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  • Articles  (51)
  • Coleoptera  (44)
  • Turbulence
  • Springer  (50)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (1)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2020-2024
  • 2005-2009  (3)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (48)
  • 2009  (3)
  • 1984  (25)
  • 1982  (23)
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  • Articles  (51)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 2005-2009  (3)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (48)
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  • 1
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    A laboratory study of localized boundary mixing in a rotating stratified fluid (2009)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2003
    Description: Oceanic observations indicate that abyssal mixing is localized in regions of rough topography. How locally mixed fluid interacts with the ambient fluid is an open question. Laboratory experiments explore the interaction of mechanically induced boundary mixing and an interior body of linearly stratified rotating fluid. A single oscillating bar produces a small region of turbulence along the wall at middepth. Mixed fluid quickly reaches a steady state height set by a turbulent-buoyant balance, independent of rotation. Initially, the bar is exposed on three sides. Mixed fluid intrudes directly into the interior rather than forming a boundary current. The circulation patterns suggest a model of unmixed fluid being laterally entrained into the turbulent zone. In accord with the model, observed outflux is constant, independent of stratification and restricted by rotation. Later the bar is laterally confines between two walls, which form a channel opening into the basin. A small percentage of mixed fluid enters a boundary current, which exits the channel. The bulk forms a cyclonic circulation in front of the bar, which blocks the channel and restricts horizontal entrainment. In the confined case, the volume flux of mixed fluid decays with time.
    Description: This work was supported by the Ocean Ventures Fund, the Westcott Fund and the WHOI Education Office. Financial support was also provided by the National Science Foundation through grant OCE-9616949.
    Keywords: Oceanic mixing ; Turbulence ; Rotating masses of fluid ; Fluid dynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 2
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    The similarity solution for turbulent mixing of two-layer stratified fluid (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Author. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 551-560, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9076-5.
    Description: Experiments are reviewed in which a two-layer salt-stratified tank of water was mixed by turbulence. The density profile began as a single step and evolved to a smooth mixed profile. The turbulence was generated by many excursions of a horizontally moving vertical rod with Richardson number Ri 〉 0.9 and Reynolds Number Re 〉 600. There was almost perfect collapse of all the profiles to one universal profile as a function of a similarity variable. We develop a theoretical model for a simple mixing law with a buoyancy flux that is a function of internal Richardson number Rii. A similarity equation is found. A flux law that increases with small Rii and decreases with large Rii is considered next. Since no analytical solution is known, the similarity concept is tested by numerically integrating the equations in space and time. With buoyancy flux monotonically increasing with internal Richardson number, the similarity approach is valid for a profile starting from a slightly smoothed step. However, a shock forms for a mixing law with higher initial Rii (so that buoyancy flux decreases with Richardson number) and the similarity approach is invalid for those initial conditions.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Mixing ; Stratified ; Similarity solution ; Layered fluid
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Quantifying vertical mixing in estuaries (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 495-509, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9107-2.
    Description: Estuarine turbulence is notable in that both the dissipation rate and the buoyancy frequency extend to much higher values than in other natural environments. The high dissipation rates lead to a distinct inertial subrange in the velocity and scalar spectra, which can be exploited for quantifying the turbulence quantities. However, high buoyancy frequencies lead to small Ozmidov scales, which require high sampling rates and small spatial aperture to resolve the turbulent fluxes. A set of observations in a highly stratified estuary demonstrate the effectiveness of a vessel-mounted turbulence array for resolving turbulent processes, and for relating the turbulence to the forcing by the Reynolds-averaged flow. The observations focus on the ebb, when most of the buoyancy flux occurs. Three stages of mixing are observed: (1) intermittent and localized but intense shear instability during the early ebb; (2) continuous and relatively homogeneous shear-induced mixing during the mid-ebb, and weakly stratified, boundary-layer mixing during the late ebb. The mixing efficiency as quantified by the flux Richardson number Rf was frequently observed to be higher than the canonical value of 0.15 from Osborn (J Phys Oceanogr 10:83–89, 1980). The high efficiency may be linked to the temporal–spatial evolution of shear instabilities.
    Description: The funding for this research was obtained from ONR Grant N00014-06-1-0292 and NSF Grant OCE-0729547.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Estuaries ; Shear instability ; Buoyancy flux
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pitfall-trap catches of the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius, in relation to gut contents and prey densities, in insecticide treated and untreated spring barley (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pterostichus melanarius ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; pitfall traps ; insecticides ; prey ; hunger ; activity ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Fenitrothion ; Sumicidin (Fenvalerate) ; spring barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours d'essais à grande échelle, effectués en 1981 et 1982, sur orge de printemps, pour évaleur l'effet des insecticides Fenitrothion et Sumicidine (fenvalerate) sur les arthropodes utiles, un accroissement significatif des captures, dans des trappes pièges de Barber, de Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) a été observé plusierus semaines après le traitement dans les lots traités par rapport aux lots témoins. Significativement plus de femelles de P. melanarius ont été capturées dans les parcelles traitées pendant cette période d'accroissement après traitement. Une diminution correspondante dans les populations de proies a été observée à la suite des traitements. Chaque femelle de P. melanarius des parcelles traitées avait une fraction significativement moins importance de son intestin remplie d'aliments solides (arthropodes) que celles des parcelles non traitées. Des auteurs précédents avaient observé des taux de capture plus rapides dans les trappes et ne plus grande mobilité des carabes affamés. La réduction des populations proies par l'application d'insecticides affamerait les carabes dont l'activité serait par suite plus élevée. Comme le taux de captures dans les trappes est dû à la fois à la taille de la population et à son activité, on en déduit que la capture par trappes seule ne peut donner une image exacte de l'effet des insecticides sur les populations de carabes dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract During large-scale field experiments in 1981 and 1982, designed to assess the effects of the insecticides Fenitrothion and Sumicidin (Fenvalerate) on beneficial arthropods in spring barley, significant increases in pitfall-trap catches of Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) were observed in treated plots compared to untreated controls, several weeks after treatment. Significantly more female P. melanarius were caught in treated plots during these post-treatment increases. Corresponding decreases were observed in prey populations following treatments. Individual female P. melanarius from treated plots had significantly fewer of their gut areas full of solid (arthropod) food when compared to those from untreated control plots. Earlier workers observed both faster recapture rates in pitfalls and higher mobility in hungry carabid beetles. The following hypothesis is suggested: reducing prey populations by the application of insecticides results in hungrier carabid beetles with consequently higher activity. Since pitfall-trap catch is determined not only by population size but also activity, it is argued that pitfall-trap catches alone cannot give a true measure of the effects of insecticides on carabid populations in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345200
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of proteinases and carbohydrases in the midgut of larvae of the sweetpotato weevilCylas formicarius elegantulus and response of proteinases to inhibitors from sweet potato (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; sweetpotato weevil ; sweet potato ; digestion ; enzyme distribution ; trypsin-inhibitors ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité endoprotéinase était limitée au liquide de la lumière des régions ventriculaires antérieure et postérieure de l'intestin moyen des larves deCylas formicarius elegantulus Summers. Les aminopeptidases ont été trouvées dans le liquide de la lumière (18%), mais étaient principalement associées avec les fractions insolubles des cellules du ventricule postérieur (82%). Suivant le substrat, l'activité carboxypeptidase était à peu près également répartie entre le liquide de la lumière et les fractions insolubles des cellules du ventricule postérieur. L'amylase, enzyme secrétée, a été observée à la fois dans la lumière antérieure et postérieure. Cinq bandes d'activité amylase ont été révélées sur zymogrammes d'amidon après électrophorèse d'intestins moyens entiers. Trois des bandes d'amylase pouvaient provenir de la plante. Il y avait au moins 2 α-glucosidases, une secrétée et une liée aux cellules du ventricule antérieur. L'activite β-glucosidase était liée aux cellules du ventricule antérieur, fandis que l'activité α-galactosidase était limitée au fluide de la lumière. Les activités β-galactosidase et cellulase ont été trouvées à la fois dans le liquide de la lumière et dans la fraction cellulaire insoluble. Ainsi, la digestion initiale des grosses protéines et des polymères de carbohydrates se produit dans le liquide de la lumière dans les régions ventriculaires antérieure et postérieure. Cependant, l'achèvement de la digestion des oligopeptides se produit principalement dans le ventricule postérieur, tandis que la fin de la digestion des oligosaccharides se produit dans le ventricule antérieur. Les concentrations en inhibiteurs de trypsine de 5 cultivars d'I. batatas L. diffèrent de 1 à 20. Les endoprotéinases deC. formicarius elegantulus ont été inhibées par des extraits de cultivars, mais les cultivars avec des concentrations relativement élevées d'inhibiteur avainent antérieurement montré être susceptibles d'être attaqués par le coléoptère dans des essais en champs.
    Notes: Abstract Endoproteinase activity was confined to luminal fluid from anterior and posterior ventricular regions of midguts of larvae of the sweetpotato weevil,Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers). Aminopeptidase was found in luminal fluid (18%) but was primarily associated with insoluble fractions from cells of the posterior ventriculus (82%). Depending on substrate, carboxypeptidase activity was about equally distributed between luminal fluid and insoluble fractions from posterior ventriculus cells. Amylase was found in luminal fluid in both the anterior and posterior ventriculus. Five bands of amylase activity were detected on starch zymograms following electrophoresis of whole midgut samples. Three of the amylase bands may be plant-derived. At least two α-glucosidases were present, one secreted and one bound to anterior ventriculus cells. β-Glucosidase activity was bound to anterior ventriculus cells whereas α-galactosidase activity was confined to luminal fluid. β-Galactosidase and cellulase activities were found in both luminal fluid and the insoluble cell fraction. Thus, initial digestion of large protein and carbohydrate polymers occurs in luminal fluid in both anterior and posterior ventriculus regions. However, terminal digestion of oligopeptides occurs primarily in the posterior ventriculus while terminal digestion of oligosaccharides occurs in the anterior ventriculus. A 20-fold difference in trypsin-inhibitor concentration was found among five sweetpotato cultivars. Endoproteinases from sweetpotato weevil larvae were inhibited by extracts from the cultivars but cultivars with relatively high concentrations of inhibitor were previously shown to be susceptible to weevil attack in field trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00569949
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variabilité de la densité spectrale de la température et du vent moyen dans la couche limite planétaire (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 95-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Boundary layer ; Spectral density ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have carried out a series of recordings reproducing the small scale structures of temperature and windspeed within the boundary layer. The results obtained have been processed by computer and a direct comparison made between the slope of the spectral density functions and the theoretical slopen=5/3 defining the turbulence in the region of the inertial subrange. The measurements made at various altitudes on thin atmospheric samples demonstrate the variability of the spectral density slope with altitude. The hypotheses put forward by A. M. Obukhov, R. Bolgiano, G. H. Shur, P. Misme, A. Monin or S. Panchev, for example, enable the spectral variations and certain discontinuities in the turbulence observed during the experiments, within and beyond the boundary layer, to be explained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879429
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A theoretical value for von Karman's constant (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 648-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric turbulence ; Entrainment ; Turbulence ; Karman constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper extends the theory of the entity and entrainment model of turbulence to obtain a numerical value of von Karman's constant,k=0.37. The formula is, $$k = (2a^3 /A)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 4}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 4}} \ln \beta $$ where,a=1/12 is the entrainment constant,A=1 is the turbulent decay constant, and β is the ratio in height of the successive self-similar layers of the theory, where β is evaluated as β=e 2. These new values fork and β improve the surface roughness length estimates derived from this theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876650
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small scale turbulent diffusion determined with underwater flow visualization (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 758-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Dye plumes were generated at three depths in the seasonal thermocline between 7 and 11 m, 22 km south of Key West on 21 August 1980 and photographed at about 10 second intervals with an underwater camera system. Eleven pairs of consecutive pictures are analyzed to determine the mean current vertical shear and the width of the plumes by positioning reference points relative to the rod attached to the camera system. The relative distances of reference points are calibrated with the stereophotogrammetric method for one pair. The eddy diffusivity is calculated by use of a model of turbulent diffusion developed byTaylor (1921). Its values range from 5 to 25 cm2s−1 for the plume widths ranging from 33 to 132 cm. The Richardson number is calculated for each pair of pictures with the vertical density gradient estimated from temperature profiles. Its values are higher than the critical value of 0.25 except for one case. The diffusivity was higher by orders of magnitude than the molecular one and indicates the presence of turbulence together with billow like features of the plumes in spite of high Richardson numbers. This suggests that the billow turbulence might be caused by effects of surface gravity waves and not by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876658
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of glandular scales of lepidote rhododendrons in insect resistance (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1787-1798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) ; black vine weevil ; Ericaceae ; Rhododendron ; trichomes ; glandular scales ; essential oils ; volatiles ; plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glandular scales on selected lepidote rhododendron species varied in density from 109 ± 13 to 4180 ± 60/cm2 of leaf surface. Globules contained within the scales stained with Sudan IV, a lipophilic dye. Essential oil contents of the scales varied with species from 24 ± 8 to 151 ± 35 ng/scale. Black vine weevil [(Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.)] feeding on leaves from a sample of rhododendron species was inversely related to leaf essential oil content, and weevil feeding on membrane filters was inhibited by application of essential oil extracts from leaves of most lepidote rhododendrons tested. Results suggest that the glandular scales of the lepidote rhododendrons function, at least in part, in plant defense against insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987361
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attraction of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to a pheromone trap (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 723-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; pheromone ; release ; recapture ; diffusion ; model ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; trap ; marking ; dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The movement of bark beetles near an attractive pheromone source is described in terms of mathematical models of the diffusion type. To test the models, two release experiments involving 47,000 marked spruce bark beetles [Ips typographus (L.)] were performed. The attractive source was a pheromone trap, surrounded by eight concentric rings with eight passive trap stations on each ring. Captures were recorded every 2–10 minutes for the pheromone trap and once for the passive traps. The models were fitted to the distribution in time of the central pheromone trap catch and to the spatial distribution of catch among the passive traps. The first model that gives a reasonable fit consists of two phases: Phase one—After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process with drift towards the pheromone trap. The strength of the drift is inversely proportional to the distance from the traps. Phase two—those beetles attracted to, but not caught by, the pheromone trap are no longer influenced by the pheromone, and their movement is described by a diffusion process without drift. In phase two we work with a loss of beetles, whereas the experiment seems to indicate that the loss of beetles in phase one is negligible. As a second model, the following modification of phase one is considered: After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process without drift, until they start responding to the pheromone (with constant probability per unit time), whereafter they start moving according to a diffusion process with drift. This study, like other release experiments, shows that the efficiency of the pheromone trap is rather low. What is specific for the present investigation is that we try to explain this low efficiency in terms of dynamic models for insect movement. Two factors seem to contribute: Some beetles do not respond to pheromone at all, and some beetles disappear again after having been close to the pheromone trap. It also seems that the motility of the beetles decreased after they ceased responding to the pheromone. Furthermore, the data lend some support to the hypothesis that flight exercise increases the response of the beetles to pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988539
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Receptor cells inIps typographus andDendroctonus micans specific to pheromones of the reciprocal genus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 759-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; Dendroctonus micans ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; exo-brevicomin ; (+)-ipsdienol ; single-cell recordings ; interspecific attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory receptor cells were studied electrophysiologically inIps typographus andDendroctonus micans. The investigation revealed cells which were keyed to pheromone compounds characteristic of the reciprocal genus. Thus, cells keyed toexo-brevicomin were found inI. typographus, whereas cells keyed to (+)-ipsdienol were present inD. micans. Laboratory behavioral tests indicated an attractive effect of the two compounds on beetles of the reciprocal genus. InI. typographus the effect ofexo-brevicomin predominantly concerned males and enhanced their response to the pheromone “ipslure.” It is suggested thatexo-brevicomin serves as an interspecific attractant forI. typographus, which may be guided by pheromone compounds of the reciprocal genus in finding suitable breeding material. The function of (+)-ipsdienol inD. micans is more uncertain. It may be either a pheromone or an interspecific messenger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988541
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Olfaction in the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Electroantennogram studies (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1759-1785 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton boll weevil ; Anthonomus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; plant odor ; olfaction ; electroantennogram ; attractant ; host plant ; green leaf volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) techniques were utilized to measure the antennal olfactory responsiveness of adult boll weevils,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to 38 odorants, including both insect and host plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) volatiles. EAGs of both sexes were indicative of at least two receptor populations: one receptor population primarily responsive to pheromone components and related compounds, the other receptor population primarily responsive to plant odors. Similar responses to male aggregation pheromone components (i.e., compounds I, II, and III + IV) were obtained from both sexes, but females were slightly more sensitive to I. Both sexes were highly responsive to components of the “green leaf volatile complex,” especially the six-carbon saturated and monounsaturated primary alcohols. Heptanal was the most active aldehyde tested. More acceptors responded to oxygenated monoterpenes than to monoterpene hydrocarbons. β-Bisabolol, the major volatile of cotton, was the most active sesquiterpene. In general, males, which are responsible for host selection and pheromone production, were more sensitive to plant odors than were females. In fact, males were as sensitive to β-bisabolol and heptanal as to aggregation pheromone components. Electrophysiological data are discussed with regard to the role of insect and host plant volatiles in host selection and aggregation behavior of the boll weevil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987360
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Quantitative variation of pheromone components in the spruce bark beetleIps typographus from different attack phases (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1029-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; spruce bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; myrtenol ; trans-myrtanol ; 2-phenylethanol ; ß-isophorone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ips typographus beetles were collected in the field, separated into eight attack phases (from beetles walking on the trunk of a tree under attack to those excavating gallery systems with a mother gallery longer than 4 cm), and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol,cis- andtrans-verbenol, verbenone, myrtenol, trans-myrtanol, ipsenol, ipsdienol, and 2-phenylethanol were quantified from excised hindguts against an internal standard, heptyl acetate, in the extraction solvent. Methylbutenol, the pinene alcohols, and 2-phenylethanol showed the same pattern of variation between attack phases in males, with the largest amounts present before accepting females and then a fast decline. Ipsenol and ipsdienol were not detected in males before the females were accepted, and the amounts increased when the females start their egg laying. Verbenone occurred only in trace amounts. The beetles were sampled from five Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) of differing resin flow. The correlations between the nine pheromone components and five major host monoterpenes in the gut showed that the variation in the amount of methyl-butenol, ipsenol, and ipsdienol could not be explained by the variation in the amounts of host monoterpenes. In contrast over 80% of the quantitative variation ofcis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, and myrtenol was explained by the amount of α-pinene. The nine pheromone components from 36 individual males were also quantified. Both methylbutenol andcis-verbenol showed a large variation in both amounts and proportions. Females containedtrans-verbenol and traces of most other components found in males. When accepted by the male, they also contained a female-specific compound, β-isophorone. Behavioral and biosynthetic implications of the results are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987511
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  • 14
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    Electroantennogram responses ofScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to its pheromone components and to associated compounds (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1333-1344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Scolytus multistriatus ; pheromone ; insect olfaction ; electroantennogram ; electrophysiology ; differential adaptation ; multistriatin ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; α-cubebene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms were recorded fromScolytus multistriatus in response to 4-methyl-3-heptanol, the four geometric isomers of multistriatin, and cubeb oil. Charateristic dose-response curves for response amplitude and the time required for the voltage trace to return to 1/2 baseline (recovery rate) were established. Recovery rates were significantly more rapid following stimulation with 4-methyl-3-heptanol or cubeb oil than with the multistriatin isomers. At most intensities, α-multistriatin, the isomer that evokes behavioral response, gave significantly larger EAGs with significantly longer recovery rates than the other isomers. Results of differential adaptation experiments suggested that 4-methyl-3-heptanol interacted with the processes involving multistriatin and cubeb oil activity. However, cross-activity of acceptors for these compounds seems unlikely; single sensillum recordings are needed to ascertain the response spectra for individual receptor neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01403097
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  • 15
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    Frontalin in the male mountain pine beetle (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1399-1409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; pheromone ; frontalin ; exo-brevicomin ; Pinns contorta ; Pinus ponderosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Frontalin andexo-brevicomin were identified by GC-MS in air drawn over maleDendroclonus ponderosae Hopk. (MPB) from Oregon that had joined females for 1–2 days in the bark of lodgepole and ponderosa pine logs. Unfed males releasedexo- andendo-brevicomin but not frontalin. These three compounds were not detected in either unfed or fed females. Arrestment of males bytrans-verbenol and terpenes in an olfactory walkway was reduced by the addition of racemic frontalin; production of attractant chirps also diminished. Racemic frontalin also strongly reduced the aggregation of MPB in lodgepole and ponderosa pine stands to sticky traps baited with the aggregation pheromonetrans-verbenol and host terpenes; however, the function of the natural enantiomer of frontalin in MPB is unknown.
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    Defensive secretions of three oxytelinae rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1411-1420 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; Oxytelinae ; defensive secretion ; glands ; acetates ; lactones ; alkenes ; quinones ; citral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The secretions of the abdominal glands ofBledius spectabilis Kraatz,Platystethus arenarius Fourcr., andOxytelus piceus L. have been shown to contain four 1-alkenes; toluquinone; toluhydroquinone; C10 −-,C11 −, C12 −-, and C14 − γ-lactones; C12-δ-lactone; citral; and decyl-, undecyl-, and dodecyl acetates. Quantitative results indicate that 1-alkenes are formed probably from present lactones by decarboxylation. According to the known life histories of the beetles, it is suggested that the gland material is not used as an algal growth regulator but represents a unique defensive blend characteristic for the whole subfamily.
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    Olfactory responses of adultTribolium castaneum (Herbst), to volatiles of wheat and millet kernels, milled fractions, and extracts (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1463-1472 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Red flour beetle ; Tribolium castaneum ; Coleoptera ; Tenebrionidae ; food volatiles ; olfactory responses ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory responses of 72- to 96-hr-old, 24-hr starved adult male, female, or mixed-sex groups of the red flour beetle,Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), to volatiles from wheat and millet kernels, certain milled fractions, and solvent extracts were recorded by using a lightsensitive apparatus. Wheat-germ volatiles from intact germ or solvent extracts were generally more attractive than volatiles of wheat endosperm or wheat bran. Volatiles of whole wheat kernels were the least attractive among test materials of wheat origin, whereas there were no significant differences among whole wheat flour, germ, and endosperm. Wheat-germ extracts, however, were more attractive than were extracts of the other fractions. Whole millet flour or fermented millet flour volatiles were more attractive than those from whole millet kernels or millet starch. Beetles reached maximum responsiveness to grain volatiles by 72–96 hr after adult ecdysis. Groups of virgin female beetles generally were more responsive than male or mixed-sex groups to volatiles of substances tested.
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    Influence of opposite sex on attraction produced by pioneer sex of four bark beetle species cohabiting pine in the Southern United States (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 373-378 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Ips calligraphus ; I. grandicollis ; I. avulsus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; mating ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Catches ofDendroctonus frontalis andIps avulsus on traps surrounding bolts infested with both sexes of each species in the gallery were not significantly different from catches at bolts infested only with the sex which normally pioneers the host colonization process. In contrast, the presence of the second sex in the gallery significantly reduced catches ofI. grandicollis andI. calligraphus and, additionally, the presence of females in the male galleries ofI. calligraphus significantly reduced the catch ofI. avulsus females as compared with their response to bolts infested with the maleI. calligraphus only.
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    Defensive adaptations of eggs and adults ofGastrophysa cyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 453-462 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defensive secretions ; oleic acid ; hydrocarbons ; terpenoids ; eggs ; deterrents ; ants ; predation ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; Gastrophysa cyanea ; reflex bleeding ; elytral glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Egg clusters and adults ofGastrophysa cyanea are conspicuous and, like their larvae, are chemically protected. The eggs owe their bright yellow color primarily to β-carotene and, in addition, contain substantial quantities of oleic acid. At natural concentrations oleic acid effectively deters many species of ants from feeding. The use of fatty acids as deterrents against ants is discussed as a possible widespread phenomenon among insects. During defensive confrontations, adults ofG. cyanea exhibit avoidance behavior and may also feign death. In addition, the adults may autohemmorhage or secrete a fluid from elytral or pronotal pores in response to traumatic stimuli. The secretions are effective against ants and contain a mixture of hydrocarbons as well as terpenoid components. The pattern of ontogenetic modification in the defensive chemical repertoire ofG. cyanea is discussed.
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    Responses of the olfactory receptors ofScolytus scolytus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to the stereoisomers of 4-methyl-3-heptanol (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 477-492 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus scolytus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol stereoisomer ; olfaction ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) and single-cell recording techniques have been used to demonstrate the presence of separate receptors for (−)-threo- and (−)-erythro-4-methyl-3-heptanol on the antenna ofS. scolytus. The majority of single-cell recordings showed spikes of two different amplitudes. The cell giving spikes of larger amplitude responded to the (−)-threo stereoisomer while the cell with the small-amplitude spikes responded to (−)-erythro-4-methyl-3-heptanol. It is suggested that in most recordings the two cells are associated with a single sensillum basiconicum.
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    Seasonal variation in laboratory response to behavioral chemicals of the southern pine beetle (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 641-652 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; seasonal variation ; pheromone content ; environmental parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response ofDendroctonus frontalis to an attractant mixture (frontalin,trans-verbenol, and loblolly pine turpentine) was measured in the laboratory over a four-year period. Beetle response was highest in late winter and early spring, and lowest in midsummer and early fall. Males consistently responded higher than females. Female beetles displayed significantly higher responses in early morning and late afternoon than in the middle of the day. Analysis of beetle pronotal width and fat content revealed a high degree of correlation between these two parameters in female beetles, but there was no correlation of response with either fat content or pronotal width for either sex. There was no evident relationship between mean monthly beetle response and total amounts of frontalin andtrans-veibenol found in hindgut extracts. Daily temperature in months both during which beetles were bioassayed and immediately prior to bioassay was highly correlated to response to the attractant.
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    Oscillatoria Sp. (Cyanophyta) mat metabolites implicated in habitat selection inBembidion obtusidens (Coleoptera: Carabidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 671-678 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bembidion obtusidens ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; Oscillatoria animalis ; Oscillatoria subbrevis ; Cyanophyta ; metabolites ; volatiles ; ecophenes ; methylhexadecanoate ; methyloctadecenoate ; attractant ; habitat selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract In laboratory bioassaysBembidion obtusidens Fall adults were attracted to volatile metabolites (methyl esters of hexadecanoic and 9-octadecenoic acid) of mat-forming, filamentous blue-green algae (Oscilalatoria sp.; Cyanophyta) growing in the microhabitat of these beetles on the shores of saline lakes. Commercial preparations of these metabolites also were attractive, suggesting thatOscillatoria metabolites are token stimuli which serve as habitat cues forBembidion adults.
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    Field bioassay ofexo- andendo-brevicomin withDendroctonus ponderosae in lodgepole pine (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 701-707 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Dendroctonus ponderosae ; pheromone ; exo-brevicomin ; endo-brevicomin ; Pinus contorta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bothexo- andendo-brevicomin reduced the response of flyingDendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to an attractant composed oftrans-verbenol and terpenes or oftrans- andcis-verbenol and terpenes in a stand ofPinus contorta var.murrayana. These data suggest that racemicexo- andendo-brevicomin may interrupt aggregation in populations of mountain pine beetle colonizing lodgepole pine; functions of the natural chiral compounds are unknown.
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    Selective predation on chemically defended chrysomelid larvae (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1693-1700 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; leaf-beetle larva ; Phratora vitellinae ; Plagiodera versicolora ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; sawfly ; Tenthredo olivacea ; predation ; conditioning ; defensive secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments showed that femaleTenthredo olivacea prefer to prey upon insects of a previously encountered species, instead of upon unknown ones. This has been observed when comparing two natural prey of the sawfly, the larvae ofPhratora vitellinae and those ofPlagiodera versicolora. The two species secrete copious amounts of defensive secretion, the first salicylaldehyde, and the latter a mixture of cyclopentanic monoterpenes. The predator appears less reluctant when encountering a species whose secretion has been previously experienced. A selective pressure might thus exist favoring rare secretions, which is consistant with the well-known diversity of defensive compounds among sympatric insects.
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    Response ofDiabrotica virgifera virgifera, D. v. Zeae, andD. porracea to stereoisomers of 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1123-1131 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Diabrotica ; western corn rootworm ; Mexican corn rootworm ; sex pheromone ; stereospecificity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The four stereoisomers of 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate were tested in the United States and Mexico for attractiveness toDiabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, the western corn rootworm,D. v. zeae Krysan and Smith, the Mexican corn rootworm, andD. porracea Harold. Males ofD. v. virgifera andD. v. zeae responded strongly to the (2R,8R)-isomer and secondarily to (2S,8R), whileD. ponacea responded exclusively to the (2S,8R)-isomer. The (2S,8S)- and (2R,8S)-isomers were inactive in all tests. Synergism or inhibition was not detected when various mixtures of the isomers were tested withD. v. virgifera. These phenomena were not tested withD. v. zeae andD. ponacea.
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    Insect predator-prey coevolution via enantiomeric specificity in a kairomone-pheromone system (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 487-492 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonusfrontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Thanasimus dubius ; Cleridae ; southern pine beetle ; kairomone ; behavior ; olfaction ; coevolution ; predator ; enantiomer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insect predators can be guided to their prey by a kairomonal response to the prey pheromone. We found this phenomenon to be highly specific in the bark beetle predatorThanasimus dubius. Olfactory responses and behavioral tests revealed that the predator is guided to its major preyDendroctonusfrontalis by the primary enantiomer of the pheromone of the prey, (1S, 5R)-(−)-frontalin. These and other findings suggest the co-evolution of a kairomone system of the predator and the pheromone system of its prey.
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    Interconversion of verbenols and verbenone by identified yeasts isolated from the spruce bark beetleIps typographus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1349-1361 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microbial transformations ; aggregation pheromones ; microorganisms ; yeasts ; bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ips typographus ; cis-verbenol ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; 3-methylbutanol ; 2-phenylethanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six yeast strains have been isolated and identified from the spruce bark beetle,Ips typographus. We have studied the ability of the yeasts to interconvertcis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, and verbenone. (1S)-cis-Verbenol is an active component in the aggregation pheromone ofIps typographus. The isolatedCandida molischiana/ Hansenula capsulata strain can convert both (1R)- and (1S)-cis-verbenol to verbenone. TheCandida nitratophila strain converts (1R)-cis-verbenol totrans-verbenol and (1S)-cis-verbenol to verbenone. Some of the yeast strains produce 3-methylbutanol, 2-methylpropanol, and 2-phenylethanol after growth in Sabouraud medium.
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    Response of the european elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus, to host bacterial isolates (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1133-1149 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Smaller European elm bark beetle ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; elm bacterial isolates ; gamma irradiation ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the European elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus, to host bacterial isolates was studied qualitatively under field conditions. Initial experiments indicated that such isolates were attractive to in-flight beetles. These isolates, identified asBacillus subtilis (five strains),B. pumilus, andEnterobacter cloacae, were grown on nutrient agar in glass vials and attached to sticky traps in elm woods. Although beetles were caught on the bacterial isolate-baited traps, the catches were variable, inconsistent, and often contradictory from one experiment to another. High numbers ofS. multistriatus were caught on traps baited with three strains ofB. subtilis, but in addition to thesubtilis strains, there were also aerial contaminants in the treatments, namelyE. aerogenes, Corynebacterium sp., andFlavobacterium sp. Also, relatively high catches were recorded on nutrient agar controls. When elm wood-bark plugs, sterilized (by gamma irradiation) and unsterilized, were placed in vials with the host bacterial isolates, the presence or absence of fresh elm, gamma irradiated or not, had no noticeable effect on beetle attractancy.
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    Alkanes from surface lipids of sunflower stem weevil,Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1335-1347 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect hydrocarbons ; sunflower stem weevil ; Cylindrocopturus adspersus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; 9,19-dimethylalkanes ; 9,21-dimethylalkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stem weevil,Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) yields 3% of its body weight as extractable lipids (40 μg/ weevil). The alkane fraction was composed ofn-alkanes (38%) and branched alkanes (62%). The compounds were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The chromatogram contained several single-component peaks (9 of 25). Only seven dimethylalkanes were isolated (17.8%): 9,19- and 9,21-dimethylheptacosane; 9,19- and 9,21-dimethylnonacosane; 9,21- and 11,21-dimethylhentriacontane; and 11,21-dimethyltritriacontane. Important methylalkanes were: 2-methyltetra- and hexacosanes and 10-methylhexa- and octacosanes. Late-eluting gas chromatography peaks were composed of simple alkane mixtures or a single component.
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    Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on field behavior of crucifer-feeding flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 33-39 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mustard oil ; allyl isothiocyanate ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; flea beetle ; beetle ; Phyllotreta ; Psylliodes ; crucifer ; rutabaga ; behavior ; isothiocyanate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When water traps baited with allyl isothiocyanate (AIC)diffusing through polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber membranes were used to monitor four species of crucifer-feeding flea beetle adults in a rutabaga field at L'Assomption, Que. in 1980–1981, differential responses to AIC were observed.Phyllotreta cruciferae was more attracted to AIC thanP. striolata, whereas the behavior ofPsylliodes punctulata was not affected by the presence of AIC. The traps with the PVC membrane caught significantly more flea beetles than the traps with the rubber membrane in 1980, but caught a similar number in 1981. Sticky traps covered with AIC mixed with Tangletrap® caught significantly more flea beetles than control sticky traps.
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    Aggregation pheromone of the deodar weevll,Pissodes nemorensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Isolation and activity of grandisol and grandisal (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1417-1423 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pissodes nemorensis ; deodar weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; grandisol ; grandisal ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bark weevilPissodes nemorensis, a pest of pines and exotic cedars in the southeastern United States, utilizes a male-produced aggregation pheromone. The presumed pheromone components, grandisol (cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutaneethanol) and its corresponding aldehyde, grandisal, were isolated from extracts of male volatiles and male hindguts. A field test in northern Florida showed that the combination of grandisol, grandisal, and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) bolts acted synergistically to attract large numbers of male and femaleP. nemorensis. These components deployed in various paired combinations were not as attractive as the tripartite mixture. There was no evidence that flying weevils were attracted to unbaited pine bolts. The aggregation pheromone forP. nemorensis appears to be similar to that of a parapatric sibling species,P. approximatus.
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    Attractive and inhibitory pheromones produced in the bark beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis, during host colonization: Regulation of inter- and intraspecific competition (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 861-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Enoclerus lecontei ; Pinus ponderosa ; bark beetle ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; verbenone ; trans-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; aggregation ; pheromone ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Quantities of attractive (exo-brevicomin and frontalin) and inhibitory (trans-verbenol, verbenone, and ipsdienol) pheromones were monitored in both sexes ofDendroctonus brevicomis during their colonization of a ponderosa pine. Verbenone was found in males in the greatest amounts at the time of landing, and it declined more rapidly than the other pheromones in either sex. The amounts of frontalin andexo-brevicomin in males and females, respectively, increased after initial boring within the host but began to decline after mating. The quantity oftrans-verbenol in both sexes (females had significantly more) declined more gradually thanexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and verbenone. Ipsdienol was found only in males during the initial stages of attack when encountering the resin. It is suggested that along with a general decline in all pheromonal components, a sufficient change in the ratio of the attractive pheromones to an inhibitory pheromone,trans-verbenol, may play a role in termination of aggregation.trans-Verbenol may also function along with verbenone and ipsdienol in limiting the density of attack and thus intraspecific competition. These inhibitory pheromones also appear to cause several competing species of bark beetle to avoid landing in areas infested withD. brevicomis, even when their own pheromone is present.
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    Response ofScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to α- and δ-multistriatin in Switzerland (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1345-1352 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; multistriatin ; 4-methyl-3-heptanol ; brevicomin ; frontalin ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Scolytus scolytus ; Scolytus pygmaeus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory bioassays and field tests demonstrated that a Swiss population ofS. multistriatus responded much more strongly to α- than to δ-miltistriatin in combination with 4-methyl-3-heptanol and α-cubebene. High concentrations of brevicomin appeared to replace α-multistriatin in evoking a response byScolytus species, but this effect can be explained by the fact that the brevicomin was contiminated with small amounts of α-multistriatin. Frontalin, another bicyclic ketal, showed no biological activity. Field tests indicated thatS. pygmaeus aggregates to the same attractant mixture asS. multistriatus. S. scolytus also responded preferentially to this mixture, but the relative amounts of α-multistriatin to 4-methyl-3-heptanol do not appear to be as important as forS. multistriatus.
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    Volatile food attractants forOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) from oats (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 301-309 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; oats ; attractants ; (E)-2-nonenal ; (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal ; 2-furaldehyde ; formaldehyde ; propanal ; hexanal ; heptanal ; octanal ; (E)-2-heptenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sawtoothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae), is attracted to certain volatile components that occur in whole and rolled oats as determined by a laboratory pitfall chamber bioassay. More than 100 components were detected in the attractive carbonyl-containing fractions; 14 of these, making up 60% of the total, were identified and bioassayed. Although hexanal, heptanal, octanal, (E)-2-heptenal, and 2-furaldehyde, at doses ranging variously from 1 to 100 μg, were all significantly attractive, only 1 /10 to 1 /100 as much (E)-2-nonenal or (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal was necessary to produce comparable insect response. In addition, propanal and formaldehyde (previously reported in oats but not detected by us) were bioassayed and found to be attractive.
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    Response of Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), to volatile components of tansy,Tanacetum vulgare (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1325-1333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; tansy ; Tanacetum vulgare ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; interplanting ; volatile compounds ; insect attractance ; insect avoidance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), to volatile components of tansy,Tanacetum vulgare L., were investigated in order to establish a chemical basis for observed reduction in beetle populations when potatoes,Solanum tuberosum L., were interplanted with tansy. Colorado potato beetles exhibited avoidance behavior to tansy oil, volatiles from intact tansy plants, a “hydrocarbon fraction” of tansy oil, obtained by fractionation on alumina, and five of the 13 known components of tansy oil that were tested. One constituent of tansy oil, α-pinene, attracted beetles.
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    Distribution of adult defense glands in chrysomelids (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its significance in the evolution of defense mechanisms within the family (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 67-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; glands ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Defense glands were examined in the adults of 65 species belonging to 10 different subfamilies. They were found in the pronota and elytra of members of the subfamilies Criocerinae, Chrysomelinae, Galerucinae, and Alticinae. It is suggested that these glands appeared monophyletically in the course of evolution and that the absence of glands in several species of the two most evolved subfamilies is a secondary event, explained by the presence of alternative efficient defensive behaviors: reflex bleeding in the Galerucinae and escape mechanism of jumping in the flea beetles. It is also suggested that a large distribution of the glands at the surface of the beetles is a primitive condition and that in the course of evolution only the glands most efficiently located along the edges of the pronotum and elytra were maintained. Such evolution has occurred several times. Alternative and complementary defensive mechanisms are also listed and discussed.
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    Evaluation of two attempts to trap defined populations ofScolytus multistriatus (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 125-136 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation ; pheromone ; elm ; mark-release ; multilure ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Scolytus multistriatus ; trap-out ; Ulmus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the use of a pheromone-based trap-out technique for suppressing populations ofScolytus multistriatus. In the first experiment, elm bolts containing the immature stages ofS. multistriatus were placed in an isolated community that contained elm trees, but which was essentially devoid of a resident beetle population. The infested bolts produced a total of 46,485 adult beetles of which 20% were recovered on traps baited with synthetic pheromone. In the second experiment beetles were released in a desert valley containing no resident elms or beetles. Only 1% of 20,000 released beetles were recaptured on traps erected on vertical cardboard cylinders and on elm logs. These rates of recapture are related to the attraction of beetles to naturally occurring brood sources versus pheromone-baited traps.
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  • 38
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    Male-specific conversion of the host plant compound, myrcene, to the pheromone, (+)-ipsdienol, in the bark beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 363-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pinus ponderosa ; pheromone biosynthesis ; bark beetle ; myrcene ; ipsdienol ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; attractants ; pheromones ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When both sexes of the bark beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, were exposed to vapors of myrcene from ponderosa pine, only the male produced (+)-ipsdienol. In the field, racemic ipsdienol significantly reduced the attraction of both sexes in flight to a mixture of myrcene and the aggregation pheromones,exo-brevicomin and frontalin. This suggests that ipsdienol may be involved in regulating colonization density ofD. brevicomis. The implications of the biosynthesis of various enantiomers of ipsdienol byD. brevicomis and the cohabitating bark beetles,Ips paraconfusus andI. pini, in relation to their behavioral responses are discussed in regard to reducing interspecific competition.
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  • 39
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    Sex pheromone biology and behavior of the cowpea weevilCallosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 527-534 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; cowpea weevil ; pheromone ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female cowpea weevils,Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), emitted a pheromone which excited males. Pheromone release began soon after emergence and continued for one week. Synchronization of pheromone release with calling behavior was demonstrated. Mating reduced pheromone release but not male response. Pheromone obtained by aeration collection was utilized for determining a quantitative dose-response relationship.
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  • 40
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    Sex pheromone communication in the odd beetle,Thylodrias contractes motschulsky (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 653-661 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; aphrodisiac ; odd beetle ; Thylodrias contractus ; Motschulsky ; Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; bioassay ; behavior ; exocrine gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adult virgin females of the odd beetle,Thylodrias contractus, produce a volatile sex pheromone that influences the behavior of conspecific males and attracts them in laboratory olfactometer tests. The active substance can be collected by allowing virgin females to walk on absorbent paper disks. Disks exposed to mated females do not elicit a response from males. The male odd beetle repeatedly rubs the antennae, head, and thorax of a female with a setate glandular area on his second abdominal sternum during courtship, probably secreting a reciprocally active aphrodisiac substance.
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    Aggregation pheromone of the male granary weevil,Sitophilus granarius (L.) (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 679-687 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sitophilus granarius ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; granary weevil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for a male-produced aggregation pheromone inSitophilus granarius is reported. Hexane extracts of Tenax®-trapped volatiles from males held on wheat were attractive to both sexes in a multiple-choice olfactometer and pitfall bioassay chamber. A quantitative relationship existed between days of insect exposure on disks and degree of responsiveness. The maximum response was to 35 insect-day-equivalents. Diel-related activity showed both sexes responsive during photophase and nonresponsive during scotophase.
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    Defensive and pheromonal secretion of the tergal gland of Aleochara curtula (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 773-783 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aleochara curtula (Goeze) ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; tergal gland secretion ; hydrocarbons ; aliphatic aldehydes ; substituted 1 ; 4-benzoquinones ; n-undecane ; 1-undecene ; (Z)-4-tridecene ; n-dodecane ; (Z)-5-tetradecenal ; toluquinone ; 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1 ; 4-benzoquinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretion from the tergal gland of the staphylinid beetle,Aleochara curtula, acting as a supplementary mating stimulant, was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and IR spectroscopy. The reservoir contains a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, aliphatic aldehydes, and substituted 1,4-benzoquinones.n-Undecane, 1-undecene, and (Z)-4-tridecene were identified as the major hydrocarbon components. The main aldehydes aren-dodecanal and (Z)-5-tetradecenal, and the chief quinones are toluquinone and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, the latter being established structurally by comparison of the mass spectra of the three synthesized isomers. Quantitative GLC analyses revealed no sex specificity of the relative concentrations of the compounds.
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    Preference of certain scolytidae for different conifers (1982)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 1093-1109 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytidae ; Coleoptera ; conifers ; terpenoids ; olfactory tests ; host attraction specificity ; statistical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nine Scolytidae (Cryphalus piceae, Cryphalus abietis, Pityokteines curvidens, Dendroctonus micans, Ips sexdentatus, Ips typographus,Orthotomicus erosus, Tomicus piniperda, andPhloeosinus bicolor) were subjected to olfaction tests on ten conifer species taken two by two. These conifers wereAbies cephalonica, Abies nordmanniana, Picea abies, Picea orientalis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus brutia, Pinus laricio,Cupressus atlantica, andCupressus sempervirens. A statistical study of the results, by means of the factorial analysis of correspondence completed by the duo preference test, commonly used in sensory analysis, revealed a taxonomic clustering by genus of the plant species and analogous specific attraction behavior for the insects.Pityokteines curvidens has a behavior analogous to that of the twoCryphalus considered.Phloesinus bicolor shows a very strong specificity forCupressus. The essential oils of the conifers were analyzed to determine their terpene composition and the ten odor spectra thus obtained were compared. The hierarchical classification, using a Euclidian distance, brought out similarities in the spectra, especially in the case ofPinus. It is shown that definitive establishment of Scolytidae is not due to the presence in the odor spectrum of any particular terpenoid. The attractive power of a species results from the synergism of the different terpenes. Moreover the definitive establishment of the insects also depends on their sensorial adaptation to volatile substances which can be wider or narrower for the species studied.
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    Southern pine beetle: Olfactory receptor and behavior discrimination of enantiomers of the attractant pheromone frontalin (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 8 (1982), S. 873-881 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Enantiomers ; bark beetle ; pheromone ; Dendroctonus frontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; southern pine beetle ; electrophysiology ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory and field bioassays, the response ofDendroctonus frontalis was significantly greater to the mixture of (1S, 5R)-(−)-frontalin andalpha-pinene than to (1R,5S)-(+)-frontalin andalpfa-pinene. Electro-physiological studies revealed that antennal olfactory receptor cells were significantly more responsive to (1S, 5R)-(−)-frontalin than to (1R, 5S)-(+)-frontalin. Both enantiomers stimulated the same olfactory cells which suggests that each cell possesses at least two types of enantiomer-specific acceptors.
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    Turbulence in pulsatile flows (1984)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 12 (1984), S. 357-369 
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    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Oscillatory flow ; High frequency ventilation ; Unsteady pipe flow ; Turbulence ; Pulsatile flow ; Transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence during pulsatile flow has been suggested as a possible mechanism to enchance the transport of gases during high-frequency ventilation. Experimental studies on oscillatory flow in straight, circular tubes have identified three types of flow: (a) laminar; (b) conditionally turbulent, in which high-frequency disturbances occur during the decelerating phase of the flow cycle but relaminarize by the beginning of the subsequent accelerating phase; and (c) fully turbulent flow, in which disturbances occur throughout the flow cycle. Fully turbulent flow has been observed only when a mean flow is present, and only laminar or conditionally turbulent flow has been observed for purely oscillatory flow. A critical Reynolds number based on the Stokes layer can be defined, and transition Reynolds numbers between 400 and 550 have been experimentally determined for purely oscillatory flow in a circular tube, although lower values are expected for physiological flows. There are some indications that the structure of oscillating turbulent flow is similar to steady turbulent flow, and preliminary work in our laboratory shows that the spectral content of flows during high-frequency ventilation is similar to that in steady turbulent flow.
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    Response of the clerid predatorThanasimus dubius (F.) to bark beetle pheromones and tree volatiles in a wind tunnel (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 177-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Cleridae ; Thanasimus dubius ; beetle ; predation ; frontalin ; ipsdienol ; α-pinene ; southern pine beetle ; Ips spp. ; Scolytidae ; ipsenol ; endo-brevicomin ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tree volatiles and pheromones produced by southern bark beetles were bioassayed for response by the clerid predatorThanasimus dubius (F.). Upwind flights in a laboratory olfactometer, modified from Visser (1976), were used to determine the attractiveness of compounds. Differences in response to a solvent control and pheromone treatment were tested for statistical significance using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Both sexes ofT. dubius responded to frontalin, ipsdienol, and α-pinene in a dose-dependent manner with different but overlapping concentration ranges. Strong differences between the sexes were observed in response totrans-verbenol, verbenone, andl-β-pinene. Neither sex responded to ipsenol orendo-brevicomin.
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    Behavioral responses of elm bark beetles to baited and unbaited elms killed by cacodylic acid (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1623-1634 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cacodylic acid ; pheromone ; Phomopsis oblonga ; Dutch Elm disease ; elm bark beetles ; Scolytus scolytus ; Scolytus multistrialus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diseased elms, treated with various doses of cacodylic acid in northwest England, became attractive to elm bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). This attraction seemed to be independent of pheromone baits. However attractive the trees became, they were unsuitable to the beetles as breeding sites since significantly more beetles visited the trees than were stimulated to penetrate and attempt to breed. It seems as if colonization of trap trees by the bark saprophytePhomopsis oblonga following cacodylic acid treatment made the trees unsuitable to beetles for breeding.
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    Pheromone production by axenically rearedDendroctonus ponderosae andIps paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 281-290 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; axenic rearing ; monoterpenes ; aggregation pheromones ; trans-verbenol ; exo-brevicomin ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and California five-spined ips,Ips paraconfusus Lanier, were reared axenically from surface-sterilized eggs on aseptic pine phloem. After 24 hr in host logs, axenip femaleD. ponderosae and maleI. paraconfusus produced the aggregation pheromones,trans-verbenol (D. ponderosae), and ipsenol and ipsdienol (I. paraconfusus). Emergent, axenically reared maleD. ponderosae contained normal amounts of the pheromoneexo-brevicomin. Axenic femaleD. ponderosae treated with juvenile hormone or exposed to vapors of α-pinene, produced the pheromonetrans-verbenol. By 25–35 days after eclosion, axenic females exposed to α-pinene vapors produced over six times as muchtrans-verbenol as wild females, suggesting that while microorganisms in wild females may producetrans-verbenol, they may also inhibit production of the pheromone or use it as a substrate.
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    Effect of multilure and its components on parasites ofScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 373-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cheiropachus colon ; Entedon leucogramma ; Spathius benefactor ; Dendrosoter proluberans ; Cerocephala eccoptogastri ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; Braconidae ; Eulophidae ; European elm bark beetle ; parasites ; kairomone ; multilure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several hymenopterous parasites ofScolytus multistriatus are attracted to components of its aggregation pheromone, multilure.Cheiropachus colon, Entedon leucogramma, Dendrosoter protuberans, Spathius benefactor, andCerocephala eccoptogastri are attracted in various degrees to multilure, its components (multistriatin, 4-methyl-3-heptanol, and cubebene), and component combinations.C. colon was trapped in greatest numbers, yet was usually less numerous thanE. leucogramma andD. protuberans in the study area. Impact of traps onC. colon may conceivably be reduced by multistriatin content in baits and/or by withholding traps untilS. multistriatus flight begins.
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    Pheromone biosynthetic pathways: Conversion of ipsdienone to (−)-ipsdienol, a mechanism for enantioselective reduction in the male bark beetle,Ips paraconfusus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1057-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; ipsdienone ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; enantiomers ; diastereomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The enantiomeric composition of the pheromone components (+)-ipsdienoI, e.e. 87.6%, and (−)-ipsenol, e.e. 93.8%, produced by the male bark beetleIps paraconfusus (Scolytidae) under natural conditions was determined by HPLC separation of their diastereomeric ester derivatives. Males confined in an atmosphere of ipsdienone produced (−)-ipsdienol, e.e. 28%, and (−)-ipsenol, e.e. 86%, indicating an enantiomeric selectivity in the conversion of the ketone to the alcohols. These findings demonstrate an enantioselective conversion mechanism in the biosynthetic pathway to the pheromones from myrcene, a host-plant terpene.
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    Antifeedant activity of quassinoids (1984)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1497-1507 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; Mexican bean beetle ; Epilachna varivestis ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; southern armyworm ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lipidoptera ; Noctuidae ; quassinoids ; Simaroubaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antifeedant activity of 13 quassinoids of different structural types has been studied against the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Mulsant) 4th instar larvae and the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania Crawer) 5th instar larvae. All quassinoids tested displayed significant activity against the Mexican bean beetle and, thus, do not reveal a simple structure-activity relationship. Five quassinoids were active against the southern armyworm. Interestingly, four of these-bruceantin (I), glaucarubinone (VI), isobruceine A (VIII), and simalikalactone D (XI)-possess the required structural features for antineoplastic activity. The noncytotoxic quassin (X) is an exception; it is active against both pests.
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