ALBERT

Description: The known mossflora of the small West Indian island Saba (870 m in altitude) consists to date of 48 species, while the neighbouring island St. Eustatius (600 m) has 40 species. The two islands have 27 species in common. Widely distributed neotropical species dominate at all elevations, while wide-tropical (i.e. pantropical) species are found mainly at middle elevations (300-600 m). Species with smaller geographical distributions (southern neotropical, Caribbean) are restricted to higher elevations (above 600 m). An attempt has been made to determine the relation between mosses and the plant communities, encountered along the altitudinal gradient, by calculating “association values”, based on the results of random collecting. Four classes of association values have been distinguished: class A: very characteristic; class B: characteristic; class C: moderately characteristic; and class D: non-characteristic species. It appears that eight plant communities on both islands harbour one or more moderately to very characteristic species. Neckeropsis undulata is the only very characteristic species. It occurs in the evergreen seasonal forest on St. Eustatius. The results are compared with Guadeloupe, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Guyana and Suriname. Finally, a key to the species is included.

Description: The nine species of Mabea, some with subspecies, recognized for the Guianas are keyed out and listed with their synonyms and distributions. Several of these species are lectotypified. One new species is described: M. angularis den Hollander, while four new combinations are made: M. montana Müller-Argoviensis subsp. biglandulosa (Müller-Argoviensis) den Hollander, M. montana Müller-Argoviensis subsp. lucida (Pax & K. Hoffmann) den Hollander, M. setulosa (Müller- Argoviensis) den Hollander, and M. speciosa Müller-Argoviensis subsp. concolor (Müller- Argoviensis) den Hollander.

Description: A new species of Dorstenia, D. uxpanapana C.C. Berg and T. Wendt, is described from Mexico.

Description: Several species in neotropical genera are described, viz. 1 in Bocageopsis, 2 in Cremastosperma, 1 in Hornschuchia, 1 in Oxandra, 4 in Pseudoxandra, and 2 in Unonopsis. Cremastosperma anomalum R.E. Fries is transferred to Malmea. Cremastosperma pacificum R.E. Fries is recorded for Panama for the first time. Xylopia ulei Diels, X. neglecta (O. Kuntze) R.E. Fries, and X. intermedia R.E. Fries are brought into synonymy with X. benthamii R.E. Fries, X. parviflora Spruce, and X. sericea A. St.Hil. respectively. The African Xylopia parviflora (A. Rich.) Benth., non Spruce, now has to bear the name X. longipetala De Wild, et T. Durand.

Description: The correlation between sporoderm sculpture and life form of the sporophyte as postulated by Kramer (1977) is investigated for the fern genus Pyrrosia. This correlation is not found in Pyrrosia but may be present in other fern groups.

Description: The wood anatomy of the Moreae without urticaceous stamens is described in detail. Generic descriptions of the following genera are provided: Antiaropsis, Artocarpus, Bagassa, Batocarpus, Clarisia, Parartocarpus, Poulsenia, Prainea, Sorocea, Sparattosyce, and Treculia. Wood anatomical variation below the genus level is very limited, except in the genus Clarisia. Intergeneric variation, however, is much more evident. Most genera can be recognised by the presence or absence of septate fibres, and of radial latex tubes, the size of the intervascular pits, the parenchyma distribution, and crystal distribution. The diagnostic and taxonomic value of several characters is discussed.

Description: Systematic wood anatomy of the tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae). The wood anatomy of nearly all genera of the Guettardeae (Rubiaceae, Guettardoideae) has been examined, and in this respect the tribe is heterogeneous. Suggestions are made for a delimitation of the tribe. Guettarda, Bobea, Antirhea, Malanea and Chomelia Jacq. are sufficiently similar in their wood anatomical characters to warrant retention in the same tribe. Machaonia, Timonius and Dichilanthe are anomalous. Suggestions are given for taxonomic revisions of some genera based on their wood anatomy.

Description: The spores of all 51 currently recognized species in the homosporous fern genus Pyrrosia have been studied with the aid of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In all species a perispore has been found. The wide diversity in sporoderm sculpture as encountered in this genus has been described and five spore types have been recognized, mainly based on perispore characters.

Description: The floral anatomy of several Neotropical Gentianaceae, mostly belonging to the Lisyantheae, has been investigated.

Description: The well-known and widespread lichen species Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. is usually very constant in its chemistry: fumarprotocetraric acid is its main secondary metabolite, sometimes accompanied by atranorin. Recently a new chemical strain, characterised by the presence of psoromic acid instead of fumarprotocetraric acid or atranorin, was found in Portugal by the first two authors during phytosociological investigations of heath vegetations. The plants are preserved in the herbarium of the Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Utrecht (U), leg. Barendregt & v.d. Dries nr. 1-2 (U). Morphologically the plants with psoromic acid represent the slender form of C. furcata. which is the predominant form in lowland western Europe (fig. 1). The podetia are c. 3 cm long and up to 0.8 mm wide, branching regularly but not very densily dichotomously, and olivaceous green to brownish in colour. Their habit varies from creeping and loosely tufted to erect and densily tufted. Squamules are present only occasionally, on the lower parts of the podetia, and are roundish with a crenulated margin, up to c. 1.2 mm wide.

Description: A new species of Croton, sect. Podostachys (C. macradenis) from French Guiana and Suriname is described. It has remarkable long glands. The distinctive characters of the species are the following: long, tubiform glands at the base of the leaves; male flowers with a hairy receptacle and 5-6 anthers ; ovary glabrous ; pollen show the Croton-pattern. A comparative study between a number of species of the section is made.

Description: This book is designed as a practical guide for the identification of fossil and extant woods with the aid of a marginally perforated card key, based on the ones devised by Clarke and perfected in the well-known Hardwood and Softwood keys published by the Princes Risborough Laboratory in 1961 and 1948 (1966) respectively. Using the cards originally prepared for Metcalfe and Chalk’s Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, the Princes Risborough cards, and numerous additions to these sets, the authors have gained considerable experience with this time-honoured identification method. A microfiche of these cards can be purchased separately from the Botanical Museum of Harvard University. Besides general chapters and appendices on for instance wood structure and variability, and how to prepare wood for microscopic examination and how to use the key cards, the main body of the book consists of a richly illustrated catalogue of diagnostic characters to be used in wood identification. It is in this section that the book shows most of its weaknesses. This is because of numerous mistakes in the choice of illustrations or misleading legends to the latter. For instance: fig. 3c (p. 24) is said to show abrupt latewood in Larix laricina, but the earlywood-latewood transition zone is not included in the photomicrograph; on p. 68 the vessels of Nyssa are said to be predominantly in multiples of four or more but the photograph illustrates vessel pairs alternating with fibres (i.e., vessel multiples in a distinct radial pattern; the latter feature is illustrated on p. 69 with examples showing no sign of such a pattern at all!); the tangential vessel arrangement of fig. 4b, p. 70 is in fact oblique; Myrica is incorrectly credited with ephedroid perforations on p. 73; Sphenostemon pictured with the most beautiful example of scalariform intervessel pits is said to show spiral thickenings instead (p. 74); long and slender pit canals are mistaken for plasmodesmata on p. 83; essentially similar fibre-tracheids in Eucryphia are classified as belonging to two fibre types (p. 87); fibres of Sleumerodendron are mistaken for vascular tracheids and crystals in the Dicotyledons are illustrated with an example from Gnetum (p. 124). The quality of many of the photomicrographs leaves much to be desired.

Description: Acanthaceae. At C, Dr. Bertel Hansen took an interest in the family, and began by going through the many papers by C.E.B. Bremekamp. Annonaceae. Mr. Paul Kessler, Botanik, Universität, Box 3049, Kaiserslautern, W. Germany, has undertaken work on Orophea.

Description: Each dipterocarp has its own species of fungus, forming an ectomycorrhiza. From literature and experiments (in East Kalimantan and in vitro) ecological consequences are explored. These help explain the clumping of dipterocarp trees in the forest, the lack of hybrids, the poor dispersal, and speciation as dependent on the viability of the root-fungus combination on a particular soil type. Mycorrhizas are located in the top soil. They are extremely sensitive to increase of soil temperatures as occur after canopy opening, and to soil compaction by machinery and log skidding. This explains the setback of dipterocarp growth after crude logging. It is suggested that avoidance of soil compaction during logging, quick restoration of soil cover, and the use of fungus-inoculated seedlings for enrichment planting are important consequences for forest management. Key words: Dipterocarpaceae, ecology, enrichment planting, logging, management, mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza — Dipterocarpaceae — The role of the symbiosis — The influence of logging on the fungi — Conclusions — References.

Description: Caudex erect, short-creeping or long-creeping, rarely scandent; vascular structure in all cases a radially symmetrical dictyostele; scales usually thin, not peltate, in almost all cases bearing both marginal and superficial Unicellular hairs which are either acicular or glandular. Vascular strands at base of stipe 2, linear in section (rarely with an additional pair of small ones), uniting upwards to a U-shape; a linear aerophore with stomata continuous along each side of stipe and rachis. Fronds usually pinnate with crenate or lobed pinnae, in a few cases simple or bipinnate, never with basiscopically enlarged basal pinnae; apical lamina usually triangular and lobed, grading into upper pinnae, in some cases pinna-like; lower pinnae in many cases gradually much reduced or with abrupt transition to a series of small rudiments; a small aerophore, sometimes swollen or elongate, present at the base of each pinna; a translucent membrane present in the base of each sinus between adjacent pinna-lobes; venation in each pinna consisting a costa bearing costules, each costule bearing pinnately-arranged veins in a pinna-lobe; veins free in deeply lobed pinnae, or basal veins in adjacent lobes anastomosing to form an excurrent vein, which may be joined by other veins, terminating at the base of a sinus-membrane, successive veins Passing to the sides of the sinus-membrane where this is elongate. Indument: scales always present at base of stipe, gradually smaller upwards, uunute (often consisting of a single row of cells) on the distal parts of fronds, often nearly all caducous; adaxial surface of rachis and costae a'ways bearing antrorsely curved acicular unicellular hairs, in a few cases a'so septate acicular hairs; abaxial surface of rachis and costae usually bearing a different indument consisting of more slender unicellular acicular and/or glandular hairs or sessile glands of various forms (forked hairs in Ampelopteris only); surface of lamina between veins either quite glabrous or more often with a distinctive complement of hairs and glands different adaxially and abaxially. Sori borne on abaxial surface of veins, orbicular or sometimes elongate, indusiate or not; indusia reniform, glabrous or bearing hairs and/or glands, in some cases very small, athyrioid in some species of Coryphopteris; sporangia sometimes bearing glands or short acicular hairs (setae) near annulus, often with a hair of distinctive form on the sporangium-stalk; spores in almost all cases monolete, with perispore of varied form, in Trigonospora trilete. Gametophyte in all cases symmetrical-cordate, with unicellular chlorophyllous hairs on all parts, these hairs with ± swollen rounded tips which become wax-encrusted; in most cases, usually as a late development, unicellular acicular hairs, comparable with those on the sporophyte, may occur; other types of hair may be distinctive of some genera. Distribution. Throughout the tropics, especially in wetter areas; species few in temperate regions (5 in Europe), almost 1000 in all. The majority are terrestrial ferns of forest, but a few (especially in Christella few and Macrothelypteris) occur in open places only, and a (Cyclosorus, Thelypteris) in open swamps; some are adapted to grow on rocks by streams; very few are scandent; a few are casually epiphytic.

Description: An introduction is given to the taxonomy of Entoloma subgenus Leptonia, followed by a revision of its section Leptonia. Eleven species are recognized, fully described and illustrated, of which three are new, viz.: Entoloma carbonicola, E. tjallingiorum and E. allochroum.

Description: The Australian species of Bubbia are revised. The leaf anatomy provides good diagnostic characters. There are three species. Bubbia whiteana is given varietal rank under B. semecarpoides, and a new species B. queenslandiana with two subspecies is described.

Description: The tegmic pachychalaza is considered along with the problem of abortive seeds.

Description: The genera Microlaena R. Br., Petriella Zotov, and Tetrarrhena R. Br. are included in Ehrharta Thunb. (Gramineae-Ehrharteae), which necessitates four new combinations in the latter. In Malesia Ehrharta is represented by two taxa originally included in Microlaena: E. diplax F. v. Muel. var. giulianettii (Stapf) L. P. M. Willemse (M. giulianettii Stapf) and E. stipoides Labill. var. stipoides [M. stipoides (Labill.) R. Br. var. stipoides]. Descriptions of and notes on these taxa are given.

Description: Outside Australia, five species of Dodonaea are accepted, viz. D. viscosa, a pantropical coastal species, D. angustifolia, an inland species occurring throughout the Tropics and Subtropics, D. elaeagnoides, restricted to Florida and part of the Antilles, D. polyandra, restricted to a small part of Papua New Guinea and of Queensland, and D. madagascariensis, endemic to Madagascar but with clear connections to Australia. Out of these five species three, viz. D. angustifolia, D. elaeagnoides, and D. viscosa were for a long time combined under the last mentioned name. In Chapter II arguments are given for the division of that complex into three species and it is tried to give a historical explanation for the final state of confusion. In Chapter III notes are given on the five accepted species. All further species names used by or after Radlkofer outside Australia are rejected; a discussion of these names is given in Chapter IV.

Description: In 1979 a combined Indonesian-Dutch expedition, sponsored by WOTRO, was held in Sulawesi, Indonesia. In addition to herbarium material, a large number of living orchids was collected. The living plants were distributed to the Kebun Raya, Bogor, the Hortus Botanicus, Leiden, and the Hortus Botanicus, G.U., Amsterdam. Among the specimens which flowered in Leiden, two different species appeared to belong to the genus Bracisepalum. This genus was hitherto only known from the type collection of B. selebicum. Additional herbarium material of this species was collected by Van Balgooy in the field. This article is the first in a series of treatments for Flora Malesiana of genera belonging to the subtribe Coelogyninae, by the first author. The next revision will cover Pholidota and related genera. Mr. J. Vermeulen is responsible for the scientifically very accurate and beautiful drawings.

Description: Oberonia sebastiana Shetty et Vivek. affinis, sed marginibus bractearum fimbriatis; apicibus petalorum truncatis et dentatis; labio reniformi et pubescenti; disco prominenti et ovato; lobis lateralibus auriformibus, longioribus quam latis; lobulis lobum medianum orbiculatis, differt. — Typus: Ramachandran 66948 (CAL, iso MH), India, Kerala State, Cannanore District, Chandanathode, 825 m alt., 15-8-1980. Pendulous epiphytes. Leaves articulate, up to 15 cm long, 0.5—1.5 cm broad, ensiform, acute, glabrous. Scape adnate to the upper leaf, up to 9 cm long, 0.3—0.6 cm broad, flattened. Spike up to 18 cm long. Flowers pedicelled, pale greenish yellow, in verticils of 3—6; verticils 2—3 mm apart. Bracts slightly longer than the ovary, c. 2 x 1.25 mm, lanceolate, acuminate, fringed along margin, gland-dotted. Sepals and petals deflexed, sparsely gland-dotted. Sepals c. 1.25 x 1 mm, ovate-oblong, obtuse. Petals c. 1.25 x 0.5 mm, linear, truncate and toothed at apex. Lip reniform in outline, 3-lobed, c. 1.5 mm long, c. 2 mm broad across the lateral lobes, pubescent, gland-dotted; lateral lobes auriform, longer than broad, folded upwards around the column; midlobe c. 0.5 mm long, c. 0.75 mm broad; 2-lobuled with a broad sinus in between; lobules of midlobe orbicular; disc ovate, concave; nerves not clear. Column c. 0.5 x 0.5 mm, oblong; stigma suborbicular. Ovary with pedicel c. 2 mm long. Pollinia ovoid.

Description: In Malesia and Taiwan there are 6 species of Agrostis Linné (Gramineae). Agrostis rigidula Steud. has 8 varieties, 5 in Malesia and 4 (incl. one Malesian) in Taiwan. Agrostis clavata Trin. is native in Taiwan and once found in New Guinea. Agrostis gigantea Roth must be called A. stolonifera Linné var. ramosa (S. F. Gray) Veldk. and is partly native, partly introduced in Malesia. Agrostis hirta Veldk. is a new species from New Guinea. New combinations for varieties are proposed in A. rigidula and the Indian A. pilosula Trin.

Description: On most of the islands on which it has become established, the small Indian mongoose has commanded more attention than all indigenous mammals and introduced exotics. As a consequence of its impact on the neotropical single island ecosystems, both as a predator and as a vector of human and animal diseases, the mongoose is uniquely significant. The present study of the mongoose was initiated in 1968 when Everard was appointed by the United Kingdom Medical Research Council (MRC) to the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre (CAREC), formerly the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory (TRVL). The terms of the appointment included a study of the biology of the mongoose in Trinidad and Grenada, surveillance of mongoose rabies in Grenada, and an investigation of methods to control mongoose rabies. Coincidentally, in 1968 Nellis was contracted by the Government of the U.S. Virgin Islands to investigate the wild hosts of the African Bont Tick Amblyomma variegatum (the mongoose being of primary concern). The study was continued in a survey of wild animal parasites and diseases of concern to man or livestock, and it gained impetus as part of the rabies contingency plan for the Virgin Islands. Throughout the course of their work, the investigators continuously exchanged ideas, opinions, data and techniques.

Description: Within the Cantabrian zone during the Devonian and Early Carboniferous three large palaeogeographical units were of importance: the Asturian geanticline, the Palencian basin and the Asturo-Leonesian basin. These units have a different history of sedimentation, particularly the Palencian basin. Further, in the Asturo-Leonesian basin there were some important structural elements: the Intra-Asturo-Leonesian facies line, formed by an active, normal fault parallel to the border of the basin, and two structural highs: the Pardomino high and the Somiedo high which divided the basin into three pieces. The Asturo-Leonesian basin was a narrow, shallow continental shelf which in the south and west passed into the deeper part which extended over the West Asturian-Leonese zone. With help of biostratigraphic correlations of the Middle Devonian to Early Carboniferous deposits in the Cantabrian zone, based on conodonts, an overview is given of the depositional history of the entire area. Several times during the Givetian and Frasnian a biostromal platform developed in the Asturo-Leonesian basin with small bioherms of stromatoporoids and corals at the southern border along the facies line and in the east along the León line, with a lagoon behind. In the Palencian basin the sediment supply was always smaller. There, shales and nodular limestones with pelagic faunas (Gustalapiedra Formation) were deposited. Carbonate sedimentation started simultaneously with the formation of the first carbonate platform of the Portilla Formation in the Asturo-Leonesian basin. Repeatedly the Asturian geanticline was uplifted leading to tilting of the Asturo-Leonesian basin and to erosion of the uplifted parts. The siliciclastic erosion products were deposited in the subsided parts leading to progradation of the coast with the formation of coastal barriers notably along the facies line. As soon as the supply of siliciclastics decreased, a new carbonate platform could form. The last stromatoporoid-coral biostromes formed such a platform at the end of the Frasnian in the Esla area (Crémenes Limestone in the Nocedo Formation). At the same time, in the west of the Asturo-Leonesian basin fan-deltas formed along the facies line, with conglomerates which originated from erosion at the geanticline, which then apparently extended to the facies line. The Asturian geanticline had extended gradually during the Devonian and the differences between the basins had increased. Uplift of the geanticline resulted in the emergence of the entire Asturo-Leonesian basin during the early Famennian. Then, erosion products from the geanticline were also transported into the Palencian basin by turbidity currents (Murcia Formation) interrupting the sedimentation of nodular limestones which recovered later on (Vidrieros Formation). At the end of the Famennian, due to a transgression the sea spread rapidly over the truncated geanticline. South of the Intra-Asturo-Leonesian facies line initially turbiditic storm deposits (Fueyo Formation) formed while a thin layer of sands and crinoidal grainstones (Ermita Formation) was deposited on the geanticline and in the major part of the Asturo-Leonesian basin. The entire Cantabrian zone may have been emergent during the early Tournaisian and, together with deformations in the West Asturian-Leonese zone movements lead to an inversion of the relief in the Cantabrian zone with the formation of a number of small basins in the platform. When, during the late Tournaisian a transgression lead to the spread of cold, nutrient-rich water over the entire area, some of this water stagnated in the basins so that black shales, radiolarites and phosphatic nodules (Vegamián Formation) could be deposited at the same time as the carbonate sedimentation continued on other parts of the platform. The continuation of the transgression lead to the formation of nodular limestones (Alba Formation), first only on the shallow platforms but later also in the deeper parts because circulation in the basins improved. The Variscan orogenesis lead to deformations of which some are discussed in this paper. Lithological data indicate that the Esla nappe and the Valsurvio area were displaced towards the north and later the South Cantabrian block was shifted about 15 to 20 km towards the east along the Sabero-Gordón line. The different formations and smaller lithological units are described and an informal subdivision of the Portilla Formation is proposed. The conodont faunas which were found are described. A number of interesting or problematic species is treated more extensively. The conodont biozonation is discussed. For the early Carboniferous the regional zonation of Higgins (1974) is adapted: the Polygnathus fauna and Gnathodus pseudosemiglaber Zone are introduced. Rather extensively the palaeoecology of the conodonts will be discussed.

Description: A new species of glassfish (Ambassidae) belonging to the genus Parambassis is described from 20 specimens collected in the Idenburg (Mamberamo) River of north-western New Guinea (Irian Jaya). Parambassis altipinnis n.sp. is distinguished by a combination of features which include a relatively tall dorsal fin, a high lateral-line scale count, and a lack of dark pigmentation.

Description: 13 new species and two new subspecies of Lunatipula Edwards are described. The new taxa are: Tipula (Lunatipula) mallorca from Mallorca, T. (L.) bimacula minos from Crete, T. (L.) simova from Thasos, T. (L.) artemis asiaeminoris, T. (L.) christophi, T. (L.) franzressli, T. (L.) horsti, T. (L.) huberti, T. (L.) neutra, T. (L.) ornithogona, and T. (L.) renate, T. (L.) trapeza T. (L.) ulrike from Turkey, and T. (L.) kinzelbachi and T. (L.) leeuweni from Syria. Also presented are the females of T. (L.) sciurus Theischinger and T. (L.) sigma Theischinger. Information on the geographical variation of some species is supplied. New records of a few very little known species are given. All but 2 holotypes, and some paratypes are lodged at Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), 2 holotypes at Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), the other specimens in the collection of the author (GT).

Description: Dentectus barbarmatus, a new genus and species of mailed catfish of the subfamily Loricariinae, tribe Loricariini, is described from tributaries of the northern margin of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Morphometric and meristic data of several specimens are presented and illustrations are given. The relationships of the new genus with other genera of the tribe are discussed. It is assigned to the subtribe Planiloricariina, together with Pseudohemiodon Bleeker, 1862, Rhadinoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1974, Crossoloricaria Isbrücker, 1979, and Planiloricaria Isbrücker, 1971.

Description: A systematic account is presented of the species of the Tipula (Acutipula) maxima group. To the eleven species and subspecies already known, six are added as new: maxima balcanica, transcaucasica latifurca, libanica, cretensis, isparta, and cypriensis. Of all taxa the genital structures of the males and females are described and figured. These structures allow a grouping of the species into five subgroups. The distribution of the species and subspecies is mapped; they are all limited to smaller areas in the Mediterranean region, but for maxima itself which occupies almost entire Europe.

Description: The wood anatomy of the genera of the tribe Moreae with urticaceous stamens, viz. Broussonetia, Madura s.l. (including Cardiogyne, Chlorophora, and Cudrania), Malaisia, Milicia, Morus, Olmedia, Pachytrophe, Plecospermum, Sloetiopsis, Streblus s.l. (including Paratrophis, Phyllochlamys, Pseudostreblus, and Sloetia), and Trophis s.l.(including Calpidochlamys and Maillardia), is described in detail. Separate descriptions have been made for sections and/or subgenera to facilitate the discussion about the generic delimitations made by several taxonomists. The following generic combinations previously proposed by taxonomists are supported by wood anatomical features: Broussonetia + Allaeanthus: Maclura + Chlorophora + Cardiogyne + Cudrania + Plecospermum. The segregation of the African species of Chlorophora in a separate genus Milicia is supported by wood anatomical evidence. The broad genus concept of Streblus and Trophis is not supported by wood anatomy. Several sections of these genera should be reinstated as genera. The correlations between wood anatomy, latitude, habit and habitat are discussed as far as allowed by the material studied. Characters useful for the delimitation of the genera proved to be the size of the intervascular pits, the parenchyma distribution, and the lengths of fibres and vessel elements. Rhombic crystals, vitreous silica and radial latex tubes usually are useful additional characters.

Description: A description is given of two new species in the genus Pristimera, P. dariense from Panama and P. caudata from Suriname. P. dariense differs by its flattened disk from the other New World species of the genus, but would fit in the subgenus Trochantha N. Hallé known from Africa. Cuervea crenulata sp. nov. is a species collected in Brazil, Minas Gerais. Another species in Cuervea, C. mitchellae (Johnst.) A.C. Smith is considered as a synonym of C. kappleriana. Hylenaea unguiculata sp. nov. is a new species from Suriname. The material on which the new species is based was at first erronously ascribed to the genus Tontelea with remarkably similar flowers.

Description: After completion of the monograph of Anaxagorea, a number of new collections were studied and annotated. Among this material there appeared to be a new species from Venezuela, at the same time the first true rheophyte in Annonaceae. The rare and hitherto incompletely known A. silvatica has now turned up from the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. The flower of this species is described for the first time. New records are mentioned insofar as they add to previously existing information.

Description: An increasingly large number of macrodisjunct species is emerging from recent literature dealing with taxonomy and floristics of tropical bryophytes. This paper reviews present knowledge concerning Afro-American disjunctions in Hepaticae and seeks to interprete the data in the light of current phytogeographical theory. Numerous new floristic records and range extensions are given and some taxonomic novelties are proposed. For 35 Afro-American species known three main distribution types are recognized, each further subdivided: Tropical Afro-American (lowland, montane and the alpine element), Subtropical-Mediterranean (southern, wide element) and Temperate-Subantarctic (southern, wide element). Most species belong to Jungermanniales except for the subtropical ones which are thallose. A few Afro-American genera, including the “peri-Afroamerican” Symbiezidium and Bryopteris, and vicariant species-pairs are also discussed. Among tropical taxa, lowland patterns are normally continuous, while montane and alpine patterns are typically “quadricentric” resp. “bicentric”. Deviating patterns may due to insufficient exploring or taxonomic knowledge, or relict nature. Several species are “weedy” and in the possession of excellent dispersal capacities; their occurrence in other palaeotropic regions is to be expected as well. Interpretation of dispersability is hampered, however, by the lack of experimental data on spore viability in liverworts (as contrary to mosses). It is postulated that macrodisjunct Afro-American species ranges in most cases should have arisen from successful transoceanic long-range dispersal whereas generic disjunction and species vicariance might be the result of ancient land connections, viz. evolution following the dissection of western Gondwanaland.

Description: The neotropical genus Fusispermum (actinomorphous Violaceae) contains two species in northern South America (Peru, Colombia) and a third species F. laxiflorum Hekking sp. nov. from Panama. The genus differs from two subfamilies Violoideae and Leonoideae of the Violaceae as distinguished by Melchior, by its convolute aestivation of the petals, its deviating androecium and its capsula containing two different kinds of seeds and is therefore placed in a subfamily of its own, Fusispermoideae Hekking subfam. nov. A key to the neotropical actinomorphous genera of Violaceae is provided.

Description: This is a first-rate, beautifully produced book, the contents and presentation of which are an example to all local flora writers. I use the phrase ‘local flora’ with hesitation; Arkansas is larger than the whole of England by 3000sq. miles I Introductory chapters, brief yet to the point, explain ferns and allied plants to the naturalist and layman; an illustrated glossary is a plus; pteridophyte distribution and ecology, discussed naturally in an Arkansas context, make interesting reading. A well illustrated key is given to the 32 genera included. The bulk of the book is given to descriptions of these genera, keys to the 78 species found in Arkansas, and clear descriptions with a full page line-drawing of each species by one of the leading botanical artists of the present time. Not only is each page beatifully laid out but the close-up drawings are accurate and show what is required. As so many of the species are either grown in Britain or related to the European flora I expect the book to be as useful on this sides of the Atlantic as on the other.

Description: A subdivision of Ficus subg. Urosligma sect. Galoglychia is proposed and the following subdivisions established: subsect. Caulocarpae (Mildbr. & Burret) C.C. Berg, subsect. Chiamydodorae (Mildbr. & Burret) C.C. Berg, subsect. Crassicoslae (Mildbr. & Burret) C.C. Berg, subsect. Cyathistipulae (Mildbr. & Burret) C.C. Berg, subsect. Galoglychia, and subsect. Plalyphyllae (Mildbr. & Burret) C.C. Berg.

Description: The small genus Tetrameranthus R.E. Fries, occurring in the Amazon region, is revised. Two new species are described, in addition to the three already known. Available data still indicate that this genus belongs in Annonaceae, but takes up an isolated position within that family.

Description: De las Islas Galápagos se conoce más de 200 especies de briófitas (el número total de los musgos y de las hepáticas es de mas o menos igual). Más que 2/3 partes de las especies occurren en la selva y matorrales perennifolias y húmedas limitadas a las zonas altas de algunas islas. Una proporción elevada (65-70%) de la brioflora trata de especies de una distribución amplia y neotropical o ampliamente tropical, que probablemente han llegado cón los vientos predominantes orientales del continente sudamericano. Generalmente las briófitas de las Islas Galápagos tienen una dispersión excelente, al contrario de otros grupos de organismos. Mas o menos 85% de las hepáticas produce esperes y/o gemmae y aproximadamente 40% de las especies son bisexuales. Además es interesante anotar que taxa sin diásporas están limitados hacia una sola isla, y que taxa con formación de diásporas tienen una distribución más ámplia según las condiciones ecológicas favorables. Una proporción bastante elevada (20%) de los musgos pertenece al elemento “oceánico-Caribe" probablemente llegado con los vientos alisios desde las costas de Centro-América o directamente de las Antillas via el Istmo de Panamá Este grupo de especies se encuentra en las Islas Galápagos en alturas más bajas, con preferencia cerca de la costa. Unas pocas especies templadas y disyuntas están presentes en las pampas frias y secas de Isabela arriba de 1200 m. Además taxa cosmopolitos y ciertos taxa endémicos son común en las pampas. La proporción de los taxa endémicos es más elevada entre las hepáticas (16%) que entre los musgos (6%). Taxa endémicos occurren con preferencia en las regiones abiertas y secas en las Islas Galápagos, probablemente debido a que este medio ambiente para selección natural y evolución existía ya hace más tiempo, como es corroborado por evidencia palaeobotánica. Se trata de caracterizar y comparar la brioflora de Galápagos, aunque las listas de recopilación para briofloras regionales del trópico hacen falta en una forma tremenda. En comparación con la brioflora del continente sudaméricano la de las Islas Galápagos es un poco pobre en especies; faltan marcadamente taxa de la selva húmeda tropical y de selva nublada. La proporción bastante elevada de hepáticas talosas del orden Marchantiales caracteriza la brioflora de las Islas Galápagos como mas o menos mesofítica y subtropical, a pesar de la presencia elevada de Lejeuneaceae.

Description: The wood and leaf anatomy of the 6 genera of the Cecropiaceæ are described in detail. The anatomical data are compared with those of the allied Moraceæ and Urticaceæ. The relationship between habit, habitat, and anatomical characters is discussed, as well as the relationships within the family. Based on anatomical data the genus Poikilospermum should be included in the family Urticaceæ.

Description: The 42 recognized species of Coussapoa are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Eleven new species are described: C. argentea Akkermans & Berg, C. arachnoidea. Akkermans & Berg, C. batavorum Akkermans & Berg, C. cupularis Akkermans & Berg, C. echinata Akkermans & Berg, C. floccosa Akkermans & Berg, C. longepedunculata Akkermans & Berg, C. macerrima Akkermans & Berg, C. napoënsis Akkermans & Berg, C. pachyphylla Akkermans & Berg, and C. scabra Akkermans & Berg. Some new combinations are made. Keys to the species of 8 regions are presented.

Description: The Lejeuneaceae are the largest family of the Hepaticae with over 1500 species in about 90 currently accepted genera (Gradstein, 1980). Much has already been written on the nomenclatural and taxonomic problems associated with the generic names in this family. A brief review of the problems is given, introductory to the proposals presented here. Current generic concepts in Lejeuneaceae are essentially based on Richard Spruce’s treatment of the group in his “Hepaticae of the Amazon and of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador” (Spruce, 1884). Spruce recognized, besides the monotypic Myriocolea Spruce, one single genus, Lejeunea, for several hundreds of species of Lejeuneaceae known at that time. This muchembracing genus was subdivided by Spruce into 37 subgenera. Each of the subgenera received a name in which the generic name “Lejeunea” was hyphenated with an appropriate, descriptive prefix: e.g. Acro-Lejeunea, Cerato-Lejeunea, Hygro-Lejeunea, Sticto-Lejeunea.

Description: Four new species of Dorstenia are described: D. panamensis C.C. Berg, D. boliviana C.C. Berg, D. peruviana C.C. Berg, and D. belizensis C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 21 Dorstenia species distinguished in north-western tropical America are presented, together with synonyms and distributions.

Description: The taxonomy of the family Megaloeporaceae (Lecanorales, lichenised ascomycetes) has been revised basing on an examination of morphology, anatomy and chemistry of thallus and apothecia, and of apothecium ontogeny. The Megalosporaceae are mainly characterised by features of the apothecium ontogeny, by thallus- and apothecium-chemistry, and by a range of spore types. Three genera have been distinguished within this family, Austroblastenia (gen. nov.) with two species, occuring in Australia and New Zealand, Megaloblastenia (gen. nov.) with two species, occuring in Australia, New Zealand and southern South America, and Megalospora, with twenty-five species, concentrated in Australasia, but with representatives throughout the tropical and warmtemperate zones of the world. The delimitation of these genera is based on spore structures. The species delimitations are mainly based on features of the epithecium pigmentation and granulation, spore structure and size, hymenium size and thallus chemistry. Species are defined as entities characterised by at least two independent differentiating characters. Entities with only a single such character (e.g. "chemospecies" or "secondary species") have been treated below specific rank or left unnamed. The delimitation of the genus Megalospora has been changed. Several species had to be transferred to other genera, notably Catinaria, while on the other hand several Bombyliospora species, including its type, as well as a few species with muriform spores, have been included in Megalospora. In all 11 species and 3 subspecies are newly described. Nearly all members of the family inhabit humid, cool forests, often cloud forest in tropical mountains. Basing on a cladistic analysis the ancestor of the family is supposed to have had bicellular spores with thick septa, which supports a relation with the Buelliinae. Most of the evolution of the family is supposed to have taken place on Gondwana-land, from which main migration routes have brought species into tropical Africa and America, into tropical and eastern Asia, and into southern South America.

Description: Detailed wood anatomical descriptions are given for the genera Anthospermum, Nenax, Phyllis, Carpacoce, Coprosma, Neogaillonia, Crocyllis, Plocama and Spermadictyon, and miscellaneous wood anatomical data on the genera Normandia, Pomax, Opercularia, Leptodermis and Aitchisonia. The wood anatomical variation within the large genus Anthospermum is discussed. Secondary woodiness is likely to occur in a number of Anthospermum species; other species of the genus have “normal” wood structure or are herbaceous. Nenax and Carpacoce may also have secondary woodiness. The Anthospermeae and the Paederieae differ from each other primarily in the fibre type: Anthospermeae have fibre tracheids, Paederieae libriform fibres. Except for the genus Phyllis, wood anatomical features largely support the delimitiation of the two tribes and to a certain extent the suggested groupings of genera within the two tribes.

Description: This is a preliminary survey of the Habenaria species now known from Suriname. A key and descriptions, as well as analytical drawings of the flowers are provided. The descriptions are based not only on collections from Suriname, but also on material from the other Guianas.

Description: Acanthaceae. At C, Dr. Bertel Hansen is working towards an account of the family in Thailand and Indochina and is starting the publication of his results. Several species occur also in Malaya. Algae. Mr. P.A. Cordero Jr published a large study on marine red algae occurring in the Philippines.

Description: Beccari, Odoardo (1843-1920) R.E.G. Pichi Sermolli & C.G.G.J. van Steenis, Dedication, Fl. Males. I, 9 (1983) (6)-(44), 3 portr. Full biographical account of this versatile explorer in Sarawak, West New Guinea and Central Sumatra, and palm taxonomist, prolific writer in Italian whose work at Florence has been traced in detail, with bibliography, lists of published letters, list of maps prepared by him (several in New Guinea), biographical papers and travel accounts (also in Ethiopia), and some works about his plant collections. His considerable zoological collections are mentioned in passing.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes 8 General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: Ms. Wanda Ave, a student of biology at Leiden with interest in ethnobotany, prepared 30 maps with text for Pacific Plant Areas, then studied rattan species of Malaya, where she went in March 1982 to work on smallscale utilization of rattan by indigenous tribes. Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy, duly elected in the democratic manner, took over as Head of the Tropical Department at L, from Dr. W. Vink who felt that he had served his time.

Description: Beccari, Odoardo (1843-1920) H.E. Moore Jr, Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920). Principes 25 (1981) 29-35, portr. His trips and bibliography on palms. Everist, S.L. (1913-1981) On 21 October, 1981, Dr. Selwyn L. Everist, past director of the Queensland Herbarium, died in hospital in Brisbane, after a period of intermittent ill health. He commenced work at the Herbarium in 1930 and graduated from Queensland University with a B.Sc. in 1936. Following the retirement of Mr. W.D. Francis in 1954, he became Government Botanist, a position which was later changed to Director, Botany Branch and the Queensland Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries. He retired in 1976 (see Flora Malesiana Bulletin 30, 2745-2746). He was awarded an honorary Ph.D. on the basis of written work. Dr. Everist will be best remembered for his work in the field of economic botany. He published numerous articles on weeds and poisonous plants and his book Poisonous Plants of Australia will remain the definitive text in its field for many decades. He received a copy of the second edition of his book just one day before he died. The considerable addition of material following the first edition is testimony to his activity in ’retirement’. He was a good herbarium administrator, though he most enjoyed working in the field. He was always willing to provide assistance to herbarium botanists throughout Australia and overseas and he was very supportive of the Flora Malesiana project.— R.W. Johnson.

Description: The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying. Recently, a new preparation technique working with shock-frozen specimens has been developed by ALDRIAN at the Technical University of Graz (Austria). This technique, originally devoted to checking the water content of concrete, was tested and applied to living plant material by the present communicators. As a test object the Malayan gesneriad Monophyllaea horsfieldii was chosen. Studying in special the inflorescence and calyx development, the results proved by far superior to those obtained by conventional SEM-preparation methods. As it appears this technique can be successfully employed in ontogenetical and morphological studies of any kind working with living material.

Description: In October 1981, the Sijthoff-Noordhoff firm which published the Flora Malesiana was taken over by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Box 566, The Hague, The Netherlands*. Publication is continued in the same form, but the transition caused some delay in the schedule. Flora Malesiana Series ii (Pteridophyta) Volume 1 Part 5 thus was issued on 1 March 1982. The posted price is Dfl. 170 abroad (in the Netherlands, Value Added Tax is to be paid). This price includes the binding of this volume, which is now completed. This Part 5, containing pages (1)—(20) and 331-599, gives the Dedication and the revision of the Thelypteridaceae, both by R.E. Holttum. The Dedication, p. (6)-(20), incl. portr., is to Carl Christensen. Rather than biographical — many such references give F.A. Stafleu & R.S. Cowan, Taxonomic Literature, 2nd ed. (1976) 501 — it is a history of pteridology in a nutshell, with notes on strengths and weaknesses of various authors, exemplified in Gleicheniaceae, Grammitidaceae, Lomariopsis/ Stenochlaena, and Pleocnemia. ”We now have reached the stage at which most Malesian species can be allocated to definite natural groups which may have generic rank; most genera can also be associated in groups which appear to be natural; but it is often not yet clear how groups of genera are inter-related.” The Thelypteridaceae itself was one of the most difficult groups the author could chose. It here contains 440 species in 22 genera, with many new taxa and transfers, particularly from Dryopteris, a key genus to which Christensen devoted a monumental study. All Old World genera are treated Haplodictyum is sunk into Pronephrium). The publication of this Part brings the score for Series ii to:

Description: Keys to and critical notes on the European species of the genera Marasmiellus and Rhodocybe are given. The nomenclature of Macrocystidia is elucidated. Two rare species, viz. Rhodocybe melleopallens and R. fallax are fully described and illustrated. Rhodocybe mundula is reduced to the synonymy of R. popinalis. Rhodocybe nauceodulcis is transferred to Omphaliaster. The new combinations Rhodocybe microsporum (Velen.) Noordel., Marasmiellus omphaliformis (Kühn.) Noordel., Omphaliaster nauseodulcis (Horak) Noordel. and O. kyrtosporus (Horak) Noordel. are made.

Description: A new systematic arrangement of the Basidiomycetes is presented. The first fifty pages are devoted to special characters found in Basidiomycetes, and to a discussion of previous classifications. The major part of the book (c. 300 pp.) gives descriptions of the recognized orders and families as well as illustrations of important characters (53 pp, both line drawings and SEM fotos). The division Basidiomycota is divided into two classes, the Heterobasidiomycetes and the Homobasidiomycetes. Within the Homobasidiomycetes a large number of orders and families has been recognized, while the taxonomic entities ‘Gastromycetes’ and ‘Aphyllophorales’ are no longer maintained. In a phylogenetic scheme the supposed relationships of the orders are indicated. The Auriculariales and Cantharellales represent, according to the author, the most primitive orders of the Hetero- and Homobasidiomycetes respectively.

Description: The leaf anatomy of all 33 species of Heisteria is described, based on a study of 143 specimens. There is a considerable amount of diversity in stomatal type (anisocytic, anomocytic, cyclocytic, laterocytic or paracytic), in occurrence and type of mesophyll sclereids, and of fibre bundles along the leaf margin. Outline and thickness of anticlinal epidermal cell walls, cuticle thickness, crystal complement, and stomatal size also vary, but often below the species level. The leaf anatomical diversity can be used for recognising 8 groups of varying distinctness in Heisteria. H. asplundii and H. skutchii with laterocytic stomata, and H. pentandra and H. scandens with paracytic stomata constitute the two most distinct infrageneric groups; the other six groups appear mutually more closely related and are partly linked through intermediates. A tentative phylogenetic classification of Heisteria and a discussion of the position of Heisteria in the Olacaceae is given.

Description: Bij milieu-inventarisaties zoals die door verschillende Provinciale Waterstaten worden uitgevoerd, worden verschillende methodieken toegepast. Eén aspect is het onderzoek naar de samenstelling van de makrofauna. Provinciale Waterstaat van Noord-Holland monstert hiervoor twee keer per jaar, één keer in het voor jaar (maart) en één keer in juli-augustus. Het tijdstip van de tweede monstername is voornamelijk bepaald door het tijdstip waarop de sloten geschoond worden. Hierbij wordt uitgegaan van de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna-gemeenschap ernstig verstoord wordt. Bewijs voor deze veronderstelling is er echter niet. Incidenteel (dus niet hierop gericht) onderzoek door studenten en medewerkers van het ITZ heeft enige twijfel aan de juistheid van deze veronderstelling en het hierop gebaseerde tijdstip van monstername doen ontstaan. Enerzijds lijkt de verstoring tengevolge van het schonen nogal mee te vallen en anderzijds blijkt uit de thans bekende gegevens dat in de nazomer en in het begin van de herfst enkele groepen van organismen tot ontwikkeling komen, die in de zomer niet aanwezig zijn. Dit onderzoek wil nagaan of de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna ernstig verstoord wordt, wel juist is. Wanner dit niet het geval blijkt, dan zou, om een zo volledig mogelijk beeld van de makrofaunasamenstelling te krijgen, de tweede monstername niet in de zomer (vóór de schoning) maar in het vroege na jaar plaats moeten vinden.

Description: In the spring of 1980, from the end of March till in July, I visited the eastern part of the Spanish province of Oviedo and the adjacent part of the province of Leon. The main subject of investigation during this period was the species Rana temporaria (Veenstra 1981). I tried to find out where this species could be found and while doing so I determined the occurrence of more species of amphibians. Totally twelve species of amphibians could be observed. Characteristics of their reproduction sites are listed and worked out below.

Description: A survey is presented of the Dutch sciomyzid flies. From data of diverse collections it can be concluded that at least fifty species occur in the Netherlands. Six of them are new for the Dutch sciomyzid fauna: Pelidnoptera fumipennis, Pherbellia czernyi, Pherbina intermedia, Psacadina zernyi, Dichetophora finlandica and Limnia paludicola. The main biological features, especially of the larvae, are summarized. Most common in Holland are the air-breathing, free-living overt predators of non-operculate snails, but also parasitoids of terrestrial snails can be found. Some remarks are made on further research, among others in relation to the possible value of the sciomyzid larvae as biological control agents of those snails, which transmit diseases. Met dank aan Pjotr Oosterbroek en Ben Brugge voor hun hulp bij dit onderzoek.

Description: The present work comprises the first revision of all species of Xanthophyllum; 93 species (22 new) have been distinguished with 5 subspecies (1 new) and 2 varieties (both new). Seven subgenera are proposed (4 new) of which one has been divided into 2 sections and 2 subsections. Keys to all taxa have been included. In the General Part the (sub)generic and (sub)sectional characters are discussed separately in order to find arguments regarding the direction of the evolution of those characters in the ‘Hennigian’ way of reasoning. From this it has been concluded that the Polygalaceae are derived from the Malpighiaceae- Vochysiaceae-Trigoniaceae-complex and secondly that Xanthophyllum belongs to a derived tribe of the Polygalaceae (and not to a separate family Xanthophyllaceae). The lack of information on the genomes of the species appeared to be a serious problem in the reconstruction of the evolution within Xanthophyllum: one subgenus with ‘gigas’-characters may represent an old allopolyploid hybrid; it is suggested that hybridization may have been important in the evolution of the genus. Although only two species, endemic to N. Queensland, do not occur in Malesia-Southeast Asia, it is shown that Australia must have been the centre of origin of the genus. The fact that Wallace’s Line is still respected by all species is regarded as an indication that West Malesia is a secondary centre of speciation.

Description: This catalogue resulted from our attempts (since 1963) to accommodate and modernize the labelling of type-material of Recent fishes in the collections of the Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), now named Institute of Taxonomie Zoology, University of Amsterdam. We traced 6625 type-specimens of 714 nominal species or subspecies, 228 of which are primary type-specimens (holotype, lectotype, or neotype); moreover, the collection contains one or more syntypes of 222 nominal (sub-) species. A few syntypes are presently indicated as future lectotype in the collection, awaiting publication by various specialists. Such specimens are not distinguished in this catalogue. It is possible that lectotype designations for some species have been validly published, which have escaped our attention. Certain records in the literature of single syntypes as “the holotype” cannot be considered designation of the lectotype. For example, Menon’s (1977: 88-89) “holotype” of Cynoglossus heterolepis is still one of the syntypes (now in the British Museum (Natural History), London).

Description: In the area of Valdeón and adjacent western Liébana (along the provincial boundary between León and Santander, in northern Spain) Namurian and Westfalian flysch deposits are unconformably covered by a sequence of olistostrome and flysch units, alternating with nappes. This sequence, with a thickness of about 5 km, was built up during the Middle Cantabrian. It is covered in turn by the Picos de Europa nappes with intercalated flyschoid sediments of a slightly younger age. In this paper the discrete lithostratigraphic and structural units are described and analyzed. Special attention is given to the fusulinid biostratigraphy. The contact relations between nappes and olistostrome units and their complementary lithostratigraphy are explained as the result of synsedimentary emplacement of the nappes by gravitational sliding along the earth surface. The palaeogeologic setting prior to the deposition of the nappes and olistostromes is deduced from the stratigraphy and lithofacies of the nappes and the allochthonous elements constituting the olistostromes. The regional geologic setting thus obtained and its consequent sedimentological and structural development, are discussed. An attempt is made to fit these developments in the model of a continental strike-slip system.

Description: Black-footed Penguins, Spheniscus demersus, have been living in an open air enclosure in Artiszoo since 1961. Their numbers varied from 7 to 103 in the period under study extending from 1961 to 1982. The information used in this survey is derived from records made by the zoo keepers and from a study of the behaviour of the penguins that was performed in 1979-1980. The pair bond between breeding birds appears to be very strong, the only bird that ever disassociated itself returned to her first partner after one year. However, the penguins seem to find a new partner in a very short time if they happen to forfeit their first partner. The couples have a strong tendency to breed each season in the same burrow. The occasional shifting to other burrows seems not to be related to the fate of the first clutch. The partners stayed together in nearly all cases in which breeding birds changed burrows. A burrow seems to get new owners only when the previous couple vacates it. This has had the consequence that, in some years, young couples could not install themselves because there was a lack of nesting places. The clutch size is two and the number of clutches per season is one or two, three is less common. The birds are probably encouraged to lay a second or third clutch when the previous one fails visibly in an early stage. The frequency of laying second and third clutches might decrease if the penguins in Artiszoo were allowed to revert to their natural cycle of guarding their young for 80 days instead of the enforced period of only 42 days. The breeding season runs from August to May and has two peak periods of egg-laying, one in August/September and one, less extreme, in December. The timing of breeding varied from year to year, in some years the first egg-production peak appeared in July/August and in others it appeared only in October. The penguins in Artiszoo start breeding for the first time when they are two years or older, just like the penguins in South Africa. Since 1965 the population growth has been caused entirely by the reproductive qualities of 19 birds and their descendants. The hatching success of eggs decreased spectacularly in the years after 1971 when the number of available adults exceeded the figure 25, and since that time relatively more eggs disappeared or were found to be broken. This study shows that the decline of the hatching success is caused both by a lack of nesting places and the increase of the number of penguins living in the enclosure.

Description: Two new Dorstenia species from East Brazil are described: D. brevipetioiata C.C. Berg and D. contensis Carauta & Berg

Description: Three new species of Salacia are described. Salacia bullata spec. nov., a liana, characterized by bullate leaves, was collected in Brazil, Territorio Amapa. It comes closest to S. amplectens. A.C. Smith’s key (1940) should be amended to include a new group ‘Amplectentes’. This group, containing S. bullata and S. amplectens would be near ‘Arboreae’. Salacia alwynii, spec. nov., a vining species comes from Peru, Maynas, and is characterized by very large leaves and large cauliflorous flowers. It belongs to the species group ‘Ellipticae’ sensu Smith. It was also collected in Venezuela. Salacia paradoxa spec. nov. is a liana collected in Brazil along the Manaus-Caracarai road. Its long leaves are narrowly elliptic, its flowers are extremely small. In leaf characters it is strikingly similar to S. solimoesensis of Smith’s species group ‘Ellipticae’, the shape of the disk, however, suggests the species group ‘Crassifoliae’. Specimens with fruits, collected in western Brazil may belong either to S. paradoxa or to S. solimoesensis.

Description: As a result of a revision of the Neotropical Lisyantheae (Gentianaceae) several new species and subspecies have to be described, and some new combinations have to be made. The names of all 17 species of Irlbachia currently recognized are given, together with their most common synonyms.

Description: Anticipating a forthcoming monograph of the subfamily Drynarioideae (Polypodiaceae), six new combinations in Aglaomorpha are made. Apart from full synonymy and descriptions, this monograph will include the phylogenetic systematics of this group. The phylogenetic relationships established lead to the recognition of the holophyletic genera Aglaomorpha and Drynaria only. The generic delimitation of Drynaria is not affected, but Aglaomorpha needs to be emended including all other (mostly monotypic) drynarioid genera. As a consequence, the following nomenclatural changes are necessary.

Description: The SEM was used as a taxonomic aid to the authors while writing a monograph of Irlbachia (Neotropical Gentianaceae). In most cases, external seed morphology was distinctive at the species level. SEM use has confirmed the authors’ ideas on the synonymy of many of the species in the genus. This article describes the seed morphology of the seven species.

Description: Anthodus paniculatus Martius, reduced to a synonym of Hemiangium excelsum (H.B.K.) A. C. Smith by A. C. Smith, is reestablished here as Hemiangium paniculatum (Mart.) A. M. W. Mennega. H. excelsum in the present sense is now restricted to C. America, whereas H. paniculatum occurs in S. America.

Description: Along an altitudinal transect on the northern slope of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, 500-4100 m, five altitudinal bryophyte zones are distinguished – four forest zones and one páramo zone – based on ecosystem relevé analysis concerning species presence, substrate preference and percentage cover of bryophytes. Relevés were compared by using Sørensen’s Index of Similarity and a simplified dendrogram technique, and zonation diagrams were constructed. Bryophyte zonation seems primarily correlated with climatic factors (precipitation, air temperature) as preliminary data suggest. Species presence and cover percentage appear to be of almost equal significance in distinguishing the different bryophyte zones of the tropical forests and are highest in the so-called “condensation zones”. Work continues on other altitudinal transects in the Colombian Andes, in the framework of the ECOANDES project.

Description: Dendrocryphaea latifolia sp.nov. from the Páramo de Chisacá, Colombia is described and illustrated. It is allied to D. cuspidata from austral South America but differs from that species in the broader leaves, globose capsules and the basally smooth exostome teeth. A key to the four species of Dendrocryphaea and a conspectus of the genus are provided. D. ramosissima is reduced to synonymy under D. lechleri. Dendrocryphaea is a rheophytic genus with antipodal distribution. Its discovery in the high Andes of Colombia extends to 34 the number of genera of bryophytes with similar antipodal affinities known from the páramos of the northern sector of the Andean cordillera, The nature and origin of these distribution patterns is discussed. In the case of Dendrocryphaea wind and birds may have played a role in the transport of spores and the establishment of its present distribution.

Description: During a study of the Podostemonaceae for the Flora of Suriname a specimen of Apinagia was found which could not be placed in one of the species recognized by van Royen (1951, 1953, 1954). The specimen forms part of a mixed collection mainly consisting of Mourera fluviatilis Aubl. but also containing a specimen of Apinagia longifolia (Tul.) van Royen (sub Irwin et al. 55346A in K and NY).

Description: Commercially available tree altimeters are expensive and heavy, and my personal experience with these instruments is thus minimal. During my last expedition I only used it now and then in the base camp to correct my ’feeling for estimation’. I have little doubt that colleagues will recognize these feelings. After my return I regretted this attitude to some extent and tried to design a cheap and light alternative device. It is drawn on the next page, and easy to construct: Make a copy of the drawing. Photocopies are generally not exact enough, causing differences to 5 m in this scheme, due to barrel- and cushionshaped distortion by the lens. I advise to copy the drawing by hand on transparent paper. Glue this copy (preferably with epoxy-resin to make it waterproof) on hardboard (plexiglass, thin aluminium). Fix a water-level parallel to the horizontal line (which indicates c. 1.70 m eye-level!). Attach a transparent ruler with a thin but distinct straight line. This ruler is attached with a (nylon) bolt and nut (the latter fixed with cyano-acrylate, e.g. Loctite) in order to move the ruler to reach the necessary angle and to keep it in a fixed position easily. It needs some training to keep the righthand eye on the water-level (a small mirror may help here), the accuracy is sufficient when one sees the air-bubble moving or trembling. A much more severe factor causing inaccuracy is the impossibility to estimate in larger trees where the actual summit is hidden behind the crown. When impossible to locate, one can use the rule of thumb, that the actual summit is behind a point about halfway the base and the edge of the crown. An attached string of e.g. 20 metres facilitates to fix the horizontal distance. From the scale it is evident that one should not try to measure a 50 m tall tree from 20 m distance, 40 m is more accurate. The exactness of the device is mainly dependent on the length of the ruler, 25-30 cm is needed. Before fixing the water-level definitively, one should gauge its position by means of a tree or other vertical object (flagpole) of known height.

Description: ARMSTRONG, J.A., J.M. POWELL & A.J. RICHARDS (eds.), Pollination and Evolution, vii + 108 pp. (1982, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney). $A 15.00 plus postage. This publication is the edited text of nine out of eleven papers read at a symposium on pollination biology during the 13th International Botanical Congress in Sydney, August 1981. The majority of the papers deal with Australian plants and animals. A.J. Beattie discusses the paucity of ant pollination systems in contrast to the abundance in ant dispersal systems. From Vivienne Turner we learn that 25 out of 119 Australian marsupials are known to visit flowers, but only few actually play a role in pollination, mainly in Myrtaceae and Proteaceae. G.J. Keighery discusses bird pollination in Western Australia and D.C. Patton the influence of honeyeaters on flowering strategies of Australian plants. — M.M.J, van Balgooy.

Description: Rattans as an example. — ’Minor’ are called all forest products other than timber. Rattan is one of the best-known. In Malaya, according to Dransfield in his book of 1979, there are 104 species; 54 of them are utilized for cane. In addition, 4 are sought for their edible fruits, 5 for their leaves (as thatch and for cigarette paper), 4 for their ’dragon blood’ (jernang, used for varnish, red dye, and medicine), 4 have still other uses. This means that over 2/3 of the Malayan rattans are useful to some extent. At present, we can say that ’great’ use is made of 12 species, that is more than 1 in 8. Of all species, the stock is in the primary rain forest. For Indonesia, M.H. Simatupang presented a paper The processing of rotan, a minor forest product from the tropical rain forest, to the 8th World Forestry Congress (1978) summarized on page 3222. The total yield was 59,600 tons a year, of which 7000 tons from plantations. The value of rattan in the world trade is enormous: Dransfield (in The biological aspects of rare plant conservation, edited by H. Synge, 1981) adopts an estimate of US$ 1.2 billion, end value, and adds: ”Rattan is in fact the most important forest product after timber in southeast Asia. From a social point of view it is the most attractive forest product, tending to benefit local villagers much more directly than timber operations. Traditionally the exhausting and unpleasant task of rattan pulling is carried out during slack agricultural periods (such as after harvest and before sowing the rice crop) and is also greatly influenced by the current price of rubber; when rubber prices have slumped, rattan pulling has become a more attractive source of income” (p. 180). Dransfield (ibidem, p. 181) credits Borneo with c. 151 species, Malaya with 104, Sumatra with 77, Thailand plus Indo-China with 62, the Philippines with 60, New Guinea with 52, Celebes with 28, Java with 26; his Short Guide to Rattans of 1974 gives 9 for the Moluccas and 2 for the Lesser Sunda Islands. If similar percentages as in Malaya are useful, one can form an impression.

Description: A new, short-stemmed genus with two species is described in the Stemonaceae. It has regular, 5- merous flowers, obviously the first among the Monocots. The four genera of the family are discussed and their characters contrasted. The fruit and seed of Stichoneuron are for the first time described. Attention is called for the peculiar aril in the four genera. It is concluded that the family is a natural one, in vegetative characters and seed structure, and should not be split up. A new family description is given and an artificial key to the genera. Some observations on anatomical features were checked or established, especially concerning the crystals, by Dr. P. Baas. A concise account of the palynology of the four genera is given by Dr. J. Muller. Besides the new type species, Pentastemona sumatrana. , there is one new combination for the second species, P. egregia (basionym Cryptocoryne egregia Schott).

Description: The leaf anatomy of the recently discovered Neotropical species Trigonobalanus excelsa is described and compared with that of the Old World species T. doichangensis and T. verticillata. Trigonobalanus excelsa appears to be very similar in its leaf anatomy to T. verticillata from Borneo and Sumatra.

Description: A new species of erechthitoid Senecio is described, Senecio brassii Belcher, and a key to the four species of erechthitoid Senecio recognised in the East Indies is given.