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  • Articles  (100)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Wiley-Blackwell
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (100)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (54)
  • 1982  (46)
  • Geosciences  (100)
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  • Articles  (100)
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  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (100)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 77-94 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: It is commonly accepted that the mechanical behaviour of granular masses is strongly affected by their microstructure, namely the relative arrangement of voids and particles, i.e. the granular fabric. Therefore, parameters which characterize the granular fabric are of paramount importance in a fundamental description of the overall macroscopic stresses and deformation measures. In this paper several measures of granular fabric are introduced for a random assembly of spherical granules, using a statistical approach. In particular, a second-order symmetric tensor, Fij, emerges from this consideration, which seems to be of fundamental importance for the description of fabric, and which is closely related to the distribution of the contact normals in the assembly. The relation between fabric measures presented here and those discussed by other investigators is also discussed.
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  • 2
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A mapping finite element method is proposed for the solution of elastic problems in two-dimensions. This method, based on the logarithmic condensation of physical space, is found to give significantly greater accuracy than when the problem is solved in the physical plane using the standard FEM. Logarithmic condensation of space also permits the solution of large aspect-ratio problems of this type, accurately and economically.
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  • 3
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. i 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 4
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 151-171 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A method for the analysis of the consolidation of a horizontally layered soil under plane conditions is developed. The method depends upon the transformation of the governing equations by a Fourier trasform. This transformation has the effect of reducing the partial differential equations of consolidation to ordinary differential equations. The ordinary differential equations are then solved using a finite layer or finite difference approach. Once the solution in the transformed plane has been found, the actual solution is synthesized by Fourier inversion. The method leads to a considerable reduction in the amount of core storage necessary for solution and enables the solution of quite significant problems to be obtained on a mini-computer.
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  • 5
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The notion of overall macroscopic stress in granular masses is examined from a fundamental point of view by a statistical consideration of the contact forces that are transmitted by the contacting granules at the microscale. This examination leads in a natural way to relations between the macroscopic stress and the resulting granular fabric. The overall stresses are expressed in terms of the contact forces in two different but complementary ways: (1) by a statistical averaging over the sample volume of contact forces and “branches” which are vectors connecting the centroids of two contacting granules; and (2) by defining the overall tractions transmitted across an interior imagined plane as the sum of the contact forces which represent the mechanical effect of granules on one side of a unit area of this plane, upon those on the other side. Conditions under which the two representations of overall stresses are equivalent, are examined in detail. In addition, explicit results are given, which, define stresses in terms of the fabric and other microstructural characteristics of the granular mass.
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  • 6
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 195-209 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: During the last ten years the Calculus of variations technique has been applied to solve the problem of stability of slopes. All published methods are essentially based on the attainment of a functional and the search for its absolute minimum or maximum by vanishing its first variation.Obviously this statement of the problem is valid only if such a minimum or maximum exists and can be obtained by making the first variation of the functional equal to zero. So, these implicit hypotheses must be checked.This work analyses from this point of view the validity of the methods proposed by ‘Baker and Garber’, ‘Chen’ and ‘Castillo and Revilla’, and demonstrates that the first two methods are incorrectly stated while the third one is correct at least in the case of a frictionless soil.
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  • 7
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A coupled finite element-rigid block model for the transient analysis of caverns in jointed media is presented. This coupling permits the modelling of lined openings in a jointed rock mass as well as the propagation of stress waves to the cavern. Both the finite element and the rigid block algorithms employ explicit time integration; an efficient, stable scheme is developed for coupling the two algorithms. Two numerical examples are given: one is a simple validation, the second is a representation of a lined cavern in a sparsely jointed medium.
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  • 8
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 9
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 385-393 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 10
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 11
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 457-468 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper sets forth the theoretical background and basic numerical expressions for the incorporation of elastic-plastic constitutive equations for ductile rock into a finite element computer code. The derivation of an expression for the total strain rate is performed both for a total stress formulation and for a formulation that employs the concept of effective stress for inelastic behaviour. Specific expressions for the incremental strain rate are presented for the case of a porous material having a quadratic initial yield surface and observing the associated flow rule with a special hardening law for subsequent plastic deformation. A final section of the paper summarizes the expressions required to insert the quadratic yield surface model into a finite element code.
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 491-492 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The Finite Element Method is frequently used to analyse problems involving an ‘infinite domain’. A typical problem is an underground excavation in prestressed infinite medium in either tunnelling or mining operations or a foundation in an infinite half space.This paper examines the implications of mesh truncation on the accuracy of the accuracy of the solution.At the same time, a more economical and accurate method of analysing these problems using special ‘infinite domain’ Finite Elements is presented.
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 57-74 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The problem of an impervious dam on a poro-elastic foundation is solved analytically. Using the known solution for the fluid pressure in the pores, the elastostatic stress field in the solid skeleton is analysed by reduction to two simpler problems whose solutions can be obtained by complex variable techniques. For welded contact, the rotation of the dam base is then found along with the stresses and strains in the ground. Modification for finite friction along the base is outlined in the appendix.
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  • 15
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper corrects an impression, created by a recent contribution to the International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, that the mathematical equivalence of the direct and indirect boundary element methods for the diffusion equation implies that their respective computational needs with regard to the body integral terms are equal. It is shown that in a stepwise implementation of the numerical procedure for solving a finite body problem, indirect methods requirean integration over an infinite region and not merely over the body as is the case for the direct version.
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 286-286 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The paper studies certain dynamic characteristics of soil deposits with wave velocities increasing with depth according to (1 + μz)m, where m = 1, 2/3, 1/2, 1/4 and 0. Analytical solutions are presented for the fundamental periods, mode shapes and amplification functions due to vertically propagating shear waves and the effects of type (m) and rate (μ) of heterogeneity are systematically investigated. The analytical-numerical techniques are used to study the attenuation with depth in a deposit of the vertical and horizontal displacements due to travelling of Rayleigh waves. Differences attributed to different heterogeneities are discussed in connection with the machine isolation problem and the steady-state vibration technique for soil exploration. Finally, the dependence on soil heterogeneity of the time-distance response curves, obtained during seismic refraction surveys, is graphically illustrated.
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 39-55 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The theory of consolidation is extended to partly saturated clay soils, and formulated for finite element analyses. This formulation couples the effects of both stress and flow. It takes account of variations of this permeability of the soil and compressibility of the pore fluid with changes in void ratio, and the non-linear stress-strain behaviour of soil. The Cam Clay model is revised to model the stress-strain behaviour of compacted soils. The compressibility of pore fluid is derived using Boyle's Law and Henry's Law, taking into account the effect of surface tension. An empirical equation is developed for permeability of pore fluid. An example of settlement of a footing on partly saturated soil is described and discussed.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 245-268 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Using the correspondence principle of viscoelasticity the Displacement Discontinuity Method has been extended to model the rate-dependent behaviour of a jointed rock mass. The intact rock is assumed to behave as a linear viscoelastic material while, in general, a non-linear rate-dependent behaviour of the rock joints can be accounted for. A number of numerical examples are presented which illustrate the accuracy and potential of the method for analysing complex engineering problems.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 273-281 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: In many cases the analysis of the consolidation of axi-symmetric bodies subjected to non axi-symmetric loading may be carried out without recourse to a full three-dimensional treatment. Advantage may be taken of the axi-symmetric nature of the body and field quantities such as displacement and pore pressure can be given a Fourier representation. The problem is then reduced from one in three spatial dimensions (r, θ, z) and the time domain to one in two spatial dimensions (r, z) and the time domain.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. i 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 337-356 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A theory describing plastic deformation of granular (purely frictional) materials is presented. The theory is developed from postulates for energy dissipation and for the mode of plastic deformation. The postulates are based on some restrictions for the properties of granular materials and on a frictional analogy. A distinction is made between the description of plastic behaviour of a locally homogeneous and a locally non-homogeneous material. An interpretation of the deformation process is presented which implies that the theory accounts for the changes in the density of some local non-homogeneities underlying a plastic hardening effect. Based on this interpretation, an analogy between elastic-plastic behaviour of granular materials and frictional, sliding of two solid bodies is assumed. In the general case, the presented constitutive equations describe two hardening (softening) effects and are capable of describing both initial and advanced plastic deformations. A special, simplest form of the constitutive equations is examined in detail and a yield condition and a stress-strain relationship are derived. An example of elastic-plastic stress-strain-strength behaviour is presented for the cuboidal loading conditions.
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  • 24
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 395-395 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. ii 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 435-455 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The consolidation problem in a plane strain porous elastic medium is treated by adopting a consistent formulation of the finite element model. To this purpose, the fluid-phase behaviour is modelled in static terms through a piecewise linear description of the pore pressure field and the behaviour of the two-phase medium is consistently modelled through rigorously equilibrated piec̰ewise linear stress distribution.Incompressibility of the pore fluid and of the skeleton grains is assumed, as is linear elastic behaviour of the solid phase.After a compact description of the model, the governing equations for the continuum problem are recalled and the solution system for the discretized problem is obtained following Galerkin's method of weighted residuals. Some examples are finally illustrated, in order to assess the reliability of the approach and to introduce possible comparisons with other methods.
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 371-384 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A simple friction-contact interface element is introduced which simulates frictional slippage, separation, and re-bonding of two bodies initially mating at a common interface and subsequently deforming with an arbitrary static loading schedule. Constraint equations between initially mating node pairs and the general principle of virtual work are used to formulate the interface element for a finite element solution procedure. Some advantages of the interface element include; easy implementation intostandard finite element programs, direct determination of interface forces without round-off problems, and the generality afforded by the virtual work formulation to include other non-conservative models in the system.The application of the interface element to an idealized buried culvert problem illustrates that the model behaves properly. A second application, for a long-span culvert installation with incremental soil loading, demonstrates the importance of modelling slippage at the culvert-soil interface in order to conform with experimental observations.
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 21-46 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An analysis is presented of the non-linear creep effects around a deep circular tunnel driven in ‘squeezing’ ground. The time-dependent behaviour of the geotechnical medium is described by means of a simple viscoplastic rheological model capable of approximating primary, secondary and tertiary creep behaviours. It is shown that tertiary creep can be allowed for by providing a suitable law governing the variation of some material parameters (such as viscosity) with stresses and strains. The basic operations of the ‘evolutive’ procedure adopted for time integration are outlined. Along each time integration step, quadratic variations of the stress and strain fields and linear variations of the material parameters are assumed. The results of various finite element analyses are presented concerning both lined and unlined cases. For the lined cases, the influence of the liner stiffness and of the time elapsed between the end of excavation and the liner installation is considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 148-149 
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. ii 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 32
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 395-395 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 243-275 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An incremental formulation of constitutive laws is first presented and the fundamental notion of incremental non-linearity, necessary for the description of cyclic behaviour of soils, is emphasized.The incremental constitutive law for soils and its principal assumptions, which make it more general than the classical elastic-plastic models are detailed.The constitutive parameters of Hostun sand and Grundite clay are then given, as well as a comparison of theoretical results with experimental axisymmetrical and true triaxial measurements (Hostun sand tests at Grenoble and Grundite clay tests at Berkeley). Different cyclic behaviour simulations are presented, as well as an example of cyclic liquefaction of Monterey loose sand. Finally, a simple shear test is simulated.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 425-440 
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    Notes: The paper is concerned with the finite-element modelling of geologic phenomena. More specifically, the paper presents numerical models of folding and sait doming. A (penalty-) finite-element model based on the equations governing a viscous incompressible fluid is used to simulate the folding is used to simulate the folding of a viscous layer in a less viscous matrix and the salt dome formation, and to predict the location of active faulting and deformation in prograding delta systems on continentalmargins. The initiation and development of drape folding and associated faulting are also modelled. The United States continental margin of the Gulf of Mexico is used as an example of prograding delta system. The finite-element predictions seem to agreewith the published results.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 441-459 
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    Notes: The present study is a continuation of the numerical modelling of geologic structures by the authors (see J. N. Reddy et al., Finite-element modelling of folding and faulting, this journal). The present paper is concerned with the computation of the stress and fracture density distributions in single layer folds by the finite-element method. It was found that variations in fracture patterns are related to several variables: (i) the viscosity of the competent layer, (ii) the ratio of the viscosity of the competent layer to the viscosity of the matrix, (iii) the cohesive strength of the material, and (iv) the boundary velocities during deformation. The fracture prediction is based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, which is a function of the stresses only. Prediction of fracture density is based on a function of the strain energy. It is found that there is a good correlation between the computer predicted fractures and the fracture pattern produced by the expermental buckiing of rock-beams. Itis, concluded that the viscosity ratio controls the location of fractures in single layer folds.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 491-491 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 209-223 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper examines the interaction between a rigid circular foundation resting in smooth contact with an isotropic elastic halfspace and a concentrated surface load which acts at a finite distance from the foundation. Owing to the action of the external load the rigid foundation experiences an extra settlement and a tilt. The expressions for the extra settlement and the tilt are evaluated in exact closed form. It is also shown that these deformations due to the external load satisfy Betti's reciprocal theorem. The auxiliary solution required for the application of the reciprocal theorem is derived from the analysis of the problem of a rigid circular foundation resting in smooth contact with an elastic medium and subjected to an eccentric load. The, results developed for the interaction between the rigid circular foundation and the external concentrated load are utilized to generate, among others, solutions for the settlement and tilt induced at a rigid foundation due to its interaction with uniformly or non-uniformly distributed loads with circular and square plan shapes.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 283-285 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 419-433 
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    Notes: This paper presents the complete formulation for the application of the Boundary Element Method to solve non-tension material problems. The formulation is based on including an extra term due to an initial stress field into the boundary integral statement. This is then used to iterate the solution until a state of non-tension is achieved. The resulting iteration process is very simple to apply and basically consists only of a single matrix-vector product. The applications show that accurate resultscan be obtained for boundary discretizations involving a small number of unknowns. Whenever possible, results are compared with analytical solutions or finite elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 499-499 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 277-286 
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    Notes: A continuum finite element formulation that models the failure of a rock mass, the collapse of this rubble into a void space and the associated bulking of the rubble is presented. This formulation is incorporated into a finite element computer program that treats the large deformation non-linear motion of axisymmetric and two-dimensional continua. A dynamic relaxation procedure is used for the solution algorithm. Example calculations are given that demonstrate the formulation.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 323-338 
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    Notes: It is the objective of this note critically to assess the merits and shortcomings of two-surface and multi-surface plasticity theories.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 391-391 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 392-392 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 409-424 
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    Notes: The factor of safety used in designing pile foundations for vertical load should depend on three things, prior information on load capacity summarized by empirical correlations with load capacity models, site specific information derived from load tests, and an objective function reflecting economic and safety considerations. A statistical approach to factor of safety selection was developed in order to suggest improvements of current standards for driven pile design. This approach recognizes a distinction between the variability of pile load capacity within individual sites, and the global variability upon which model correlations are based. Charts have been prepared for determining the FS required to achieve specified reliability indices, as a function of the number of load tests at a particular site and their outcomes.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 461-481 
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    Notes: This paper draws attention to the great influence certain types of discontinuities in foundation rock masses can have on dam design. By means of two practical examples, the role of numerical procedures in the solution of stability and deformation problems posed by foundation heterogeneities is discussed and emphasized. Some basic theoretical considerations regarding the limit-states and the concept of safety to be used in dam design are also presented as a complement to the analyses description.The case of the Ãgua Vermelha dam, recently built in southern Brazil, is the subject of the first example. Here, a major joint in the basaltic foundation was the decisive geological feature for the stability analyses which were performed by means of the finite element method. The second example refers to the Itaipu dam, a record-breaking Brazilian-Paraguayan hydroelectric development. Marked sub-horizontal discontinuities between lava flows, greatly reducing the strength and stiffness of the basaltic rock masses, were of main concern in this case. The results of the foundation studies, with due help of numerical procedures, called for the construction of concrete shear keys, in order to achieve a satisfactory margin of structural safety.
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    Notes: Mathematical concepts of statistical mechanics are use here to formulate the problem of microcrack kinetics. A stochastic distribution function is defined to characterize some modelling parameters of microcracks. This formalism results in an integral-differential equation of the Boltzmann type. A functional form for the microcrack production rate is imposed to model dilatancy and failure under shear-loading histories. This simple model illustrates some concepts of this theoretical approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 47-76 
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    Notes: In this paper, the ability of a displacement-type finite element analysis to predict collapse loads accurately is investigated. For the usual assumptions of ideal plasticity and infinitesimal deformations, attention is focused on undrained geotechnical problems. The theoretical criterion originally developed by Nagtegaal et al.1 is applied to each member of the serendipidity quadrilateral and triangular family of elements, up to and including those with a quartic displacement expansion. This method of assessing the suitability of a particular type of element is shown to be valid for any constitutive law which attempts to enforce the constant volume condition at failure, such as critical state type soil models. The method is also generalized to permit an assessment, a priori, of the suitability of any given mesh which is composed of a finite number of elements of the same type. It is postulated that the 15-noded, cubic strain triangle is theoretically capable of accurate computations in the fully plastic range for undrained geotechnical situations which involve axial symmetry or plane strain. This prediction is verified by a series of numerical experiments on footing problems. Extending the work of Nagtegaal et al., 1 it is established theretically that if lower order finite elements are employed rigorously for non-trivial undrained problems with axial symmetry, then it is impossible to predict the exact limit load accurately, regardless of how refined the mesh may be.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 129-139 
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    Notes: Collapse loads are overestimated by finite-element or finite-difference procedures when the material discretization does not allow locally incompressible plastic flow: for example, constant-strain triangles or tetrahedra give unacceptable results. The use of different discretizations for the isotropic and deviatoric parts of the strain tensor is advocated for preventing this problem. The technique can be easily implemented in existing two- and three-dimensional computer programs. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by several examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 291-292 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982) 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 307-322 
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    Notes: The method of slices commonly used for estimating static stability of natural slopes and embankments is extended to include the dynamic effects due to earthquake loading. The equation of motion of a typical slice along a path different from its base is derived. The calculations of displacement of a slide mass using the Newmark procedure are discussed and illustrated with an example problem.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 353-382 
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    Notes: Talbingo Dam is a well instrumented, 162m high rockfill structure with an upstream sloping silty clay core, located in the southern New South Wales, Australia. A non-linear finite element analysis of its behaviour was carried out under plane strain conditions, simulating its construction, reservoir filling and steady seepage loading stages. Material parameters are determined from triaxial tests on the rockfill, core, filter and transition materials, compacted to field dry density and moisture content. All materials show non-linear stress-strain behaviour, with rockfill exhibiting work softening at large strain. Mohr envelopes for rockfill are slightly curved but linear approximations are acceptable. When compared with stresses and deformations at maximum cross section, the analytical results show good agreement in most areas. A non-linear model for pore pressure response is used successfully to predict the high pore pressures in the lower region of the core. A stability analysis performed for the end of construction stage, based on finite element stresses, shows that the design safety factors are slightly conservative.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 101-115 
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    Notes: Two simple constitutive laws appropriate for elastic-plastic deformation up to peak load of low porosity rocks are presented. Both laws account for mean stress dependence of yield hardening between yield and peak strength and non-associative plastic straining. The two constitutive laws are based on the Mohr-Coulomb and the Mises-Schleicher yield criteria. The yield criteria are matched at axisymmetric compression and the relationships among the constitutive parameters are given. The parameters are then evaluated for two evaporite rocks anhydrite and polyhalite based on axisymmetric compression data. Comparison of predicted stress-strain laws with those measured in the laboratory show that these laws can be used for engineering analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 140-141 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 173-186 
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    Notes: The yield locus governing the stress-strain response of a soil may degrade during rebound at high overconsolidation ratios. The cause can be attributed to a breakdown in bonding. A Cam-Clay model is applied to account for the degrading yield locus, and the influence of this degradation is assessed using a theoretical approach for friction pile capacity. Stress changes in the soil continuum due to pile installation and setup are simulated by cylindrical cavity expansion and radial consolidation, anda segment loading model is used to determine the effective stress change in the soil at peak load transfer under undrained conditions. The results indicate that plastic rebound affects peak load transfer to at least the same extent as shear strength.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 187-207 
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    Notes: The behaviour of a cylindrical liquid storage tank resting on a deep homogeneous elastic layer is examined. The analysis employs a substructure approach and proceeds by examining the behaviour of the tank base, the tank walls and the soil separately and developing flexibility matrices for each of these components. These flexibility matrices are then assembled and the complete soil structure system analysed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 397-418 
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    Notes: A new framework for the development of constitutive models based on certain aspects of physical theories of plasticity is proposed. The resulting Multi-laminate model of clays has the same response as the Critical state model provided no rotation of principal stress axes takes place during plastic flow.The influence of rotation of the principal stress axes on the volumetric and deviatoric plastic strains has been numerically evaluated. In undrained saturated, normally consolidated clays considerable excess pore pressure may build up due to rotation of the principal axes only. Numerical studies of the collapse of footings indicate that significant rotations do not take place in this class of problems and consequently the collapse load is only marginally reduced.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 469-484 
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    Notes: A constitutive model is described for the prediction of dynamic crack formation in geological media. The model includes a simple tensile failure criterion for crack formation and a soil plasticity model for both deviatoric and volumetric plasticity. Numerical results are presented which show that the model reproduces the observed dependence of fracture formation on loding rate for dynamic pressure loading of boreholes. The use of the model as a numerical tool for design is demonstrated through two example parameter studies.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 500-500 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 109-128 
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    Notes: This paper deals with a numerical formulation of the kinematic limit analysis method. This formulation, based on a finite element discretization, is available for axisymmetric cases. The linearization of the yield Tresca and Von Mises criteria leads to linear programming problems. The velocity fields described here are plastically admissible only on an average. The influence of this approximation is quantified for the triaxial test problem and the stability of circular excavations.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 148-148 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 287-290 
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    Notes: The effectiveness of the heat balance integral approach in determining the extent of frost penetration of the ground is illustrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 219-241 
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    Notes: Closed-form solution to the problem of free vibrations of vertically inhomogeneous earth dams, modelled as truncated-wedge-shaped shear beams, has been obtained by implementing an inverse procedure in which the determination of the function descrbing the inhomogeneity constitutes part of the problem. The resulting cube-root variation of the shear-wave velocity with distance from the crest compares very favourably with measurements in two Japanese dams. The results of the method are presented in theform of natural periods, modal shapes and average seismic coefficients for a number of truncation ratios. Compared with an ‘equivalent’ homogeneous dam, the inhomogeneous experiences sharper amplification of modal displacements and greater averge seismic, coefficients near the crest and has natural periods which are closer to each other. This behaviour is in better agreement with the observed response of a 37m-high dam during five earthquake motions.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 293-306 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The problem of a massless, rigid disc vibrating harmonically on a ‘constrained’ transversely isotropic elastic half space is considered. The material is called constrained because it is assumed that the elastic constants satisfy a certain equation. The problem for each mode of vibration is reduced to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Results are presented to show the general effect of the material anisotropy.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 383-390 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: For many soils experimental evidence suggests that deviation from normality between the plastic strain increments and the yield function is exhibited mainly in the volumetric behaviour, whereas the deviatoric behaviour exhibits normality. An analysis of the consequence of this observation is presented, and it leads to an expression for the plastic potential function as composed of two functions, a yield function and another dependent only on the hydrostatic pressure; the latter is considered to constitute the concept of correction functions presented recently by Desai and Siriwardane13.
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 339-351 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A finite element model is developed to simulate the behaviour of an aquifer used as storage space for a compressed air energy storage (CAES) system. The governing equations describing a two-phase flow of air and water are coupled non-linear partial differential equations and are solved by the Galerkin approach. The resulting computer model is applied to a gas percolation problem. Upon verification of the numerical results, the model is employed to simulate the air-water displacement in a storage reservoir during daily air cycling. The corresponding saturation variations and the effects of reservoir permeability on the system are presented. The results obtained are essential in establishing storage design and stability criteria for long-term operation of compressed air energy storage systems.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 391-392 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 79
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 393-407 
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    Notes: The dynamic behaviour of road structure has been analysed by idealizing the subgrade with different viscoelastic models having three and four elements. Complex Fourier transformation has been used to solve the resulting differential equations. The results are presented in non-dimensional form. A detailed study has been made to determine the effect of different parameters on the deflection and moment of the pavement. Also, the relative implications of idealizing the subgrade with different viscoelastic models have been studied. A numerical example has been solved.
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  • 80
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 483-490 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 81
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 19-38 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The combined isotropic-kinematic hardening rule for clays is presented using the concept of a multisurface model discussed previously in Reference 1. The mechanical behaviour of clays after one-dimensional consolidation is next simulated for the axisymmetric stress stress state. A general three-dimensional formulation of constitutive relations is also presented.
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  • 82
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 75-86 
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    Notes: Two finite element algorithms suitable for long term simulation of geothermal reservoirs are presented. Both methods use a diagonal mass matrix and a Newton iteration scheme. The first scheme solves the 2N unsymmetric algebraic equations resulting from the finite element discretization of the equations governing the flow of heat and mass in porous media by using a banded equation solver. The second method, suitable for problems in which the transmissibility terms are small compared to the accumulation terms, reduces the set of N equations for the Newton corrections to a symmetric system. Comparison with finite difference schemes indicates that the proposed algorithms are competitive with existing methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 135-139 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 84
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 87-100 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A characteristic common to most mine tailings dam failures is that the mine tailings tend to liquefy and flow over substantial distances, with the potential for extensive damage to property and life. In order to be able to assess the potential for damage in case of such a failure, it is necessary to be able to predict the characteristics of the flow and the possible extent of flood movement. A procedure that has some potential for such flow analyses is described in this paper. When fluid resistanceis neglected, the solution of the simple dam-break problem is readily found using the shallow water theory. However, near the head of the mine waste dam-break flood wave the laminar resistance resistance effects are appreciable. In this paper the retardation of the wave-front behind the position predicted by the inviscid shallow water theory is found.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 129-134 
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    Notes: The problem of the critical height of a vertical cut in a purely cohesive medium has been repeatedly dealt with by several authors and, in spite of its apparent simplicity, the characterization of satisfactory solutions has presented, for a considerable period, notable difficulties. The present paper supplies the results obtained with a numerical method, which has so far been applied successfully to a considerable number of problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 286-286 
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 305-320 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An anisotropic hardening model for sand or other granular materials is presented. The state of initial densification is represented by a configuration surface and the state of loading by a loading surface in the stress space. The domain of elastic response may not exist and the irreversible strain is assumed to occur for both active and reverse loading. The derived constitutive equations are applicable both for dense and loose sands. Some model predictions are compared with available experimental data for triaxial compression and extension under undrained condition.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 321-336 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: We extend the well-known Houblt method for dynamic vibration problems to a class of methods suitable for a variable-order variable-step computer program implementation. We discuss the numerical stability properties of these methods and derive a family of extensions with improved stability properties. Finally we present some numerical results which compare a variety of Houbolt methods with other well-known Backward Differentiation methods, demonstrating in passing the practical value of the stability, concepts.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 485-492 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper deals with the plane plastic equilibrium of a cohesive frictional material in the case of a jump non-homogeneity. Three types of interface separating rigid-plastic bodies with different material parameters are distinguished: (i) a perfect adhesion contact, (ii) a thin layer of a material different from the adjacent bodies, (iii) a combined frictional-adhesive contact. A sliding along the interface may occur if certain conditions are satisfied. For the first two types of joint, the direction and propagation of the velocity jump vector along the interface follow from the classical theory of plane plastic flow. In the third case, the potential sliding rule relating the velocity jump vector to the limit condition of the joint, or to the potential different from the limit condition, may be adopted. The direction of the velocity jump vector results from such a rule.The problem of stability of a slope, being continuously non-homogeneous in one region, and homogeneous in another, is shown in an example. The two regions of the slope are separated by the interface, a thin layer of a different material, (type ii). The associated flow law for both regions of the slope and for the material of the interface is assumed.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 500-501 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 139-140 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 143-171 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Computational procedures for implementing some constitutive models are described and introduced in three-, and two-dimensional finite element procedures; here variable moduli, Drucker-Prager, critical state and cap models are considered. Consistent numerical schemes are presented with applications to a number of example problems. These procedures can provide successful results with advanced constitutive laws for three-dimensional analysis of a wide range of non-linear problems.
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  • 93
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 225-243 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A three-dimensional finite element program has been prepared to study the behaviour of Infiernillo dam during construction and filling of the reservoir. A linear stress-strain behaviour of materials has been assumed. The parameters are deduced from the movements measured during construction, checked with the results of oedometer tests at the laboratory. The no tension strength of granular materials has been introduced following Zienkiewicz et al.9 Collapse of the upstream shell is introduced into the calculation in a simple way from the settlement observed upon flooding under constant stress at the oedometer.A good agreement is found between measured and calculated movements.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 285-285 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 95
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 493-498 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 173-194 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The theory developed in Part I of this paper is extended to apply to the consolidation of horizontally layered soils under both axially symmetric and general surface loading. The method again leads to a considerable reduction in the amount of core storage necessary for computer solution and can be implimented on a mini-computer.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 6 (1982), S. 211-218 
    ISSN: 0363-9061
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The bearing capacity of deep foundations has been analysed using finite elements in conjunction with elasto-viscoplasticity. The influence of elastic parameters, mesh size and strain conditions on computed collapse loads was observed. Axisymmetric problems in particular were of interst, because it was found that good numerical solutions could be obtained through to collapse provided reduced integration was used.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 289-303 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper describes the flow behaviour of certain non-Newtonian fluids through a porous medium. A generalized Bingham rheological model of power-law in the presence of a yield stress has been considered. Several problems of fluid mechanics, which appear currently in oil reservoir engineering, have been investigated and the rheological behaviour effect has been emphasized. The short time solutions have been formulated in terms of a moving boundary problem. The approximate solutions in a closed formwere obtained by means of the integral method. Several dimensionless groups have been found to be relevant in evaluating the rheological effect on the steady and unsteady and unsteady flow behaviour. The deviation from Newtonian flow behaviour has been illustrated using several numerical examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 7 (1983), S. 357-370 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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