the principal source of data on the area, current stature, and extent of disturbance of the forests. The information from imagery that covers large areas at low resolution is greatly enhanced when different types of imagery can be compared. The paper presents a comparison of data from Landsat MSS and from the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) L band HH polarization data for sites in the Amazon Basin. Results indicate that SIR-A backscatter from the undisturbed forest was lower than that from some disturbed areas and from flooded forests and that SIR-A brightness, increases nonlinearly with the Landsat normalized difference vegetation index. It is hypothesized that the brightest radar returns in southern Amazonia are from newly cleared forests that are littered with standing and fallen tree boles that function as corner reflectors; and that backscatter will diminish from disturbed areas over time as fields are burned repeatedly.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 95-105
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    Preliminary assessment of airborne imaging spectrometer and airborne thematic mapper data acquired for forest decline areas in the Federal Republic of Germany (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This study evaluated the utility of data collected by the high-spectral resolution airborne imaging spectrometer (AIS-2, tree mode, spectral range 0.8-2.2 microns) and the broad-band Daedalus airborne thematic mapper (ATM, spectral range 0.42-13.0 micron) in assessing forest decline damage at a predominantly Scotch pine forest in the FRG. Analysis of spectral radiance values from the ATM and raw digital number values from AIS-2 showed that higher reflectance in the near infrared was characteristic of high damage (heavy chlorosis, limited needle loss) in Scotch pine canopies. A classification image of a portion of the AIS-2 flight line agreed very well with a damage assessment map produced by standard aerial photointerpretation techniques.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 129-149
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    Comparison of in situ and airborne spectral measurements of the blue shift associated with forest decline (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Visible IR Intelligent Spectrometer (VIRIS) reflectance data have been found to have similar features that are related to air-pollution-induced forest decline and visible damage in both the red spruce of Vermont and the Norway spruce of Baden-Wuerttemberg; the similarity suggests a common source of damage. Spectra of both species include a 5-nm blueshifting of the red-edge inflection point, while pigment data for both species indicate a loss of total chlorophylls. The blue shift of the chlorophyll absorption maximum, as well as the increased red radiance and decreased near-IR radiance of the damaged spruce, may be used to delineate and map damage areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 109-127
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    Terrestrial imaging spectroscopy (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent advances in imaging spectroscopy for remote sensing applications are discussed, reviewing the results of recent investigations. The advantages offered by the higher spectral resolution of imaging spectroscopy relative to scanners such as Landsat MSS and TM are explained; the design and performance of the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (Vane et al., 1984) are described and illustrated with drawings, photographs, and sample images; data processing and analysis techniques are outlined; and applications to geological and botanical research are considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 1-29
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  • 35
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    Effects of variation in look angle and wavelength in radar images of volcanic and aeolian terrains, or now you see it, now you don't (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of look angle and wavelength variation in geologically applied radar images are examined and the applications of observations of these effects for the study of other planets are discussed. Seasat, SIR-A, SIR-B, and airborne radar images and multiple look angle and multiwavelength scatterometer data are used. It is found that smaller look angle radar data can provide good discrimination among certain diverse materials which are not distinguishable at larger look angles, such as subpixel fault scarps and volcanic dykes. Discriminant analyses of scatterometer data of all geological targets observed gave best results with minimum data by using all wavelengths available and small look angles. The results provide information on the nature of radar images which could be valuable in interpreting radar images of Venus.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 945-965
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  • 36
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    The doubled CO2 climate and the sensitivity of the modeled hydrologic cycle (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Four doubled CO2 experiments with the GISS general circulation model are compared to investigate the consistency of changes in water availability over the United States. The experiments compare the influence of model sensitivity, model resolution, and the sea-surface temperature gradient. The results show that the general mid-latitude drying over land is dependent upon the degree of mid-latitude eddy energy decrease, and thus the degree of high-latitude temperature change amplification. There is a general tendency in the experiments for the northern and western United States to become wetter, while the southern and eastern portions dry. However, there is much variability from run to run, with different regions showing different degrees of sensitivity to the parameters tested. The results for the western United States depend most on model resolution; those for the central United States, on the sea-surface temperature gradient and the degree of mid-latitude ocean warming; and those for the eastern United States, on model sensitivity. The changes in particular seasons depend on changes in other seasons, and will therefore be sensitive to the realism of the ground hydrology parameterization.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 5385-541
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    Microwave vegetation index - A new long-term global data set for biospheric studies (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 185
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  • 38
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    Remote sensing of forest canopy and leaf biochemical contents (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent research on the remote sensing of forest leaf and canopy biochemical contents suggests that the shortwave IR region contains this information; laboratory analyses of dry ground leaves have yielded reliable predictive relationships between both leaf nitrogen and lignin with near-IR spectra. Attention is given to the application of these laboratory techniques to a limited set of spectra from fresh, whole leaves of conifer species. The analysis of Airborne Imaging Spectrometer data reveals that total water content variations in deciduous forest canopies appear as overall shifts in the brightness of raw spectra.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 24; 85-108
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  • 39
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    Extension of a drought monitoring and vegetation classification methodology to the western Sahel (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Biomass of growing vegetation over large semiarid regions can be estimated by digital manipulation of data from the AVHRR on NOAA polar-orbiting satellites. Here, the African Sahel is classified using a methodology which incorporates both the normalized difference and CAUSE procedures for the monitoring of vegetation during drought conditions. Preliminary analysis of color IR photographs taken on Space Shuttle missions indicates that such photographs can be digitized, registered to maps and other images, and utilized to fill temporal gaps in the historical record of data from unmanned satellites.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geocarto International (ISSN 1010-6049); 3; 29-36
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  • 40
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    Flood boundary delineation through clouds and vegetation using L-band space-borne radar - A potential new tool for disease vector control programs (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Acta Astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765); 17; 1003-100
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  • 41
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    Detection of a buried horizon with a high thermal diffusivity using thermal remote sensing (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A field investigation using thermal remote sensing was performed to test the feasibility of detecting the surface topography of granite bedrock beneath a thin cover of alluvium. Imagery of a region of the Mojave Desert were taken with an airborne multispectral scanner with thermal spectral bandwidths of 10.4 and 12.5 microns an instantaneous field of view of 2.5 mrad. It is suggested that a buried high thermal diffusivity horizon measurably lowers the surface temperature of the overlying lower diffusivity material during the peak of the annual heating cycle.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 54; 1437-144
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  • 42
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    Estimating big bluestem albedo from directional reflectance measurements (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Multidirectional reflectance factor measurements acquired in the summer of 1986 are used to make estimates of big bluestem grass albedo, evaluating the variation of albedo with changes in solar zenith angle and phenology. On any given day, the albedo was observed to increase by at least 19 percent as solar zenith angle increased. Changes in albedo were found to correspond to changes in the green leaf area index of the grass canopy. Estimates of albedo made using reflectance data acquired within only one or two azimuthal planes and at a restricted range of view zenith angle were evaluated and compared to 'true' albedos derived from all available reflectance factor data. It was found that even a limited amount of multiple direction reflectance data was preferable to a single nadir reflectance factor for the estimation of prarie grass albedo.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 25; 185-199
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    Response to soil moisture of spectral indexes derived from bidirectional reflectance in Thematic Mapper wavebands (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Laboratory reflectance measurements of 10 soils were used to determine the relationship between soil moisture and three spectral indices: the TM5/7 ratio and the Wetness(R) and Brightness(R) features of the reflectance factor TM Tasseled Cap transformation. Response of the indices to dry mass water percentage was approximately linear for individual soils, except for Wetness(R) and Brightness(R) at high moisture content. Soil differences in the slopes of the Wetness(R)- and Brightness(R)-moisture content relationships were almost entirely eliminated by expressing water content as the percentage of water retained at 0.1 bar (10 kPa) tension (relative water content). The resultant soil lines were offset from one another by the differences in dry soil index value. Slope of the TM5/7 response was not completely normalized by expressing moisture status as relative water content, because slope appeared to vary with dry soil ratio value. Sensitivity to the effects of illumination angle was negligible for the TM5/7 ratio, somewhat greater for Wetness(R) and greatest for Brightness(R).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 25; 167-184
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    Multisensor classification of sedimentary rocks (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comparison is made between linear discriminant analysis and supervised classification results based on signatures from the Landsat TM, the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), and airborne SAR, alone and combined into extended spectral signatures for seven sedimentary rock units exposed on the margin of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming. Results from a linear discriminant analysis showed that training-area classification accuracies based on the multisensor data were improved an average of 15 percent over TM alone, 24 percent over TIMS alone, and 46 percent over SAR alone, with similar improvement resulting when supervised multisensor classification maps were compared to supervised, individual sensor classification maps. When training area signatures were used to map spectrally similar materials in an adjacent area, the average classification accuracy improved 19 percent using the multisensor data over TM alone, 2 percent over TIMS alone, and 11 percent over SAR alone. It is concluded that certain sedimentary lithologies may be accurately mapped using a single sensor, but classification of a variety of rock types can be improved using multisensor data sets that are sensitive to different characteristics such as mineralogy and surface roughness.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 25; 129-144
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    The surface integral approach to radarclinometry (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A radar image of the Lake Champlain West quadrangle in the Adirondack Mountains of the U.S. is synthesized and used to test the surface integral approach to radarclinometry. It is shown that the surface integral approach to radarclinometry possesses an inherent instability that can be avoided only if the radar reflectance function possesses a shallow slope over the range of operation and if terrain slopes are bounded to prevent their being either parallel or perpendicular to the Poynting vector of the radar irradiance. It is found that the noise associated with real SAR systems makes this instability worse. It is concluded that the value of the surface integral approach to radarclinometry shows little promise.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Earth, Moon, and Planets (ISSN 0167-9295); 41; 141-153
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  • 46
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    Directed band ratioing for the retention of perceptually-independent topographic expression in chromaticity-enhanced imagery (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A band ratioing method is developed which directs the retention of topographic expression and albedo information so that they remain depicted as prominent variations in image intensity. Band data are adjusted so that ratio values for each surface material coherently increase with increasing pixel bispectral radiance for all three ratios of the color composite. The retained topographic expression and albedo information do not significantly distort the ratio-enhanced band-variant reflectance information, and the resultant images are similar to chromaticity-enhanced band composite images, but require only simple arithmetic processing steps.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 749-765
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  • 47
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    Reflectances of glaciers as calculated using Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper data (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Landsat-5 digital numbers have been used to compute the at-satellite planetary reflectance on spectrally similar zones on the Meares and Schwanda glaciers in Alaska and the Grossglockner glacier group in Austria. The patterns of TM-derived reflectances in the ablation areas of the Grossglockner glacier group and the Meares Glacier compare favorably with published reflectance curves measured on the surface of glacier ice, though the surface reflectance of snow-covered ice is higher than the Landsat-derived reflectance for the glaciers studied. The accuracy of the at-satellite planetary reflectances is shown to be affected by topographic and atmospheric effects and by the anisotropic nature of snow reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 25; 311-321
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  • 48
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    Estimation of canopy parameters for inhomogeneous vegetation canopies from reflectance data. III - TRIM: A model for radiative transfer in heterogeneous three-dimensional canopies (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for radiative transfer in heterogeneous three-dimensional canopies such as those found in forests is proposed. Its use in estimating important biophysical variables such as leaf area index and canopy architecture from bidirectional canopy reflectance data is discussed. The model and its use in estimating canopy parameters through its inversion are validated with measured canopy reflectance data for corn canopies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 25; 255-293
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    Atmospheric effect on spectral signature - Measurements and corrections (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of the atmospheric effect on the spectral signature of surface cover were conducted during hazy conditions over the Chesapeake Bay and its eastern shore. In the experiment the upward radiance was measured by an airborne scanning radiometer in nine spectral bands between 465 and 773 nm, above and below the haze layer. Simultaneous measurements of the aerosol optical thickness and its vertical distribution were conducted. The results of the measurements are used to study the spectral dependence of the atmospheric effect on remote sensing of water bodies and vegetated fields (forest, corn field, and pasture), and to verify theoretical predictions. It is suggested that the radiances over dark areas (e.g., water in the near IR and forest in the visible) can be used to derive the aerosol optical thickness as is done over oceans with the CZCS satellite images. Combined with climatological information, the derived optical thickness can be used to perform corrections of the atmospheric effect. Examples of the derivation of the aerosol optical thickness and correction of the upward radiances are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 26; 441-450
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    Interferometric synthetic aperture microwave radiometry for the remote sensing of the earth (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Interferometric aperture synthesis is presented as an alternative to real aperture measurements of the earth's brightness temperature from low earth orbit. The signal-to-noise performance of a single interferometric measurement is considered, and the noise characteristics of the brightness temperature image produced from the interferometer measurements are discussed. The sampling requirements of the measurements and the resulting effects of the noise in the measurements on the image are described. The specific case of the electronically steered thinned array radiometer (ESTAR) currently under construction is examined. The ESTAR prototype is described in detail sufficient to permit a performance evaluation of its spatial and temperature resolution. Critical aspects of an extension of the ESTAR sensor to a larger spaceborne system are considered. Of particular importance are the number and placement of antenna elements in the imaging array. A comparison of the implementation methodologies of radio astronomy and earth remote sensing is presented along with the effects of the source brightness distribution, the antenna array configuration and the method used for array scanning.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 26; 597-611
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    Detecting air pollution stress in southern California vegetation using Landsat Thematic Mapper band data (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and aircraft-borne Thematic Mapper simulator (TMS) data were collected over two areas of natural vegetation in southern California exposed to gradients of pollutant dose, particularly in photochemical oxidants: the coastal sage scrub of the Santa Monica Mountains in the Los Angeles basin, and the yellow pine forests in the southern Sierra Nevada. In both situations, natural variations in canopy closure, with subsequent exposure of understory elements (e.g.,rock or soil, chaparral, grasses, and herbs), were sufficient to cause changes in spectral variation that could obscure differences due to visible foliar injury symptoms observed in the field. TM or TMS data are therefore more likely to be successful in distinguishing pollution injury from background variation when homogeneous communities with closed canopies are subjected to more severe pollution-induced structural and/or compositional change. The present study helps to define the threshold level of vegetative injury detectable by TM data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 54; 1305-131
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    Continental scale variability in vegetation reflectance and its relationship to canopy morphology (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The spectral canopy reflectance, biomass, and projected leaf-area index (LAI) of widely dispersed plots of a North American coastal plant were measured in order to study potential impacts of continental-scale environmental variability on the assumptions underlying remote vegetation analysis. Systematic changes in the canopy geometry and resultant near-infrared reflectance of this plant were noted. Mean infrared canopy reflectances of canopies in the northern half of the range were shown to nearly double those of the southern half. It is suggested that the difference results from divergent canopy morphologies, with the northern canopies presenting greater horizontally projected LAIs per unit biomass than southern canopies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 1223-124
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    Estimating soil wetness using satellite data (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Improved estimates of soil wetness were obtained using observations from both the NIMBUS-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). SMMR 66 GHz frequency, horizontal polarization, brightness temperature T(BH) was first correlated with soil wetness, as computed using an Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) model, for a number of SMMR ground resolution areas involving a fairly wide range of vegetation densities. The API generally accounted for more than 70 percent of the observed temporal variability in T(BH), with linear correlations being significant at the 1 percent level. The regression slope of T(BH) versus API correlated well, at the 1 percent level, with a vegetation index derived from AVHRR visible and near-infrared observations. The regression intercept was found to correlate less satisfactorily, but was significant at the 5 percent level. These linear regression results were used to develop a diagnostic model for soil wetness using SMMR and AVHRR data only.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 1251-125
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  • 54
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    Detection of forest change in the Green Mountains of Vermont using multispectral scanner data (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 1187-120
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  • 55
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    Algorithm for automatic atmospheric corrections to visible and near-IR satellite imagery (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An algorithm for automatic atmospheric correction of satellite imagery of the earth's surface is proposed which is applicable to low-resolution and high-resolution imagery of land areas. The algorithm is based on the satellite image being corrected and on the climatology of the area, and it requires that some pixels in the image correspond to dense dark vegetation as the surface cover. The algorithm is sensitive to the assumed reflectance of the dense dark vegetation, and the accuracy of the corrected surface reflectance is expected to be + or - 0.01. Using the method, aerosol optical thicknesses were derived from clear and hazy Landsat MSS images in the Washington, D.C. and Chesapeake Bay region, and the results are found to agree well with simultaneous sunphotometer ground measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 9; 1357-138
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    Observational parameters for remote sensing in the next decade (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectral and spatial requirements for remote sensing in the next decade are presented. The requirements presented were obtained through extensive literature research and discussions with leading members of the various remote sensing research communities. In the 0.35-2.5 micron region of the spectrum, numerous bands will be needed at bandwidths as narrow as 10-20 nanometers. There is also growing interest in the thermal infrared (8-14 microns). Spatial resolution (instantaneous field of view) of 5 to 10 meters will be of great benefit to many fields of remote sensing.
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    Nitrous oxide flux and nitrogen transformations across a landscape gradient in Amazonia (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nitrous oxide flux and nitrogen turnover were measured in three types of Amazonian forest ecosystems within Reserva Florestal Ducke near Manaus, Brazil. Nitrogen mineralization and nitrate production measured during 10-day laboratory incubations were 3-4 times higher in clay soils associated with 'terra firme' forests on ridge-top and slope positions than in 'campinarana' forests on bottomland sand soils. In contrast, nitrous oxide fluxes did not differ significantly among sites, but were highly variable in space and time. The observed frequency distribution of flux was positively skewed, with a mean overall sites and all sampling times of 1.3 ng N2O-N/sq cm per hr. Overall, the flux estimates were comparable to or greater than those of temperature forests, but less than others reported for Amazoonia. Results from a field fertilization experiment suggest that most nitrous oxide flux was associated with denitrification of soil nitrate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 93; 1593-159
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    Spectral changes in conifers subjected to air pollution and water stress: Experimental studies (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The roles of leaf anatomy, moisture and pigment content, and number of leaf layers on spectral reflectance in healthy, pollution-stressed, and water-stressed conifer needles were examined experimentally. Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron gigantea) were exposed to ozone and acid mist treatments in fumigation chambers; red pine (Pinus resinosa) needles were artificially dried. Infrared reflectance from stacked needles rose with free water loss. In an air-drying experiment, cell volume reductions induced by loss of turgor caused near-infrared reflectance (TM band 4) to drop after most free water was lost. Under acid mist fumigation, stunting of tissue development similarly reduced band 4 reflectance. Both artificial drying and pollutant fumigation caused a blue shift of the red edge of spectral reflectance curves in conifers, attributable to chlorophyll denaturation. Thematic mapper band ratio 4/3 fell and 5/4 rose with increasing pollution stress on artificial drying. Loss of water by air-drying, freeze-drying, or oven-drying enhanced spectral features, due in part to greater scattering and reduced water absorption. Grinding of the leaf tissue further enhanced the spectral features by increasing reflecting surfaces and path length. In a leaf-stacking experiment, an asymptote in visible and infrared reflectance was reached at 7-8 needle layers of red pine.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 26; 11-21
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    The influence of autocorrelation in signature extraction - An example from a geobotanical investigation of Cotter Basin, MT (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectral bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations. Previously announced in STAR as N82-25602
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Profile modeling for crop discrimination (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A complete automatic unsupervised classification approach has been developed to estimate the proportion of corn, soybeans, and other crops in a Landsat 5-by-6-nanometer segment. The technique involves extracting crop growth variables that are predictable from agromet models, it provides a signature extension not possible before. The technique has been applied in 3 years (1978-1980) for 56 segments and shows neither a year-to-year effect nor any geographic effect. The results to date are considered far better than those obtainable from any other currently available technique. Nontheless, the technique can be improved to reduce the bias.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    A comparison of simulated thematic mapper data and multispectral scanner data for Kingsbury County, South Dakota (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Satellite remote sensing - An integral tool in acquiring global crop production information (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Since NASA's program of research concerning remote sensing was initiated in the 1960s, one of its major objectives has been to advance the state-of-the-art in machine processing of satellite acquired multispectral data. Possibilities have been studied regarding a use of these data to identify type, to monitor condition, and to estimate the ontogenetic stage of cultural vegetation. The present investigation provides a review of the state-of-the-art of the technology used to make remote sensing crop production estimates in foreign regions. Attention is given to Landsat data acquisition, aspects of registration and preprocessing, questions of data transformation, data modeling, proportion estimation, labeling, development stage models, crop condition models, and an outlook regarding future developments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Research in satellite-aided crop inventory and monitoring (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Automated information extraction procedures for analysis of multitemporal Landsat data in non-U.S. crop inventory and monitoring are reviewed. Experiments to develop and evaluate crop area estimation technologies for spring small grains, summer crops, corn, and soybeans are discussed. Previously announced in STAR as N82-32793
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    A Landsat-based inventory procedure for agriculture in California (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Agriculture, which occupies a vital position in the economy of the State of California, depends crucially on the available water. The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) is, therefore, greatly concerned with the total water requirements for agricultural applications. In view of the limitations of an area-limited, single-date survey system, the DWR has been cooperating with NASA and the University of California in a study of the applicability of Landsat imagery and digital data as an aid in making decisions concerning the management of water resources. Attention is given to a statewide inventory of irrigated land, computer-assisted estimation and mapping of irrigated land, and a crop type analysis using Landsat digital data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Updating Landsat-derived land-cover maps using change detection and masking techniques (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The California Integrated Remote Sensing System's San Bernardino County Project was devised to study the utilization of a data base at a number of jurisdictional levels. The present paper discusses the implementation of change-detection and masking techniques in the updating of Landsat-derived land-cover maps. A baseline landcover classification was first created from a 1976 image, then the adjusted 1976 image was compared with a 1979 scene by the techniques of (1) multidate image classification, (2) difference image-distribution tails thresholding, (3) difference image classification, and (4) multi-dimensional chi-square analysis of a difference image. The union of the results of methods 1, 3 and 4 was used to create a mask of possible change areas between 1976 and 1979, which served to limit analysis of the update image and reduce comparison errors in unchanged areas. The techniques of spatial smoothing of change-detection products, and of combining results of difference change-detection algorithms are also shown to improve Landsat change-detection accuracies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Evaluating the radiance transformation for normalizing Landsat data (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A technique is examined for improving the comparability of Landsat multisppectral scanner (MSS) data acquired on different dates. The technique involves conversion of digital brightness counts to relative radiance values measured in energy units (milliwatts per square centimeter-steradian). The statistical data of signature from 23 land cover (or biomass) classifications derived from all three Landsats were compared before and after the radiance normalization. Significant convergence occurred among the data sets for mean spectral values and the variances associated with each of seven major land cover types for MSS bands 4, 5, and 7. Overall, the variance attributed to the sensor component was reduced from 5.39 to 2.69 percent, with the largest decrease occurring in band 4 (14.4 percent to 3.7 percent).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Mixture densities, maximum likelihood, and the EM algorithm (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problem of estimating the parameters which determine a mixture density is reviewed as well as maximum likelihood estimation for it. A particular iterative procedure for numerically approximating maximum likelihood estimates for mixture density problems is considered. This EM algorithm, is a specialization to the mixture density context of a general algorithm of the same name used to approximate maximum likelihood estimates for incomplete data problems. The formulation and theoretical and practical properties of the EM algorithm for mixture densities are discussed focussing in particular on mixtures of densities from exponential families.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 226-342
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    A bootstrap approach to bump hunting (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An important question in cluster analysis and pattern recognition is the determination of the number of clusters into which a given population should be divided. Frequently, particularly when certain specific clustering methods are being used, the number of clusters is taken to be equal to the number of modes, or local maxima, in the probability density function underlying the given data set. The use of kernal density estimates in mode estimation is discussed. The test statistic to be used is defined and a bootstrap technique for assessing significance is given. An illustrative application is followed by an examination of the asymptotic behavior of the test statistic.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 195-213
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    Considerations in cross-validation type density smoothing with a look at some data (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experience gained in applying nonparametric maximum likelihood techniques of density estimation to judge the comparative quality of various estimators is reported. Two invariate data sets of one hundered samples (one Cauchy, one natural normal) are considered as well as studies in the multivariate case.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 142-164
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    Topics in global convergence of density estimates (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The problem of estimating a density f on R sup d from a sample Xz(1),...,X(n) of independent identically distributed random vectors is critically examined, and some recent results in the field are reviewed. The following statements are qualified: (1) For any sequence of density estimates f(n), any arbitrary slow rate of convergence to 0 is possible for E(integral/f(n)-fl); (2) In theoretical comparisons of density estimates, integral/f(n)-f/ should be used and not integral/f(n)-f/sup p, p 1; and (3) For most reasonable nonparametric density estimates, either there is convergence of integral/f(n)-f/ (and then the convergence is in the strongest possible sense for all f), or there is no convergence (even in the weakest possible sense for a single f). There is no intermediate situation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Density Estimation and Function Smoothing; p 9-19
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    Determining 3-D motion and structure from image sequences (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method of determining three-dimensional motion and structure from two image frames is presented. The method requires eight point correspondences between the two frames, from which motion and structure parameters are determined by solving a set of eight linear equations and a singular value decomposition of a 3x3 matrix. It is shown that the solution thus obtained is unique.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 134-149
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    FLIR target screening (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods for the segmentation and recognition of individual targets sensed with forward looking infrared detectors are discussed. Particular attention is given to an adaptive multi-scenario target screener.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 89
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    Structural analysis techniqes for remote sensing (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The structural analysis of remotely sensed imagery is defined and basic techniques for implementing the process are described. Structural analysis uses knowledge of the properties of an entity, its parts and their relationships, and the relationships in which it participates at a higher level to locate and recognize objects in a visual scene. The representation of structural knowledge, the development of algorithms for using the knowledge to help analyze an image, and techniques for storage and retrieval of relational models are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 91-132
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    Automatic photointerpretation via texture and morphology analysis (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Computer-based techniques for automatic photointerpretation based upon information derived from texture and morphology analysis of images are discussed. By automatic photointerpretation, is meant the determination of semantic descriptions of the content of the images by computer. To perform semantic analysis of morphology, a heirarchical structure of knowledge representation was developed. The simplest elements in a morphology are strokes, which are used to form alphabets. The alphabets are the elements for generating words, which are used to describe the function or property of an object or a region. The words are the elements for constructing sentences, which are used for semantic description of the content of the image. Photointerpretation based upon morphology is then augmented by textural information. Textural analysis is performed using a pixel-vector approach.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 87-88
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    Shape and texture (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods used to measure the geometrical properties of regions in a segmented image are discussed including the use of centroids, moments, and principle axes. In addition, statistical picture properties, particularly those which describe visual texture, are discussed. Gray level statistics, local property statistics, and autocorrelation and power spectrum are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 57-84
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    Cooperative processes in image segmentation (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Research into the role of cooperative, or relaxation, processes in image segmentation is surveyed. Cooperative processes can be employed at several levels of the segmentation process as a preprocessing enhancement step, during supervised or unsupervised pixel classification and, finally, for the interpretation of image segments based on segment properties and relations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 17-50
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    Image segmentation survey (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The methodologies and capabilities of image segmentation techniques are reviewed. Single linkage schemes, hybrid linkage schemes, centroid linkage schemes, histogram mode seeking, spatial clustering, and split and merge schemes are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Image Anal.; p 7-16
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    BSPLASH: A three-stage surface interpolant to scattered data (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Given N distinct points (X sub i, Y sub i) and N real numbers Z sub i, BSPLASH constructs a function G (x, y) that satisfies G (x sub i, y sub i) = Z sub i for i = 1,..., N. This C(2) interpolant consists of a bicubic spline approximation and Shepard's bivariate interpolant.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 147-178
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    Surface fitting with biharmonic and harmonic models (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The physical and geometric interpretation of a surface fitting technique, multiquadric equations (MQ), is discussed. The relation of this method and its reciprocal form to biharmonic and harmonic techniques respectively, is pointed out. In both forms the solutions may be viewed as being numerical approximations of an integral equation in which an unknown density function is the physical source for disturbing potential (reciprocal-MQ) or elastic displacement (MQ).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 135-146
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    C-1 surface interpolation for scattered data on a sphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An algorithm is described for constructing a smooth computable function, f, defined over the surface of a sphere and interpolating a set of n data values, u sub i, associated with n locations, P sub i, on the surface of the sphere. The interpolation function, f, will be continuous and have continuous first partial derivatives. The locations, p sub i, are not required to lie on any type of regular grid.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 95-119
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    Fitting surfaces to scattered data (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A variety of numerical methods for fitting a function to data given at a set of points scattered throughout a domain in the plane are surveyed. Four classes of methods are discussed: (1) global interpolation; (2) local interpolation; (3) global approximation; and (4) local approximation. Also, two-stage methods and contouring are discussed. The surfaces constructed include polynomials, spline functions, and rational functions, among others.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 27-94
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    Crop proportion estimation problems in AgRISTARS (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some mathematical/statistical problems within the AgRISTARS program amendable to investigations involving the use of surface fitting techniques are overviewed. The Bayes and maximum likelihood rules, bias determination, regression estimators, parameter estimation, and classifier design are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Workshop on Surface Fitting; p 7-26
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    Radar image processing for rock-type discrimination (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Image processing and enhancement techniques for improving the geologic utility of digital satellite radar images are reviewed. Preprocessing techniques such as mean and variance correction on a range or azimuth line by line basis to provide uniformly illuminated swaths, median value filtering for four-look imagery to eliminate speckle, and geometric rectification using a priori elevation data. Examples are presented of application of preprocessing methods to Seasat and Landsat data, and Seasat SAR imagery was coregistered with Landsat imagery to form composite scenes. A polynomial was developed to distort the radar picture to fit the Landsat image of a 90 x 90 km sq grid, using Landsat color ratios with Seasat intensities. Subsequent linear discrimination analysis was employed to discriminate rock types from known areas. Seasat additions to the Landsat data improved rock identification by 7%.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Classification of simulated and actual NOAA-6 AVHRR data for hydrologic land-surface feature definition (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An examination of the possibilities of using Landsat data to simulate NOAA-6 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data on two channels, as well as using actual NOAA-6 imagery, for large-scale hydrological studies is presented. A running average was obtained of 18 consecutive pixels of 1 km resolution taken by the Landsat scanners were scaled up to 8-bit data and investigated for different gray levels. AVHRR data comprising five channels of 10-bit, band-interleaved information covering 10 deg latitude were analyzed and a suitable pixel grid was chosen for comparison with the Landsat data in a supervised classification format, an unsupervised mode, and with ground truth. Landcover delineation was explored by removing snow, water, and cloud features from the cluster analysis, and resulted in less than 10% difference. Low resolution large-scale data was determined useful for characterizing some landcover features if weekly and/or monthly updates are maintained.
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    Comparison data for Seasat altimetry in the western North Atlantic (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-19529)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Apr. 30
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    Detecting residential land-use development at the urban fringe (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems associated with the use of Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) imagery for the detection of urban growth and land use patterns are discussed. The presence of vegetation, either original or added between scanning periods, has been found to dramatically effect the range of signatures in a given area. Different land use developmental stages have been successfully identified by means of 1:50,000 scale panchromatic aerial photography, a resolution only considered possible by spaceborne instrumentation with the advent of the Landsat D satellite. Textural information generated through the grey-tone spatial-dependency matrix for the Landsat band 5 data is compared for different years and a change detection algorithm is described. It is found that the addition of vegetation during development after the removal of natural vegetation resulted in error of omission in the single band data, which must therefore only be used in concert with other data sources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Apr. 198
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    Development of three-dimensional spatial displays using a geographically based information system (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Procedures necessary for the development of a generalized three-dimensional perspective software capability in support of graphic, topographic, and color mapping of Landsat data are reviewed. The NASA Earth Resources Laboratory developed the procedures in order to facilitate the processing and analysis of disparate, geographically oriented base maps from aircraft and satellite sensors. Perspective displays are obtained through a translation of the space-viewed object to a vantage point coordinate system, followed by a rotation through two angles for alignment along the vantage line of sight, and finally a perspective transformation to yield two-dimensional displays with no hidden lines. Matrix equations for the transformations are reviewed, including scaling, and block diagrams are provided of the data and perspective software systems. The classification data plane may be mapped onto a topographic elevation data plane.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Apr. 198
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    Simple radiative transfer model for relationships between canopy biomass and reflectance (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A modified Kubelka-Munk model has been utilized to derive useful equations for the analysis of apparent canopy reflectance. Based on the solution to the model simple working equations were formulated by employing reflectance characteristic parameters. The relationships derived show the asymptotic nature of reflectance data that is typically observed in remote sensing studies of plant biomass. They also establish the range of expected apparent canopy reflectance values for specific plant canopy types. The usefulness of the simplified equations was demonstrated by the exceptionally close fit of the theoretical curves to two separately acquired data sets for alfalfa and shortgrass prairie canopies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Jan. 15
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    Multispectral Imaging Science Working Group for Hydrologic Science: Executive summary (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The following working objectives were adopted: (1) define the current state of knowledge concerning the role of multispectral imaging science in hydrology; (2) identify critical areas where gaps in our knowledge limit opportunities for significant improvements in our understanding of the hydrologic processes; (3) evaluate the potential of multispectral imaging sciences as tools to close these gaps in knowledge; and (4) develop guidelines for a series of remote-sensing-based experiments that would help close these gaps in knowledge and, thereby, provide man with the improved scientific base necessary for better utilization of the world's water resource. The resulting documentation is intended to provide guidance for multispectral imaging programs in the hydrologic sciences with special emphasis on the visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 229-264
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    Information Science Panel joint meeting with Imaging Science Panel (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Specific activity in information extraction science (taken to include data handling) is needed to: help identify the bounds of practical missions; identify potential data handling and analysis scenarios; identify the required enabling technology; and identify the requirements for a design data base to be used by the disciplines in determining potential parameters for future missions. It was defined that specific analysis topics were a function of the discipline involved, and therefore no attempt was made to define any specific analysis developments required. Rather, it was recognized that a number of generic data handling requirements exist whose solutions cannot be typically supported by the disciplines. The areas of concern were therefore defined as: data handling aspects of system design considerations; enabling technology for data handling, with specific attention to rectification and registration; and enabling technology for analysis. Within each of these areas, the following topics were addressed: state of the art (current status and contributing factors); critical issues; and recommendations for research and/or development.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 265-299
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  • 91
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    Geographic science (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The use of multispectral imaging systems in land use, geomorphological, and cartographic applications is examined. Spatial, spectral, and geometric resolution requirements for photo interpretation and multispectral pattern recognition are discussed. The potential contributions of these systems in specific experiments is also included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 115-117
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  • 92
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    Geographic science: Executive summary (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The role that TM and MSS data play in the analysis of spatial patterns for land use/land cover, geomorphology studies, and the development of cartographic products is discussed. Tables listing geographic science data gaps, mission data requirements, and possible future remote sensing missions are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Multispectral Imaging Sci. Working Group, Vol. 2; p 105-114
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  • 93
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    A numerical simulation of soil temperature and moisture variations for a bare field (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The diurnal variations of soil temperature and moisture content were simulated for a bare agricultural field in the San Joaquin Valley in California. The simulation pertained to the first 72 hours of drying, from saturation, of a sandy, clay loam soil. The results were compared with measurements of soil temperature and moisture content made at the field. Calculated and measured values of soil temperature trends agreed in general, but model results of moisture trends did not replicate observed diurnal effects evident at depths 4 centimeters or more below the surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Science; 133; Apr. 198
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  • 94
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    Geometric adjustment of simultaneous Doppler-derived range differences (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mathematical model for the use of simultaneous Doppler derived correlated ranges in the geometric mode is presented. The model was tested with data taken during the EDOC-2 campaign with different integration intervals. The results of this adjustment are compared with the EDOC-2 adopted solution and those from an uncorrelated model used earlier to provide more economical calculations. It is shown that the correlated mode is superior to the uncorrelated one when the optimum integration interval of 23 seconds is used.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Basic Res. for the Geodyn. Program; p 46-94
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  • 95
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    Radiometric measurements over bare and vegetated fields at 1.4-GHz and 5-GHz frequencies (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-22587)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 12; Sept
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  • 96
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    Recent advances in remote sensing; Proceedings of the First International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Washington, DC, June 8-10, 1981 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The state of the art in remote sensing of the earth and the planets was discussed in terms of sensor performance, signal processing, and data interpretation. Particular attention was given to lidar for characterizing atmospheric particulates, the modulation of short waves by long ocean gravity waves, and runoff modeling for snow-covered areas. The use of NOAA-6 spacecraft AVHRR data to explore hydrologic land surface features, the effects of soil moisture and vegetation canopies on microwave and thermal microwave emissions, and regional scale evapotranspiration rate determination through satellite IR data are examined. A Shuttle experiment to demonstrate high accuracy global time and frequency transfer is described, along with features of the proposed Gravsat, radar image processing for rock-type discrimination, and passive microwave sensing of temperature and salinity in coastal zones.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 97
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    A parameterization of effective soil temperature for microwave emission (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N81-24494)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Feb. 20
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  • 98
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    Prolonged triboluminescence in clays and other minerals (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The decay curves of various triboluminescent-excited materials were obtained, including well-crystallized and poorly crystallized kaolin, bentonite, quartz, sodium chloride, and chalk calcite. A qualitative increase in triboluminescence was observed for kaolin dipped in water or tryptophan solution compared to dry kaolin, and for frozen kaolin and montmorillonite pastes. Theoretical explanations for the tryptophan effect are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Clays and Clay Minerals; 30; 1, 19; 1982
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  • 99
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    Satellite and surface geophysical expression of anomalous crustal structure in Kentucky and Tennessee (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-17715)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 58; 3, Ma; May 1982
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  • 100
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    Sigma/deg/ signature of the Amazon rain forest obtained from the Seasat scatterometer (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Scatterometer data from Seasat of the Amazon rain forest were examined to determine if the region is suitable to use as a reference for calibration of radars. The consistency of Skylab data viewing the Amazon region prompted the analyses, and the Seasat-A scatterometer system (SASS) gathered data of the same region at varying angles. The instrument employed a 100 W 14.6 GHz signal with the reflected power sampled 61 times during each 1.89 sec measurement period. Doppler filters were used in 15 parallel channels of reception, and represented areas 20 km by 50-70 km. Tests were made of regional and temporal stability of the Amazon area, with five measurement angles averaged at different incidence angles to find the mean deviation, which was found to be less than 0.5 dB. Diurnal effects were confined to early morning, and further tests are recommended to obtain results for an entire year, to develop screening methods for thick clouds and rain, and to determine the deviation more precisely.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-20; Jan. 198
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