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  • Articles  (2,243)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (2,243)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1980-1984  (2,243)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (1,082)
  • 1982  (1,161)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (2,243)
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  • Articles  (2,243)
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Keywords
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  • 1980-1984  (2,243)
  • 1925-1929
Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inflation of thick-walled inner tubes and tires (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Approximate analytic results for two problems involving the inflation of rubber inner tubes and tires are summarized with a view to prompting a comparison of the theory with experimental results. The problems considered are the uniform inflation by internal pressure of a toroidal rubber inner tube or tire which is a perfect torus either in the deformed or undeformed state. The inner tubes or tires are assumed to be free to inflate, that is, they are assumed not to be constrained, for example by a wheel.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On shift and resolubility of relaxation maxima with change in properties of the boundary polymer layer in composite materials (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Temperature dependencies of viscoelastic functions of the three-component models of composite materials in the transition state temperature range of polymer binder have been studied. On the basis of theoretical calculations for the models, a conclusion has been made about the conditions for shift of the relaxation maxima along the temperature axis. Also conditions for their resolubility on tan δ curves were determined for materials such as filled polymers as well as anisotropic laminated and reinforced plastics with deformation of the components in series. These effects are due to the change in properties of the boundary layer of the polymer. They are entirely dependent on the concentration ratio between the boundary layer and the bulk of the binder polymer and on the difference in their glass temperatures Tg. Concentration of the high-modulus filler affects Tg of the composition. This is due to the change in the ratio of concentrations of the polymer in the boundary layer and in the bulk. With parallel deformation of the components of the three-component model, resolubility and shift of the relaxation maxima depend not only on the above factors, but also on the reinforcing filler concentration.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective permeability of PVA membranes. II. Heat-treated membranes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The water and salt transport properties of untreated and heat-treated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes were investigated. Water and salt permeabilities decreased abruptly as a result of heat treatment. The effect of heat treatment on the water and salt transport in PVA is expressed mainly by changes in the activation energies of the corresponding permeability coefficients. Due to the fact that the decrease in the salt permeability with heat treatment was considerably greater than the decrease in the water permeability, a pronounced improvement in the salt rejection of PVA membranes was found as a result of heat treatment.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular characterization and effect of shear on the distribution of long branching in poly(vinyl acetate) (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) of M̄w 750,000 M̄w/Mn 3.85 and B̄n (the number of long branches per molecule) 2.2 was subjected to chain scission by mechanical (high-speed stirring) as well as chemical (saponification and reacetylation) methods to investigate the effect of shear on the branching distribution. The extent of long branching was measured by gel permeation chromatography on-line with low-angle laser light scattering photometry. It was concluded that (i) the branches through the acetate group are long and are ruptured preferentially on shearing, (ii) the branches through the α- and β-carbons are not broken on shearing, (iii) the extent of long branching through the acetate group is about 67% of total branching, and (iv) the poly(vinyl alcohol) derived from branched PVAc contains a smaller but nevertheless significant amount of branching.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270113
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Furfural-based phosphonic acid cation exchange resins from N-vinylcarbazole and its polymer. I (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 149-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crosslinked polymers based on the condensation of furfural with N-vinylcarbazole and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) were prepared. The effect of variation of furfural concentration on the condensation of furfural with N-vinylcarbazole and its polymer was studied. The polymers were chemically modified into phosphonic acid cation exchange resins. The effects of variation of AlCl3, PCl3, and furfural amounts, reaction time, and rephosphorylation on the synthesis and capacities of cation exchange resins were also studied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270117
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation mechanism of styrene-polyester copolymer (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degradation mechanism of styrene-polyester copolymer was studied by various experimental techniques such as TGA, DTA, IR spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas chromatography, and GCMS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). It is concluded that, mainly, there are two first-order degradation reactions during thermal degradation in the presence of air. The first step involves the scission of crosslinks/weak links with liberation of free linear chains. The second degradation step involves random scission of the free linear chains into smaller fragments. The various fragments were identified by pyrolysis gas chromatography and by GCMS. In oxygen atmosphere, the polymer was found to obey first-order kinetics with a single rate constant. Apparently, due to presence of oxygen species at the degrading surface, the two rate constants obtained during thermal degradation reaction are altered in such a fashion as to give a single rate constant.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270122
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical properties of polyester fibers degraded by aminolysis and by alkalin hydrolysis (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Permeant degradation affects the brittleness, flexural fatigue, and ultimate tensile properties of polyester fibers more drastically than topochemical degradation. Topochemical degradation was obtained by hydrolysis with aqueous NaOH and permeant degradation by aminolysis with aqueous ethylamine. Treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide appears to leave the polyester fiber surfaces more resistant to abrasion damage.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270126
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New epoxy resins. I. The stability of epoxy-trialkoxyboroxines triaryloxyboroxine systemCorrected proofs received January 28, 1982 (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1177-1190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A polymer with high aromaticity and/or cyclic ring structures chain backbone usually has high heat, thermal, and flame resistance. Two diglycidyl ethers of bisphenols were prepared from 4,4′ isopropylidenediphenol (DGEBA) and 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) fluorene (DGEBF) for evaluation. Four boroxines - trimethoxyboroxine (TMB), triethoxyboroxine (TEB), triisopropoxyboroxine (TIPB) and triphenoxyboroxine (TPB) - were used as the curing agents. DGEBA and DGEBF cured with various boroxines indicate that the trend for their respective glass transition temperature (Tg's), degradation temperatures (Td's), and gel fractions are TMB-cured epoxy ≈ TEB-cured epoxy 〈 TIPB cured epoxy 〈 TPB cured epoxy. The DGEBF system usually has a higher Tg, Td, gel fraction, oxygen index (OI), and char yield than the related DGEBA system. DGEBF/DGEBA (80/20 mol ratio) shows a synergistic effect in regard to char formation. This effect exists not only in the copolymer system but also in blended homopolymers of the separately cured resins. A modified mechanism for the polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) with TMB has been proposed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270407
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer effects in polycondensation reactors wherein functional groups are not equally reactive (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1217-1231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three simplified models of polycondensation reactors are considered in which the condensation product is continuously removed by application of vacuum. Reversible polycondensation reactions of monomers violating the equal reactivity hypothesis have been simulated in these reactors. The effect of various rate and reactor design variables on the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and its moments is studed. It is observed that when the reverse reactions are rapid, the results are fairly sensitive to the level of vacuum applied and to the mass transfer resistance; whereas when the forward reactions predominate, results lie very close to earlier plots for the corresponding irreversible polymerizations. These reactor variables then have relatively small influence on the MWD. Splitting of the MWD curves for odd and even values on n is observed under certain conditions, the effects being more pronounced in the presence of mass transfer than in its absence.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270411
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESR study of radiation-induced polymerization of styrene adsorbed on silica gel (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1259-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the specific surface area of silica gels on the radiation-induced polymerization of styrene adsorbed on silica gel was studied by ESR. The same radicals were generated on the silica gels regardless of the specific surface area, but the stability of the radicals at room temperature depended on the specific surface area. This means that the decay of the radicals proceeded mainly on the surface of the silica gel. Almost all the radicals generated by irradiation were initially in the bulk of the silica gel and migrated from the interior to the surface of the gel. When styrene monomer was adsorbed on the surface of the silica gel, the silica gel radicals interacted with the monomer and initiated polymerization and then generated polymer. The rate of migration of the silica gel radical was rather fast in the case of silica gel with a large specific surface area. Thus, the polymerization behavior of styrene adsorbed on silica gel greatly depended on the specific surface area of the gel.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270415
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting of polymeric side chains to gelatin (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1313-1319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Kinetics of grafting of poly(butyl acrylate) onto gelatin was studied with H2O2 - ascorbic acid redox systm. Percent grafting, grafting efficiency, Rg, and Rh were determined as a function of time, temperature, initiator, monomer, and backbone concentration. It was found that Rg depends on first power of monomer concentration and 0.5 power to the initiator concentrations. A detailed kinetic scheme is proposed to explain these results.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270420
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphate coupling agents for calcium carbonate filler (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 259-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phosphate coupling agents, i.e., alkyl dihydrogenphosphates containing functional groups such as olefinic, chloro, methacryloxy, and mercapto, were synthesized and allowed to react with calcium carbonate filler suspended in an aqueous medium. The modification provided the filler with good dispersibility in mineral oil. Physical properties of the vulcanized rubbers loaded with the modified fillers were found to be influenced by the functional group introduced. For example, in peroxidecured ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), the methacryloxy group was most effective, and the mercapto group significantly enhanced the physical properties of sulfur-cured styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), while a saturated aliphatic phosphate was ineffective in both curing systems. Deposition of the coupling agent as calcium salt onto calcium carbonate surface was observed by scanning electron micrography. The novel approach for the surface modification of calcium carbonate filler is descussed in relation to the reinforcing effects on rubbery materials.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270127
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of γ-irradiated lithographic polymers by electron spin resonance and electron nuclear double resonance (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 319-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The room temperature gamma irradiation degradation of the lithographic polymers, poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA), poly(methyl-α-chloroacrylate) (PMCA), poly(methyl-α-fluoroacrylate) (PMFA), and poly(methylacrylonitrile) (PMCN), have been studied by electron spin resonance and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) to assess their molecular degradation processes of relevance to electron beam lithography. Two classes of radicals are found, chain radicals and chain scission radicals. PMMA and PMCA mainly form chain scission radicals consistent with degradation while for PMCN the resolution is poorer, and this is only probable. PMFA forms mainly chain radicals consistent with predominant crosslinking. The total radical yield is greatest in PMCA and PMCN. ENDOR is used to assess the compactness of the radiation degradation region for PMMA and PMCA and hence the potential resolution of the resist; this appears to be about the same for these methacrylate polymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270132
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle size dispersion during latex growth (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 363-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The evolution of the latex particle diameter distribution during batch emulsion polymerization is investigated, with emphasis on changes in the breadth of the size distribution. A model utilizing a surface area-dependent volumetric growth rate of a single particle results in a time-invariant standard deviation of the size distribution during periods of particle growth only. This behavior is reconciled with some experimental observations by considering the occurrence of particle nucleation during some part of the growth interval. Conclusions based on the results of the model suggest that higher inhibitor and low emulsifier concentrations favor narrow particle size distributions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270204
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and reactions of epoxy-modified polyethylene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 425-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy-modified polyolefins have been prepared by the radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate to polymer melts. The reactions of these materials with amines and carboxylic acids were investigated. The modified polymers undergo typical epoxide reactions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270208
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors. II. A continuous transesterification processNCL Communication No. 2746. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 471-487 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comprehensive mathematical model for a continuous transesterification process has been built so as to enable prediction of the influence of different process and operational variables on productivity and by-product formation. The influence of temperatures and temperature profiles, of residence time and residence time distribution, and also of the number of reactors in series has been investigated. The modeling has been done as close to the industrial practice as possible. Important pragmatic implications from the point of view of operation of continuous transesterification are highlighted.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270212
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochemical grafting of acrylated azo dyes onto polymeric surfaces. V. Grafting of some acryloxy-substituted aromatic diazenes as model molecules onto polypropylene, polycaprolactam, and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 527-533 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Photochemically induced grafting (1) and graft polymerization (2) from N,N-dimethylformamide solutions of four acryloxy-substituted aromatic diazenes, chosen as model molecules of acryloxy azo dyes, were investigated kinetically at 25°C onto polypropylene, polycaprolactam, and poly(ethylene terephtalate) films, by polychromatic irradiations. Quantum efficiencies at zero concentration of dyes and lifetimes of excited states for processes (1) and (2) were evaluated from experimental data by Stern-Volmer plots. The surface density of grafted molecules at the end of process (1) was not affected by the concentration of dyes in solution, but varied sensibly with the chemical nature of polymers and dyes. The relevant parameters are discussed on the basis of the proposed mechanism.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270216
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Miscibility of poly(caprolactone)/chlorinated polypropylene and poly(caprolactone)/poly(chlorostyrene) blends (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 559-568 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(caprolactone) (PCL) was blended with poly(chlorostyrene) (PSCI) and chlorinated polypropylene (PPCl). A single glass transition temperature Tg was found for these mixtures, indicating their miscibility. PCL crystallizes in these blends when the chlorinated polymer content is not too high. Otherwise, Tg becomes higher than the melting point of PCL and the high viscosity of the medium hinders the crystallization. The miscibility of PCL/PPCI blends cannot be due to hydrogen bonding between the α-hydrogens of the chlorinated polymer and the carbonyl group of the polyester since PPCI does not have available a large number of α-hydrogens. It is suggested that a dipoledipole —C=O…Cl—C— interaction is responsible for the observed miscibility phenomenon and that this interaction is probably also responsible for the miscibility between all other polyesterchlorinated polymer mixtures. Finally, it was observed that poly(α-methyl-α-n-propyl-β-propiolactone), poly(α-methyl-α-ethyl-β-propiolactone) and poly(valerolactone) are not miscible with PSCI or PPCl, despite the fact that they are miscible with poly(vinyl chloride).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270219
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of molecular weight on fatigue crack propagation in nylon 66 and polyacetal (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1707-1717 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of molecular weight on fatigue and fracture behavior in nylon 66 (N66) and polyacetal (PA) is examined. Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance and apparent fracture toughness (Kcf) in these two semicrystalline polymers increase with increasing molecular weight in a manner consistent with that reported for another semicrystalline polymer (HDPE) as well as for several amorphous polymers. The improved FCP resistance with increasing molecular weight is attributed to the development of a molecular entanglement network that more effectively resists cyclic-load-induced breakdown. A type of discontinous crack growth is identified in PA at 100Hz and in N66 (2.6% H2O) at 50 Hz and compared with that observed in amorphous polymers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270527
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of thermal and mechanical histories on the viscoelastic behavior of drawn polyethylene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 687-695 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Storage and loss elasticity complex moduli E′ and E″ and temperatures at which the α relaxation takes place are studied with respect to thermal history, deformation speed, and molecular weight distribution of drawn linear polyethylene. Maximum values of E′ and E″ increase with draw ratio of the hot-drawn samples, and the α relaxation temperatures increase by around 10°C when the polyethylene filaments are annealed at 110°C. The activation energy of the process, considered as a single one because the symmetrical shape of the maxima, increases with draw ratio, and this increase is less pronounced when the filaments are annealed. Annealing of the filaments produces a decrease in their E′ values, but this decrease is almost negligible for filaments obtained from polyethylene with a broad molecular weight distribution. The final crystallinity of the filaments drawn at room temperature and subsequently annealed is higher for the filaments obtained at lower drawing speed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270231
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-leaching rates of halides from polymers (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1795-1807 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water-leaching experiments of halides from polymers were carried out in batch and continuous systems. The effects of flow rate, temperature, and salt content on the leaching kinetics were investigated. Different thermoplastic polymers were used as the salt carrier, and the release kinetics from them was established. NaCl, NaBr, and NaI were leached out completely from nylons, while NaF could only be partially removed. Release mechanisms involving diffusion, capillary flow, and fracturing were described based upon the leaching kinetics and porosity distribution in the resulting foams.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270535
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    Behavior of chemically modified cellulose towards dyeing. XIV. Behavior of cotton and crosslinked cottons before and after mercerization towards some reactive dyestuffsCorrected proofs received December 21, 1981 (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 871-878 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cotton fabric was crosslinked with DMDEU by applying the Form D-Process and Form W-Process. The cotton and crosslinked cotton were then treated with caustic soda solution of mercerizing strength. The ability of cotton and crosslinked cottons to dyeing with two reactive dyes, viz. Procion Blue MRB and Procion Red HB was examined. It was found that crosslinking reduces significantly the amenability of cotton to reactive dyes particularly when the Form D-Process was applied. Mercerization enhances dyeability of all substrates, but the enhancement was much greater in the case of noncrosslinked cotton. Based on dyeing and other properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and crease recovery, it was shown that crosslinking decreases considerably the affinity of cotton to caustic soda solution. It was further anticipated that different color designs with different patterns and properties can be conferred on a given cotton fabric by making use of local crosslinking and/or mercerizing followed by dyeing.
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    Some structure-property relationships in polymer flammability: Studies of phenolic-derived polymers (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 913-930 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The investigation of the thermal degradation of the char-formaing phenol-formaldehyde resins is conducted to provide information for the systematic design of high temperature flame-resistant phenolics. Three different processes of curing are used: (1) Formaldehyde or s-trioxane is reacted with m-substituted phenol-formaldehyde oligomers under acidic conditions to give the methylene bridged-novolac resins. (2) Phenol and m-substituted phenols are reacted with CH2O under basic conditions and then heated to give the methylene bridged resol resins. (3) p-Terephthaloyl chloride and m-and p-substituted novolac oligomers are reacted to give cured resins with ester linkages. The evaluation of the effect of various substituents indicates that the oxygen index (OI) increases from about 33 for unsubstituted phenolics to about 75 for meta-halogen substituted phenolics. The evaluation of the effect of various crosslinking agents shows that the OI for CH2O-cured phenolics is 75 as compared to 50 for the trioxane cured phenolics and to 40 for the terephthaloyl chloride cured phenolics. A set of phenolic copolymers with different weight percentage content of halogen substituted phenols are synthesized as novolacs and resols. The results surprisingly indicate no increase of OI for the cured novolac copolymers, whereas the increase is observed for the cured resol copolymers. The activation energy for the thermooxidative degradation of the cured novolacs is about 12-15 kJ/mol lower as compared to that of the curd resols.
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    The effect of casting solvent and water on gas permeability of poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) membrane (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1007-1017 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Gas permeability of poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) (PMLG) membranes prepared by using dichlorethane, trifluoroacetic acid, and formic acid as solvents was studied. The membranes prepared by casting dichloroethane and trifluoroacetic acid solutions of the polymer, designated as PMLG - DCE and PMLG - TFA, respectively, had α-helical structures according to infrared absorption spectra, while the membranes prepared by allowing the PMLG - TFA membranes to swell in formic acid, designated as PMLG - FA, had mainly a β-sheet structure. The diffusion coefficients of each gas studied for PMLG - DCE, PMLG - TFA, and PMLG - FA decreased in that order, and the apparent activation energies of diffusion increased in that order. The apparent heats of solution for Ne,O2, N2, and CO2 were negative in PMLG - FA. These results were discussed in connection with the molecular conformations of PMLG in the membranes. It is suggested that the diffusion of gases in PMLG - DCE takes place in the side-chain regions between helices, while in PMLG - FA the diffusion occurs across the polymer main chain whose mobility is depressed by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The effect of water on oxygen permeability of PMLG - DCE was small; on the contrary that of PMLG - FA was very large. Furthermore, it is assumed that the random-coil conformation partly exists in PMLG - TFA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270320
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    Crystallization of crystalline/crystalline blends: Polypropylene/polybutene-1 (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1053-1065 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The crystallization, from molten blends, of polypropylene (PP) and polybutene-1 (PB), two highly crystallizable, polymers, their interaction in the amorphous phase, and the resulting tensile mechanical properties were studied. The crystallization was followed by DSC, showing two separate PP and PB crystallization processes which are affected each by the presence of the other component. The crystallization temperature of PP is significantly affected only in PB rich blends whereas that of PB is affected in the whole composition range. The PP crystalline phase, acting as a nucleating agent, increases the PB crystallization temperature whereas the PP amorphous phase, acting as a high viscosity polymeric diluent, reduces the PB crystallization temperature. The first effect is dominant at low PP content, and the second one becomes increasingly effective with increasing PP content in the blend. The interaction between the two polymers in the amorphous phase was studied by applying dynamic mechanical analysis, in which a single glass transition was observed for the blends and its temperature was found to vary with the blends' composition. Tensile mechanical properties of blends were found to be more sensitive to thermal treatments, such as isothermal crystallization or annealing at elevated temperatures, than single component systems. Such thermal treatments enable better structured blends to be formed, resulting in mechanical properties with no abrupt changes in the whole composition range.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270324
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    Miscibility of poly(neopentyl glycol adipate)/chlorinated polymer blends (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1091-1093 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270328
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    Studies of polymer electrets. II. Factors governing the stabilities of homoelectrets obtained from polystyrene and its derivatives (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1107-1118 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polystyrene and its various alkyl and halo derivatives have been studied as homoelectrets and their stabilities under different environmental conditions determined. The stabilities of the homoelectrets prepared from these polymers depended on their volume resistivities, glass transition temperatures, and interactions with electron-acceptor impurities. Excellent stabilities were exhibited by the homoelectrets prepared from polystyrene, poly(vinyltoluene), poly(chlorostyrene), and poly(t-butylstyrene). It is postulated that the charged particles are trapped by the π-orbitals of the phenyl rings present in these polymers and that they are adversely affected by the presence of electron-acceptor compounds that generally from charge-transfer complexes with the phenyl groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270401
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    Polymerization of allyl methacrylate with wool fabric using different initiators (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1249-1258 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polymerization of allyl methacrylate (AMA) with wool fabrics using different initiators, namely, potassium persulphate, Fe2+—H2O2, benzoyl peroxide, ceric ammonium nitrate, and vanadium pentanitrate, was investigated. The percent of polymer add-on depends upon the type and concentration of the initiator. Addition of metallic salts such as Fe3+ to the polymerization system enhances polymerization significantly when benzoyl peroxide and potassium persulphate are used independently as initiator. The opposite holds true for ceric ammonium nitrate and vanadium pentanitrate. With Fe2+—H2O2, on the other hand, the enhancement is marginal. Also studied was the incorporation of Li+, Cu++, and Fe3+ at different concentrations in AMA - wool-benzoyl peroxide polymerization systems. Determination of the polymer add-on on the basis of double bond analysis revealed that the remained double bond is governed by the magnitude of the polymer add-on as well as by the type of initiator.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270414
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    On the factors governing the pressure dependence of the viscosity of moderately concentrated polymer solutionsPart of theses of H. G. and J. R. S. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1277-1291 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Viscosity measurements were carried out as a function of pressure and temperature with solutions of polystyrene in eight (endothermal) θ-solvents at the respective critical composition by means of a Searle-type apparatus. A rolling-ball viscometer was used for the investigation of the pure solvents. In all cases the viscosity coefficient increases in a more or less exponential manner when the pressure is raised. For θ-conditions, the volumes of activation of the solutions exceed that of the pure solvent by typically 10-15%. The exact amount of this extra efffect stemming from the presence of the polymer and its variation with temperature can be qualitatively correlated with the heats of mixing. The ratio of the viscosity of the solution at 1000 and 1 bar, respectively, can be varied for a given solvent power (θ-temperature) by the choice of the solvent from ca. 2 (cyclopentane) to 4 (trans-decalin). Within a given system, the maximum effects that can be realized by a change of the solvent power via the variation of temperature ranges from ca. 3 to 6 (tert-butylacetate).
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    The evolution of thermosetting polymers in a conversion-temperature phase diagram (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1327-1334 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A conversion-temperature phase diagram for thermosetting polymers is analyzed. The curing under different external conditions - isothermal, at a constant heating rate, adiabatic, and in a mold at constant wall temperature - is represented by definite trajectories in the phase diagram. Conditions related to incomplete curing or falsification of kinetic parameters are stated.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270422
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    Mechanisms of formation of volatile aromatic pyrolyzates from poly(vinyl chloride) (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1355-1366 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The formation of volatile aromatic pyrolyzates in poly(vinyl chloride) has been studied by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results from isotopic labeling experiments with perdeutero-PVC suggest that the aromatic pyrolyzates can be divided into three general classes with respect to their formation mechanisms: (1) intramolecular - benzene and naphthalene are formed almost exclusively via intramolecular cyclization reactions; (2) mixed intra/intermolecular - styrene and indene can be formed either intramolecularly or via transfer of one hydrogen atom between PVC chains; (3) intermolecular - toluene and methylnaphthalene can be formed via transfer of one or two hydrogen atoms between chains. The isotopic distributions observed in the labeling experiments can be reasonably well explained without involving crosslinking (intermolecular C—C bond formation) reactions.
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    Interaction of polymerization conditions, structural variables, and mechanical properties of rubber-modified plastics produced from bulk polymerized styrene/poly(butadiene-co-styrene) (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1395-1407 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Rubber-modified polystyrenes were prepared by bulk polymerization with seven different butadiene-styrene copolymers of differing chemical microstructures. The products were structurally characterized through measurement of the swell ratio, percent insolubles, intrinsic viscosity of the soluble fraction, and transmission electron microscope photomicrographs. Increasing initiator concentration or raising polymerization temperature gives lower molecular weight, higher rubber crosslink density, and decreased grafting. Increasing rubber content generally leads to aggregation. Tensile stress-strain curves and Izod impact strengths were measured. High Izod impact strength and increased elongation to break are favored by increasing matrix molecular weight, rubber content, and extent of grafting.
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    Nylon 6 polymerization in the solid state (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2513-2526 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The postcondensation of nylon 6 in the solid state was studied. The reactions were carried out on fine powder in a fluidized bed reactor in a stream of dry nitrogen in the temperature range 110-205°C and during 1-24 h. The solid-state polymerization (SSP) did not follow melt kinetics, but was found to be limited by the diffusion of the autocatalyzing acid chain end group. Factors thought to influence SSP were studied, e.g., heat treatment, starting molecular weight, and remelting. Surprisningly, heat treatment had little effect, but the starting molecular weight had a strong effect on the reaction rate. The higher the starting molecular weight, the faster the reaction. This could be explained as a changing concentration distribution of the reactive groups in the solid state on SSP. The kinetics of the SSP had more than one region, and the rate of reaction for conversions of over 30% could be expressed as - dc/dt = k(c/t), where k is a dimensionless constant independent of temperature with a value of 0.28. The integrated form has the form - In(c/co) = k In(t/τ), where co is the acid end-group concentration at the start, t is the reaction time, and τ is the induction time. The value of τ is both dependent on the starting concentration co and the reaction temperature and has an activation energy of 105 kJ/mol.
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    Effect of pH on the rate of emulsion polymerization of styrene initiated by potassium persulfate (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2563-2566 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The influence of pH on the emulsifier property (micellar molecular weight) of sodium dodecyl sulfate has been studied in conjunction with the effect of pH on the rate of emulsion polymerization of styrene initiated by potassium persulfate. The rate of polymerization was found to be pH dependent. The micellar weight of sodium dodecyl sulfate has been determined at various pH values. The miceller weight was found to increase with decrease in pH. On the basis of the result, a suggestion was made that the effect of pH on micellar molecular weight can account for the observed behavior of the rate of polymerization.
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    Comparison of dynamic and static degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2615-2623 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The thermal degradation of PVC was measured under dynamic and static conditions. The UV and IR spectra, as well as the molecular weight distribution of the PVC samples, taken after different time intervals were measured. It was established that during the dynamic PVC degradation, performed in a mixing chamber, two stages with different degradation rates can be distinguished both in extinction and torque vs. time curves. While oxygen does not, dissolved HCl does play an important role in the dynamic degradation: HCl steps into reaction with the formed polyenes and has a catalytic action. The chemical degradation, particularly the crosslinking, produces the changes in the rheological behavior of the material. Results were compared with those obtained under static conditions in argon, air, and HCl atmosphere.
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    Orientation development in the tubular film extrusion of polypropylene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2663-2674 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A basic study of orientation development in the tubular film extrusion of polypropylene is reported. WAXS and birefringence measurements were carried out on films prepared under conditions of known blowup ratio B, drawdown νL/νO, machine direction tension, and bubble pressure. Pole figures were constructed and biaxial orientation factors determined. The use of an orientation factor triangle diagram was found to be a useful method of representing the variation of orientation with processing conditions. The variation in orientation with processing parameters for polypropylene was found to have similar behavior to that previously found for polyethylene.
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    Saponified starch-g-polyacrylonitrile. Variables in the Ce+4 initiation of graft polymerization (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2731-2737 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270740
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    Long-term permeation of water through neoprene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2743-2745 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270742
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    An interpolymer anionic composite reverse osmosis membrane derived from poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2783-2789 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: An interpolymer anionic composite membrane for reverse osmosis was prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(styrene sulfonic acid). The effects of composition of a casting solution, heat-curing periods, and casting thickness on the reverse osmosis performance of resulted membranes have been examined. A mixture of water and ethyl alcohol (12/7, wt %) was found to be a proper solvent for casting an interpolymer membrane on the supporter. The composite membrane was formed by casting the polymer solution in ultrathin film on a microporous polypropylene supporter, evaporating the solvent, and heat-curing at 120°C for a proper period. the optimum composition of a casting solution was as follows: wt % of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(styrene sulfonic acid)/solvent was 3/2/95. The membrane heat-cured at 120°C for 2 h has a good performance for reverse osmosis, viz., water flux of 9.1-28.4 L/m2.h at salt rejection level of 88.1-93.4% under applied pressure of 80 kg/cm2 with 0.5% NaCl aqueous solution. The formation mechanism of a water-insoluble membrane was discussed.
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    Sorption of diethyl phthalate by nitrocellulose fibers (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2751-2760 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The manner in which diethyl phthalate (DEP) is absorbed into nitrocellulose (NC) fibers has been observed microscopically. The movement of pure DEP into dry fibers proceeds by capillary motion up the central canal (lumen) and through microcracks between fibrils. Attack, measured by a large change in birefringence, spreads from these foci, and within the time scale of the experiment there is little interaction with the primary (outer) wall of the fiber. If, however, the lumen and other capillary passages are blocked by water or other liquid, then attack proceeds evenly from the outer wall and a sharp boundary between swollen and unswollen material moves at a uniform speed towards the center of the fiber and appears to be unaffected by the fibrillar structure (Case II swelling). If the supply of DEP to the surface is interrupted, this boundary becomes immobile, and the concentration of DEP in the swollen layer is that which is just sufficient to saturate residual un-nitrated hydroxyl groups on the NC. Reducing the activity of the DEP by admixture with benzene results in similar sharp boundaries, presumably because capillaries become blocked with spent diluent. Apart from capillary action, movement is always perpendicular to the fiber axis.
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    Assessment of the intrinsic birefringence of partially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) yarns (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2857-2867 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Partially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) yarns (PET POY) have been studied with respect to their birefringence, sonic modulus, and stress-optical properties in an effort to extract the values for the intrinsic birefringences of the crystalline (Δnc°) and amorphous (Δna°) regions. The data have been analyzed within the framework of both the sonic modulus-birefringence treatment of Samuels and Dumbleton, and the Gaussian rubber elasticity theory using the usual shrinkage stress-birefringence relations. The following values have been determined: Δnc° = 0.22 and Δna° = 0.19. The work was undertaken to resolve the discrepancy in the published literature values of these two parameters.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Time-dependent changes in mechanical properties of neat and reinforced epoxy resins (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2919-2931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several neat and reinforced epoxy resin formulations were prepared and investigated. Solid glass microspheres, with and without coupling agent, were used as reinforcement. After completion of post-cure all samples were quenched into an ice-water bath. Upon removal from the ice-water bath, dynamic mechanical and fracture properties of all samples were evaluated as a function of time elapsed after quenching. Electron microscopic evidence was obtained for the existence of nodular morphology in all cured systems. The changes in dynamic mechanical and fracture parameters, induced by the sub-Tg annealing, were described in terms of the model of inhomogeneous thermoset morphology.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270817
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    Network changes in natural rubber vulcanizates under compression (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1827-1832 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270538
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    Introduction of carbonyl group to the main chain of poly(phenyl vinyl sulfide) (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1849-1851 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270542
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  • 45
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    Photocontrolled adsorption chromatography for lysozyme using azoaromatic polymer (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1897-1902 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Photoresponsive polymeric adsorbents containing an azobenzene moiety were prepared, and adsorption behavior of lysozyme onto the adsorbents was studied. In the dark the amount of lysozyme adsorbed increased with increasing hydrophobicity of the surface of the adsorbents. Therefore, it is suggested that hydrophobic interaction between lysozyme and the adsorbents plays an important role in their adsorption behavior. On irradiation with UV light, the amount of lysozyme adsorbed decreased. This result is due to increased polarity of the surface of the adsorbent induced by UV irradiation and the resultant reduction in hydrophobic interaction with lysozyme. When a column chromatography of lysozyme was carried out using the photoresponsive polymeric adsorbent as a packing material, lysozyme was eluted by photoirradiation in a system using water as the single solvent.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270604
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    Modification of the properties of polyurethane by blending, reinforcing, or plasticizingPaper presented at the 21st Canandian High Polymer Forum, Kingston, Ontario, 12-14 August 1981. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1933-1944 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to study modifications of the properties of a polyurethane adhesive, we have prepared polyblends with a siliconic polymer and mixtures with some fiber reinforcing agents or with plasticizers. Stress-strain measurements were done on the samples using an Instron Model 1125 Universal testing machine. For comparison, some specimens were kept at normal room conditions, while others were cycled in an artifical weathering chamber. Results are discussed and conclusions drawn.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 47
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    Studies of polymer electrets. III. Charge decay behavior in polar polymer homoelectrets (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 1967-1975 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Charge stabilities of various polar polymer homoelectrets were determined. Although these electerts are reasonably stable in dry environments, they rapidly discharge when exposed to humidity. The rate of charge decay was found to depend directly on the ability of these polymers to absorb water under equilibrium conditions. Protection from humidity is obtained if these polar polymers are coated on both sides with nonpolar polymers. If, however, two different polymer films are laminated, the electret behavior follows a pattern that can be explained on the basis of charging at the interface. Difference in stabilities of the electrets of polar and nonpolar polymers is attributed to the differing natures of the charge traps present in these two classes of polymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 48
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    Development of green and dark blue colors in epoxy resins cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2015-2023 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: From a study of the oxidation of bisphenol-A epoxy resin cured with DDM (4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane), it has been shown that the development of greenish-blue colors is due to an initial reaction between molecular oxygen and secondary amine groups. A full reaction scheme is suggested and supporting evidence, in the form of UV/visible, infrared, and ESR spectra, is presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    The effect of composition, sequence length, and tacticity on the UV absorption analysis of styrene copolymers in solution (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2043-2052 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As a first step in the elucidation of the microstructure of styrene copolymers using ultraviolet spectroscopy, the data available in the literature has been reviewed and reevaluated. It is shown by using simple error propagation analysis that the abnormalities observed in the extinction coefficients of styrene copolymers can be easily attributed to the experimental error. No significant deviations from the linear absorption behavior can be observed at the specific wavelengths reported in the literature (254-269 nm). As a result of this work, a useful set of correlations for the estimation of the copolymer composition have been obtained. These correlations appear to be adequate for copolymers of different microstructure.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 50
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    Analysis of zone-drawing process in preoriented polypropylene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2091-2103 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Preoriented isotactic polypropylene was used to clarify the molecular process in zone-drawing with which the necking part is confined in a thin heating zone during uniaxial drawing. The process was analyzed on the basis of rate process, the mechanical properties of zone-drawn samples, and the superstructural change during zone-drawing. The values of activation energy for deformation, ΔH*, and the activation volume, ΔV*, were affected by the deformation mechanisms preferentially taking place during the zone-drawing. The attainable maximum modulus of zone-drawn sample at θ = 45° was larger than those at θ = 0° and 90°. The highest strength was also obtained at θ = 45°. The values of modulus and strength strongly depended on both the orientation function of the crystal c-axis and the orientation function of amorphous chains. In the region of a very high zone-drawing rate, in which microcracks are preferentially formed, both modulus and strength decreased, whereas they increased with increasing the zone-drawing rate below this region, giving the optimum condition for achieving the maxima in the modulus and strength.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270621
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    Glass-transition behavior of particle composites modeled on the concept of interphase (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3019-3025 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermomechanical behavior of particle composites was investigated in their transition region. In particular, the value of the glass-transition temperature Tg, which constitutes an upper limit for the structurally important glassy region, was examined. According to experimental evidence existing in the literature the introduction of a reinforcing filler in a polymeric matrix causes Tg of the latter to increase, unless mechanical imperfections counterbalance the reinforcing effect or even produce a Tg for the composite which is lower than that of the matrix. Based on mechanical theories, valid for the mechanical moduli of viscoelastic particle composites, a model was introduced that explains why the glass transition of composite materials may be reduced in some cases, whereas it may be increased in others. The concept of interphase between inclusions and matrix was used for the development of the model. Interphase is assumed to be a region, which is created between the matrix material and the filler particles, both considered as homogeneous and isotropic, whose thermomechanical properties and volume fraction may be determined from the overall thermomechanical behavior of the composite.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270825
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    Vapor-liquid equilibria for benzene/polybutadiene and cyclohexane/polybutadiene systems at 333, 355, and 373 K using gas chromatography (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3067-3077 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A perturbation chromatography apparatus has been designed and constructed for determining the vapor-liquid equilibrium between a two-component (solvent/helium) vapor phase and a two-component (polymer/solvent) liquid phase. The apparatus performed very well, giving reproducible and reliable results that agree with independent, previously reported studies. All tests of the equipment indicated that it was successful in meeting the conditions of low column pressure drop, small perturbations, and slow flow rate that are required for perturbation chromatography. Binary polymer/solvent data were obtained for polybutadiene (PBD)/benzene or polybutadiene/cyclohexane systems at solvent partial pressures to 40 kPa and for n-hexane at infinite dilution, all at the three temperatures of 333.15, 355.00, and 373.15 K. The experimental data for each system can be represented within experimental error by the Flory-Huggins polymer solution theory using a single binary interaction parameter that is independent of temperature and concentration.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270829
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    The effect of temperature and deformation rate on the hot-drawing behavior of porous high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2209-2228 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The nature of the deformation process involved in hot drawing of porous high-molecular-weight polyethylene was examined by apparent elongational viscosity measurements at drawing temperatures between 100°C and 150°C and deformation rates in the range of 10-6-10-3 m/s. The temperature dependence of the apparent elongational viscosity revealed three distinguishable intervals with different activation energies. In the range of 100-133°C, the activation energy amounted to 50 kJ/mol, indicating that hot-drawing in this region proceeds by a sliding motion of separate fibrillar units. The interval between 133°C and 143°C was characterized by an activation energy of about 150 kJ/mol. Moreover, the porous character of the polyethylene fibers was found to decrease in the drawing process above 133°C. These observations were ascribed to an aggregation of the elementary fibrils upon hot-drawing due to partial melting at the surface of the fibrils. At temperatures above 143°C the activation energy was strongly affected by the initial morphology and the draw ratio of the fibers and amounted to values in the range of 200-600 kJ/mol. Molecular orientation in this region is accomplished by a slippage of individual chains, with entanglements acting as semipermanent crosslinks. Decreasing of the rate of elongation in the drawing process resulted in premature fiber breakage, indicating that the crosslinking action of the entanglements is limited by the time scale of the process.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270631
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    Drawing rate effects on morphological parameters in nylon-6, PET, and PBT filaments (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2369-2375 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Influence of drawing velocity on morphological parameters of nylon-6, PET, and PBT filaments has been studied. The drawing was carried out at approximately 20°C above the effective glass transition temperature of these materials. The results are explained in terms of drawing-induced changes in temperature and in rate of crystallization.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270706
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    Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto silk using potassium peroxydiphosphate-cysteine (PP-Cys) redox systemThis work was carried out at the Department of Chemistry, Ravenshaw College, Cuttack-3, Orissa, India. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2403-2408 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(methyl methacrylate) has been grafted onto mulberry silk in an aqueous medium by using potassium peroxydiphosphate-cysteine (PP-Cys) redox initiator. Various effects upon grafting such as concentration of cysteine, concentration of peroxydiphosphate, concentration of monomer, concentration of sulfuric acid, and temperature were studied. At a low range of cysteine concentration (6.25 × 10-4 mol/L), the rate of polymerization Rp (%/s) is proportional to cysteine concentration and the exponent is calculated to be 0.8. The monomer exponent is calculated to be unity up to the concentration of 65.72 × 10-2 mol/L. From the Arrhenius plot of log Rp vs. 1/T (T = absolute temperature) the overall activation energy is computed to be 15.19 kcal/mol. A suitable kinetic path has been pictured and a rate expression has been derived.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Investigation of the cellulose/LiCl/dimethylacetamide and cellulose/LiCl/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone solutions by 13C NMR spectroscopyPaper presented at the 20th International Man-Made Fibres Conference, Dornbirn, Austria, September 23-25, 1981. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2435-2443 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The cellulose/lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and cellulose/lithium chloride/N-methyl-2-pyrroilidinone (NMP) solutions were investigated by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Well-resolved spectra were obtained for both solutions and indicated that cellulose was present in these systems in the form of underivatized cellulose. The change in 13C chemical shifts of DMAc and NMP in the presence of LiCl and LiBr was compared with that of several salt/aprotic solvents, and the results point to the existence of a cellulose-LiCl-DMAc (or NMP) complex in which the lithium cation is strongly bound to the amide carbonyl oxygen and the chloride anion involved in the dissociation of the cellulose hydrogen bonds. Spin-lattice relaxation times (T1 of the 13C carbons of the solvent molecules, DMAc and NMP, show a large decrease in T1 for all solvent carbons upon addition of LiCl. Further decrease in T1 is observed when cellulose is introduced to the LiCl/NMP but not to the LiCl/DMAc systems. These observations are attributed to slower molecular motions of DMAc and NMP in the presence of LiCl, and, in the case of NMP, in the presence of cellulose.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Effect of an additive on the radiation resistance of polyethylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2475-2482 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In low-density polyethylene containing the additive propylfluorancene, radiation energy received by polyethylene is transferred to propylfluorancence, and the production of radicals at 77 K in polyethylene is suppressed. Propylfluoranncene also increases the rate of the decay of radicals of polyethylene at room temperature. The depression of radical production and accelaration of radical decay at room temperature results in the depression of gas production and crosslinks at room temperature in low-density polyethylene containing propylfluorancene. Similar results were obtained in ethylen-propylene copolymer containing the same additive.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270718
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    Thioetherglycidyl resins. III. Products of condensation of bis(4-mercaptophenyl)ether and bis(4-mercaptophenyl)methane with epichlorohydrinFor Paper II see Ref. 12. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2797-2807 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thioetherglycidyl resins produced by condensation of bis(4-mercaptophenyl)ether and bis(4-mercaptophenyl) methane with epichlorohydrin were obtained by heterophase alkaline condensation. To define the optimal conditions of condensation, the following factors that influence the process were studied: the kind of organic phase and the mole ratios of epichlorohydrin:mercaptan, alcohol:mercaptan, and alkaline hydroxide:mercaptan. For all syntheses yield and the epoxide content were found. The structure of thioetherglycidyl resins with the highest epoxide content was determined by elementary analysis, infrared IR, and NMR spectra. The physical and chemical properties were also defined. The investigations covered the determination of some properties of resins, cured chemically or thermally with different curatives and thermal and mechanical properties of the cured compounds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Experimental assessment of the thermodynamic theory of the compositional variation of Tg: PVC systems (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2869-2883 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The glass-transition temperatures (Tg's) and specific heats (Cp) of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and PVC plasticized with 5-120 phr di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA) and tri(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM) have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Measured Tg's were compared to predictions by the Couchman and Karasz (C-K) thermodynamic theory, three related empirical equations, and a new equation obtained from the C-K relation by assuming the product TgΔCp to be constant. It was found that the Tg's of the PVC/TOTM mixtures are adequately predicted only by the C-K and the derivative relation. The Tg's of the PVC/DOA mixtures follow a sigmoidal or cusp-like dependence on plasticizer composition as has been observed for some other PVC/plasticizer mixtures. In this case, the approximation afforded by the C-K or derivative equations is still superior to the empirical models over a wide composition range. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the PVC/DOA mixtures suggests that the DSC transitions may consist of two overlapping phase transitions. The reported sigmoidal composition dependence of the DSC Tg's may therefore result from the measured Tg's being weighted towards the temperature corresponding to the predominant dynamic mechanical transition (i.e., the high Tg phase at low plasticizer concentrations and the low Tg phase at high plasticizer concentrations). In such cases of partial phase separation, the C-K or the derivative equation may be used to estimate the composition of the two phases at each overall plasticizer concentration.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    Characterization of rubber particle size distribution of high-impact polystyrene using low-angle laser light scattering (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2885-2890 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new application of low-angle laser light scattering has led to a new instrument capable of characterizing the rubber particle size distribution of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) containing particles as small as 0.1 μ. Rubber particle size distributions of several HIPS resins have been characterized, and the particle size ranking of resins using light scattering parallels the ranking of resins using photomicroscopy. Several solvents have been employed to suspend the HIPS rubber particles for the scattering determination. Swelling of the rubber phase has been found to be relatively insensitive to variations in rubber phase crosslinking when methyl ethyl ketone is used to suspend the rubber particles. Particle swelling in methyl ethyl ketone does not detract from the usefulness of the light scattering method for HIPS rubber particle size characterization.
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    Gas sorption and transport in poly(phenylene oxide) and comparisons with other glassy polymers (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2997-3005 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption and transport of several gases in poly(phenylene oxide) were measured at 35°C, and the results have been analyzed in terms of the dual sorption/mobility models which have been successfully employed for this purpose for other glassy polymers. Both the extent of sorption and rate of permeation of gases are quite large for poly(phenylene oxide) compared to other glassy polymers with rigid chain backbones. It is shown that the high extent of sorption is owing to the high glass transition temperature of this polymer, but this is not a significant factor in its high permeability to gases. The latter stems from large diffusion coefficients. It is shown that the capacity of the Langmuir mode of sorption inherent to glassy polymers is related to the value of the glass transition temperature in a general way for a wide variety of polymers. Observations about the diffusion coefficients for numerous gas-polymer pairs are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270823
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    Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto bagasse and wood pulps (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3027-3041 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto bagasse and wood pulps has been studied using ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator. The effect of order of reactants addition on grafting was examined: three methods were studied. Addition of the pulp to a mixture of initiator and monomer (method A) resulted in more efficient grafting than the other two methods. The reaction produced more grafting at 50°C than at 30°C or at 40°C. The results showed that the monomer and initiator concentrations are the major factors influencing the grafting rate of acrylonitrile. Increasing the acrylonitrile or initiator concentration was accompanied by a substantial increase in graft yields. Increasing the initiator concentration is more effective on polymerization rate than the increase in monomer concentration. The extent of grafting of this monomer can best be controlled by reaction time. Water swelling of pulps significantly affected the grafting rate of acrylonitrile as well as the ceric consumption during grafting. The reactivity of bagasse pulp towards grafting of acrylonitrile is higher than that of wood pulp due to a more open structure of cellulose in bagasse pulp as well as the presence of some lignin which accelerates grafting. Ceric consumption during grafting depends on the nature of the pulp as well as the monomer and initiator concentrations, time, temperature, and the method of grafting. More Ce(IV) is consumed during grafting than during oxidation of the pulps under identical reaction conditions, due to homopolymer formation which accompanied grafting. The ceric consumption by bagasse during grafting or oxidation is somewhat greater than that consumed by wood pulp under similar reaction conditions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270826
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    Simulation of three-stage nylon 6 reactors with intermediate mass transfer at finite rates (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3089-3101 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A three-stage isothermal nylon 6 reactor with a kinetic scheme incorporating ring opening, polycondensation, polyaddition, cyclic dimer formation, and reaction with monofunctional acids has been modeled. In the first and third stages, removal of the condensation by-product, water, is prevented. The second stage of this sequence, however, involves finite rates of diffusion of water to cocurrently flowing inert gas bubbles. the number-average chain length of the polymer obtained in this reactor differs substantially from that obtained assuming instantaneous water removal and is a function of the various design variables. It is observed that several choices of these design variables can be made to obtain the same product, thus emphasizing the need for more comprehensive optimization studies than hitherto carried out.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    The transport phenomena of some model solutes through postcrosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) membranes with different tactic precursors (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3133-3149 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two series of membranes of various degree of hydration have been prepared by postcrosslinking highly syndiotactic and isotactic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [P(HEMA)] with various amounts of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDIC). The equilibrium water content, the partition coefficient, and the permeability of the model solutes such as urea, acetamide, NaCl, 2-propanol, and isobutanol for these membranes were measured. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study for the membranes was performed. The membranes of the isotactic precursor are more hydrated at 25°C compared to the ones of its syndiotactic counterpart. This may be due to the more hydrophobic nature of syndiotactic P(HEMA). The partition coefficient data show that the solutes of urea, acetamide, and NaCl are partitioned only into the water-containing region, whereas the alcohol solutes are preferentially sorbed on to polymer matrix. The permselectivity data of urea to NaCl reveal that the permselectivity of crosslinked isotactic P(HEMA), (ISO) membranes increases as the amount of HMDIC is increased from 2.5 to 10 mol %, while the trend is reversed for crosslinked syndiotactic P(HEMA), (SYN) membranes. The apparent diffusivity order of urea, acetamide, and NaCl is not the same in those two characteristic membranes: the order is urea 〉 NaCl 〉 acetamide for highly crosslinked ISO membranes, and NaCl 〉 urea 〉 acetamide for all SYN membranes, which was compared with the free diffusion data in aqueous solution and interpreted in terms of the water-structural orderlines within membranes.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Rheological and solid wall boundary condition characterization of unvulcanized elastomers and their compounds (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3171-3184 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An extensive fundamental investigation of the rheological properties and solid wall boundary condition shear stress of elastomers and elastomer-carbon black compounds has been carried out. The elastomers were an emulsion butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBR 1500) and a polybutadiene. Shear flow rheological properties were measured using a newly designed sandwich rheometer, in both constant shear rate and creep modes as well as in a capillary rheometer. A constant elongation rate rheometer for elastomers was developed. Stress relaxation measurements were also carried out in the sandwich rheometer. The shear viscosity of the gum elastomers exhibits a constant very high shear zero viscosity (8 × 108 Pa.s for SBR 1500 at 100°C) and decreases with increasing shear rate. The compounds exhibit yield values of similar magnitude to carbon black compounds of molten plastics. Only the SBR 1500 and its compounds were studied in the elongational flow mode. It was not possible to achieve a steady state in these experiments. An apparatus for measurement of shear stress as a function of velocity (shear rate) at a specified pressure was developed. The instrument, which we call a friction tester, was used not only to determine wall shear stress but to investigate the regime of flow and potentially determine conditions for the onset of slip. Evidence of changing flow regimes were found, and the implications discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270837
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    Modification of the fine structure of cellulose by halogen and heat treatmentsThis paper was presented at the Ekman-Days 1981 International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden, June 9-12, 1981. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3199-3210 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Treatment of various celluloses such as cotton, sulphite, and sulphate pulp with bromine water brings about profound changes in the fine structure of the fiber. Depending on the conditions of the treatment and on the nature of the cellulose, increases or decreases in the accessibility of the cellulose are observed, indicating crystallization and decrystallization processes. In the case of bleached sulphate pulp, similarly to rayon previously studied, an initial decrystallization proceeds the crystallization step. These changes were determined by the IR method, which was correlated previously to the bromine accessibility method. They are accompanied by highly significant changes in moisture absorption. The crystallization proceeds according to first-order kinetics with respect to the concentration of the less-ordered regions (LOR) of the cellulose. The rates of crystallization for the various celluloses varied in a range of 4 orders of magnitude. The activation energies of the bromide induced crystallization were found for all celluloses to be in the range of 10-15 kcal/mol, as compared to 30-40 kcal/mol obtained upon crystallizing the same celluloses by heating in the temperature range of 180-200°C. These values correspond to those of solvent and thermal crystallizations of poly(ethylene terephthalate), indicating the similarity between the crystallization mechanisms of the two polymers.
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    Kinetic model of cure reaction and filler effect (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3265-3277 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A new kinetic model for cure reactios has been developed from the concept of nonequilibrium thermodynamic fluctuation theory in which a distribution function relaxation spectrum is used for explaining cure kinetics of polymer-filler systems. It is found that an increase in filler loading reduces the relaxation time but broadens the relaxation spectrum of the cure reaction. The model is used to explain the cure curves which are obtained both from the Monsanto Rheometer 100 and the Rheometric Mechanical Spectrometer. Not only can the model predict scorch time, cure time, and activation energy of the cure reaction, but it can also take into account polymer-filler interaction and predict physical and mechanical properties of polymer systems during cure.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270907
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    Determination of the structural configuration of cresol-novolak resins by 13C NMR spectroscopy (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3449-3454 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the structures of a series of pure isomeric cresylic novolak resins. Chemical shifts were measured and assigned, and end groups were distinguished from the central repeat units of the chains. Based on these measurements, the number average molecular weight of the para-cresylic oligomer was determined. A comparison of the 13C decoupled and coupled spectra of the three isomeric resins indicates that the para isomer has a linear, ordered structure in which the aromatic rings are linked only by ortho-ortho′ methylene-bridging groups. The structures of the ortho and meta isomers are more complex and contain ortho-ortho′, ortho-para′, and para-para′ methylene bridges.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270921
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    Cotton cellulose: Enzyme adsorption and enzymatic hydrolysis (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3493-3502 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Adsorption of a crude cellulase complex from Trichoderma viride on variously pretreated cotton celluloses has been studied in the framework of the Langmuir approach, in the temperature range 2-8°C. The saturation amount of adsorbed enzyme has been related to their susceptibility to hydrolysis. In every case the adsorption process was found to be faster by 2-3 orders of magnitude than the hydrolysis step to give end products. For one substrate, the Langmuir parameters were found to be fairly well correlated with the value of the Michaelis constant Km, measured for its enzymatic hydrolysis, and the adsorptive complex (ES)ad was indistinguishable from the complex (ES) of the Michaelis-Menten model for the hydrolysis.
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    Polymorphism and orientation development in melt spinning, drawing, and annealing of nylon-6 filaments (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3527-3551 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new method has been developed for determining the total crystallinity and relative amounts of α- and γ-phases in nylon-6 samples. The procedure is based on a combination of X-ray and density data and does not require complicated analytical procedures to separate overlapping reflections. The technique has been applied to study the structural changes accompanying the melt spinning, annealing, and drawing of nylon-6 filaments. Higher spin draw ratios result in higher crystallinity, greater relative amounts of γ-phase, and higher orientation. Annealing up to 2 h in boiling water or a 20% aqueous formic acid solution decreases the γ-phase content, increases the α-phase content and total crystallinity, but does not eliminate all of the γ-phase in samples spun with high spin draw ratios. Annealing in vacuum also increases the α-phase content when annealing is carried out at temperatures above 120°C, but there is little effect below this temperature. Drawing of as-spun and conditioned filaments at 90°C also increases the α-phase content and decreases the γ-phase content. The total crystalline content increases with draw ratio for samples with low spin draw ratios, but drawing has little effect on the total crystalline content of samples spun with higher spin draw ratios. Drawing also results in substantial increases in orientation, especially for samples spun with low spin draw ratios. The effects of these changes in structure on the mechanical properties are also described.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    The utilization of DSC in studies of oligomers (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 3591-3595 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oligomers are potentially useful as well characterized models for studying the chemical and physical properties of their long chain homologues. These model compounds are often available only as mixtures which must be separated. This separation may be accomplished using chromatographic techniques, i.e., GPC. Polydispersity (Mw/Mn) is often used as a criteria for the extent to which separation has been achieved. Values of polydispersity of 1.01-1.03 are considered indicative of very narrow fractions in the high polymer area. A purpose of this paper is to show that such low values of polydispersity are misleading when applied to oligomers containing 2-20 repeat units. Further, the existence of a single “sharp” melting endotherm is not necessarily proof that one has separated out a single molecular weight component. An intimate mixture of different molecular weight oligomers can give a single narrow endotherm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070270933
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    Investigation of cure in epoxy resins: Ultrasonic and thermally stimulated current measurements (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4283-4294 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Acoustic and thermally stimulated current measurements are reported as a function of cure for dicyanodiamide cured epoxy resins. It is found that the acoustic propagation is dominated by the generation of voids and does not directly reflect the extent of cure. In contrast, the thermally stimulated data correlate well with conductivity data, the amplitude of the space charge peak decreasing with increasing degree of cure and the dipole peak shifting to high temperatures as predicted from DSC data. Both methods exhibit potential as NDT methods for cure in resins.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271119
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    Yields and composition of sirups resulting from the flash pyrolysis of cellulosic materials using radiant energy (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4313-4322 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Cellulosic materials have been flash pyrolyzed using concentrated solar energy. The sirups obtained were composed mainly of levoglucosan. Radiant flash pyrolysis has thus been identified as a potentially attractive means of selectively degrading biomass material into good yields of relatively few products. The techniques and equipment employed to determine the composition of the pyrolyzates are described.
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    Processable heat-resistant polymers. VII. Synthesis and characterization of polyamideimide from N-(p-carboxyphenyl) trimellitimide and p,p′-di(aminocyclohexyl) methane (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4345-4356 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Polyamideimides were prepared either directly from N-(p-carboxyphenyl)trimellitimide and p,p′-di(aminocyclohexy)methane (PACM-20) by low temperature (〈5°C) polycondensation in presence of thionyl chloride or by reacting the diacid chloride of N-(p-carboxyphenyl)trimellitimide and PACM-20 at 30-70°C. The polymers were characterized by nitrogen analysis and IR spectra. The polymers are soluble in highly polar solvents such as DMF, DMAC, NMP, and m-cresol. The solubility parameter was calculated from the Small's group contribution, which agrees well with the experimental value. The solution viscosity of the polymer is fairly stable against ageing. The Tg of the polymer calculated from the DTA curve is 270°C or even higher. Thermal analyses indicated that the polymer is fairly stable and only 5-6% weight loss occurs up to 350°C or 380°C. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and electrical conductivity of the polymer were also studied.
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    Shear modulus in closely packed gel suspensions (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4377-4386 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Rheological properties and swelling were examined in a series of concentrations of particles of crosslinked polyacrylate gels in water or salt solutions. The modulus during steady shear Gs = 2τ2/P11-P22 was determined from shear stress τ and primary normal force difference P11-P22 in a cone-and-plate rheometer. Gs was nearly constant with shear rate for the gel particles in the closely packed condition. The dynamic storage modulus G′ determined by ecentric rotating disc rheometry increased with increasing frequency for all concentrations. The apparent equilibrium shear modulus Ge determined by stress relaxation agreed closely at all concentrations and ionic strengths with the corresponding values of Gs, and hence Gs is considered a good estimate of equilibrium shear modulus for this gel material.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271127
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    Studies of interaction in silica/styrene-butadiene copolymers (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4387-4398 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Adsorption, bound rubber, mechanical properties, and electron microscopy determinations were carried out in silica/styrene-butadiene copolymers. These studies reveal equivalent trends with varying copolymer composition. Thus, when the copolymer is richer in styrene, adsorbance and bound rubber increase, the stress softening effect becomes more remarkable, and silica is more uniformly dispersed in the elastomeric matrix. These results indicate that polymer-filler interaction becomes stronger when the content of styrene in the elastomer is increased. This interaction does not appear to be explicitly reflected in the other mechanical properties studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271128
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    Studies on melt spinning. VIII. Transfer function approach (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4439-4465 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Transfer function analyses were carried out on a linearized perturbation model of melt spinning previously developed. Results are as follows. (1) Formal proof was obtained of the criterion of spinline stability stated in terms of transfer function. (2) A new concise statement of the stability criterion was obtained: the spinline is stable when the transfer function G2(s) connecting the spinline tension to the spinline velocity does not have a zero in the right-hand half of the complex s plane. (3) Effects of various external disturbances on filament unevenness were predicted theoretically by expressing the transfer function between each disturbance input and cross-sectional area at take-up in the form of frequency response Bode diagrams.
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    The effects of oxygen diffusion on the surface photooxidation of polystyrene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4471-4476 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: This paper further illustrates the applicability of multiple internal reflectance infrared spectroscopy to the analysis of near-surface photooxidation. The results are compared with transmission infrared spectra to evaluate compositional gradients resulting from photooxidation and the influence of oxygen diffusion. The sample was a solvent-cast film of atactic, narrow distribution polystyrene, Mw of 100,000, that had been drawn to a ratio of 3.0 at 110°C by solid state coextrusion. Irradiation of these thin films, ∼25μm thickness, was performed on exposure to air at 35°C for periods of up to 6 h using a mercury source emitting at 254 nm. On photooxidation, a board peak appears at 3200-3500 cm-1, attributable to hydroperoxide formation. The most dramatic increase in the infrared spectra is found for a carbonyl band at 1730 cm-1. It appears to result from an aromatic acid group since it is shifted to 1660 cm-1 on immersion of the oxidized polystyrene films in aqueous ammonium hydroxide. It is confirmed that the photooxidation of polystyrene occurs preferentially at the surface and that this reaction rate is greatly reduced in the drawn polystyrene film.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271134
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    Ultrasonically delaminated and coarse mica particles as reinforcements for polypropylene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4493-4500 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the size of mica platelets used, at 30% by mass, to reinforce polypropylene was studied by comparing ultrasonically delaminated mica (diameter 5μ aspect ratio about 40) with a coarser mica (150-420μ) with and without the coupling agent 3-(triethoxysilyl)-1-propanamine (Union Carbide A-1100). Reducing the particle size of the mica (treated with coupling agent) significantly increased the tensile modulus and strength but did not affect elongation at break; it gave a small improvement in Izod impact strength; the heat distortion temperature was lower and the melt flow index was increased. Dynamic mechanical evaluation (Rheovibron) was done with a series of coarse micas (〉44μ, 45-150μ, 150-250μ, and one with a broad distribution around 100μ), and an ultrasonically delaminated mica made in a continuous process (〉20μ), all treated with N-(4-vinylphenyl) methyl-N′-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine (Dow Corning Z-6032), at 20% by mass in polypropylene. Except for the disappearance of a peak at 0°C in the loss tangent due to the glass transition, the composite with delaminated mica did not differ from pure polypropylene, melting at 175°C. Use of the coarser micas raised the melting temperature to 200°C, increased the storage modulus, and lowered the loss tangent in the case of the three fractionated samples. The results were concordant with theories of reinforcement and microheology. The hoped-for improvement in some properties on changing to the finer mica may not have been realized because of incomplete dispersion.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271136
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    Graft copolymerization of glass fiber and its applicationCorrected proofs received September 29, 1982 (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4529-4539 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Modified glass fibers, containing unsaturated hydrocarbon surface groups, were prepared by a hydrothermal treatment, with allylglycidylether in excess as reagent. Graft polymerization of the treated glass fiber with styrene and methylmethacrylate was carried out in sealed tubes, under nitrogen, using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and cumene hydroperoxide (CHPO) as initiators. When BPO was used as the initiator, the grafting efficiency was extremely low, but the graft copolymerization behavior was similar to that of usual organic polymers. With CHPO, both grafting ratio and grafting efficiency were very high. Various properties of composite materials containing grafted glass cloth were studied. Flexural strength, flexural modulus, and interlaminar shear strength increased proportionally to the increase of the grafting ratio; the same values were decreased only in a small extent after the boiling test.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271201
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    Epoxy-resin-cured carboxylated nitrile rubber (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4561-4576 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Curing of carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) with epoxy resin in presence of different fillers has been studied. It was observed that 7.5 phr of resin give a compromise combination of properties in FEF black (N 550)-filled vulcanizates at 40 phr loading. Further studies at different loadings of black, reinforcing silica and clay were done at 7.5 phr resin. Technical properties at different filler loadings have been determined. Polymer-filler interaction involving FEF black, silica, and clay was examined by a Kraus plot and the equation of Lorenz and Parks. Silica and carbon black give a similar type of reinforcement, but clay shows nonreinforcing characteristics. In the case of carbon black-XNBR system, polymer-filler attachment is similar to that existing in carbon black-natural rubber system. In the case of silica, reaction of the silanol group with the epoxide group of the epoxy resin and the carboxyl group of the base polymer may be responsible for the polymer-filler attachment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of the fracture surfaces corroborate the findings on technical properties and polymer-filler interaction.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271204
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    Saccharification of douglas-fir wood by a combination of prehydrolysis and pyrolysis (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4577-4585 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A process has been investigated for the saccharification of wood, involving prehydrolysis, lignocellulose pyrolysis, and tar hydrolysis. In this process, ground wood was first prehydrolyzed to remove the more readily hydrolyzable hemicelluloses. The residual lignocellulose was then pyrolyzed rapidly to provide a tar containing levoglucosan and its condensation products. The tar was hydrolyzed to convert these products to glucose. Laboratory experiments have shown that this process can convert a common softwood such as Douglas-fir to 14% char and 42% hexoses. This amounts to a 59% recovery of the hexoses: 32% from prehydrolysis and 27% from pyrolysis. The prehydrolysis served not only to remove hemicelluloses, but also to increase the yield of glucose from pyrolysis and subsequent tar hydrolysis. It has been shown that this enhancement is due to the removal of inorganic ash and the catalytic effect of trace amounts of acid remaining in the lignocellulose.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271205
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    Effects of mineral oil on the rheological behavior of polystyrene melts (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4637-4643 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of mineral oil on the small strain rheological functions of polystyrene are shown to be simply related to the oil content and the rheological behavior for the neat material. Reduced variables, which are analogous to the effects of temperature, are found to successfully reduce the data for all levels of oil. The use and form of these reduced variables are shown to be predicted by the model of Bersted, which relates the rheological functions directly to the molecular weight distribution. The effects of the oil are argued to suggest that the mineral oil acts as a plasticizer for polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271210
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    Preliminary experiment of surface hardening of polymers by glow discharge polymerization (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4655-4660 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymers including polyethylene, polycarbonate, and polytetrafluoroethylene were modified by glow discharge polymerization to enhance surface hardness. The surface hardness of the polymer substrates could be improved by glow discharge polymerizations of silicon-containing compounds. The mixture of tetramethylsilane (TMS) and oxygen was more effective than tetramethoxysilane to improve the surface hardness. The surface hardness improved by the glow discharge polymerization strongly depended on the nature of the polymer substrates to be modified. The adhesion between polymer films prepared from the TMS/O2 mixture by glow discharge polymerization and the polymer substrates was good.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271212
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    Temperature effect on the permeation through poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) membrane (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4661-4668 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature dependence of permeability through highly syndiotactic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [P(HEMA)] membrane is reported for highly polar organic solutes such as ureas, methyl substituted ureas and amides, and for NaCl and Na2SO4. The membranes used were equilibrated in distilled water at each temperature before measurements. From the linear correlationship between the excess heat capacities, φCpo(excess) in aqueous solution at infinite dilution and the permeability parameter PM1/3, it is found that the water structure perturbing capability of the polar organic solutes is a controlling factor in the permeation mechanism at relatively low temperature, where P(HEMA) membrane has higher water content and more structured water. In addition, it is found that the poor separation for urea of cellulose acetate membrane in the reverse osmosis practice is due to the higher water structure-breaking capability of urea.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271213
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    The effects of run-in on rubber friction (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4735-4744 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental measurement of the change in coefficient of friction with sliding distance of a carbon-black-reinforced rubber on either glass or Perspex surfaces increases monotonically to a constant value as required by Saibel's theory. However, this general stochastic model does not allow for a fully satisfactory physical interpretation of the effects of run-in on rubber friction. The present measurements for rubber on a glass surface agree well with those of Roth and co-workers reported many years ago. The observation of these effects on Perspex does not appear to have been reported previously. It is found that a material, probably stearic acid or zinc stearate, is deposited from the rubber onto a glass surface when the rubber slides on it.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271218
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    Microencapsulation of water-soluble materials using a copolymer of poly(vinyl chloride) (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4753-4757 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Microencapsulation of aqueous materials by the technique of organic phase separation using copoly(vinyl chloridevinyl alcoholvinyl acetate) (91:3:6% by weight) resulted in microcapusules which were isolable as a free-flowing powder and were storable after drying. Using a dye marker in the core, the dried microcapsules were found to release the core contents through the spherical wall membrane in the presence of an exogenous aqueous medium. A technique was found for conveniently coating the dried microcapsules onto filter paper, and the partial constituents of an indicator system were encapsulated and coated onto filter paper pretreated with the complementary color-forming constituents. The rate of color development in the wetted paper-microcapsule system was used to assess the relative rate of release of the microcapsule core contents. Crosslinking of the poly(vinyl chloride) copolymer prior to encapsulation resulted in an attenuation of release of the microcapsule core contents.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271220
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    Studies on dyeing and mechanical properties of nylon 6 filaments subjected to swelling treatments (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4149-4159 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Drawn nylon 6 filaments were subjected to swelling treatment with benzyl alcohol and aqueous solution of phenol and formic acid under slack condition and under tension. The pretreated samples were dyed with a disperse dye Foron Yellow SE-FL (C.I. Disperse Yellow 42). A considerable increase in the equilibrium dye uptake was observed as a result of swelling treatment. Studies on lateral order by X-ray methods showed that lateral order has increased considerably as a result of preswelling treatment. This apparent contradiction, viz., increase in lateral order and at the same time increase in dye upstake, is explained as due to increased void volume. Studies on mechanical properties showed that the percentage elongation is increased as a result of swelling treatment under slack condition in spite of increased lateral order. This is explained as due to the slippage of chain-folded crystallites.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271106
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    Urethane-based stabilizers for radiation-crosslinked polyethylene (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4199-4206 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Unsaturated urethane-based stabilizers for use in radiation-crosslinked polyethylene were synthesized. Aromatic amine moieties were attached to allylic and acrylic monomers by means of aromatic or aliphatic diisocyanates. The synthesized stabilizers were incorporated in high-density polyethylene films which were subjected to electron beam irradiation. The oxidative stability of the films prior to and after extraction was determined by DTA in the temperature range 185-210°C and compared with samples treated with commercial amine-bearing antioxidants. Tensile strength and gel content were also determined. Best results were obtained with a stabilizer prepared from equimolecular amounts of allyl alcohol, tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate and N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine. Estimated lifetimes at 70°C of stabilized irradiated polyethylene samples were calculated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271111
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    Catalysis of the reaction between isocyanates and protonic substrates. III. Influence of the addition of a cosolvent on the polyurea foaming process (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4221-4228 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyurea foams can be produced from nonmiscible water and polyisocyanates. The addition of a cosolvent improves the homogeneity of the reaction medium and enhances the effectiveness of any catalyst, preferably soluble in water. Cosolvents, exhibiting an intrinsic catalytic activity, display a regulating effect on the rise profile of the foams and allow for defining performant and less expensive formulations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271113
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    Finite-element and boundary-element analysis of craze micromechanics (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4263-4272 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The two numerical methods are used to estimate craze surface displacements and stresses for both isolated crazes and crazes at crack tips. The results are compared with the predictions of craze micromechanics models. The investigation includes the computation of the craze surface stress profile required to maintain a given craze opening displacement profile. The boundary element program requires less computer time than the finite element one, and similar results are obtained. The analysis also considers the craze surface displacement profile corresponding to an assumed craze surface stress distribution. The element methods produce results which are approximately the same as those obtained using the model of Verheulpen-Heymans and Bauwens.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271117
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    Adsorption of dyestuffs onto chitin. External mass transfer processes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4251-4261 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of several variables on the adsorption rate of four dyestuffs onto chitin was studied. A model is proposed enabling the film mass transfer coefficients to be determined. The coefficients were independent of initial dye concentration, chitin mass, chitin particle size, and temperature; a slight dependence with agitation was obtained. The film mass transfer coefficients at 400 rpm were 2.8×10-3, 2.9×10-3, 3.9×10-3, and 0.9×10-3 cm/s for Acid Blue 25, Acid Blue 158, Mordant Yellow 5, and Direct Red 85, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271116
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    Graft polymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate onto hemicellulose (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4239-4250 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft polymerizations of acrylonitrile onto both a commercial larchwood hemicellulose and a purified (low lignin) wheat straw hemicellulose could be initiated by ceric ammonium nitrate. The resulting hemicellulose-g-polyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymers were fractionated by extraction at room temperature with dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide. Fractions were characterized by determining both the wt % PAN in each polymer fraction and the molecular weight of grafted PAN. Saponification of the PAN component of hemicellulose-g-PAN gave a water-dispersible graft copolymer with good thickening properties for water systems. An absorbent polymer, similar to the starch-based absorbents (Super Slurpers), was produced when saponified hemicellulose-g-PAN was isolated by methanol precipitation and then dried. Larchwood hemicellulose was also graft-polymerized with methyl acrylate using ceric ammonium nitrate initiation, and the hemicellulose-g-poly(methyl acrylate) was extrusion-processed into a tough, leathery plastic. Although ceric ammonium nitrate could be used as an initiator for graft polymerizations onto low-lignin hemicelluloses, it was inert with crude wheat straw hemicellulose containing 11% lignin. The ferrous sulfate-hydrogen peroxide redox system was used to initiate graft polymerizations onto this high-lignin material, and properties of the resulting hemicellulose-g-poly(methyl acrylate) and saponified hemicellulose-g-PAN graft copolymers were evaluated.
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    Characterization of the imidization of the aromatic polyimide LARC-160 (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4295-4311 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The polyimide resin LARC-160 was prepared from diethyl-3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylate (BTDE), ethyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylate (NE), and Jeffamine AP-22. The imidization reactions of NE and BTDE were studied by HPLC, 13C-NMR, and IR. NE imidizes slowly at 12°C; BTDE imidizes when the resin is heated above 100°C. Both imidization reactions proceed directly to the imide. Neither amic acid is present in significant quantities at any stage of the imidization reactions. The monomer mixture has been stored at 12°C for periods up to 14 months. The effects of resin aging at this temperature on the chemical composition of the resin monomer mixture and the imidized polymer formed on curing were investigated. Aging the resin monomer mixture has the effect of partially advancing the imidization reaction. Aging also results in the formation of slightly higher-molecular-weight polyimide chains after curing of the resin at 140 and 180°C. Bisnadimide (BNI) is observed as a major reaction product, regardless of resin age.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271120
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    Spontaneous adhesion of silicone rubber (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4357-4364 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Lightly crosslinked silicone rubber has been found to bond spontaneouly to polar substrates and to itself. The strength of adhesion increases linearly with time, eventually reaching the fracture strength of the rubber. The process is accelerated by raising the temperature (activation energy ⋍ 60 kJ/g. mol), by the presence of moisture, and by ammonia vapor. It is tentatively attributed to hydrolytic decomposition of the polymer leading to the formation of reactive groups which interlink with surface groups, probably hydroxyls, on polar substrates, or with each other in the case of selfadhesion.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271125
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    Studies on synthetic-polymer plates with high surface energy. V. Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate)-acrylic acid copolymer plate by vapor-phase transfer process (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4365-4375 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Synthetic-polymer plates with carboxyl group on their surface were prepared by a two-step copolymerization process transferring M2 monomer via vapor phase. Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) (CR-39) was used as M1 monomer, and acrylic acid was acid was used as M2 monomer. The relations between the experimental conditions and the surface properties of the resulting plates were examined in the following terms: (1) composition of CR-39 prepolymer gel plate used and (2) concentration of benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. The plates had good water wettability and an excellent antifogging property.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271126
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    Compatibility of some fluorosubstituted styrene polymers and copolymers in blends with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and with polystyrene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 219-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Blends of poly(p-fluorostyrene) (PpFS), poly(o-fluorostyrene) (PoFS), poly(styrene-co-p-fluorostyrene) (SP46), poly(styrene-co-o-fluorostyrene) (SO49), with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and with polystyrene (PS), have been prepared by compression molding of coprecipitated polymers. Compatibility of these systems has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Detection of one or two glass transition regions was used to classify the blends as compatible or incompatible. Homopolymers of pFS and oFS were found to be incompatible with PPO and PS. The SP46 copolymer and SO49 copolymer were compatible with PPO in all proportions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280119
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    Modelling of reversible poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4421-4438 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The second stage of batch poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) reactor with bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) as the feed has been simulated. In this stage, the overall polymerization is not diffusion limited and is known to be a complex reaction. In this work it has been assumed to consist of polycondensation, reaction with monofunctional compounds (cetyl alcohol), redistribution, and cyclization reactions. The forward and reverse steps of each of these have been modelled in terms of the rate constants involving functional groups and the reacted bonds. The equations for the calculation of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) in batch reactors have been written and solved numerically. The MWD reported in this work is assumed to include the monofunctional products only, and, for the case where ethylene glycol is not removed from the reaction mass, it was found to be unaffected by the choice of the redistribution rate constant (kr). Since the removal of ethylene glycol is not mass transfer controlled, its concentration in the reaction mass is assumed be given by the vapor-liquid equilibrium existing at the pressure applied on the reactor. In this work, the level of ethylene glycol concentration, yg (≡[G]/[P1]0), has been taken as a parameter, and, on application of vacuum, the MWD results were found to vary with kr with the sensitivity increasing with yg. It was then shown that the importance of the redistribution reaction is enhanced when the cyclization reaction also occurs. The effect of vacuum on the performance of the reactor has been studied by varying yg. For yg less than 0.01, the change in the MWD of the polymer becomes very small. The effects of polymerization temperature and initial concentration of monofunctional compounds on MWD were found to be small.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271131
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    An analysis of the moisture-related properties of hydrolyzed polyester (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4477-4491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Alkaline hydrolysis causes pitting of the surface of polyester (PET) fibers and films and improves their wettability, as indicated by contact angle measurements. The enhanced wettability is due to an increase in either the number or the accessibility of polymer hydrophilic groups to water and/or an increase in the roughness of sample surfaces. The increase of void space in the PET yarn and fabric structure, induced by treatment in aqueous NaOH together with the increased wettability of the fibers, was effective in improving the moisture transport properties of the materials. The NaOH-treated PET fabrics transported the water further than isolated corresponding yarns, possibly because, in the fabrics, the spaces between the yarns acted as an additional reservoir that permitted further wicking to occur. It is apparent from immersion and equilibrium wicking capacity tests that a hydrophilic topical finish, as well as a change in the yarn/fabric structure and the hydrophilicity of their surfaces can increase the water holding capacity of PET fabric. The moisture regain and water retention values of the samples were determined, and it was found that such tests are not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish between the hydrophilicity of nontreated PET fabrics and that of PET fabrics modified either by application of a topical finish or by NaOH treatment.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271135
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    The low pressure pyrolysis of newsprint (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 367-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isothermal pyrolysis of 100 mg samples of shredded newsprint, both untreated and 1% HCI washed, at pressures below 1 torr has been examined between 260°C and 340°C. Pyrolysis occurs via a rapid initial reaction followed by a slower degradation that can be modeled as first order in remaining newsprint. The effect of a 1% HCI wash pretreatment is to increase the fractional tar yield by 40%, to decrease the gas yield by an equivalent amount, and to increase the extent of initial reaction. Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for rate constants describing both the initial and the slower degradation reactions for both untreated and acid washed newsprint.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280132
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