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  • Articles  (10,866)
  • 1980-1984  (10,866)
  • 1981  (10,866)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (10,866)
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  • Articles  (10,866)
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  • 1980-1984  (10,866)
Year
Journal
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 2
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 79-95 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 3
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 189-216 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 4
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 351-378 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 379-397 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 399-423 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 33-55 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 8
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 9-32 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 9
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 57-77 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 10
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 157-187 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 11
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 97-129 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 12
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 131-156 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 13
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 231-252 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 14
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 15
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 253-272 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 16
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 273-326 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 17
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 329-350 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 18
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 457-515 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 19
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13 (1981), S. 425-455 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 20
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 1-32 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 21
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 31-50 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 22
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 51-73 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 23
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 75-95 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 24
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 123-149 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 25
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 97-122 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 26
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 151-169 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 27
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 171-210 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 28
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 211-231 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 29
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 233-243 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 30
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 245-266 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 31
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 267-297 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 32
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 299-319 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 33
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 353-380 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 34
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 321-351 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 35
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 401-425 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 36
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 381-399 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 37
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 427-439 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 38
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 441-484 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 39
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 485-504 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 40
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 505-521 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 41
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    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 11 (1981), S. 523-550 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 42
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Stress intensity factors are determined for internally and externally cracked, pressurized thick cylinders with partial autofrettage (less than 100% overstrain). The solutions are based on a superposition of existing solutions which does not involve any loss of accuracy. Implications of the stress intensity factor results for the safe-life design of pressure vessels subjected to fatigue are discussed.
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  • 43
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted under conditions of equibiaxial, uniaxial and shear loading by using a cruciform specimen in a servo hydraulic testing machine. The effect of non-singular stress cycling on the fatigue crack propagation rate was examined based on the observation of crack opening behavior. The crack propagation rate was significantly influenced by the non-singular stress parallel to the crack when it was correlated to the stress intensity range. The crack closure behavior was greatly affected by the non-singular stress. The crack propagation rate was uniquely correlated to the effective range of the stress intensity factor except for the case of completely reversed shear loading where significant plasticity was detected. The crack opening displacement range was concluded to be a parameter controlling the crack propagation rate for all the stress conditions examined in the present experiments. Some discussion is made on the effect of material anisotropy on fatigue crack propagation in a biaxial stress field.
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  • 44
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper presents a comprehensive review, supplemented by original data, of the engineering fatigue behaviour of copper. Variations in manufacturing route and softening treatments are shown to have little effect on the fatigue of annealed copper but the high cycle fatigue strength is increased by cold work. The high strain fatigue behaviour is defined in terms of the plastic strain range and the cyclic stress-strain characteristics are documented. Fatigue behaviour in bending and torsion is defined by data and related to that in tension by simple design rules.Notches are found to reduce the laboratory measured fatigue strength of copper by ∼ 30% and the effect of surface finish, surface distortion and surface residual stress is defined in the literature. Fatigue crack growth is defined in terms of stress intensity factor range ΔK by an upperbound law and, together with the conditions for non-growth (ΔK0), shown to relate to the equivalent conditions for steels via the ratio of the respective elastic moduli.The effect of environment on the fatigue of copper has received scant attention in the literature, such results as exist suggesting little if any reduction in strength to be brought about by gaseous or aqueous environments. The most dramatic change is the improvement of about an order of magnitude which results when tests in vacuum are compared with equivalent tests in air. Results of fatigue tests on copper in ammoniacal environments are conspicuously absent from the literature.As the test temperature is reduced below room temperature there is a predictable increase in high cycle fatigue strength, a reduction in fatigue strength occurring above room temperature. High strain fatigue test results presented in terms of plastic strain range appear insensitive to temperature although at very low strain rates and high temperatures a reduction in fatigue strength occurs. A linear life fraction cumulative damage creep-fatigue law appears sometimes to be non-conservative but much more testing is needed to evaluate fatigue damage summation laws generally for copper.Numerical data are given in support of all the aspects of the engineering fatigue behaviour reviewed in the paper.
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  • 45
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The birth and growth of short cracks is analysed from an elastic-plastic fracture mechanics viewpoint. Low to high cumulative damage tests from the low stress to high strain regime indicate that there is no crack initiation period in the metallurgical sense and that cracks grow from the first cycle, but at a slow rate. The initiation phase terminates when one crack starts to dominate and accelerates to failure, its initial size being given by 〈displayedItem type="mathematics" xml:id="mu1" numbered="no"〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:8756758X:FFE263:FFE_263_mu1"/〉 for the medium carbon steel tested here, of grain size 56 μm.
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  • 46
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fractographic analyses have been used to explain the cyclic crack growth behaviour of A533-B, Ducol W30, a C-Mn steel and type 304 stainless steel in simulated light water reactor environments at ambient temperature. Fractographic observations have offered an explanation for anomalous crack growth behaviour and have also indicated where micro structural or environmental variables dominate in producing certain fracture modes and crack growth rates. An understanding of the operative corrosion fatigue mechanisms has been formulated through these fractographic analyses. Environmental crack growth in the ferritic steels has been described by a model involving both anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement. Conditions where only one of these mechanisms would dominate have been identified and limits to their effect postulated. A crystallographic mode of failure observed in the austenitic type 304 stainless steel has also been explained by a selective dissolution process.
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  • 47
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract —Low-cycle fatigue properties were investigated on four carbon steels and five low alloy steels specified in JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) for machine structural use, which are the most commonly used in Japan. Several different heats from each of several representative manufacturers were sampled so as to represent the average fatigue characteristics of current materials. The cyclic deformation behaviour of material was denned by comparing the monotonie yield stress on the extrapolated tensile work hardening curve with the cyclic yield stress in the cyclic stress-strain curve determined by incremental step test. The normalized ferrite-pearlitic steels cyclically hardened, while the quench-tempered martensitic were cyclically stable or softened. The S–N relations derived from the strain-controlled low-cycle tests were compared with the results obtained by load-controlled high-cycle tests. The extrapolated S–N curves based on the cyclic stress-strain curve predicted the fatigue strength in the high-cycle range to be stronger for cyclic-hardening steels, but weaker for cyclic-softening steels. The predicted S–N curves for stable steels coincided with the high cycle test data. The fatigue limit had a proportional relationship with cyclic yield stress, slightly depending on the cyclic deformation behaviour. On the other hand, the cyclic yield stress was found to exhibit a very good linear correlation with the monotonie tensile strength, independent of cyclic deformation behaviour. This explains the empirical law that the fatigue limit is approximately proportional to the tensile strength.
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  • 48
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Recently a controversy has developed over whether crystallographic crack growth near threshold in Ni-base superalloys occurs along {111} slip planes or {100} planes at room temperature. In this work on Nimonic API crack propagation is shown to occur on both {100} and {111} planes. The most common facet plane is {111} and this is the only orientation observed at the lowest stress intensities, but at higher stress intensities occasional {100} facets are also produced. This behaviour is compared with similar results in aluminium alloys.
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A crack nucleation model is constructed based on the random slip of the dislocations within the fatal persistent slip band (PSB). From such a model, we derive the notch-peak probability function. The crack is considered to nucleate when a critical notch depth is attained. This depth is constant for applied strains corresponding to the plateau of the cyclic stress- strain curve because the stress is constant. The PSBs behave in such a way that the more concentrated their localized slip the fewer the cycles required to attain the critical notch depth. Using the experimental relation between the applied strain and the magnitude of the slip offsets (reported in Part I) in conjunction with observations of the notch distributions along the gage surface, we have obtained the relation between the applied strain and the cycles for crack nucleation. A log-log plot of this relation shows a slightly different slope from that of the Coffin-Manson life data, previously reported. However, by allowing for cycles spent in Stage II propagation, good agreement is obtained.
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The statistical nature of fatigue crack growth rate has been examined for G41400 steel exposed to different heat treatments and for different loading and environmental conditions. Techniques for determining the intrinsic value of the crack propagation rate are discussed. The intrinsic scatter due to the material has been evaluated and considered in terms of its effect on fatigue life prediction, both normal and log normal distributions of fatigue crack growth data being considered. It appears that the intrinsic material scatter in crack propagation rate is closely related to the scatter in total life.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A d.c. potential drop formula has been established for monitoring crack growth in circular notched members subjected to torsion. Changes in crack depth of 20 μm can be detected in cracks growing up to 2 mm in depth.
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    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Tensile specimens of Ti-6A1-4V with four levels of interstitial oxygen content and a Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V alloy with different heat treatments to alter grain size and/or microstructural character are subjected to slow strain-controlled cyclic deformation leading to rupture in the 5-500 cycle range. Indication of crack initiation as well as rupture life are compared, relative to the plastic excursion strain. On this basis, the effects of grain size and oxygen content are not clearly discriminated. Yet, some of the materials exhibit markedly superior performance. This improvement seems to be related to a characteristic evolution in the shape of the cyclic stress-strain curve. Here, relative to a full convex hysteresis loop of early cycles, the later cycles exhibit a reduced stress level, or cyclic softening, in the first half of the excursion, followed by a resurgence of strength to initial stress levels in the latter portion. The enhanced strain hardening rate enabling this terminal strength restoration is thought to stabilize the deformation, reducing the amount of stress-relaxation-induced tensile strain. Taking such strain as an increment of damage in a cumulative cyclic creep strain criterion provides a correlation between the evolving shape of the cyclic stress-strain curve and the low cycle fatigue endurance. Results indicate the absolute increase in the terminal plastic strain hardening rate to be a constant of a material, independent of the cyclic strain excursion.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Substantial effects of hydrogen are found on the DBTT and cleavage fracture stress in both cathodically and gas phase charged samples of a BCC Ti alloy. Fatigue thresholds when plotted as a function of temperature exhibit a peak and this peak shifts towards higher temperatures when the hydrogen level is increased. An elastic calculation of static threshold stress intensities using experimentally observed fracture stress parameters show a similar trend to fatigue threshold stress intensities.
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract —An experimental method was developed to quantify the formation and subcritical propagation of small cracks emanating from artificial surface defects. Continuous crack depth information was obtained from dc electrical potential measurements employing an analytical model. Fatigue experiments were conducted to evaluate the crack monitoring procedures for conditions relevant to the elevated temperature defect tolerance of superalloys. Cracking progressed uniformly and predictably from small surface defects (0.1 mm deep and 1.4 mm long) in A286, 304 and 10Ni steels and in René 95 and MP–159 superalloys. Crack depths, computed based on analytical calibration of measured electrical potentials, agreed to within ±18% of corresponding values measured optically. Similar results were obtained for a penny-shaped defect, 75 μm deep. Applications of the technique were investigated, including characterizations of fatigue crack formation and growth in René 95.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract —Fatigue tests under four-point bending were carried out on low alloy steel welded I-beams under constant and variable amplitude loading. Four different types of stiffeners welded to flanges and webs were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the effect of configuration at the stiffener-ends. It was shown that the stiffener-ends were the most critical points. Fatigue cracks initiated and propagated in both tension and compression flanges. The fatigue life to crack initiation was calculated on the basis of the local stress-strain analysis. Both theoretically and experimentally estimated stress concentration factors were used for calculation. The predicted fatigue lives were compared with the respective values obtained in experiments.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Several crack tip stress intensity factor solutions have been published for semi-elliptic, surface breaking cracks in plates subjected to tension or bending forces. These solutions do not agree with each other particularly well and the basis for choosing which one is the best has not been established. In this paper, the development of fatigue crack shape is used as a diagnostic tool to test the accuracy of these theoretical stress intensity solutions in predictive fatigue crack growth calculations. Those solutions giving the best engineering estimate of crack tip stress intensity factors are identified. Single equations are also given for each loading case at the deepest point or surface intersection point of semi-elliptic cracks in order to facilitate calculations on programmable calculators. A rational basis for calculating the progress of a crack which snaps through the thickness and continues to propagate in a stable way by fatigue is suggested.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In low strain fatigue, cracks often form in persistent slip bands (PSB) in a wide variety of materials. Observations of crack nucleation involving PSB have been made in copper single crystals by careful interferometric studies. The width, length, step height and thus strain localization in the PSBs remain very stable during saturation, even up to three-quarters of the life. For a given applied strain amplitude, the specimen will form PSBs having a certain distribution of slip offsets. The fatal crack is found to nucleate in the group of micro-PSBs having the largest offsets, and the largest strain localization. The PSB volume fraction for a given strain amplitude depends only very slightly on crystal orientation, and the slip offsets not at all. Thus the kinetics of crack nucleation are not affected by orientation. The mechanism of nucleation is concluded to be one of random walk in the slip offsets of PSBs.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The cyclic strain hardening occurring during fatigue testing at 550°C was studied in terms of the dislocation structures developed. The dislocations are collected in dense tangles which form the boundaries of a cell structure. The stress required to push through, or eject, a dislocation from the cell boundary predicts the flow stress. These values showed good correlation with the cyclic shear stresses obtained by applying the Tresca criterion, which underlies its usefulness in design under cyclic loads. Carbide particles are shown to precipitate on grain and cell boundaries.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The results of high temperature low cycle fatigue (HTLCF) on IN 738, obtained from two different sources, were used to study the applicability of strain-range partitioning (SRP) to this alloy. In spite of the difficulty in separating the plastic-plastic strain component from the different strain-life relations, an attempt was made to determine the coefficients and exponents for each of these relations from both sets of data. The observation that compressive creep, balanced by tensile plastic deformation, was more damaging than the reverse, could be related to the behaviour of the material. The evidence of the effect of temperature on the plastic-plastic strain-life relation, reported by some researches, was shown to be not decisive in the reported temperature range. The reasonable agreement and the similarity in the material's behaviour, obtained from the analysis of the high temperature low cycle fatigue of the two sets of data, substantiates the applicability of the strain-range partitioning method to IN 738 alloy.
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    Notes: A literature search has revealed that the most extensive study of impact fatigue reported is still that of Stanton and Bairstow (1908) who were the first to work on this topic. Their results, which were on pearlitic plain carbon steels, have been reanalyzed in an attempt to deduce from them the effects of chemical composition on impact fatigue in this class of materials.The results show that when the number of impacts to failure, Nf, is greater than about 103, Nf and the energy absorbed per impact, Ei, are related by the equation: Ei, =Eo+EkNf−p, where Eo appears to be the impact endurance limit. It is suggested that Ek and p be named respectively the “impact fatigue parameter” and “impact fatigue exponent”. Ek is independent of composition except that it is lower by a factor of about four for two materials which probably failed by an intercrystalline rather than transcrystalline fracture; p has a value of 0.6; and Eo increases monotonically with silicon content but does not vary systematically with the carbon, manganese, sulphur or phorphorus contents. The significance of these results is discussed.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: –The article describes a method developed at ONERA for predicting the lifetime of gas turbine blades. This method makes use of non-linear viscoplastic constitutive laws, the problem being solved from a plane cross section assumption and through a time-step linearization. The initiation of the first macroscopic crack is calculated from a stabilized cycle condition. A blade test rig has been developed for checking the method under load and temperature conditions that are as close as possible to operational ones. The results of two series of tests on convection cooled IN100 blades prove the method to be acceptable to design engineers.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract —This report presents the results of a round robin study on the fatigue crack arrest threshold (δKth) of 2618 aluminium alloy and AISI 316 steel.The main purpose of this work was to develop a method for the determination of δKth, and to examine the influence of various test parameters on this threshold.Among the parameters considered, only the load ratio (R) and the environment (vacuum) appear to have a significant influence on very slow fatigue crack growth rates (FCGR). Moreover, while the results obtained with the 316 steel show great scatter, the importance of the adopted procedure is pointed out.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract —Mixed mode fatigue crack growth is analysed using Sih's strain energy density approach. A centre crack panel geometry loaded under uniaxial cyclic tension is considered. The crack angle is varied from 30° to 90°. A procedure for the determination of crack propagation life is outlined. The crack trajectory due to cyclic loading is predicted. The crack growth rate, the cyclic life and the cyclic life ratio are discussed, for an aluminium alloy and a steel, as a function of initial crack angle, crack length, stress amplitude, and the strain energy density factor.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract —In recent years the low fatigue growth rate regime has been the subject of extensive study revealing its complex and often seemingly inconsistent nature. The value of alternating stress intensity at threshold ΔKTh) is sensitive to a range of variables which include mean stress, stress history, monotonie and cyclic yield strength, grain size and environment. A degree of coherency may be achieved by interpreting the data in terms of a crack closure mechanism which is a function of surface roughness. Experiments, in which the surface roughness (φ) has been altered by the introduction of non-metallic inclusions, give insight into the significance of crack closure in this regime.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Low-cycle fatigue tests including hold periods up to 24 h at maximum tensile strain have been conducted on four casts of Type 316 stainless steel in the temperature range 570 to 625°C. These resulted in failure times up to 4000 h. In general, fatigue life is reduced as the hold period increases, but the extent of life reduction varies from material to material and with test temperature. For two casts material this initial life reduction is followed by an increase in life as hold periods are extended. The results are rationalised in terms of prevailing fracture processes, and the implication for the extrapolation of short-term data is discussed.
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    Notes: –Fatigue cracks shorter than some critical length tend to propagate anomalously quickly. This paper examines the concept of a ‘critical length’, identifying three regimes of behaviour for different crack lengths. Some published work is examined, covering a wide range of different materials. It is concluded that there is an approximate correlation between the critical length for short crack behaviour and the scale of the microstructure. LEFM is difficult, if not impossible, to apply to cracks shorter than this critical length because the material surrounding a crack cannot be assumed to approximate to a homogeneous continuum. Suggestions are made for a fatigue design philosophy which incorporates short crack behaviour.
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    Notes: –Thermal fatigue crack initiation and propagation promoted by thermal quenches have been studied in AISI 316 and 304 stainless steels and correlated with isothermal strain cycling fatigue. Axially unconstrained specimens of rectangular section were held at bulk temperatures of 250°C to 500°C and symmetrically water-quenched on the narrow faces to give equivalent surface strain ranges from 2.8 ×10−3 to 5.4 ×10−3. Crack initiation in smooth samples showed an apparent threshold at a surface strain range of 2.8×10−3 equivalent to a thermal amplitude of 150°C with no cracking being produced in 500,000 cycles. The crack growth in prenotched samples was evaluated by direct observation and by subsequent fractography and showed two modes of growth. The crack growth was strain controlled during the early stages of propagation where the crack tip was within the surface zone under conditions of fully plastic cyclic yield. At greater depths the propagation rates in the remaining elastically cycled material were found to correlate with calculated stress intensity values. In the chosen symmetrical quenched axially unconstrained configuration the crack growth rates decreased towards the centre of the specimen, indicating a crack arrest condition as expected from analysis. The results indicated a good correlation with the fracture behaviour observed from isothermal strain cycling fatigue behaviour in an air environment.
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    Notes: Abstract —Three methods are presented, whereby' static’(R-curve) and fatigue crack growth data may be combined. In the first, a single curve is fitted through both sets of data, making due allowance for residual stresses from prior unloading and stress ratio. For the other two methods, crack growth is divided into tearing and ductile striation formation components. These components may be combined either by adding crack growth rates associated with specified values of stress intensity factor or by adding crack growth resistances associated with specified crack extensions. The results are compared with test data obtained from compact tension specimens of high strength aluminium alloys, BS.L97 (2024–T3) and DTD.5120 (7010–T7651).
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The time dependent order parameter concept of the glass transition is used in a description of the relaxation behaviour of the glassforming material. The connection between the macroscopic theory and the measured glass transition temperature has been determined. It has been found that in a case when the Prigogine-Defay ratio is greater than unity, different values of the relaxation functions of entropy and volume obtained by different experiments (e.g., isobaric dilatometry and isothermal compression) should be used in order to obtain the identical Tg. The Prigogine-Defay ratio is found to be a decreasing function of the observation time reaching values between unity in the limit of infinite time and a limit which corresponds to extremely short experiments.
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    Notes: Summary An instrument for High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was modified by relatively simple means for working in the field of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). By use of this modified apparatus three different gradient methods were tried with respect to their applicability for the analytical separation of oligomers. Especially by using a gradient in eluent composition or by a pressure gradient good resolution could be obtained.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 643-649 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary α,ω-p-Toluensulphonic acid ester of poly(ethyleneglycoladipate) was synthesized and used to initiate the cationic isomerization polymerization of 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, 2-(β-N-Carbazolylethyl)-2-oxazoline and 2-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-2-oxazoline. ABA triblock copolymers containing poly(N-benzoylethylenimine), poly [N-β(N-carbazolyl)propionyl ethyleneimine] or poly(3,5-dinitrobenzoylethylenimine) blocks (A block) and poly (ethyleneglycoladipate) blocks (B block) have been synthesized.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 635-641 
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    Notes: Summary The influence of various nucleating agents on the crystallization parameters of polybutene-1 is reported. Isothermal crystallization is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The morphology induced by the differents nucleating agents has been observed by hot stage polarizing microscopy. It has been stated that the addition of nucleating agent affects the crystallization rate, dimension and homogeneity of spherulitic sizes. The induction time ti, the semicrystallization time t1/2, the crystallization rate constant K, and the Avrami coefficient n were measured and related to the different characteristics of the specimens. Because of the fractional values of n obtained in this study, it is not possible to propose well determined mechanisms of crystallization.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 667-672 
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    Notes: Summary Broad line NMR spectra have been measured at room temperature of the binary system Arkopal (C9H19C6H4O(CH2CH2O)15H) -heavy water (40 % to 60 % by weight) and of the ternary systems Arkopal — heavy water — paraffin at different paraffin concentrations at constant Arkopal — heavy water ratio. It has been established how the additives change the lyotropic phases.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 61-66 
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    Notes: Summary Investigations carried out in plasma-induced polymerization (copolymerization) led to the idea of the existence of “living” macroradicals. Their presence in both homogeneous and heterogeneous media was experimentally proved and theoretically explained and their use as macromolecular initiators in polymerization processes is exemplified.
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    Notes: Summary Critical interpretation of the various conceptions concerning the problems in characterization of linear polyelectrolyte type polymers containing maleic acid as a comonomer is given. Proper conditions to avoid the fundamental experimental difficulties are proposed. Our conception is supported by molecular light scattering measurements of hydrolysed, fractionated poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-maleic anhydride) samples. It was found that the problems were eliminated by the reduction of the degree of dissociation of carboxyl groups to a minimum value.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 67-74 
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    Notes: Summary The relation proposed between the preferential adsorption coefficient, λ, and the intrinsic viscosity, ¦η¦ λ¦η¦=λ∞¦η¦+AKθ has been applied in this paper to previously published data. This equation is found to be valid in theta condi tions and far away from them. The obtained results are compared to the ones calculated with the Dondos-Benoit equation.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 81-86 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the acid and enzymic hydrolysis of Kappa carrageenan and the gel permeation chromatography of the charged oligosaccharides.
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 75-80 
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    Notes: Summary On the basis of experimental data for blends of polyethylene with different polymers an empirical equation is proposed to describe the dependence of melt viscosity of blends on component viscosities and composition. The model ensures the continuity of viscosity vs. composition curves throughout the whole composition range, the possibility of obtaining extremum values higher or lower than the viscosities of components, allows the calculation of flow curves of blends from the flow curves of components and their volume fractions.
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  • 81
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Starch copolymers with polyacrylonitrile grafts were prepared using the Mn3+ initiation method and different amounts of acrylonitrile. The product was hydrolyzed in aqueous alkali (nitrile groups to amide and carboxyl groups) to enhance the hydrophilic character of the copolymer and achieve “superabsorbent properties”. At relative humidities (RH) up to 95–97 % the modified starch shows “normal” water vapor absorption like cellulose and other polysaccharides. When in contact with liquid distilled water, the modified starch forms a “superabsorbent” gel which retains very large amounts of water (up to 800 g/g). At low and high pH and in aqueous salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl2 and synthetic urine) the water retention is strongly reduced. This is interpreted as due to the ionic strength (salt effect) and for Ca2+ ions probably also crosslinking by salt formation with carboxyl groups on adjacent chains or chain segments.
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  • 82
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 95-101 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the inverse velocity of a fallingball in, or ηm the apparent minimum viscosity of, anisotropic solutions of poly(n-hexylisocyanate) in toluene, are molecular weight dependent. The molecular weight dependence follows two linear branches. Below Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity is very weakly dependent on Mw. Above Mw=42600 the apparent minimum viscosity of the anisotropic solution is strongly dependent on the molecular weight.
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  • 83
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Sulfinate functional groups have been introduced on selected positions of the aromatic rings of soluble or crosslinked polystyrene via lithiation reactions followed by quenching with sulfur dioxide. The sulfinate polymers have good stability, can be stored at room temperature, and can be used for ion-exchange or as nucleophiles to produce polymer-bound sulfones. Good functional yields of polystyrene resins with sulfone pendant groups can be obtained by reaction of the polymeric sulfinates with various alkyl halides under phase transfer or classical conditions.
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  • 84
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Kinetic studies of crosslinking vinyl polymerizations are usually only applicable to the initial stages of the reaction, prior to the gel point, due to the subsequent insolubility of the polymer and the great increase in viscosity. We have demonstrated the suitability of laser Raman spectroscopy for quantitative analysis over the entire conversion range in an investigation of the polymerization of diethylene glycol bis (allyl carbonate) in bulk, with benzoyl peroxide initiation, between 70 and 85°C. The rate of consumption of vinyl bonds could be approximated by first-order kinetics up to ca. 80% depletion. Lower rates were observed at higher conversions.
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  • 85
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 117-117 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 86
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Based on a reconsideration of the packing conditions in amorphous polymers, a modification of the statistical theory of rubber elasticity is derived. The main assumption is, that the mean square end-to-end distance of a free chain in the bulk state depends on the dimensions of the surrounding chains. The theory describes quite well the deformation behaviour of real elastomeric networks.
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  • 87
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Cyclotetracosane exhibits complex phase behaviour in the solid state as well as in the melt as evidenced by complementary methods, DSC, BRILLOUIN scattering, dielectric constant and PE-MAS 13c-NMR. Three solid phases have been verified, one of them — within the range from 299.5 to 312 K — exhibits extremely high molecular mobility. Between the start of melting, 312 K, and the first order transition at ∼ 321 K a mesomorphic type region develops. Two additional transitions have been detected in the melt. That occuring at 361 K (DSC), 356 K (BRILLOUIN data) resembles the Tu as observed in n-alkanes.
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  • 88
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Monomeric Bis-(4-hydroxybutyl) terephthalate has been synthesized and characterized. Titanium iso-propoxide has been found to be a superior catalyst for transesterification compared to metal acetates. Further polycondensation of Bis (HBT) yields poly (1,4-butylene terephthalate). The effect of various titanium derived catalysts on the polycondensation of Bis (HBT) has been studied. The catalytic efficiency of these derivatives is ascribed to their relative hydrolytic stability and the degree of interaction between the carbonyl oxygen and the metal.
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  • 89
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A radiochemical method was used to study PVC chlorination. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on the results obtained from chlorination of 36chlorine labeled PVC. A mechanism was proposed also for chain transfer reaction to polymer in vinyl chloride polymerization.
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  • 90
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 175-177 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The longitudinal acoustic modes (LAM) of several cycloalkanes ((CH2)14 to (CH2)96) measured by Raman spectroscopy are described. The frequency differences between the LAMs of the cycloalkanes and the corresponding n-alkanes are explained by a simple linear chain model. It is shown that the LAM-modes are practically not affected by the gauche conformations of the two folds in the cyclic molecule.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An analysis is made of a system of many interacting chains confined between a pair of surfaces which exert a short range attraction on the chains. The free energy of the system is determined from the partition functions of the confined chains which are, in turn, determined by solutions to the self consistent field form of the diffusion equation with mixed boundary conditions. The incorporation of the analysis into the ‘sandwich’ model of bulk polymers is discussed.
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  • 92
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The permeation and separation characteristics of methanol/n-pentanol systems and n-propanol/n-heptane systems through nylon 12 membranes were studied by changing the feed composition of the binary organic mixtures. These characteristics were discussed from the viewpoints of physical and chemical nature of the permeating molecules and the membrane.
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  • 93
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Random terephthalate copolyesters of ethylene glycol and butane-1,4-diol of various compositions were prepared by trans-esterification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with butane-1,4-diol (BD). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used to elucidate the structure and compositions of copolyesters. The thermal behaviour of the copolyesters were investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Intrinsic viscosities were measured in orthochlorophenol at 30°C.
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  • 94
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 201-207 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the cationic modification of polystyrene by the electophilic substitution of polystyrene with S-methylthiocarbcxonium.The substitution is quantitative and gives poly p-(methylthio) carbonylstyrene. After hydrolysis and purification poly (p-carboxystyrene is obtained. The polymers are formed without degradation after this cationic modification.
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  • 95
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 13C spin-lattice relaxation rates R1 in samples of solid PMMA have been measured with CP MAS NMR. Isotactic, atactic, syndiotactic, and the 1∶2 i-s PMMA complex were measured, along with atactic samples containing bisdioxan or the monomer as a plasticizer. The reorientation of the α-methyl protons is the dominant relaxation source for the methylene, α-methyl and quarternary carbon nuclei. Increased mobility of the polymer in the presence of a plasticizer is not reflected in significant changes in R1.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Magnetic resonance techniques yield important information on different coordination behaviour of Mn(II) in the presence of biomacromolecules. A preliminary study on model systems is necessary to have a deeper insight on dynamics and structural aspects. The EPR technique is not able to identify a binding interaction between Trp and manganous ion when the metal is bonded to the Imidazole. Proton shift NMR studies on the Mn(II)-5′ATP-Imid complex evidenziate a ternary system formation and a stacking interaction between the imidazole-ring and the nucleotide purine-moiety. An EPR and NMR combined analysis on the Mn(II)-5′ATP-Trp system points out a stacking interaction and the simultaneous presence of a covalent binding between the metal ion and the biomolecules. The role of the metal ion to favour this coordination is suggested.
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  • 97
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the transverse magnetic component of protons bound to polystyrene chains in solutions is sensitive to the slow chain diffusion through entanglements. A theoretical interpretation of the dynamical polymer coil overlap observed by NMR is proposed.
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  • 98
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 271-275 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Proton second moment and spin-lattice relaxation times T1, T1e and T1D for helical poly (ethylene oxide) 5000 over a wide temperature range are measured. The results of CW and pulse experiments corroborate the existence of a motional process in the crystalline region of the polymer interpreted as oscillation or rotation of molecules around their helical axes. The activation energy for this type of motion is found to be 12 kcal/mole.
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  • 99
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    Polymer bulletin 5 (1981), S. 285-289 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Measurements of proton spin-lattice relaxation time T1 for thylakoid membranes of wheat chloroplast suspensions as a function of proton concentration in solvent are performed. The solvent was a mixture of H2O and D2O. Different contributions to the proton relaxation process due to dipolar interactions are considered. The dipolar interactions p-p′ and p-i between exchangeable protons /p/ of membrane of solvent and non-exchangeable ones of membrane /p′/ and paramagnetic ions /i/ give predominant contribution to the relaxation process.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A cyclic phosphonite(1) was copolymerized with 4, 4′-diphenoquinones (2a–2c) to give 1∶1 alternating copolymers (3a–3c) consisting of a carboxylic acid ester and a triaryl phosphonate ester. Copolymerization took place without added initiator. During the reaction 1 was oxidized whereas 2 was reduced (“redox copolymerization”). A mechanism involving a genetic zwitterion intermediate (4) is proposed for the copolymerization.
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